
轵ηΡ#6125. heldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-02-1]) ˰³Τ餻Ǥsorami رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤ١ˤ note 2ƤޤּȤǻȤ!Ѹ츻Ǥ
饤ʥåפ¤Ƥޤʸ God be with ye! ޤ줿ɽ䡤history Фʤ2Ÿ (doublet) ʤɡѸˤ֤ǤꡤijؽԤΡ֤ʤפľDZɼ꤬·äƤޤ
Ĥ⡤̤ʸͤǤ͡Ūؤۤ礫ޤSNS Ǥʤߤ lol 䡤ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness) ʸ̮Ǹ뿦̾ʤɡѸȤظˤŪҲŪѲ˳ؤ٤륯Υ饤ʥåפˤʤäƤޤ
sorami ϡηӤǡּȤξͥॢåפʤɤ˼ͳ˻ȤäƤйǤפȽҤ٤ƤޤαѸ춵γҤλѤƤߤƤȤƬ㤨 God be with ye! ξͥźǡ̤ñФ㺹ѤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ֱѸˤδ֤ˡפʤֱ̡Ѹˤˡסư̤ơѸŪʻäƤȤäƤޤsorami 3ƤԤƤޤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ۿ줿֤إ饸κǿϡפ֤Ρ֥å1900ɤפǤȥright ϤʤֱפָפɽΤǤ郎ޤơβδƽ̳ᤵƤޤʿ⤪꤬Ȥޤˡ
Ĥαñ줬줿ΤǤܤΤ matter count Ȥñ줬ֽפǤפ̣ưȤѤƤǤưǿŦƤޤäʤޤֽפǤפǤСbe important Τ褦˷ƻѤΤդ路褦˴뤫ǤʤưʤΤȤ䤬ޤ
2Ĥư̡˹ͤޤ礦ޤ matter ʤֽפǤפȤ̣ưˤʤΤǤ礦Ҳ𤵤Ƥ褦 matter ̾ȤƤδŪʰ̣ϡʪפǤϡȤͤޤäƤΡǤϤʤΡդȻפޤä꽼ŶƤ륤ȤΤסּ¼ŪʡסͭյʡסֽפǤפʤɤθȹͤޤ
⤦1ĤΡֽפǤפ̣ư count ϤɤǤ礦ưǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤcount 1ϡֿפǤܸ͡Ǥ֤ΤοʤפȤѶ礬ޤդˡֿ롨פΤϡֽפǤפȤͤޤѸǶ̤ȯۤΤ⤷Ǥ͡
ʤߤ count ϥƥ computāre եˤޤäͳ褷ޤ computāre ϡƬ com- ʶˡˡˤ putāre ʹͤˤꡤŰŪ˹ͤסֹθפȤạ̈礤ФơֿסַפȤ̣ȯŸƤäȹͤޤơΥƥ computāre ľܤ˱Ѹ compute ȤƤѤƤޤĤޤꡤcount compute Ʊ츻2Ÿ (doublet) δطȤʤޤ
ơmatter count ֽפǤפ̣褦ˡǤзƻɽƤ٤ȤǡưȤɽƤ¾ˤ⤢ޤ㤨 cost Ѥˤ resemble ʻƤˤʤɤ⡤ưȤϾ֡˶ᤤ̣礤ӤӤƤꡤľŪˤ be worth be like Τ褦˷ƻѤɽ魯Τդ路ȵ뤫⤷ޤ
դ⤢ޤʻȤƤϷƻǤʤ⡤Ūʰ̣礤ĶơưŪʥ˥奢ӤӤΤޤactive ʳưŪʡˤȤƻϡ֡ɽ路Ƥ褦ˤפޤưäƤưŪʥΤ¤Ǥꡤʤ̣ŪˤϽʬưŪȤȤǤΤǤޤưθʬʬ줫ƻ졤㤨 interesting, surprised ʤɤϡȤưʤ櫓Ǥ顤ʬưŪʴޤߤݻƤΤ̵̤ȤʤΤǤ
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Τإ饸֥å1900ɤǤϡƽ˴ؤ餻Ƥʤ顤matter count ȤäŵŪưˤĤƹͤľ뤳ȤǤٶˤʤޤˤʤäƤʤϡҥåƤߤƤ
פС䤬ơ֤إ饸פ˴ؤ餻Ƥä1Ĥ֥å1900ɤפǤ#5196. ֤إ饸б4 --- رñ쥿åȡ٤ñ츻 ([2023-07-19-1]) Ǥϡvid ʸˤȤƥ캬Τߤͥ1ֶä³ȤѤʲϿΤǤ⤼ҤС
夲 matter count ᤰϡ heldio ۿ#1418. ֤إ饸פΥå1900ɤ --- right ϤʤֱפָפɽΤǤܤޤܵˤʤȻפޤΤǡҤ⤪İ
ɸ4ϡƥǡΡפ̣ corpus ̤ñǤ롥#4096. 3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5ŸĤ ([2020-07-14-1]) Ǥ夲Ʋ4Ÿ (quadruplet) λ
corpus /ˈkɔɚpəs/ ʽˤϡѸľܥƥ줫äƤǡǤŪʥ쥸ȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
corpse /kɔɚps/ ʻΡˡӤθŷȤƻĤäƤ corse /kɔɚs/ ϡƥ corpus եͳĤѷƱѸäƤñեǤ cors Τ褦ֻ <p> æƤƥȤ <p> 褷ѸǤ⡤θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) θƱͤ˺Ѥ<p> ä줿<p> Τʤ¹Ԥ³
corps /kɔɚ/ ʣƱֻȯ /kɔɚz/ˡʷˤ "a body of troops" ۤɤθǡե줫ѸäƤñǤ롥ֻ˴ؤ¤ꡤ嵭 corpse ΰ۷ȤäƤ褤
<p> ֤뤫ݤ/p/ ȯ뤫ݤ /s/ ȯ뤫ݤʤɡ4δطʣн褹ˤϡơñֻȯǯ塤ƻǤˡ٤μºݤðǰĴɬפޤ줾αñȤƤθ (word-lore) 餫ˤˤȤɤޤ餺ѸǤƥեˤĤƤθɬפ롥ä˥եˤĤƤϥե¦ǤȯֻδطӤѲѰۤ⻲Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥
