hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

palatalisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-14 Sat

#6137. űѸ sc θ (3) [metathesis][oe][palatalisation][sound_change][phonetics][consonant][digraph][dutch][german]

űѸ sc ɽ蘆벻ŵŪˤ /ʃ/ Ȥ롥ʳ /sk/ (palatalisation) Ȼ򵯤ΤΤŪǤ롥ñˤäƤϤβѲФ/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäƤΤ⤢СξΤɤ򼨤Τ⤢롥/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäΤϡž (metathesis) ˤ /ks/ 򼨤Τ⤢ꡤñˤäƤʣʰ۷֤򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤơʲε濴˵Ƥ

#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) ([2024-09-21-1])

ϡˤĤ Lass (58--59) θ򿷤˲äƤߤ

   A different sort of palatalization contributes further to the new series: a change of */sk/ > /ʃ/. The mechanics are not clear, but one reasonable suggestion would be something like [sk] > [sc] > [sç], with a later 'compromise' articulation /ʃ/ emerging from the back-to-back alveolar and palatal. Or, the [k] may have weakened first to [x], as in modern Dutch, without palatalizing; in this case we could see at least three of the stages mirrored in modern Germanic, in the verbs meaning 'to write': Swedish skriva /skri:va/ representing the original, Dutch schrijven /sxrɛivə(n)/ a further development, and German schreiben /ʃraebən/ the final stage (cf. English shrive).
   The reason for this palatalization is obscure; it occurs in both front and back environments, and before consonants, so it is not obviously assimilatory like the ones discussed above. The OE spelling <sh> for instance appears to represent /ʃ/ not only in scīnan 'shine' (cf. OIc skína), sc(i)eran 'shear' (OIc skera), but also in scofl 'shovel' (OSw skofl), scanca 'shank' (Dutch skank), scūr 'shower' (Go skūra).
   There is however occasional failure in back environments, as shown by the spelling <x> = /ks/, which is due to metathesis (/sk/ > /ks/), in places where <sc> would be expected. This must have occurred while the cluster was still /sk/. Palatalized and nonpalatalized variants of one lexeme may even occur in the same text: the poem Andreas has for 'fish' (Go fisks) both gen sg fisces and dat pl fixum. Failures of palatalization (or dialectal variants: see below) also lead to doublets in later periods, even including ModE: hence ask (OE āscian, ācsian), now frequently with the nonstandard doublet ax (which was the norm in many pre-modern standard varieties). Another example is tusk (OE tūsc, pl tūscas, tūcas), where the nonpalatalized form has come down in most standard varieties, but there are so many dialects with tush.


žȤŪڵˤꡤäƤʤ֤뤳ȤǤȤΤ⤷۷ (variants) ϡ¿ʸŪˤĤƵŤʻǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2024-09-21 Sat

#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) [sound_change][phonetics][consonant][palatalisation][oe][digraph][spelling][alliteration][aelfric]

ˡ#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǽ夲ꡥűѸ2Ż (digraph) Ǥ <sc> ˤĤơ͵򤹤ʸ Prins ѤDzҤ٤Ƥ뤫ǧ򿼤᤿Prins (203--04) Ѥ롥

7.16 PG sk

PG sk was palatalized:

1. In initial position before all vowels and consonants:
OE Du
sčēap'sheep'schaap
WS sčield A scčeld'shield'schild
sčēawian'to show'schouwen G schauen
sčendan'to damage'schenden
sčrud'shroud' 


2. Medially between palatal vowels and especially when followed originally by i(:) or j:

þrysče 'thrush'
wysčean 'to wish'

3. Finally after palatal vowels:

æsč 'ash'
disč 'dish'
Englisč 'English'


űѸ츦Ǥ̾ <sc> β [ʃ] ȤƤ뤬Prins (204) ˤȡ [ʃ] äɤϤ狼ʤȤष [sx] äΤǤϤʤȵƤ롥

Note 2. In reading OE we generally read sc(e) as [ʃ], but there is no definite proof that this was the pronunciation before the ME period (when the French spelling s, ss is found, and the spelling sh is introduced).
In Ælfric sc alliterates with sp, and st. So s must have been the first element. The second element cannot have been k, since Scandinavian loanwords (which must have been adopted in lOE) still have sk: skin, skill.
The pronunciation in OE was probably [sx]. Cf. Dutch schoon [sxo:n], schip [sxip], which in the transition period to eME or in eME itself, must have become [ʃ].


Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-14-1]

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2024-09-18 Wed

#5623. ֱѸ˥饤2024פ B&C 57 "Chronological Criteria" ɼ¶Ѥޤ [bchel][latin][borrowing][methodology][sound_change][palatalisation][loan_word][oe][chronology][lexicology][phonetics][hellive2024]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1205. Baugh and Cable 57ɼ¶ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ򥢡ۿޤϡ#5607. ֱѸ˥饤2024פ B&C 57 "Chronological Criteria" ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-09-02-1]) ͽ𤷤Ȥꡤ98ˤ˳Ť줿ֱѸ˥饤2024פīȤˤۿ줿ȤȤˤʤäƤޤ
󤵤ʳءˤᥤMC̳ᡤϽؤʾءˤȻ䤬äǤɼ¶ѤǤإᥤȡhelwa ꥹʡˤ khelf С̾꡼ȤƼϿ˵碌ۿǤİˤʤäꥹʡΤ81̾ãޤؤ֤Ǥī夲Ƥꡤ꤬Ȥޤ
夲ϡ¤ϥƥ˥ǤűѸΥƥѸˤĤơ줾ñ줬ƱǤ⤤ļڤ줿ΤмѤǯ¬˴ؤˡȤʤäƤޤ夲ƤƥѸϤ֤ŪǤϤޤѲӸؤμˡ˸ƤŪƤȤʤäƤޤ
ɲˤäƤǫ˱ʸɤ߲򤤤ƤСɬǤޤ˸ظΥƥ󥰤¦̤θ뤳ȤǤǤ礦48ʬۤɤĹܤǤҤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİ
Baugh and Cable ɥ꡼ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤҤε˥ƥȤꤷơ1ᤫ餪İС


