ε#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ ([2025-03-18-1]) ǡSkeat ޤȤɤ߰㤤䤹ʸˤΰܤιԤϸ§ȤʸؤΥץǤϤ뤬ΥץǤϤޤäƤޤʸ櫤¿ȤȤSkeat ϡΤ褦櫤ˤϤޤäԤޤ餺߽ФƤޤäͩ (ghost_word) οȤʸκǸƤ (373--74) ̤ΤʤֻSkeat ιͤȤˤͩŪǤʤֻǤ롥
abacot (a bicocket)
abofted (abosted)
allryn (alkyn)
belene (beleue)
beuen (benen)
bewunus (bewunne)
bolueden (bolneden)
bouchen (bonchen)
char (thar)
chek yn a tyde (chek-matyde),
chesse (chese)
chichingis (thithingis, error for tithingis)
clamupe (claurnpe)
cleue (clene)
conise (comse)
conisyng (comspg)
coppin (croppin)
corves (cornes)
couuen (coxmen)
cronde (croude)
culde (tulde)
culpis (cuupis ? for coupis ?),
degontit (degoutit)
desouled (defouled)
dimnede (diuinede)
dolf (douf)
dolp (doup)
drinen (driuen)
dymnede (dyuinede)
eftures (esteres, estres)
enchausyt (enchaufyt)
encortif (encorcif)
flocced (flotted)
folloke (wilfolloker)
forbusur (forbusne)
forgalbed (forgabbed)
fonngit (foriugit)
fouk (fonk)
founed (fonned)
galbert (gabbert)
golk (gouk)
gramity (graunty)
havin (harm)
hetheued (heued)
holk (houk)
howen, howne (howue)
kimes (knives)
lath (lay)
lessyt (leffyt)
lohe (lome)
maused (mansed)
monelich (menelich)
morse (nurse)
moyt (mo þat)
nalle (ualle)
nolt (nout)
onen (ouen)
ouershuppe (ouerhuppe)
owery (dwerþ)
palke (pakke)
palpis (paupis)
panfray (paufray)
pantener (pautener)
pavade (panade)
polien (þolien)
polk (pouk)
porcours (portours)
punniten (permuten)
rendit (vondit)
rentful (reuful)
renthe (reuthe)
reuk (renk)
rolkis (rokkis)
roned (roued)
sangtle (saughtle)
satoure (fatoure)
scharpe (schappe)
sharter (Charter)
skowurand (skownrand)
slalk (slakk)
soket (Coket)
sordid (fordid)
spelk (spekk)
stone (schon)
succh (sutth)
suten (sitten)
Syvewarm (Fysewarin)
talbart (tabbart)
tavart (tabart)
thame (tharne)
treryn (temp)
tyre (cyre)
ulode (correct; u=v)
ullorxa (?)
vyt (rycht)
walk (wakk, later wauk)
walkrif (wakkrif, later waukrif)
walknit (wakknit, later wauknit)
watte (waite)
wayne (wayue)
wok (woux)
ytoped (ycoped)
yvete (ybete)
Skeat ϡԤΥߥˤä뤳Τ褦ͩ줬夷˺ϿޤǤƤޤǽ˶ƤʸؤΥץȤƤʤΤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
ǶᤤĤεǡͩ (ghost_word) 夲ƤѸߤοƤǤ Skeat ϡͩʸΤʤǡͩνиظˤܾʸˤɤ߰㤤ܺ٤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸˤΥꥹȤƤΤǡʬѤ褦 (372)
I now proceed to make a list of the symbols which, in the foregoing examples, have been misread and confused. The following groups denote the confused symbols: b, v; c, t; d, o; e, o, s; f, s; k, lr; m, ui, in; n, u; o, d, e; p, þ (th); r, v; s, C, e, f; y, þ (th). Also mi, un; mu, um; ni, in; rp, pp; tt, it; ur, ne; unn, erm; vin, rm. Also lb, bb; lk, kk. Very few of these mistakes result from the misreading of marks of contraction. If I were to add examples of this character, the number of ghost-words would be very largely increased.