ܼŪ䤦ʤС4ϡѸѸüԤƬǤϡ⤽ۤʤ4ȤǧƤΤλ䤿ϡֻۤʤм̡Ωह롤ȤԻλ뤷Ƥ뤬μ֤褦ȤˤäơλळȤǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
䤬ͯƤ롥ˤ衤˹äǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
εϡإᥤȤˤ2hel襳ƥĤ˥ԥ졼رѸ츻ŵ٤ OED ȤĤļɮ
lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפǿǼ夲Ƥ corporate, corpse, corpus ˴ؤͻ
嵭 lacolaco εari ˤĤ Deep Research Ѥλͤƹͻ note #224ڿcorsϤɤѲChatGPTĴ٤Ƥ餦
伫Ȥ⡤ heldio ۿ#1385. corpus data ᤰ --- ѥǡˤĤƸǤϤޤ lacolaco ε corpus ˤĤƼ夲Ƥ롥ҤİС
ε#5754. divers vs diverse ([2025-01-27-1]) ³ԡεɮ塤إᥤȤ ari ˤhel note #177 WD۵פ֤αѸ켭ΡֺΤȤСסɤΤäΤdivers Ȥñ줬124 Merriam-Webster: Word of the DayǼ夲ƤȤΤȡ

divers diverse ˤĤơ1755ǯ Johnson μƤߤΰʸǼƤ̤ꡤơθ줬Τ̡ΩवƤ롥Ǻܤ褦

Johnson εҤ顤ΥڥñˤĤƵˤʤä롥
diverse Τۤ divers ȤȤ˶1ˤäʤǤξˤϤβˤޥʡȯʹ
̣ΰ㤤 divers "more than one" ǡdiverse "different" ñ
Ǥ divers ϻȤʤʤäƤ
ʸߤ divers ̾ȤƤˡꡤƱʸˤƱˡ some ߤ
divers ѤΡֻ̹ (= the Acts of the Apostles) ͭ̾1Ȥơ"But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil of that way before the multitude, he departed from them, and separated the disciples, disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus." (Acts 19:9) Ƥ
ƹǤϥȥ2.0ȯͽ¬ǽΥơäƤƤ롥οǤϡDEI (= diversity, equity, and inclusion) ǰΥæޤƤȤ롥1Ĥ diversity ϡ¿פ̣륭ɤǤꡤѸˤϥƥ줫եФ14ȾФ˼ѤƤ
̾δΤϥƥηƻ dīversum Ǥꡤ켫Τư dīvertere ʤ來ؤ餹žˤ̤롥ž̡̼Ρ¿ͤʡĤΡפŸȤˤʤ롥
ȤǡѸ켭ˤ divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ Ȥ̡ΩवƤ롥ֻϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ꡤȯ϶벻ᤪӸҲ̵ͭ㤬롥̣ˡȤƤϡԤϸʸŪʶäơ̼ΡĤΡפѤ졤Ԥϼˡ¿ͤʡפθѤ롥ȤȤξԤϸߤ˰۷ˤѸʹߤθˤѤƤ1700ǯ˸̣ˤʬƤ
divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ ϡֿġ͡פ̣̾졦̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäᤫθҲϡ̾ʣ -s ȿǤ뤫Τ褦 /z/ ؤžޤdiverse /daɪˈvəːs/ ȯֻϡƥͳ adverse, inverse ʤɤȴϢŤ夷ΤȻפ롥
OED Ǥξ̡ΩवƤ뤬Diverse, Adj. & Adv. ιˤξη֤ȯˤܺ٤˲⤵Ƥ롥
Form and pronunciation history
The stress was originally on the second syllable, but was at an early date shifted to the first, although both pronunciations long coexisted, especially in verse. In early modern English divers (with stress on the first syllable) is the dominant form (overwhelmingly so in the 17th cent.), especially in the very common sense 'several, sundry, various' (see divers adj.) in which the word always occurs with a plural noun (the final -s coming to be pronounced /z/ after the plural ending -s, making the word homophonous with the plural of diver n.).