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2024-09-02 Mon

#5607. ֱѸ˥饤2024פ B&C 57 "Chronological Criteria" ɼ¶Ѥޤ [bchel][latin][borrowing][methodology][sound_change][palatalisation][loan_word][oe][chronology][lexicology][phonetics][hellive2024]


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾ Voicy heldio ˤ1᤺ɤƤ꡼äȿʤƤޤǯ7˳Ϥͭ꡼ǤޤɲʤɤǤ̾ heldio ˤ̵Ƥޤ
98ˤ12 heldio ۿδֱѸ˥饤2024פŤޤī 8:00-- 8:55 55ʬȤǡBaugh and Cable 57ɼ¶ѡפ̵ͽǤ󤵤ʳءˤϽؤʾءˤ򤪾ī3ͤ䤫ɲ򷫤깭Ƥޤ
ƥȤ򤪻ǤʤΤˡɤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ57 "Chronological Criteria" (pp. 73--75) αʸʲ˷ǺܤƤޤűѸΥƥѸǯ¬˴ؤ륨ƥ󥰤ʲսǤäͽƤƤޤȡɼ¶ѤڤİȤǤȻפޤ

57. Chronological Criteria.In order to form an accurate idea of the share that each of these three periods had in extending the resources of the English vocabulary, it is first necessary to determine as closely as possible the date at which each of the borrowed words entered the language. This is naturally somewhat difficult to do, and in the case of some words it is impossible. But in a large number of cases it is possible to assign a word to a given period with a high degree of probability and often with certainty. It will be instructive to pause for a moment to inquire how this is done.
   The evidence that can be employed is of various kinds and naturally of varying value. Most obvious is the appearance of the word in literature. If a given word occurs with fair frequency in texts such as Beowulf, or the poems of Cynewulf, such occurrence indicates that the word has had time to pass into current use and that it came into English not later than the early part of the period of Christian influence. But it does not tell us how much earlier it was known in the language, because the earliest written records in English do not go back beyond the year 700. Moreover, the late appearance of a word in literature is no proof of late adoption. The word may not be the kind of word that would naturally occur very often in literary texts, and so much of Old English literature has been lost that it would be very unsafe to argue about the existence of a word on the basis of existing remains. Some words that are not found recorded before the tenth century (e.g., pīpe 'pipe', cīese 'cheese') can be assigned confidently on other grounds to the period of continental borrowing.
   The character of the word sometimes gives some clue to its date. Some words are obviously learned and point to a time when the church had become well established in the island. On the other hand, the early occurrence of a word in several of the Germanic dialects points to the general circulation of the word in the Germanic territory and its probable adoption by the ancestors of the English on the continent. Testimony of this kind must of course be used with discrimination. A number of words found in Old English and in Old High German, for example, can hardly have been borrowed by either language before the Anglo-Saxons migrated to England but are due to later independent adoption under conditions more or less parallel, brought about by the introduction of Christianity into the two areas. But it can hardly be doubted that a word like copper, which is rare in Old English, was nevertheless borrowed on the continent when we find it in no fewer than six Germanic languages.
   The most conclusive evidence of the date at which a word was borrowed, however, is to be found in the phonetic form of the word. The changes that take place in the sounds of a language can often be dated with some definiteness, and the presence or absence of these changes in a borrowed word constitutes an important test of age. A full account of these changes would carry us far beyond the scope of this book, but one or two examples may serve to illustrate the principle. Thus there occurred in Old English, as in most of the Germanic languages, a change known as i-umlaut. (Umlaut is a German word meaning 'alteration of sound', which in English is sometimes called mutation.) This change affected certain accented vowels and diphthongs (æ, ā, ō, ū, ēa, ēo , and īo) when they were followed in the next syllable by an ī or j. Under such circumstances, æ and a became e, and ō became ē, ā became ǣ, and ū became ȳ. The diphthongs ēa, ēo, īo became īe, later ī, ȳ. Thus *baŋkiz > benc (bench), *mūsiz > mȳs, plural of mūs (mouse), and so forth. The change occurred in English in the course of the seventh century, and when we find it taking place ina word borrowed from Latin, it indicates that the Latin word had been taken into English by that time. Thus Latin monēta (which became *munit in Prehistoric OE) > mynet (a coin, Mod. E. mint) and is an early borrowing. Another change (even earlier) that helps us to date a borrowed word is that known as palatal diphthongization. By this sound change ǣ or ē in early Old English was changed to a diphthong (ēa and īe, respectively) when preceded by certain palatal consonants (ċ, ġ, sc). OE cīese (L. cāseus, chesse) mentioned earlier, shows both i-umlaut and palatal diphthongization (cāseus > *ċǣsi > *ċēasi > *ċīese). In many words, evidence for date is furnished by the sound changes of Vulgar Latin. Thus, for example, an intervocalic p (and p in the combination pr) in the Late Latin of northern Gaul (seventh century) was modified to a sound approximating a v, and the fact that L. cuprum, coprum (copper) appears in OE as copor with the p unchanged indicates a period of borrowing prior to this change (cf. F. cuivre). Again Latin ī changed to e before A.D. 400 so that words like OE biscop (L. episcopus), disc (L. discus), sigel 'brooch' (L. sigillum), and the like, which do not show this change, were borrowed by the English on the continent. But enough has been said to indicate the method and to show that the distribution of the Latin words in Old English among the various periods at which borrowing took place rests not upon guesses, however shrewd, but upon definite facts and upon fairly reliable phonetic inferences.