ʤ㤬 (minim) ǹʸˤޤǤ롥minim γʡˤ˴ؿäϡ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) #5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ʤɤɤ
ޤ<th> űѸ졦Ѹʸ <þ> (thorn) ˤĤƤϡ#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ʤɤȤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿
(1) ܥ֥Υȥå500
(2) note Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ͵50
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
εǰ٤б˹碌ơ3ĤۤɴϢ륳ƥĤȯޤ֤إ饸פȤ¾λ꤬¿ǤؿΤϤҤɤ
(1) ܥ֥ε#5122. Ρ֤إ饸פ˽饲Ƚб餷Ƥޤ ([2023-05-06-1])
(2) Voicy heldio #705. إ饸ˤƽб餹뤳Ȥˡ
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
ơ嵭νбǤ <i, n, m, u> ʤɤν (minim) ǼȤƹܤñȤ unmummied Ҳ𤷤ޤͥܥ֥Ρ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) Ǽ夲ƤޤѸˤǤϡ˴ؤäϿԤޤī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤĤäƤޤΤǡҤİС#708. unmummied --- ֤إ饸бȤʤä16ϢȯϿñǤ
59ʲС֤إ饸κǿȤƾ嵭³ԤۿͽǤѸˤΩ줫ߤơޤñ¿Ƥޤޤ顤Ҥ⤴İФȻפޤ
(linguistics) Ȥ㡼ȤϤʤݥåפ˹Τ˹Ƥ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸114˸줿ǿǤϡ1β˰³<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ 濴˱Ѹֻȯ̯ʴطȤʤäƤޤˤĤƤϡ#5009. ʤСʡɡ硼ֻͥghoti = fishפ϶˴Τ ([2023-01-13-1]) ⻲ȡˡ2ˤ錄䤬ƽƤΤǤβ⤿ؤڤΤǤʿطԤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ghoti, high, women, nation, debt ʤɤֻˤĤơٸη̯ޯæʥȡɤΤȥ֥ե֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥ȯ2#194Ǥ
֥ե֤졦ɮſߡפȤե졼ǤѸֻˤΥĥܤΤ3¤ˤ⤷θƤɽȻפޤѸֻϡѸʹߤ˥եˤ֤줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤޤɮȤΤϼ̻ĿͤΰɮȤ櫓ǤϤޤüʻΤδϰɮȸ礬뤳ȤŦƤޤʺϽ (minim) ȤʤäƤޤˡſߤϡѹͥȽŤʤѸ˸ŵä˥ƥˤؤƴݤäȤؤƤޤ
ե줫֤ȡʥƥ˲ſߤϡưۤʤäƤϤޤҲŪˤСҿ (prestige) ؤܶȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤϡѸֻˤ̤ƴѻ礭ĬήǤ
2Ρ֤إ饸פǼ夲줿˴ؤơ伫Ȥhellog~Ѹ˥֥סVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥʤɤ̤ơ͡ȯƤƤޤ˥ޤȤѻˤʤꤽǤΤǡnote ߥڡ֤֡إ饸פ ghoti ˤޤĤĥäƤߤޤ碌Ƥ
ʤǿκǸΡ֤á줫衪פϡ#224. women ȯֻ (2) ([2009-12-07-1]) ΤȤǤ12ǯθĿŪʲʤȤⴶۡˤǡȼΤ˺Ƥޤ衤ʾСˡ
Voicy ѡʥƥꥹʡȤơ֤إ饸פ Voicy 뤳ȤҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤǿ֥ե֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥#194Ǥ
δñѸ in English٤6椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ15ϡѸ˾֤Ȥ⤤Ѥʵ夲Ƥޤʤ1;ñ̾ I ϾʸǽΤȤǤ

Ϣϡܥ֥Ǥ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) Ϥ͡ʷǼ夲Ƥޤطʤˤξʸ <i> λΤ˴ؤԹʻ¤ޤʤ <ı> Τ褦˽ (minim) 1ܤǽ줿ΤǤ줬ΡפȤˤʤޤϢܵǤϡΤ䤳ʤ٤ʬ䤹⤷ޤΤǡɤɤ
¤ܲʹ khelf ٥ֱѸ˥ƥ50ˤơ415رˤ줿ƥĤޤˤνäƤޤ||||||||||ɤޤȤƥĤǡޤǤǺǤ͵Τ륳ƥĤ1ĤȤʤäƤޤϢܵȹ碌ơƤߤƤ
ϢܵǤϡ⤽ʤե٥åȤˤʸȾʸΤȤ⤦1ĤѤˤƤޤˤĤƤϰʲȤ
hellog-radio: #1. ֤ʤʸȾʸΤǤ
heldio: #50. ʤʸƬͭ̾ʸǻϤΡ
heldio: #136. ̾ʸǻϤƤ17-18
Ϣå
ۤ1ǯۤΤȤˤʤޤ2021ǯ514ʶˤ NHK Υƥȡ֥˼롪פˤơʸȾʸפꤷƤ꤬夲졤ƽԡԤȤƽб餷ޤʲǤͤˡ *
gravy ϡ쥤ӡפ̣ñǤ롥θθ츻˴ؤƤԳΤʤȤ⤢뤬OED ޤĤθ츻ҤˤСƱ̣ͤդ̣ťե grané n 餫Υߥ v ȸɤ줿̡Ѹ grave, gravi ʤɤȤ夷Τ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) ޤ¿εDz٤夲ƤλΤǤ n v ʤ u) minim ȸƤФ2¤٤ <<ıı>> ȤΤ˶̤줺˽Ƥgravy ⤳μθɤ1ͩ (ghost_word) ʤΤǤϤʤȤȤ (cf. #2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]))
ťե grané ̣դ줿ѥؤƥ grānum ʹγˤˤΤܤ롥Ѹ grain ⡤Υƥñ줬ťեͳƱѸäƤΤʤΤǡgrain gravy ϡǾ㤤äƤޤäΤΡ2Ÿ (double) Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ
θɤťեǵäΤʤΤѸ˼Ѥ줿˵äΤʤΤѸ grane ηޤʤȤ顤餯ԤʤΤǤϤʤꤵ롥
OED gravy, n. θ츻ѤƤ
Etymology: Of obscure origin.