By the 18th cent. the senses of the word had come to be distinguished in form, with divers typically used to express the notions of variety and (especially) indefinite number (see divers adj. & n.) and diverse (probably by more immediate association with Latin diversus) the notion of difference (as in senses A.1 and A.3); thus Johnson (1755), Sheridan (1780), and Walker (1791), all of whom have two parallel entries. Both forms were typically stressed on the first syllable, and differed only in the pronunciation of the final consonant (respectively /z/ and /s/ ). The same formal and semantic distinction is reflected in 19th-cent. dictionaries, including Smart (1836), Worcester (1846), Knowles (1851), Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), and New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897). The latter notes at divers adj. (in sense 'various, sundry, several') that it is 'now somewhat archaic, but well known in legal and scriptural phraseology'; in this form the word is now chiefly archaic and used mainly in literary or legal contexts.
In the second half of the 19th cent. (as divers adj. was gradually becoming more restricted in use), the dictionaries begin to note an alternative pronunciation for diverse adj. with stress on the second syllable. This pronunciation probably continues the original one that had never entirely disappeared for this form, as is shown by examples from verse (compare e.g. quots. a1618, 1837 at sense A.1a, 1754 at sense A.3a). Knowles (1851) is one of the first dictionaries to note this pronunciation of diverse adj. (which, interestingly, he gives as the sole pronunciation); more commonly the two alternatives are given, as e.g. Craig (1882), who puts the pronunciation with initial stress first, and Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897), who give priority to the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable; this has since become by far the more common pronunciation of the word.
ƹǤϥȥ2.0ȯͽ¬ǽΥơäƤƤ롥οǤϡDEI (= diversity, equity, and inclusion) ǰΥæޤƤȤ롥1Ĥ diversity ϡ¿פ̣륭ɤǤꡤѸˤϥƥ줫եФ14ȾФ˼ѤƤ
̾δΤϥƥηƻ dīversum Ǥꡤ켫Τư dīvertere ʤ來ؤ餹žˤ̤롥ž̡̼Ρ¿ͤʡĤΡפŸȤˤʤ롥
ȤǡѸ켭ˤ divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ Ȥ̡ΩवƤ롥ֻϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ꡤȯ϶벻ᤪӸҲ̵ͭ㤬롥̣ˡȤƤϡԤϸʸŪʶäơ̼ΡĤΡפѤ졤Ԥϼˡ¿ͤʡפθѤ롥ȤȤξԤϸߤ˰۷ˤѸʹߤθˤѤƤ1700ǯ˸̣ˤʬƤ
divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ ϡֿġ͡פ̣̾졦̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäᤫθҲϡ̾ʣ -s ȿǤ뤫Τ褦 /z/ ؤžޤdiverse /daɪˈvəːs/ ȯֻϡƥͳ adverse, inverse ʤɤȴϢŤ夷ΤȻפ롥
OED Ǥξ̡ΩवƤ뤬Diverse, Adj. & Adv. ιˤξη֤ȯˤܺ٤˲⤵Ƥ롥
Form and pronunciation history
The stress was originally on the second syllable, but was at an early date shifted to the first, although both pronunciations long coexisted, especially in verse. In early modern English divers (with stress on the first syllable) is the dominant form (overwhelmingly so in the 17th cent.), especially in the very common sense 'several, sundry, various' (see divers adj.) in which the word always occurs with a plural noun (the final -s coming to be pronounced /z/ after the plural ending -s, making the word homophonous with the plural of diver n.).
By the 18th cent. the senses of the word had come to be distinguished in form, with divers typically used to express the notions of variety and (especially) indefinite number (see divers adj. & n.) and diverse (probably by more immediate association with Latin diversus) the notion of difference (as in senses A.1 and A.3); thus Johnson (1755), Sheridan (1780), and Walker (1791), all of whom have two parallel entries. Both forms were typically stressed on the first syllable, and differed only in the pronunciation of the final consonant (respectively /z/ and /s/ ). The same formal and semantic distinction is reflected in 19th-cent. dictionaries, including Smart (1836), Worcester (1846), Knowles (1851), Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), and New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897). The latter notes at divers adj. (in sense 'various, sundry, several') that it is 'now somewhat archaic, but well known in legal and scriptural phraseology'; in this form the word is now chiefly archaic and used mainly in literary or legal contexts.
In the second half of the 19th cent. (as divers adj. was gradually becoming more restricted in use), the dictionaries begin to note an alternative pronunciation for diverse adj. with stress on the second syllable. This pronunciation probably continues the original one that had never entirely disappeared for this form, as is shown by examples from verse (compare e.g. quots. a1618, 1837 at sense A.1a, 1754 at sense A.3a). Knowles (1851) is one of the first dictionaries to note this pronunciation of diverse adj. (which, interestingly, he gives as the sole pronunciation); more commonly the two alternatives are given, as e.g. Craig (1882), who puts the pronunciation with initial stress first, and Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897), who give priority to the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable; this has since become by far the more common pronunciation of the word.