Baugh and Cable ɥ꡼ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤҤε˥ƥȤꤷơ1ᤫ餪İС

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2023-11-07 Tue

#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][name_project][onomastics][toponymy][spelling_pronunciation][palatalisation][phonetics][dative][h]

ꥹԻ Birmingham ȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ Ǥ롥ꥹ̾ˤ褯뤳ȤĹˤΤʤȯû岽Ƥ̤Ǥ롥̾ξ -ham ƬҲæƤޤäƤ롥
Ʊ̾ΥꥫԻԤǤϡ h ¸Ƥ /ˈbɚːmɪŋhæm/ ȯ롥/h/ ¸ƤȤϡषֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ褵줿ȤۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ơꥹԻԤˤĤƤϡ⤦1Ū罰ŪȯȤ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ȤΤǤ롥ȤμդˤĤơClark (476) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Further complications arise from a sporadic palatalisation and assibilation of -ing(-) > [ɪnʤ] that affects suffix and infix alike: e.g. Lockinge, Wantage < OE Waneting (also originally a stream-name --- PN Berks.: 17--18, 481--2), and also the traditional, now vulgar, /brʌməʤm̩/ for Birmingham (PN Warks.: 34--6). Explanations have ranged from variant development of gen. pl. -inga- . . . to fossilised survival of a PrOE locative in *ingi, assumed to have dominated development of the names in question in the way that dative forms not uncommonly do . . . .


⤬Ȥȡ -ing εȤʤ޸첻ξʰ㤤ˤäơȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ 罰Ūȯ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ʬƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ơΰ۷֤ɤ줬ˤäƤ1500ǯۤɤˤͭ뤫⤷ʤȤȤˤʤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-08-1]

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2021-07-13 Tue

#4460. űѸ첻ξˤĤĹϼܤˤϤʤΤ [manuscript][oe][punctuation][vowel][spelling][palatalisation][alphabet]

ε#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ ([2021-07-12-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥ǤϸűѸθѤ뤳Ȥ¿κݤĹ첻򼨤Τ첻ξ macron ȸƤФ벣ĹˤդȤ¿ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ǡǤ롥ǤСѸ drove бűѸη֤ drāf äȤ˿줿ǤĹ첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τ ā ɽѤƤ롥
դ٤ϡ macron դɽϡޤǸθűѸؽԤصΤ˸ԼԤդѤˤºݤθűѸμܤˤϤޤäʤäȤȤǤ롥macron ˸¤餺θűѸܤʤɤ˰Ƥζ (punctuation) ϡűѸؼԤΤԼԤѸݤäƤƤΤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤμܤΩäƤߤȡΤ褦ϤʤȤȤʤʤĤޤꡤꤿ褦ʡäΤ褦äʤΤǤ롥ΤȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥʤȡ¿θűѸؽԤ򤷤Ƥޤ
ŪˤСűѸϸѸ٤ơֻȯδطȥ졼ȤǤ롥Ѹ knight, through, climb /naɪt/, /θruː/, /claɪm/ ɤळȤϳؽʤ¤񤷤бűѸ cniht, þurh, climban /kniçt/, /θurx/, /clɪmban/ ɤळȤŪ䤹űѸϡѸˤȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤫餪褽ȤƤȰŪ˸롥
űѸˤȯֻΰספɾƤϤʤΤˡ֥޻̤ɤФ褤פȤ§Ǥ褽ޤΤΡ#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡȯֻɬ11ˤʤʤΤ⤢롥<f, s, þ, ð> ϡŪˤϤ줾̵ͭ (/f, v, s, z, θ, ð/) 뤷<c> <g> ˤ𲻡ʸˤȹŲ롥ԤˤĤƤϡǤ𲻤 /ʧ/, /j/ ϳơ <ċ>, <ġ> ɽ뤳Ȥ¿űѸǤ⡤ȯֻ줤11ˤʤäƤʤϡΤǤ롥
κǤΤ첻ĹûǤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ첻ĹûϾ˽פʶ̤Ǥ³Ƥ㤨к夲 drive (OE drīfan) ǤСû첻 drifen ǤвʬǤꡤĹ첻 drīfen Ǥ³ˡʣߤȤ "we/you/they may drive" ۤɤɽ路Τǡ첻Ĺụ̂ǽ礭㤨ΤǤ롥¸ܤˤƤ macron ʤɤʤ <drifen> ֤ƤȤ˵Ĥ
θ¤ˤơűѸ⸽ѸƱֻͤȯϤưפƤʤäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥٤ȤʤСΤ˸űѸϸѸϥޥäűѸˤȯֻϡȤ櫓첻Ĺû˴ؤƤСΤΤäΤǤ롥ϡѸˤˤƤФиƨƤ˽פʻ¤ȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2020-08-29 Sat