The receipts quoted under sense 1 below are substantially identical with receipts in Old French cookery books, in which the word is grané. For the Old French word the reading grané seems certain (though in printed texts gravé usually appears); it is probably cognate with Old French grain 'anything used in cooking' (Godefroy), and with grenade n.2, grenadine n.1; compare also faus grenon = 'gravy bastard'. But in the English manuscripts the word has nearly always either a v or a letter which looks more like u than n (the only exception being in the 'table' to Liber Cocorum, which has thrice grane, while the text has graue). As the Middle English word was therefore identical in form with the modern word, it seems difficult, in spite of the difference in sense, to regard them as unconnected. In the present state of the evidence, the most probable conclusion is that the Old French grané was early misread as gravé, and in that form became current as a term of English cookery.
gravy θɤ˴ؤȡ˴ؤơSimon Horobin ˤ "Five words in the English language people usually use incorrectly" ε⤷
Ѹɮˤ (minim) ΥڥβɤˤθǤ뤳Ȥϡʲε͡˼夲Ƥ
#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])
#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])
#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])
#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])
#3607. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (3) ([2019-03-13-1])
#3608. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (4) ([2019-03-14-1])
#3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1])
<i> ѸޤǤϥɥåȤʤ <<ı>> Ƚ줿ơ<m, n, u, v> ƱɥåȤʤ <<ı>> ʣȤ߹碌ˤʿؤΡϤפʤäȤ<<ııı>> ϡ<iii>, <in>, <ni>, <ui>, <iu>, <m> Τɤߤ⤢ΤǤ롥
ʤȤˡѸˤ͡ʽ䵤Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤäɥåȤդ <<i>> ꡤ˥եåդ <<j>> 줿ꡤ<<u>> <<v>> ʬʤɡʤ˴ĥäϤ롥
ˤΤ褦ʲ֤ʤäɤʤäƤνѸ minim ȸƤФ뤬ñʤɤϡı 10³ ıııııııııı ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤˡˤϹޤȤäƤ褤
Ϲޤʤɡޤ䤵⤷ɥåȤʤ ı 䡤Ȥ߹碌 <m, n, u, v> ³Ƥ顤ѸνդϡˤऴɡιȲƤ̣̤ܰǡֽ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤϤñ졤5פõäƤߤ
5̡ʥ4̡ˤϡı 14³ aluminium mumming Ǥ롥ơ alıııııııııııııı, ııııııııııııııg ȤʤꡤۤȤʬʤ줾Ƭ <al> <g> ᤷۤɤ˰
3̤ϡminimum Ǥ15Ϣ³ˡԴѤʤ뤫 ıııııııııııııııΤߤǹñȤΩƤʤСʸʤΥȥۥǤ롥
ơɤ1̡ʥ2̡ˤϡunmummied unimmunized Ǥ16Ϣ³ˡ줾 ııııııııııııııııed, ıııııııııııııııızed Ȥʤʢʤɤ뤫ˡ
ͥȤƶ˺줿ñʤΤǤϤʤäơΤ unimmunized Ϥ˾ε뤬unmummied ˴ؤƤϡʤȤϤʤBNCweb COCA ǤϥҥåȤʤΤΡOED Ǥʸ3ĵ롥
1822 Ld. Byron Vision of Judgm. xi As the mere million's base unmummied clay.
1911 E. A. W. Budge Osiris & Egyptian Resurrection II. 43 An unmummied man lying on a bier.
2011 H. W. Strachan Finding Path 63 Unmummied kings disintegrating midst decaying leaves
ϡΥХ (1788--1824) 顥ˤϡӤ줿Ƕޤ֥ߥ鲽ƤʤפȥåפȤʤʬäȤϡ
ε ([2019-03-13-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸˤ <u> <o> ʬۤ111ΥƥȤˤĴ Wełna (317) ϡȤưʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . the examination of the above corpus data has shown a lack of any consistent universal rule replacing <u> with <o> in the graphically obscure contexts of the postvocalic graphemes <m, n>. Even words with identical roots, like the forms of the lemmas SUN (OE sunne), SUMMER (OE sumor) and SON (OE sunu), SOME (OE sum) which showed a similar distribution of <u/o> spellings in most Middle English dialects, eventually (and unpredictably) have retained either the original spelling <u> (sun) or the modified spelling <o> (son). In brief, each word under discussion modified its spelling at a different time and in different regions in a development which closely resembles the circumstances of lexical diffusion.
Τ褦˱ʪޤä褦ʷʤΤWełna ϻδ鼡ηŦƤ롥
. . . o-spellings first emerged in the latter half of the 12th century in the (South-)West (honi "honey" . . .). Later, a tendency to use the new spelling <o> is best documented in London and in the North.