*
ǯ١Ҥηؤդ٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤޤؤդ8ԤޤϢܤȤƤ5Ȥʤޤ
Ρ֥եѸήפ˰³ƤǤήη̡ѸäˤɤΤ褦ʾ⤬⤿餵줿Τޤʲ4ĤξФΤȤ˥åƤޤ
1. ñѤȸηϤѲ
Ѹ˥ե줫̤ñѤꡤѸθηϤ礭ʱƶͿޤˤꡤѸθäΤ礭Ѳޤ
2. Ȥʤäαñ
ե줫μѸˤꡤ¸αñ줬֤Ȥʤ륱¿ޤ㤨С֤פ̣ ēam uncle ˡּʡפ̣ anda envy ֤ʤɤޤ
3. Υޥեե
μѸϥΥޥ顤ϥѥե줫ޤˤꡤƱ츻ñ줬ۤʤDZѸꡤ2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥƶ¸褦ˤʤޤ
4. ʩϥ֥åɸ
եθ˴줿ѸϡեͳܼѸñդƿñФޤϱʩǤޤϥ֥åɸȤƱѸ夷ޤ
4Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤪɤߤ
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δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡5ѸΥեѸ줬ѸäͿסؤդ2024ǯ8桤ҡ2024ǯ72352--53ǡ
ε#5488. Ѹο̾ʤɽ魯ˤμ϶äۤɺʬƤ¿ͤä ([2024-05-06-1]) Ƥ顤ʵ䤬⤫Ǥ롥ΩĸűѸˤϡ̾μѸƱ餤ʬƤ¿ͤäΤ뤤ϡäϼäΤϸˤȤɤޤ餺ʸꡤʸΥȥԥåȤʤ롥
⻲Ȥ Fransson (31) ϡ餯űѸˤϿ̾Ϥäϼäȿ¬Ƥ롥äȸС¿οȤȤ̾ϡΥޥ (norman_conquest) αƶΤȤˡɡѸˤ⤿餵줿ΤȹͤƤ롥
Did this specialization exist before the Middle English period? The trade-names that are recorded in the Old English literature have been collected by Klump (Die altengl. Handwerkernamen). It is noteworthy that these are comparatively few in number; they are chiefly general names of trades, usually not specialized. A great number of the names in the present treatise are not represented there. To infer from this that all these did not exist in OE, is of course premature. The case is that we have no documents from that time in which trade-names are common. Much speaks in favour of the opinion, however, that many names of occupation did not come into existence until after the Norman conquest.
űѸ¿ο̾ʸڤʤȤȤϡűѸ¿οȤʤäȤɬ̣櫓ǤϤʤFransson θΩƤǤϡΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤȤ
Ѹοȡ̾ˤȯޤޤ⤷ơޤ˻פƤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤ƤȡοȤκʬƤͤ˶äʤ˺٤ȤʬƤΤȰݤƱˡ¿˶òʤΤ
㤨 Fransson (30) θˤȡĴץΤۡȤ˴ؤ뿦̾бϡʤ165ढȤʪ״Ϣֿʪȳ¿ԤȴϢ25ߤĤȤ̤ˤ108Ф졤ʪפʪפͽۤȤब˭٤ǡϢդ줿107˵ڤ֤Ȥ
⤷ȤˡζѸλˤϡޤǤο̾κʬ¿ϳǧʤȤλ̻ŪӤɬñǤϤʤΤΡFransson (31) "we can say that --- with the exception of modern factories -- specialization of trades was considerably greater in the Middle Ages than in modern times." ȷŤƤ롥
ǤϡʤѸˤϿȡ̾ˤΤ褦˺ʬƤΤFransson (31) ϡ4ۤɤŦƤ롥
(1) εѤȯŸʲɤߵȡΤζ椨
(2) Ȥ̾ˤĤƱѸ̾бե̾ʻ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿츫̾μब˭٤Ȥ¿
(3) 뿦̾ӤӤʪ̣ǤοȤ˽Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ𤬤롥㤨 girdler ϡ֥ɥ뿦͡פºݤˤϥɥäƤ櫓ǤϤʤƱ¾ʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤ°ʤοͤǤ⤢ä
(4) 嵭ȴϢơܶȤȤȤ˥ޥʡȤĤǤ硤Ԥ̾ȤƺѤۤȤƤϼǽϤ⤤Blodleter ÷͡סʡᾲˤ Vershewere ֱʸߡסʡڤˤʤɤΤ褦롥
Ѹ˿̾ʬƤ¿ͤȤ¤ߤ褦ǤϡűѸǤϤɤäΤơʤѸʹߤˤϡκʬ¿ʤʤäΤ̣Ǥ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
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heldio #273. ֻ۸ ΤäƤ danger θ
hellog #1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#524. deal part ΥϡʬͿƶͭסäޤ˸츻Ǥܥӥ̣Ǥɤİ
Τʤǥƥ pars "part" ͳ褹ñĤޤ֤ partner ˤĤƤ褦ȻפäƤȤǤǤϿʤäΤ hellog ˤޤ
ǶǤܸǤ֥ѡȥʡפȤ줬褯Ѥޤء͡ƱԡӥͥʤɡͭƤ͡餫λȤ˶Ʊǻ褷ƤͤؤդǤñ partner Ʊ褦˹ѤޤϤϤֲͭƤ͡פǤ
OED θ츻εҤˤȡpartner ľ part ȴطȤϡϢ̤ñ parcener ѷǤϤʤȤΤȤǤ
Etymology: Probably an alteration of PARCENER n. (although this is only attested slightly later), under the influence of PART n.1 Perhaps compare Old French partenier (1266), Dutch regional (West Flanders) partenier.