#4142. guest host ϡʤƱ츻 --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][grimms_law][indo-european][palatalisation][old_norse][loan_word][semantic_change][doublet][antonym][french][latin][old_norse]

hellog 饸20ȤʤޤѤʵȤ⡤äȶä⤷츻Ǥֵҿ͡פ̣ guest ȡּ͡פ̣ host ϡʤȿո (antonym) ǤʤƱ츻ʤΤǤ2Ÿ (doublet) ȤޤˡԻ׵ĤˤĤơ4ǯȤѸεˤΤͤǤĸ (Proto-Indo-European) λˤޤ̤äƲ⤷ޤʲβɤ



2Ĥαñ夲ˤޤ󤬡ظˤϤ褽5ǯˤ錄ˤäΤǤо줹⡤ĸ˻Ϥޤꡤƥ졤ե󥹸졤ޥĸ졤ťΥɸ̲ˡƱѸ¿̤Ǥ
츻ؤ˸ؤ̥ϤϡΤ褦˲Ǥʤ褦ˤߤñظˤƤ뤳ȤǤƱ츻줫顤Ĺˤ錄벻Ѳ̣Ѳ̤ơ츫ȴطΤʤ¿ñ줬Ť뼰ƤȤ¤⡤ʤȤⶽ̣ȤǤˤĤơܤ##170,171,1723,1724εå

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2020-03-22 Sun

#3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][phonology][cognate][doublet][palatalisation][link]

ɸȴϢơDurkin (191--92) 󤲤ƤťΥɸѸ󤲤롥󤬸űѸƱ졤󤬸ťΥɸƱʤĸѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡ󤬻ͤޤǤ˸ťɸǤθǤ롥Ȥ櫓β֤ӤƤ餤

OEScandinavianCf. Old Icelandic
sċyrta (> shirt)skirtskyrta
sċ(e)aða, sċ(e)aðianscatheskaði, skaða 'it hurts'
sċiell, sċell (> shell)(northern) skell 'shell'skel
ċietel, ċetel (> ME chetel)kettleketill
ċiriċe (> church)(northern) kirkkirkja
ċist, ċest (> chest)(northern) kistkista
ċeorl (> churl)(northern) carlkarl
hlenċelinkhlekkr
ġietangetgeta
ġiefangivegeva (OSw. giva)
ġiftgiftgipt (OSw. gipt, gift)
ġeard (> yard)(northern) garthgarðr
ġearwegeargervi
bǣtanbait 'to bait'beita
hāl (> whole)hail 'healthy'heill
lācnorthern laik 'game'leikr
rǣran (> rear)raisereisa
swānswainsveinn
(> no)naynei
blācbleakbleikr
wācweakveikr
þēahthoughþó
lēaslooselouss, lauss
ǣġ (> ME ei)eggegg
sweoster, swustersistersystir
fram, from (> from)frofrá


űѸȸťΥɸˤĤơĤħŪʲб⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥ϡĸ줫ʬ줿˳ƸȼβѲ̤ȤƤβбǤ롥βѲܤƲվ񤭤褦 (Durkin 193--98)

(1) űѸǤ /sk/ > /ʃ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(2) űѸǤ /k/ > /tʃ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(3) űѸǤ /g/ > /j/ /gg/ > /ddʒ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(4) űѸǤϥޥĸ *ai > ā äťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(5) űѸǤϥޥĸ *au > ēa äťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(6) ťΥɸǤ *jj > gg äƤ뤬űѸǤϵäƤʤ
(7) ťΥɸǤ *ui > y äƤ뤬űѸǤϵäƤʤ
(8) ťΥɸǤϸɡüűѸǤϾüƤʤ

ѲˤϾΤĤΤ¿Τǡ嵭Ǥ٤Ƥ򤭤줤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤΤäƤȸѸθ˴ؤ͡椬򤭤䤹ʤ롥Ϣ뵭󤲤Ƥ

#2730. palatalisation ([2016-10-17-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1])
#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) ([2014-12-11-1])
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])
#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤ ([2009-10-13-1])
#3817. hale θ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-10-09-1])
#3699. ʤ careless ȿФ *caremore ǤϤʤcareful ʤΤǤ ([2019-06-13-1])
#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2018-07-22 Sun

#3373. ּá [lexicology][gvs][vowel][diphthong][loan_word][old_norse][french][methodology][palatalisation][doublet]