Wełna ܿͤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡĴоݤȤޤ HUNDRED, HUNGER, HONEY, NUN, SOME, SUMMER, SUN, SON 8ĤˤŪʷФΤΤ⤷ʤʤ븦椬ɬפΤ褦
Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
ɸ˴Ϣϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1])#3574. <o> ɽ蘆첻 --- donkey vs monkey ([2019-02-08-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ<u> <o> ˤѡפȤֻѸʬۤ礵Ƥäаޤ˾Ƥ Wełna ʸ˰͵ĤġԸθҲ𤷤
Ѹ monk, son, tongue ʤɤˤߤ <o> ֻϡŪˤ <u> äΤѸʹߤ <o> ֤ʤ줿ΤǤ롥֤ʤͳϡ˥ĥäǤƤ褦ˡ̤ "minim avoidance" Ȥ롥[2016-01-11-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤ʤ롥Ѥ路뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִפȤȤ
Ѹ˸ˤƤϡ"minim avoidance" ʳβƤƤ碌4Ĥۤɤβ Wełna (306--07) ꡤñ˾Ҳ𤷤褦
(1) Υե䥢ΥޥǤߤ줿 <u> <o> ֻ (ex. baron ? barun) Ѹˤ⤿餵줿
(2) "minim avoidance"
(3) ΥޥΥե [o] [u] ؤȾ夲ФѲֻˤȿǤ줿
(4) եֻˤʤä /y(ː)/ <u> б̡/u/ бֻɬפȤʤä
Τ褦˽⤢ʤ (2) ͭϤȤʤäƤ櫓ºݤˤֻܤĴ٤Ƥ (2) βǤ٤Ƥλ㤬줤櫓ǤϤʤϤʤ꺮٤ȤƤ褦ΤʤǤѸξ˴ؤŪǤ¤ Morsbach ˴ŤƤޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤ (Wełna 306)
a. the 12th century English manuscripts employ the spelling <u>;
b. the first o-spellings emerge in the latter half of the 12th century;
c. <o> for <u> is still rare in the early 13th century and is absent in Ormulum, Katherine, Vices and Virtues, Proclamation, and several other texts;
d. from the latter half of the 13th century onwards the frequency of <o> grows, which results in both old <u> and new <o> spellings randomly used in texts composed even by the same scribe.
Ρ֥פʬۤѸˤޤDZ䡹³ƤȤˤʤ롥ꤴ襤Ǥ롥
Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
Morsbach, Lorenz. Mittelenglische Grammatik. Halle: Max Niemayer, 1896.
ε#3573. accomplish one ζ첻Ѱۡ ([2019-02-07-1]) ǡ<o> ֻбȯ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ δ֤ɤƤߤϡ⤽ <o> ֻŵŪˤ2Ĥ첻б뤳Ȥ˵롥ñȤƤ <o> /ɒ/ Τۤä¿餳夲褦 spelling_pronunciation ΥǥȤʤΤ<o> /ʌ/ 褷ƾʤʤषŪʸ¿ѻȤ¤⤢롥äơɤб§Ǥꡤɤ餬㳰ʤΤľŪˤȽȤʤ
Carney (355) ϡ<o> ˤĤƤΥǥեȵ§Ȥ <o> /ɒ/ ΩƤƤ롥ñ
across, belong, block, bobbin, bronze, catalogue, choreography, confident, dog, donkey, glottal, jolly, obstinate, off, olive, plonk, stock, tonsils; cost, lost, frost, costume, ostensible, posterior
<o> /ʌ/ ϡ嵭ΥǥեȤϰΤΡ/v/ ǤϹߤ뤷ʳǤ¿뤳ȤǤ롥Carney (351, 355) ȴФ
above, coven, covenant, cover, covet, covey, discover, dove, glove, govern, love, oven, plover, recover, shove, shovel, slovenly; accomplice, accomplish, among, another, borough, brother, colour, comfort, company, compass, conjure, fishmonger, front, frontier, ironmonger, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, mother, nothing, one, once, other, smother, son, sponge, ton, tongue, won, wonder, Monday
ΥꥹȤˤϵƤʤ#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1]) come, some <o> /ʌ/ Ǥ롥2ĤΥꥹȤθ췲ˤĤƤϡ¿ <o> <m>, <n>, <v> (= <u>) ߤ졤"minim avoidance" 뤳ȤǤΤΤǤ٤Ƥդ뤳ȤϤǤʤ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1]) ȡˡ
2ĤΥꥹȤ٤ȡdonkey /ˈdɒŋki/ /ˈmʌŋki/ ϡ褦ֻƤʤۤʤ붯첻ĤȤ狼롥ΩɸŪǰŪʥꥹȯ˴ŤˤΤΩĤΤǤꡤꥫѸǤ donkey /ˈdʌŋki/ ȯ⤢뤳ȤդäƤ
դޤʤꡥε one ǤߤȤꡤ̾ /ʌ/ ȯ among, mongrel, nothing, once, tongue ζ첻ĿͤȯˤäƤ /ɒ/ ȤƸ뤳ȤˤդƤ<o> ȯ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ɸ2Ĥιٸֻˤϡ˰츫פȻפ e դƤ롥ʤ e ΤȤȡʤʤǤ롥ŪˤⶦŪˤ <o> ɽ路Ƥ첻û첻Ǥꡤ"magic <e>" νФϤʤäϤcf. #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])ˡ
Ȥ one, none, done 줽#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŪĹ첻äƤȤ㤤롥θ <e> ϡĹ첻ȿǤ magic <e> Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤬come, some Ϥ⤤ʤޤؤäƤΤ <-me> ǤΤǡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1]) Ǥߤ <-ve> Ȥ𤬰ۤʤ롥
̡ <e> ϤƤ<o> = /ʌ/ ʬܤСϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) #2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ˭٤٤ŪǽǤ롥 "minim avoidance" Carney (148) ˤ⡤<o> = /ʌ/ ˴ؤƼΤ褦ʵҤ롥
The use of <o> spellings [for /ʌ/] seems to be dictated by minim avoidance, at least Romance words (Scragg 1974: 44). Certainly, TF [= text frequency] 90 per cent, LF [= lexical frequency] 76 per cent of /ʌ/ <o> spellings occur before <v>, <m> or <n>. Typical <om> and <on> spellings are:
become, come, comfort, company, compass, somersault, etc.; conjure, front, frontier, ironmonger, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, son, sponge, ton, tongue, wonder, etc.