It is much less likely that the word arose from scribal error (with the letters c and t being confused).
Ѹ parcener ϡֶƱ³͡פ̣ˡΧѸǤθϡֲͭƤ͡פȤեñѤΤǡŪˤϥƥ partītiō(n-) ̤ꡤƥ pars ֤ȤϤޤθ줬Ѹ¦ѷƤǤΤpartner ʤΤǤϤʤȤ츻ǤϩϤäȤ䤳Ǥpart δϢǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦Ǥ
褯ҤͤѤʵǤnumber ξάɽǤ nu. ʤɤȤʤꤽʤȤǤʤ no. ȤʤäƤޤ o Ϥäɤ褿ΤǤ礦ϱѸˤդȤ륿פǤβİƤ
äǤ礦no. number άΤǤϤʤnumber θ츻Ǥƥ numerus åñǤ numero άΤäΤǤnumber no. δطϡäơľϤ̼طǤϤʤ夯餤δطȤȤˤʤޤŪˤƱ츻ǤꡤƬ n- ⶦ̤ƤΤǡäʶ路櫓Ǥ嵭Τ褦طʤޤ
ΤʤǴϢƿ줿 i.e (= id est "that is") e.g. (= exempli gratia "for example") ʤɤϡάɽȸɽޤ˰ۤʤäƤꡤľܤξάǤ櫓ʤȤʬΤǤno. (= numero "in number") ξˤϤʤޤƤˡޤƤޤޤ͡ѸˡֲɤߡפȡַɤߡפäȤ¤ˤäΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ȴϢơ##750,1042εåɤ
gravy ϡ쥤ӡפ̣ñǤ롥θθ츻˴ؤƤԳΤʤȤ⤢뤬OED ޤĤθ츻ҤˤСƱ̣ͤդ̣ťե grané n 餫Υߥ v ȸɤ줿̡Ѹ grave, gravi ʤɤȤ夷Τ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) ޤ¿εDz٤夲ƤλΤǤ n v ʤ u) minim ȸƤФ2¤٤ <<ıı>> ȤΤ˶̤줺˽Ƥgravy ⤳μθɤ1ͩ (ghost_word) ʤΤǤϤʤȤȤ (cf. #2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]))
ťե grané ̣դ줿ѥؤƥ grānum ʹγˤˤΤܤ롥Ѹ grain ⡤Υƥñ줬ťեͳƱѸäƤΤʤΤǡgrain gravy ϡǾ㤤äƤޤäΤΡ2Ÿ (double) Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ
θɤťեǵäΤʤΤѸ˼Ѥ줿˵äΤʤΤѸ grane ηޤʤȤ顤餯ԤʤΤǤϤʤꤵ롥
OED gravy, n. θ츻ѤƤ
Etymology: Of obscure origin.
The receipts quoted under sense 1 below are substantially identical with receipts in Old French cookery books, in which the word is grané. For the Old French word the reading grané seems certain (though in printed texts gravé usually appears); it is probably cognate with Old French grain 'anything used in cooking' (Godefroy), and with grenade n.2, grenadine n.1; compare also faus grenon = 'gravy bastard'. But in the English manuscripts the word has nearly always either a v or a letter which looks more like u than n (the only exception being in the 'table' to Liber Cocorum, which has thrice grane, while the text has graue). As the Middle English word was therefore identical in form with the modern word, it seems difficult, in spite of the difference in sense, to regard them as unconnected. In the present state of the evidence, the most probable conclusion is that the Old French grané was early misread as gravé, and in that form became current as a term of English cookery.