ʪؤϼؤǤϡಽ (index fossil) ȸƤФΤ롥㤨лβФĤСޤؤǤ뤳Ȥ狼뤷ʥȤǤ塤ӮǤпʤɤȹͤƤ褤¸֤ûŪʬۤ͡ʼѴ䤫¿ФŪħ狼䤹ΤФ롥
#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) оݤȤʤΡŪʹͻоݤȤʤΤǤС伨Ȥͤ褽ѤΤǤϤʤȻפˤѤƤߤ뤳ȤˤޤפĤΤϡλ˻񤹤벻ѲؤǤ롥벻ħȿǤƤ뤫ݤˤꡤθ줬˸줿ΤǯʤΤʤΤȽ륱ʤʤ
㤨Сskill, skin, skirt ʤ첻֤ <sk> = /sk/ 򼨤ѸñϡűѸʹߤ˸ťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿Ǥǽ礭ѸǤ첻֤Ǥϡ/sk/ ϸ /ʃ/ = <sh> ȤʤΤ§äǤ롥Ĥޤꡤshine, ship, shirt ϡ餯űѸǤŪ˿ꤵcf. #1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])#2944. ship, skiff, skip(per) ([2017-05-19-1]
첻 (gvs) θ̵̤ͭ⡤Ʊ褦̤design, divine, polite ʤɤ2첻򼨤Ȥʤ餯15ˤ˼Ѥ줿ȹͤ뤬Ʊե󥹸줫μѸǤ machine, police, unique ʤɤĹ첻򼨤Ȥܸ˱ѸäƤŪ˿Ǥcf. #2523. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (3) ([2016-03-24-1]
Фξۤɤ٤ϴԤǤʤΤΡ嵭θ췲ǯ˥ҥȤͿƤּáפȸƤ֤ȤǤΤǤϤʤ

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2017-05-19 Fri

#2944. ship, skiff, skip(per) [doublet][etymology][phonetics][palatalisation][consonant][digraph][cognate][germanic][sgcs][loan_word][dutch]

#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡޥ [sk] ϸűѸ˸ȻФ [ʃ] ؤѲԤϡűѸǤ scip (ship) Τ褦 <sc> ȤŻ (digraph) ֤줿#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ȤꡤѸˤϿŻ <sh> ֤褦ˤʤä
ޥƱˤƤ [sk] ݤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ餬Ѹ˼ѤȡѸȤȤŸ (doublet) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѹ shirt ȸťΥɸ줫 skirt δط褯ΤƤ뤬ɸ˵󤲤 ship, skiff, skip(per) Τ褦ʻŸȤ⤤٤ط鸫Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥
פ̣Źϥɥĸñ scifɥĸǤ Schiff Ǥ롥Ҳ [f] ϡ2ޥҲ (sgcs) η̤Źϥɥĸ sciff ϸťꥢ schifo ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե󥹸 esquif ФѸ skif Ȥƾ̣Ȥä줬Ѹ skiff Ǥ롥ե󥹸 equip ˤϢ
Ƭ [sk] ݤä楪 schip ղä skipper ϡḶ́ȤѸꡤߤ˻롥θʬṳ̂졤ɤ skip ȤʤΤǡǤߤȤ˻Ÿ줬Ǥ롥skipper ˤĤƤϡ#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ʤ캬ϥꥷ skaptein ʤȴˤȶ̤Ƥꡤڤ򤯤̤ƺäΥ᡼ˤĤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-22-1]

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2016-10-17 Mon

#2730. palatalisation [palatalisation][assimilation][consonant][phonetics][oe][vowel]

űѸҲѲΤʤǤ⡤ߤˤޤǸ̻ĤäƤΤˡ (palatalisation) 롥ޤǤˤ⡤ʲεޤᡤ͡ʷǤβˤĤƿƤ

#49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1])
#168. <c> <g> β ([2009-10-12-1])
#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1])
#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) ([2014-12-11-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])

ѸλǤ Frisian ˤǧ벻Ǥʡ#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1]) 줬ϡѸˤˤƤƸŤʳΤȤȹͤƤ롥Ūˤϡ4--5˻Ϥޤꡤ11ޤǿʹԤȤ롥
äȤϡĺ [k], [gg], [g] ǤĴȤʤꡤ2ĤˤĤƤϻȤǤ롥ŵŪ˸űѸ <c> ֤줿 [k] ϡ[i, iː, e, eː, æ, æː, ie, iːe, eo, eːo, io, iːo, ea, eːa] Τ褦첻ʤޤ2첻ˤΰ֤ǡ̵ĺ [c] Ȥʤꡤ [ʧ] ؤȯŸˤꡤ㤨 ċiriċe [ˈcirice] [ˈʧiriʧe] ءċeosan [ˈceozɑn] [ˈʧeozɑn] ءbenċ [benc] [benʧ] ؤѲ
[gg] ˤĤƤ [k] ƱĶǡͭĺ [ɟɟ] Ȥʤꡤ˻ [ʤ] Ȥʤäˤꡤbrycg [bryɟɟ] [bryʤ] ءsecg [seɟɟ] [seʤ] , licgan [ˈliɟɟɑn] [ˈliʤɑn] ؤѲ
[g] ξƱͤξǸ [j] ȤʤäϻʤäȤơġift [gift] [jift] , ġeong [geoŋg] [jeoŋg] Ѳ
βθ̤ϡѸ¿ñ˷ѾƤ롥ʾ塤߷ (4, 6) 򻲾Ȥ

߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-22-1]

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2015-10-20 Tue

#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> [grapheme][graphemics][spelling][palatalisation][i-mutation][phonemicisation][anglo-norman][vowel][consonant][causation][language_change]

űѸŵŪ <cyning> 뤤 <cyng> ֤Ƥ줬ѸǤŵŪ <king> ֤褦ˤʤäƤ롥 /k/ ɽ魯ʸ <c> <k> ؤ֤줿ȤȤˤϤʤưŤäΤ
/k/ бʸ <c> <k> ִ줿аޤˤĤơScragg (45) ϵǽŪΩ줫鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . Old English orthography continued to represent the two sounds [= [k] and [ʧ]] by <c> (i.e. both of these words in late Old English were spelt cinn or cynn). Although <c> could still unambiguously represent /k/ before back vowels and consonants (as it still does in cat, cot, cut, climb, crumb), there was no agreed way of distinguishing the sounds graphically before front vowels. The use of <k> for the plosive appeared sporadically from the ninth century but it was not until the thirteenth that it was fully established in words like king and keen, by which time <ch> had been adopted for the affricate.