On the other hand there are equally common words with <u> spellings before <m> and <n>:
drum, jump, lumber, mumble, mumps, munch, mundane, number, pump, slum, sum, thump, trumpet, etc.; fun, fund, gun, hundred, hunt, lunch, punch, run, sun, etc.
There are also a few <o> spellings where adjacent letters do not have minim strokes: brother, colour, colander, thorough, borough, other, dozen. In the absence of context-based rules, such spelling can only be taught by sample lists . . . .
<e> Ϥޤ褵ʤޤޤǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ī㡼ɶdz֤Ƥֺ֥ڥǤɤѸˡ⡤53ޤ210ڡˤ˳줿3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥפѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϡѸΩڥ濴˿ʤΤ褦Ω֤ɤΤ褦ˤ줬λˤƲäƤȤˤʤäޤݥȤȤưʲ3Ŧޤ
Υޥˤɸֻڥ˱
ȤƼ˴Ťڥ͡ʲ
Ѹڥɸಽ
ΤȤơɸŪڥˡȤȯۤƶḽŪʤΤǤ뤳ȤǧǤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥ĥäƤޤ褫ΥפޤơȤƤɤ
1. ֺ¡إڥǤɤѸˡ3515̤ through--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) Υޥڥ
4. ΥޥѸޤǤά
5. 515̤ through (#53, #54), 134̤ such
6. 6ñǤߤѸڥ
7. busy, bury, merry
8. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Ƭ
9. 7ܤμܴ (#2788)
10. (2) ڥ͡ʲ
11. (3) ڥκɸಽ
12. ޤȤ
13. ʸ
920դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ9ε֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤޤ
ܥ֥ǤֻʤȯЪΥˤ͡˼ꤢƤޤɸεǤĤġʤ <y> ˤȤǤ⤤٤ΤˤʤޤĤȤ¿<y> άˤȤ٤ΤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤ櫓ƻˤ <i> Ȥζ¸ʪ줬ɤߤɤǤȤȤϡʬŪ <i> άˤȤʤäƤȤȤǤɸѤʵäĤġѸֻˤΤʤ뿼ߤؤͶޤ
ʸ3 "minim avoidance" ȸƤФѸðֻۤҲ𤷤ƤޤϱѸֻ˹ϤʱƶڤܤƤꡤܥ֥ǤʲεǿƤޤϢܵɤǤʲΤ줾ܤ̤ȡ餯ạ̈⤿뤳ȤȻפޤ
#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])
#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])
#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])
#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])
#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])
#2740. word ΤɤäѲ ([2016-10-27-1])
#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])
#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1])
4Ǥϡ㡼ɡޥ륫ֻƤȥСȡɥαѱѼ˿ޤ1600ǯ˳2ͤζԤˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ȡ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1]) Ϥᡤmulcaster cawdrey γƵ⤴Ȥ
Ǹˡ5ǡ3ʸ§˿ޤ˴ؤƤϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1])#2437. 3ʸ§˶ꥹѸ <axe> ([2015-12-29-1]) εɤळȤˤޤȻפޤ
Ѹֻ feet, greet, meet, see, weed ʤ <ee> ѽФ뤷foot, look, mood, stood, took Τ褦 <oo> ̤˸롥٤ơaardvark, bazaar, naan Τ褦 <aa> ϵä <ii>, <uu> ۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤Ĺ첻ɽ魯Τ첻ŤͤȤΤϡƼŪȯۤȻפ뤬ʤΤ褦ФäʬۤˤʤäƤΤ
űѸǤϡû첻ȤФĹ첻̤ɸΤ̤ˡϤʤä"God" "good" бϤȤ god ֤줿witan û i ȯ "to know" ΰ̣θ졤Ĺ i ȯ "to look" ΰ̣θȤʤäѸˤʤȡΤ褦첻Ĺûζ̤Ĥ褦ȡĤˡԤ߽Ф줿ˡϤ褽Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤ<ae>, <ei>, <eo>, <ie>, <oe> Τ褦˰ۤʤʣ첻Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢С<a .. e>, <i .. e>, <u .. e> ʤɱŪȤ߹碌ˡ⤢äľŪˡƱ첻Ťͤ <aa>, <ee>, <ii>, <oo>, <uu> ʤɤ⤢äñˤꡤ뤤ϤñΤäƤȯˤ˹ä𤬤ʤǡŵŪ֤ʤƤäƱ첻Ťͤ˴ؤƤϡ<ee>, <oo> Ĥääʤ
<ee> <oo> ݻ䤹üʻ𤬤äȤϡष <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ѤˤͳäȹͤۤǤ롥ȤΤϾ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ첻ŤͤȤϤȹͤ졤줬Ѥʤͳõۤưפ˻פ뤫
<ii> <uu> 줿Τ䤹ˤƤϡֻϤդʤ (minim) ΤߤǹƤꡤ줾 <ıı>, <ıııı> ֤줿Τ褦ʣνȡտޤƤΤɤʸʤȤ߹碌ˤʤΤɤˤȤäʬˤʤ뤫㤨С<ıııı> ȤֻƤ⡤տޤƤΤ <iiii>, <ini>, <im>, <mi>, <nn>, <nu>, <un>, <wi> Τɽ魯ʸ̮ȤʤФ狼ʤϢơ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) Ȥ줿
<aa> ˤĤƤϡʤ줬ѤʤäΤѸˤϡ<aa> ֤ñ⤤ĤäʤäCrystal (46) ϡ"aa never survived, probably because the 'silent' e spelling had more quickly established itself as the norm, as in name, tale, etc." ȹͤƤ뤬⤦ȤƤäϤΤߤȤ
ɡä˺꤬ʤʤޤĤäΤ <ee>, <oo> ȤȤϢơ#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ӡ#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.