gravy θɤ˴ؤȡ˴ؤơSimon Horobin ˤ "Five words in the English language people usually use incorrectly" ε⤷
hellog 饸20ȤʤޤѤʵȤ⡤äȶä⤷츻Ǥֵҿ͡פ̣ guest ȡּ͡פ̣ host ϡʤȿո (antonym) ǤʤƱ츻ʤΤǤ2Ÿ (doublet) ȤޤˡԻĤˤĤơ4ǯȤѸεˤΤͤǤĸ (Proto-Indo-European) λˤޤ̤äƲ⤷ޤʲβɤ
2Ĥαñ夲ˤޤظˤϤ褽5ǯˤ錄ˤäΤǤо줹⡤ĸ˻Ϥޤꡤƥ졤ե졤ޥĸ졤ťΥɸ̲ˡƱѸ¿̤Ǥ
츻ؤ˸ؤ̥ϤϡΤ褦˲Ǥʤ褦ˤߤñظˤƤ뤳ȤǤƱ츻줫顤Ĺˤ錄벻Ѳ̣Ѳ̤ơ츫ȴطΤʤ¿ñ줬Ť뼰ƤȤ¤⡤ʤȤⶽ̣ȤǤˤĤơܤ##170,171,1723,1724εå
ε#4094. 2Ÿʬ ([2020-07-13-1]) Ǽ夲2Ÿ (doublet) ξԤ3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5ŸʤɤΡ¿ŸפؿѸؼŵ (344) ꤤĤܥ֥δϢ뵭ؤΥĥäƤ
(a) 3Ÿ (triplet)
hale (< ME hal, hale, hail < OE hāl), whole (< ME hol, hool, hole < OE hāl), hail ( ON heill) (cf. #3817. hale θ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-10-09-1]))
place ( OF place < L platēa), plaza ( Sp. plaza < L platēa), piazza ( It. piazza < L platēa)
hotel ( F hôtel < OF hostel < ML hospitāle), hostel ( OF hostel < ML hospitāle), hospital ( ML hospitāle) (cf. #171. guest host (2) ([2009-10-15-1]))
a, an, one (cf. #86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1]))
(b) 4Ÿ (quadruplet)
corpse ( MF corps < OF cors < L corpus), corps ( MF corps < OF cors < L corpus), corpus ( L corpus), corse ( OF cors < L corpus)
(c) 5Ÿ (quintuplet)
palaver ( Port palavra < L parabola), parable ( OF parabole < L parabola), parabola ( L parabola), parley ( OF parlée < L parabola), parole ( F parole < L parabola)
discus, disk, dish, desk, dais (cf. #569. discus --- 6Ÿ߽Фðۤθ캬 ([2010-11-17-1]))
senior, sire, sir, seigneur, signor
ʤܸ줫4ŸȤơɡ륿ơ㡼ȤƤ (cf. #1027. åפȥåס ([2012-02-18-1]))
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Ʊ츻ˤΤܤ뤬餫ͳǷ֤Ọ̇̄ۤʤ˻ä1Ȥθ2Ÿ (doublet) ȸƤ֡ܥ֥Ǥ͡ʼ2ŸƤä˾ܺ٤ʰϡ#1723. åץˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) ȡ#1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) ȡˡ2ŸˤϤĤΥפ뤬ؿѸؼŵ (343--44) ˽äơ˸ŪʴʬषƼ
(1) ѷϩΰۤʤΡ
sure ( OF sur < L sēcūrus), secure ( L sēcūrus)
poorʢ OF povre, poure < L pauper), pauper ( L pauper)
filibuster ( Sp. filibustero Du. vrijbuiter), freebooter ( Du. vrijbuiter)
caste ( Port. casta < L castus), chaste ( OF chaste < L castus)
madam(e) ( OF ma dame < L mea domina), Madonna ( It. ma donna < L mea domina)
(2) ȳˤΡ
shirt (< OE scyrte < *skurtjōn-), skirt ( ON skyrta < *skurtjōn-)
naked (< OE nacod, næcad), nude ( L nūdus)
brother (< OE brōðor), friar ( OF frere < L frāter)
name (< OE nama), noun ( AN noun < L nōmen)
kin (< OE cynn), genus ( L genus)
(3) Ʊ줫ۤʤ˰ۤʤ֤뤤ϰ̣ǼѤ줿Ρ
cipher ( OF cyfre Arab. ṣifr), zero ( F zéro It. zero Arab. ṣifr)
count ( OF conter < L computāre), compute ( MF compoter < L computāre)
annoy ( OF anuier, anoier < L in odio), ennui ( F ennui < OF enui < L in odio)
(4) ƱΰۤʤμѤˤΡ(cf. #76. Norman French vs Central French ([2009-07-13-1])#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1])#388. äȤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2010-05-20-1]))
catch ( ONF cachier), chase ( OF chacier)
wage ( ONF wagier), gage ( OF guage)
warden ( ONF wardein), guardian ( OF guardien)
warrant ( ONF warantir), guarantee ( OF guarantie)
treason ( AN treyson < OF traison < L traditionis), traditiion ( OF tradicion < L traditionis) (cf. #944. ration reason ([2011-11-27-1]))