<c> <k> ؤѲϡ/y/ ߿Ȥ첻ѲͿƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥űѸǤϸ (palatalisation) θ̤ˤꡤ첻Ԥ /k/ [ʧ] ȤƼ¸褦ˤʤäƤ첻Ԥ /k/ [k] ȤƼ¸³ƤꡤߤʬۤʤᡤξϤޤƱ첻Ǥΰۤʤ¸Ǥˤʤääơɽ魯ʸ <c> 1Ĥǻ­ꤿ
Ȥ첻 /u/ i-mutation ˤ첻 /y/ Ȥʤꡤ߿ /i/ ؤѲȡcinn [ʧin] cynn [kin] Ωޤ졤ʬۤ롥 /ʧ/ /k/ Ȥϰۤʤ벻ǤȤƶ̤褦ˤʤäDz (phonemicisation) βǤ롥
ʳˤơۤʤ벻ǤϰۤʤʸɽΤդ路ȤǽŪȯۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ͤˡϤĤμ¸ȼѤδ֤Ф夤Τϡ/k/ Ф <k> /ʧ/ Ф <ch> 򤢤Ƥˡä <c> ΤΤĤäƤʤȤդ줿
Ѹˤ <k> <ch> Ѥ줿طʤˤϡֻѤ륢󥰥Υޥ̻νͿƤScragg θ򤬲ǤʸǤб˴ؤ뵡ǽŪ˽ϤƤΤФOED K, n. εҤϡ󥰥ΥޥֻˤڤǤꡤХ󥹤μ줿Ȥ롥

Yet, in the Old English use of the Roman alphabet, both the guttural and the palatal sound were represented by C, although in the practice of individual scribes K was by no means infrequent for the guttural, especially in positions where C would have been liable to be taken as palatal, or would at least have been ambiguous, as in such words as Kent, kéne, kennan, akenned, kynn, kyning, kyðed, folkes, céak, þicke. But, even in these cases, C was much more usual down to the 11th century; and K can be regarded only as a supplemental symbol occasionally used instead of C for the guttural sound. After the Conquest, however, the Norman usage gradually prevailed, in accordance with which C was retained for the original guttural only before a, o, u, l, r, and K was substituted for the same sound before e, i, y, and (later) n; while the palatalized Old English c, now advanced to /ʧ/, was written Ch. Hence, in native words, initial K now appears only before e, i, y (y being moreover usually merged in i), and before n ( < Old English cn-), where it is no longer pronounced in Standard English, though retained in some dialects.


űѸǤ⤹Ǥ <k> ѤƤȤˤդ٤Ǥ롥ʸǤֻѲޤᡤѲˤϡʣξװͿƤȤ (multiple causation of language change) ˺ƤϤʤʤ
Ϣơ/k/ бʸŪˤĤơ#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2015-07-29 Wed

#2284. eye ȯ [pronunciation][oe][phonetics][vowel][spelling][gvs][palatalisation][diphthong][three-letter_rule]

eye ˤĤơʣŪ¿#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) Ǽθϡȯ˴ؤƤŪʣʲФƤƤ롥ϡeye βѲˤάҤ褦
űѸθȥǤϡθ <eage> ֤줿ȯȤƤϡ[æːɑɣe] Τ褦ˡĹ2첻 [g] ໤³û첻³äޤűѸ˸Ƭ2첻경 [æːɣe] Ȥʤäˤ첻Ͼ夲βФơѸˤ [eːɣe] Ȥؤȯã
ͭ໤˴ꡤ໤ޤꡤ˸첻ۣ沽 /eːjə/ Ϥ줿λҲȾ첻ǽŪˤϹ첻 [ɪ] ȤʤäǡԤ첻 [e] Ϥ [ɪ] ͻ礷ơʤ夲Фơ[iː] Ȥʤ˻롥ۣ첻ṳ̈ȤƸѸˤϸΤȤ [iː] Ȥȯ褦ˤʤä
ϡѸ I [iː] ʤɤθȤȤ˻Ĥˤࡥ⤤Ĺ첻 [iː] ϡ첻 (gvs) Ф2첻ޤ [əɪ] ء [aɪ] ؤȯãɸѼʳǤϡʳȯãߤޤäꡤۤʤäȯã뤲Τ⤢ɸѼǤϰʾĹФƤʲȯãˤޤȤƼ

/æːɑɣe/
/æːɣe/
/eːɣe/
/eːjə/
/eɪə/
/iːə/
/iː/
/əɪ/
/aɪ/


ʤߤɸŪֻ <eye> ϸűѸ <eage> ̱Ƥ뤬Ūˤϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) 餷Ƥ뤫Τ褦ֻȤʤäƤ롥ˤäƤ *<ey> 뤤 *<y> ΤߤǤѤ­뤬ߡ <e> Ѥ3ʸϤƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2024-03-11-1]

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2015-05-07 Thu

#2201. ǤȤ Princess Charlotte [onomastics][french][loan_word][pronunciation][consonant][personal_name][title][palatalisation][fricativisation]