#2180. ѸμɤƤޤűѸʸ ([2015-04-16-1]) ǵ褦ˡѸ word ϡűѸǤ⤽Τޤ <word> ֤Ƥꡤ츫ȲѤäƤʤ褦˻פ뤬Ȥ櫓ȯ˴ؤƤʣѲФƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡOE word o -rd ō Ĺ/woːrd wuːrd wurd wʌrd wəːd/ ȯãΤդĤξ /wurd/ ûʤäΤϡ -d ̵첻ĹεʤäαƶפȤ롥
ѲˤĤ¾⤢ꤦ褦㤨С (163) ˤСűѸ줫 [p, b, f, m, w] Τ褦ʿθ֤ [ɔ] > [ʊ] ξ夲βȤ롥ϡʲΤ褦ñ췲˴ѻ롥
borgian > burgian (to borrow)
fol > full (full)
forþor > furþer (further)
fugol (fowl)
morþor > murþer (murder)
spora > spura (spur)
worc > wurc (work)
word > wurd (word)
worold > wurold (world)
wulf (wolf)
ơѸ줫Ѹˤ [ʊ] > [ʌ] 岽߿ꡤ̤ȤƤ /ʌr/ Ѹˤʤ /ɪr, ɛr/ ȹήߤ /ər/ ؤϢʤäȤϢñ췲ȤƤϡʲΤΤp. 306ˡburn, burst, burden, burr, cur, curd, curse, curtain, curl, church, demur, disturb, fur, furnish, further, furze, hurl, hurt, hurdle, journey, murder, nurse, occur, purse, purchase, prefer, purple, purpose, spur, spurn, surge, scurf, turf, turn, Thursday, work, worm, worse, worst, worship, worth, worthy, world, word岽ˤĤƤϡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ʤ˵췲Ǥ <ur> ֻ¿<w> ǻϤޤˤĤƤ <or> ¿Ȥաϡ"minim avoidance" (Carney 188) Τ⤦1ĤǤꡤ<wu>, <wi> ä̤Ǥ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡŪˤѸʤɤ <wurd> ޤ <wur-> ֻ⤢äȤˤդƤѸΰֻˤĤƤϡMED wōrd (n.) ȡ
word ΤɤäѲä˲ѲϡꤹȤʤʤѤǤ롥
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ѸˤʸѤˤĤƤϡĤδʲεǰäƤ
#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])
#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1])
#1310. ѸʸѤδ ([2012-11-27-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
ƬʸѤˤĤơĤʸɤѸθƬʸѤˤϡֻФʸפȡְ̣ʸפȤȤФʸȤϡʸƬιƬ֤κǽʸʸˤΤǤꡤñʻʤʸʸñεǽδ֤ľŪʤĤʤ꤬ʡפʸƬȤƬɸȤƤΰ̣⤿ʤ (47) ŪбζĴȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥΰ̣ʸȤϡỤ̄¤˴ؤΤǤ롥ŵϸͭ̾θƬʸǤꡤĤϤħ̾ǰפɽƤ롥̣ŪˤϡΡǰפɤߤ뤫פǤ롥 (48--49) βƤΤǡطս
ʸ줿̾ϼʤΰ̣¤ΰĤǤǰȯǰ롥̾ΰ̣¤ΰĤǤǰʸȤǶ벽ȹͤ롥ФʸȤϰ㤦Ǥ롥̾ʳʻˤʸ᤹ΰ̣ŪڤӿŪ礱Ƥ롥
̾Ū͡ʲǽäƤ롥͡ǽ⡤äˡǰפȤǽ²ҤΩƤơɼԤδ˶ĴƤߤΤʸǤ롥
ФǰȤϤʤ복ǰǤΤǤ
ǰŪä̾Ǥ롥餢դİƤ˿֥ǰǤ롥İбȤ褦äơŪŪ䵬ԤθŪǰǰǤ롥
ǰˤĤŪ롥
ǰ̾˲äʤˤŪʥǤ롥ȤƤ̾İбȸƤ֤Ȥ롥̾İбΤͤ˶̤ʬǰȸƤ֤櫓Ǥ롥ä̾ϡǰΰ°¤ꡤǡطʤʿǡã뤳Ȥ롥̾Τˤ褯դ罰ãΤ椭ȤɤƤΤۤɰطʤãϤ礭ǡä̾ǰΤ Mass Communicated Sign MCS ȸƤ֤Ȥˤ롥
MCS ϰƤã롥Ǥ狼Τ顤Ρ֤٤ơɬ٤䤫dzǰŪΤƤǤϤʤñľŪʥե˰㤤ʤ
ǰ MCS Τ褦˶̤ƱΥطʤȤ̤äƤ롥ҹ̤δޤߤǰ̿Ǥ롥äǰλĴޤߤϡĿŪŪǤäƤϤʤʤĿͤˤʤʤˤãˤϿǤ꤬ɬפǤ롥ĿͺʤʤФʤǰȤƤŬϰϤ٤⤯ʤ롥äǰϾ˸̺ʤưȸĤζ̤ռŪӽǸĤɽ路ꡤʬΤɽꤹ롥ǰϸĤ ذ̲뷹롥
ǰΰ̲ײȡͭвˤ롥ηϿʹֿ˶ƶڤܤǰǤۤɡͤ˱ƶͿ줿ϰܲ졤ĤθͭʪȤʤ롥
ʾޤȤȡǰˤϡ罰ãȡͭȤĤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ǰθͭȤ¦̤ϡŵŪˤ̵ͣθͭ̾줬ħĤκƱˤͭ礬롥㤨СBible, Fortune, Heaven, Sea, World तǤ롥ϡѸʸˤơ̵ͣθͭ̾줽ΤΤǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館ƤǤ롥ʸʸ̮ˤƵͭ̾첽ȤäƤ⤤ᡤ̤̾ʤɤ⡤ĤκƱ˴ŤʸΤǤ롥Ʊth River, th Far East, the City ʤɤ̾ First Lady, President ʤɤοͤɽƱͤǤ롥ˤ metonymy ѤƤ롥