(5) ѸˤƱ줬ƼηѲˤʬ (split) ĤΰۤʤˤʤäΤ롥ˤѸˤǧ롥
outermost, uttermost
thresh, thrash
of, off
than, then (cf. #1038. then than ([2012-02-29-1]))
through, thorough (cf. #55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1]))
wight, whit
worked, wrought (cf. #2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]))
later, latter (cf. #3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1])#3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]))
to, too
mead, meadow
shade, shadow (cf. #194. shadow shade ([2009-11-07-1]))
twain, two (cf. #1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1]))
fox, vixen
acute, cute
example, sample (cf. #548. example, ensample, sample 3Ÿ ([2010-10-27-1]))
history, story
mode, mood (cf. #3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1]))
parson, person (cf. #179. person parson ([2009-10-23-1]))
fancy, fantasy
van, caravan
varsity, university
flour, flower (cf. #183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]))
travail, travel
嵭2ŸΤĤˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤǼ夲ΤꡤĥäƤ¾2ŸˤĤƤξХҥåȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡѸǡפ̣ sprite/spright spirit ΰ۷ˤ츻ˤ롥
sprite Ф spright ֻŪǤꡤ <-ite> /-aɪt/ <-ight> Ȥط "reverse spelling" Ǥ"reverse spelling" ˤĤƤϡ#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1])#724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1])#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ȡˡ
spright ֻǤ16˽ФShakespeare Folio Quarto νǡޤ Spenser ǤϡषŪ˻ȤƤ⤷Ȥ Johnson μˤξθФΩƤƤꡤ"spright" θФΤȤǡsprite ֤٤ (custom) ȤƤ spright Ƿ夬ĤƤȤθڤ롥Johnson 餷нλǤ롥ʤǤ sprite Τ̤ۤ

ƻդ spritely/sprightly, spriteful/sprightful ϡָʡȯʡפ̣Ƥ spright 켫ȤƱηƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥ηƻˤϡפθʥŤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ餯캬θ˴ޤޤ "animating or vital" εǿ줿褦ˡΥ륳֥ץ饤ȡ (Sprite) ϡˤϤú̥ϤǤ롥
66īʹī11̤Ρ֤ȤХץ֥ԥåġϺӤӤƤ롩Ȥ꤬Ǻܤ줿ñ spirit(s) θˤĤơεȴϢ̤ƻΤǡκݤĴ٤ƹͤȤʲˤޤȤƤ *
Ѹ spirit ȤС1ŪˡפפΤ褦ΤФŪʤΤؤŪʺѤǤֵʬסָסֵϡפʤɤظȯãƤäȤŪ䤹ʣ spirits ǡ֥ǡޤॢ륳ٿι⤤α̣褦ˤʤäΤϡɤ櫓
spirit θ츻õäƤߤ褦θ캬ϥƥ spīrāre ©ˤθ캬˰פ롥餵˰ĸ *(s)peis- ʿˤ̤餻⤢뤬⤢褦Ƶ۲Ϥͳ褹Τ⤷ʤƥ spīritus ©ˤϤ̾ƥǤϸˡפ̣褦ˤʤꡤˤΰ̣ôäƤ animus ˼ää
ɸεäơΥƥˤ©פפؤΰ̣Ѳ뤳Ȥ礭ʸȤʤ롥طʤˤϡĶŪ¸ߤΤ spīritus ©ˤळȤǡ̿ưϤȤͤ롥ξĶŪ¸ߤ©פȤϡOED spirit, n. ɮƬ˵Ƥ̤ "The animating or vital principle in man (and animals); that which gives life to the physical organism, in contrast to its purely material elements; the breath of life." ʤΤ̿ΤΤˤۤʤʤܸǤ̿©פȤ̤ꡤ©פ̿θΤΤǤꡤθ̤ΤΤ⡤Ʊ spīritus Ȥɽ蘆뤳Ȥˤʤä櫓Ǥ롥
Υƥñϡťե (e)spirit ʤɤͳơ14 spirit Ȥ֤DZѸ˼Ѥ줿ʤäƸե丽Ѹ esprit ƱˡѤ줿餫餹Ǥˡ©פפͲĶŪ¸ߤؤֿ, ͩ, ⡤פʤɤθǤѤƤ褦Ѹǡפ̣ sprite/spright ϡspirit ΰ۷ˤۤʤʤʤĤޤ spirit, esprit, sprite/spright 3Ÿˡ
ϣ (alchemy) ʸ̮Ǥϡ̿θ spirit θ٤ƤʪκȤʤ4 four spirits ؤȱѤ줿䡤вǡˡ˥ࡤβ4ĤǤ롥餬ŬڤȤ߹蘆ӤӤʪޤȤǤϡϤơ "the animating or vital principle" ȤȤˤʤ롥ơϣѤμ¸ --- α --- ̤ƶŪ줿Τ1Ĥʹǻ٤Ρ˥륳äα줿륳ϱդ̣ spirit αѸǤνФϡޤ17Ƭ Ben Jonson μˤʤ Alchemist ˤƤǤOED θ21aˡ
1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. vi. sig. F2, H'is busie with his spirits, but we'll vpon him.
륳̣ȤƤϡƱȾ˽ǤͤνȤʤä John Bunyan ˤ The Pilgrim's Progress ˽ФƤOED θ21cˡ
1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. ii. 67 He gave me also a piece of an Honey-comb, and a little Bottle of Spirits .