轵ѹ񲦼Υ٥ӡ Princess Charlotte ꤬ѹܤʨƤ롥Prince William Kate Middleton ׺ʤեȥ͡ Charlotteߥɥ͡ϡ褯ͤȴ졤֤ˤ⹥ɾ Elizabeth Diana Ǥ롥̤ˤϡιդ Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ (cf. #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]), #1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1]))

Carlotte Elizabeth Diana

Charlotte ϡCharles θ캬˽ܼĻؾ (diminutive) դ֤ͳ褷־Ƥ襤 Charles פۤɤǤ롥θ캬ϵŪˤϥޥĸ *karlaz (man) ͳ褷줬ƥ Carolus ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե󥹸ȯŸǸƬҲ [k] [ʧ] ȸ (palatalisation) θҲäťե󥹸βѸؼѤ졤ߤ [ʧɑːlz] ϢʤäƤ롥
ե󥹸ä᤽ե󥹸Ǥ13˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ؤ໤ (fricativisation) ʸä s ȯ򼺤ߡƱ̾ [ʃaʁl] ȯƤ롥ƱͤˡCharlotte ⸽ե󥹸Ǥȯ໤ǻϤޤ [ʃaʁlɔt] Ǥ롥αѸΥ٥ӡ̾⡤໤ǻϤޤ [ʃɑːlət] 顤ե󥹸ŪȯȤȤˤʤ롥嵭ޤȤȡѸ̾ Charles ˻äƸťե󥹸Ūʶ̾ Charlotte ໤äƸե󥹸ŪʶΤȤ롥
Ѹˤե󥹼Ѹ <ch> ֤Τ˻ [ʧ] 򼨤໤ [ʃ] 򼨤ȤϡФмѻ򸫶ˤΤѤ롥㤨 chance, charge, chief, check, chair, charm, chase, cheer, chant ϤѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤchampagne, chef, chic, chute, chaise, chicanery, charade, chasseur, chassis ϤѸäΤǤ롥㤨ƤκƼѤͿʤɡɬ⤳ε§ˤƤϤޤʤ⤢Τǡܰ¤ˤȤɤƤCharles Charlotte λҲκۤˤĤƤŪ˾ܤĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤΰ㤤Ȥϡͭ̾˿ȼ䤹ήԤϹȿǤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ʤޥĸ *karlas (man) ϡľܤ뤤ϴܤ˸Ѹ churl carl ޤƤ롥̣Ρˡפֿʬ㤤ˡפؤȲƤΤ⤷դˡ̾ Charles Charlotte ϡѹ񲦼ο͵ˤꡤषͤޤäƤȤʡˡ
ե󥹼Ѹǯ˴ؤƤϡ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1])#1291. ե󥹼Ѹμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1])#1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1])#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1]), #2183. ñȥեñ (1) ([2015-04-19-1]), #2184. ñȥեñ (2) ([2015-04-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-07-1] [2018-04-25-1]

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2014-12-11 Thu

#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) [consonant][phonetics][inflection][palatalisation][old_norse][contact][analogy][me_dialect]

#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1]) 񤤤ǡKrygier ˤϢʸɤεκǸǡseek /k/ ǹԤ줿ťΥɸƱ /k/ αƶˤΤǤϤʤȤҲ𤷤Krygier Ϥ򶯤ٻƤ롥ǫϤʤΤǡפ򵭤Ƥ
εǤȤꡤűѸб sēċan ǤꡤλҲ [k] ǤϤʤŸ˻ [ʧ] äθβϡGmc *sōkjan ˤƸ [j] ³ƤȤˤ줿ΤǤ롥űѸθ߷ޤǤϸ줿 [ʧ] 뤬2;ñ3;ñζ޷Τߤ sēcst, sēcþ Τ褦 [k] 򼨤ʤΥѥǤθؤˤĤƤϲŪʵ뤬ǤϾάˡŪʸˤȡ23;ñ [k] ѥ˹ꡤ1;ñʤɤ٤Ƥζ޷ [k] 򼨤˻äȤ롥 (analogy) ΤʤǤѥǤοʿ (levelling) ȸƤФतβȤ (cf. #555. 2 analogy ([2010-11-03-1])) Hogg (7.42) ⤳ٻƤ롥

Following general principles of analogy . . . we would expect the nom.sg. to predominate over plural forms in nouns, and in strong verbs the present forms similarly to predominate over past forms. . . . In the present tense of weak verbs the alternation type sēcan ? sēcþ is, as would be predicted, the source of later seek, cf. beseech, where the affricate has been extended, perhaps on pragmatic grounds, and so for other similar verbs, such as think, work.