ǰ罰ãȤ¦̤θΤϡޥߤήۤҲݤ˴ؤǤ롥Communism, Parliament, the Constitution, Remember Pearl Harbor, Sex without Babies λԤˤȤäƤϡΰʤʸǧ뤳ȡˤǡطʤʸ̮ľŪΤǤ롥
ʤ;ñ̾ I 봷ϡ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) 餫ˤ褦ˡ̣ʸȤϡषФʸȹͤ٤I ΰ̣ǤϤʤñ˻Ū˺Ω뤿ʸȹͤΤ̤ˤϽ (minim) 1ܤǤϼϤνפƸʬդˤȤȤ뤬1ܤǽȤ¦̤⡤1ʸǽǤȤ¦̤Τۤפ⤷ʤȤΤϡĤθ褦ˡ15Υޥ̥ץȤȤϤʸʤ괧 a Ƥ㤬뤫Ǥ (49)
ʸȴϢơͭ̾첽ˤĤơ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1])#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) Ȥ줿
١Capitalization ˤĤơסػѸظ61桤1967ǯ47--53ǡ
[2016-01-11-1]ε³ԡεǤϡѸ <u> ԤȤ <o> ֤뷹ѻ뤳ȤˤĤơ"minim avoidance" ȤɸŪҲ𤷤Ѹֻˤ路 Scragg (44) ϡβ˲ŪǤ롥
Thus <o> replaced <u> in a large number of words with a short vowel, most of which now have RP /ʌ/ (e.g. come, some, Somerset, monk, son, tongue, wonder, honey, worry, above, dove, love), though some preserve the close vowel, RP /ʊ/ (wolf, woman). The use of <o> was valuable in distinguishing the vowel from a neighbouring consonant, particularly <v> (identical with <u> at this time . . .) and <w> (written <uu>, as the name of the letter suggests). The fact that the convention survives also in the neighbourhood of <n> and <m> has led many commentators to suggest that <o> was preferred to <u> to make reading easier, since the characters <u n m> all consisted in bookhand of a series of minims (or straight down-strokes), the series in <un ini iui uu iw im> etc. being in danger of being misdivided and of causing confusion. It is an argument that is hard to accept for the native language, since it is unlikely that English readers of the Middle Ages read letter by letter any more than modern readers do, but it is possible that such an explanation may hold for Latin, where <o> for <u> first appeared. In English, indeed, <o> for <u> also appeared occasionally in words in which there was no danger of minim confusion (cf. Mod. E borough, thorough), and the convention may have been established in part because of an English sound change whereby /ɒ/ became /u/ (now RP /ʌ/), e.g. among, money.
Scragg ϡषѸμ̻ˤ뤳Ѥطʤˤϡƥɤ߽ˤصʤꡤбѸȯѲʤ꤬äΤǤϤʤȤͤScragg ϡp. 44 ǡʬŪˤƱ֤۵ξ ("homographic clash") ŪǤѤäΤǤϤʤȤƤФƤ롥
Though <o> for /ʌ/ is a widespread convention in current English spelling, it should perhaps be observed that a great many words survive with <u>, e.g. hunt, under, humble, thumb. The use of <o>/<u> to avoid homophones becoming homographs as well is also worth noting: some, sum; son, sun; ton, tun. Similarly <u> is perhaps preserved in nut to avoid confusion with not.