ơñʤ˥륳Ȥ spirit 뤳ȤǡȤͤʳʪǤꡤΰʪΤƱñɽ蘆褦ˤʤä
ΤȤ̿ޤ줿ȤߤʤȯۤϡŤλ夫餢äϥ˥ꥷ ὕĦئ ῶ ̿οˤȤꡤ줬ƥǤ aqua vitae 줿űѸǤ lifes wǣter (life's water) ʸڤ롥ե eau-de-vieɸ uisce beatha ʤɤ⡤ΤʤȤߤ롥
Ĥޤּ̿οפȤȯۤϡ⤽ˤϿȶʤΤȤ¸ߤƤΤǤ롥ΰǡѸǤ spirit ̿θɽ魯⤦1ĤθȤѸ˼ޤ줿줬νѸˤϣѤʸ̮դ졤˽Ρּ̿οפȤȯۤȤӤĤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ¯Ūʡ־αפθΤ
ĶŪ¸ߤ©ˤä߽Ф줿ζǤʪ̿ϣѤθ줿륳롤Υ륳¿ޤα --- spirit ɴǯˤ錄̣ѲĹι³ƤȤˤʤ롥ǸΤΤС־嵡Ǥ (be in high spirits) ֤ʤյǡ (with considerable spirit) ʪˤ꤫뤳ȤǤ롥餷 spirits
ǸˡܥҤΥΥ륳֥ץ饤ȡ (Sprite) ϡHPξˤȡ
֥ץ饤ȡפ̾ͳϡѸ Spiritʸΰաˤ Spriteˤͳ褷ú褯Ϥͻҡ䤫ƩʤɤɽƤޤ1961ǯư衤úˤɷôΤ륯ꥢ̣襤ǼԤ濴ؤλٻᡤߤǤ190ʾιϰ䤵Ƥ顼֥ɤǤ
ȤΤȡä츻Ƥ롥̣ѲĹικȤäƤ褤
ĹȽҤ٤ƤޤȤ褦spirit ־αפθطʤˤϡ3Ĥϲ̮ä
(1) spirit θȤƤΡΤΤȤƤĶŪ¸ߤ©
(2) ϣѤ̤ƥ륳뤬α줿
(3) ּ̤̿οפȤŤȯ
3Ĥή17˱ѸΤʤǹήspirit(s) αפȤɽήƤΤǤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ɸȴϢơDurkin (191--92) ƤťΥɸѸ롥űѸƱ졤ťΥɸƱʤĸѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡͤޤǤ˸ťɸǤθǤ롥Ȥ櫓β֤ӤƤ餤
| OE | Scandinavian | Cf. Old Icelandic |
|---|---|---|
| sċyrta (> shirt) | skirt | skyrta |
| sċ(e)aða, sċ(e)aðian | scathe | skaði, skaða 'it hurts' |
| sċiell, sċell (> shell) | (northern) skell 'shell' | skel |
| ċietel, ċetel (> ME chetel) | kettle | ketill |
| ċiriċe (> church) | (northern) kirk | kirkja |
| ċist, ċest (> chest) | (northern) kist | kista |
| ċeorl (> churl) | (northern) carl | karl |
| hlenċe | link | hlekkr |
| ġietan | get | geta |
| ġiefan | give | geva (OSw. giva) |
| ġift | gift | gipt (OSw. gipt, gift) |
| ġeard (> yard) | (northern) garth | garðr |
| ġearwe | gear | gervi |
| bǣtan | bait 'to bait' | beita |
| hāl (> whole) | hail 'healthy' | heill |
| lāc | northern laik 'game' | leikr |
| rǣran (> rear) | raise | reisa |
| swān | swain | sveinn |
| nā (> no) | nay | nei |
| blāc | bleak | bleikr |
| wāc | weak | veikr |
| þēah | though | þó |
| lēas | loose | louss, lauss |
| ǣġ (> ME ei) | egg | egg |
| sweoster, swuster | sister | systir |
| fram, from (> from) | fro | frá |
ѤʵȤơ#3649. q θˤɬ u ޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ ([2019-04-24-1]) ܥ֥Ǽ夲ȤɼԤꡤqueue ˤȤ̯ʥڥñ줬뤳ȤŦƤä<ueue> 첻4Ĥ³ΤϡѸΥڥȤƤ˳ʤեμѸǤ뤳θˤĤƤϡ̣ŪʴӱѸαƺȤ顤Ĥơ#1754. queue ([2014-02-14-1]) ˤڥˤĤƤϹͤȤϤʤäΤǡ˥ȤäƤ
ε ([2019-04-24-1]) Ǥϡ<qu> /kw/ ñˤȤ館¤ <qu> /k/ Ǥ뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤcritique, technique, unique ʤɤθ˸륱ϤȤꡤquay, conquer, liquor ʤɸƬƬ˸Ƥ /kw/ ǤϤʤ /k/ Ȥʤϡcf. #383. ֥ΥޥȡפǤʤ֥Υޥȡס ([2010-05-15-1])ˡܤƤ queue /kjuː/ ⤳֤
queue 첻ʬΥڥߤ <eu> /juː/ ȤʤäƤꡤϰѸΥڥ§˱äƤϤ롥neurotic, leukaemia; feudal, neuter; adieu, deuce, lieu ʤ (Upward and Davidson 163) ˳ǧбϽʱѸΥڥ§Ȥϡ줾쥮ꥷ졤ƥ졤ե줫μѸȤƸΥڥѤΤȤߤۤ⤷ʤʤ⡤ΤĤñǤ (yod-dropping) η <eu> /uː/ ȤʤäƤˡ <e> ϡѸΥեˤ⤢뤫餢ΤƤ褤Ʊ˱ѸΥڥ§Ǥ <u> ñ뤳ȤǤʤ⤯ȤǤʡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) ȡˡ
ʤߤˡε ([2014-02-14-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡqueue cue ͤȱˤȤƱ졤Хڥ㤨2Ÿ (doublet) Ǥʤ礦ɡ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Τ褦ʤΡˡƱΥեñͳ褹뤬ڥ㤨뤳ȤǰۤʤǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤäΤϡѸˤȼȯãǤ롥
ˤ queue Υڥϡ <ueue> 첻4³ǡ˳ŪǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŦ꤬Ȥޤ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
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