Ҥ٤褦ˡѤطʤˤϡʣװƯƤ뤳 (multiple causation) Ȥɬפꤽʤ"homographic clash" βȤܤ¾λˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) ȡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Ѹֻˤˤơ<u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) Ǿ줿ɸŪʸˤȡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤ʤ롥Ѥ路뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִơ<sume> <some> ء<sun> ©ҡˤ <son> ء<luue> <loue> ؤִ졤줬ɸಽΤȤJespersen (88--89) ΰʲΰѤŵͿƤ롥
In ME texts of a more recent date (Chaucer, etc.) we find o used still more extensively for /u/, namely in the neighbourhood of any of the letters m, n, and u (v, w). The reason is that the strokes of these letters were identical, and that a multiplication of these strokes, especially at a time when no dot or stroke was written over i, rendered the reading extremely ambiguous and difficult (five strokes might be read as uni, nui, uui (uni or wi), iuu (ivu or iw), mii, imi, etc.). This accounts for the present spelling of won, wonder, worry, woman, monk, monkey, sponge, ton, tongue, some, Somerset, honey, cover, above, love (ME loue for luue) and many others.
Carney (148) ˤСߤɸŪֻˤơ츻Ū <u> ԤȤǡ<m> <n> ֤ˤ <o> ȤƸñϳΤ¿ (ex. become, come, comfort, company, compass, somersault; conjure, front, frontier, ironmonger, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, son, sponge, ton, tongue, wonder) ޤѸ <<uu>> ֤줿 <w> θ֤ <u> ĶˤƤ⡤ֻϤҤɤɤߤˤʤ顤Ѹ wolf <uuulf> <uuolf> ֤뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤǤ롥ʤűѸǤ <<uu>> <ƿ> Ѥ줿Τǽ <ƿulf> ֤줿Upward and Davidson (59) ˤ wolf ֻ˴ؤ뤳ϡΤϤäƤ롥
. . . the U [is] replaced by O in ƿulf 'wolf' and by OO in ƿul 'wool', ƿudu 'wood'. The purpose of this change from U to O was not to reflect any change in pronunciation, but to clarify scribal writing in ME . . . . OE, like ModE, used four distinct letters to spell ƿulf 'wolf', but when in ME the letter wyn (ƿ) was replaced by UU (the early form of W), the effect was that such a word would have appeared as uuulf, with U three times in succession. When, furthermore, one takes into account that the 'Gothic' style of scribal writing reduced many non-capital letters more or less to short vertical strokes ('minims'), one can see how difficult the reading of uuulf could be. If, on the other hand, the vowel is respelt O, then the form uuolf is less likely to confuse readers.
Τ褦 <u> <o> ˤִ˴ؤ "minim avoidance" βϤ٤ϤäƤ褦˸뤬ǡ<o> ִ줺Ԥ <u> Τޤ <m> <n> ֤˸ñ¤Ͼʤʤ (ex. drum, jump, lumber, mumble, mumps, munch, mundane, number, pump, slum, sum, thump, trumpet; fun, fund, gun, hundred, hunt, lunch, punch, run, sun) ˡϢ³뤿Ȥͳ˵뤳ȤΤǤʤ <u> <o> ִ⤢ (ex. brother, colour, colander, thorough, borough, other, dozen) äơ"minim avoidance" ϡִΰȤʤäƤǽǧˤ衤줬٤ƤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥βˤĤƤ "multiple causation" Ȥۤ褤
Ϣơ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹֻȯδطˤ11ʤ¿¿б㤬̵ˤ뤬<o> ֻ [u] 첻ɽ魯ϤʤΤȤ䤬Ф줿ξǤ˻פĤϤʤäϻפĤԤĤȤϡͤ٤Ĵ٤٤Ǥ롥ͤ٤ȤΤϡʤߤˡĤꤽޤѸDZ첻 /ʊ/ ϺǤ٤㤤û첻Ǥ[2012-02-13-1]εȡˡǡȤʤñпϾʤȤͽ¬Ωġ
ˡ첻ñפ⤫٤Ƥߤ롥˵äƤΤ push, put, pull ʤɤ <u> ĥ롼פȡbook, foot, look ʤɤ <oo> ĥ롼פǤ롥ԤϸűѸ /ʊ/ = <u> δطѸޤϢʤȷѾƤǤ롥첻ϰŪˤ1600ǯ餤ޤǤ岽ФơѸ³ /ʌ/ Ϥ˿ /l/ /ʃ/ ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡΤ褦岽Фʤäֿ˸³ĶפҥȤˡɸμб褦㳰ʤȹͤƤߤȡ1ĻפĤȤǤűѸ wulf ͳ褹 wolf 첻ʻˤǤ롥Ԥϡֻǽ (minim) Ϣ³Ķ뤿 <u> <o> ؽȤѸΰŪֻǤޤǤ롥w <uu> ֤Ǥϡwolf <uuulf> ȤƼ¸ƤޤҤɤɤߤˤǡ <uuolf> Ȥʶ路ȤȤǤ (Upward and Davidson 59) <u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-06-1]ε#223. woman ȯֻפ[2009-07-27-1]ε#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽפǤ夲Ȥޤǽơwoman 1첻ʻˤɸμФ⤦1ĤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
³ơ<oo> ĥ롼פͤƤߤ褦Υ롼פ벻ˤϡ/oː/ 첻ܡ /uː/ û /ʊ/ ȤѲǤ롥βѲɤʤֻΤۤŵŪ <oo> 夫<o> äƤ褦õФ褤Ȥˤʤ뤬űѸ bōsm ͳ褹 bosom 1첻ʻˤp. 111ˡ2첻ˤΤ1첻Ѳ <oo> Υ롼פˤȤˤƤ롥
¾ˤϡto μ岽ȯ1ĤȤ /tʊ/ 롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
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