Krygier ϡ˵롥̾Ѥͭɸʷ̵ɸʷݤ߹ޤƤǤ롥ǤСsēċan ξ硤ष1;ñʤɤ [ʧ] ķ̵֤ɸȤߤʤϤ顤[ʧ] ؿʿƤ椯ΤڤȤ¤ȿФǤ롥ΰѤˤ⤢̤ꡤष [ʧ] ؿʿ beseech ˴ؤƤϤĤΤǤꡤseek ˤĤƱФȤ񤷤ΤǤϤʤ
Krygier ϡseek Ʊ֥饹°ưʸ촴 [k] ļѲIưˤΥꥹȤä (catch (OFr cachier), dretch (OE dreccan), letch (OE læccan), quetch (OE cweccan), reach (OE rǣcan), reach (2) (OE reccan), rech (OE reccan), seek (OE sēcan), stretch (OE streccan), teach (OE tǣcan), think (OE þencan ? þyncan), watch (OE w(r)eccan), work (OE wyrcan)) ơ13ĤưˤĤơ5Ĥ˶ʬѸ򽦤Ф[k] 򼨤 [ʧ] 򼨤夲η̡ưΤȤƤΤȤƤ [ʧ] ͥǤϤĤưˤĤƤष [k] ͥǤ뤳ȤƾʤȤ¾٤٤Ȥ狼äŪˤϡHogg ΰѤͽۤ褦ˡseek, think, work 3줬Τ褦ʬۤ򼨤 (Krygier 465)
Ǹˤä [k] ͥǤȤȤϡťΥɸδͿ򵿤碌롥ºݡ˵󤲤ưбťΥɸˤ [k] 롥3ˤĤƤСťΥɸ sœkja, þekkja/þykkja, yrkja Ǥ롥ξΤߤǤޤǤ뤬ξˤϸťΥɸλͿͤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ȤϡϤ [k] ɸȤƺѤ줿ȤʥꥪꤹΤߤseek beseech ʿŪȯãʤäΤϡťΥɸ sœkja ʸڤ뤬 *besœkja ʸڤʤȤȤطƤΤǤϤʤ (Krygier 468)
Krygier (468) ηʤΤǡѤƤ

By way of a summary, the following interpretation of the developments in the "seek"-group regarding velar restoration can be proposed. The Present-day English situation is a result of an interplay of two factors. One of them is analogical levelling of the alternations resulting from Primitive Old English syncope of medial unstressed [i]. Contrary to earlier scholarship, however, a path of development parallel to that in strong verbs is postulated, thus removing the minority velar forms from second and third person singular present tense. This would give palatal consonants throughout the present paradigm in all dialects of Late Old English/Early Middle English. On this pattern the influence of Old Norse equivalents of the "seek"-verbs should be superimposed. For obvious reasons, initially it was limited mainly to the north-east, later spreading southwards, with West Midlands as a possible relic area. The absence of an Old Norse equivalent would favour the preservation of the palatal type, while its existence would further velar restoration, as best exemplified by the seek ? beseech contrast. In individual cases other factors, such as the existence of etymologically related Old English words with a velar, e.g., wyrcan : weorc, could have played a secondary role, which can probably be seen primarily in isolated velar forms in the south.


Krygier, Marcin. "Old English (Non)-Palatalised */k/: Competing Forces of Change at Work in the "seek"-Verbs." Placing Middle English in Context. Ed. I. Taavitsainen et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 461--73.
Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-22-1] [2016-10-17-1]

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2014-11-02 Sun

#2015. seek beseech θҲ [consonant][phonetics][inflection][palatalisation]

#49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡspeak / speech, wake / watch, match / make ʤɤΥڥˤ /k/ /ʧ/ θؤߤ롥ԤԤθ (palatalisation) ǤꡤűѸǤξϸùܴ֤Τߤʤ餺޷ִ֤ˤƤ⵬§Ūб򼨤
㤨СѸư seek θűѸˤľˡߤζޤ򼨤ȡic sēċe, þū sēcst, hē/hēo/hit sēcþ, wē/ġē/hīe sēcaþ Ȥʤꡤ sēċan ä޷ˤäơ<ċ> /ʧ/ <c> /k/ ؤƤ뤳Ȥդ줿ȡѸ seek θҲ /k/ ϡ2;ñ3;ñʣζޤˤҲѤ褦ˤߤ롥ƬդϢ beseech (< OE besēċan) Ǥϡ1;ñζޤˤҲѤ褦ˤߤ롥
ǡseek beseech ˴ؤơˤưۤʤҲФɸಽΤȤ꤬롥űѸǻ褦ʲȶޤ򼨤 teach (< OE tǣċan; cf. token for OE tācn) ˤƤϡ /ʧ/ Ф줿ȤͤȡȤ櫓 seek /k/ פ褦˻פ롥ºݡβȯãȤ *seech ȤʤϤäʸ Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire ʤɤǤη֤ߤˡѸǤϡMED sēchen (v.) ˤСsechen seken ξʻ¸Ƥꡤޤ֤ɤƤѸˤʤä seek ̲褦طʤˤϡ/k/ ĸťΥɸη sœkja ¸ߤäΤǤϤʤȵ뤬ΤʤȤϤ狼ʤ
ʤѤ˴ؤƤ seek beseech ⶦ̤첻ؤȼѲγѤ򼨤ʬȤ (be)sought Ȥʤ롥

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2014-07-10 Thu

#1900. ˽β [gender_difference][gender][phonology][phonetics][sociolinguistics][palatalisation]

(gender) äʸˡȿǤ뤳ȤϹΤƤ뤬ȿǤϿȶʸˤϸʤƱǤⱤΧ (prosody) ޤǴޤƹͤС㤨ܸΥȥ͡ʤɤˤ˽ꤽ˻פ뤬ˤĤƤϤɤ
Trudgill (64, 67) ϡθ줫顤ˤߤ˽򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥ƹä轻̱θ Gros Ventre ʥȥˤǤϡüԤθĺ󤬡üԤθĺбȤ㤨Сѥɽ魯Τ /djatsa/ ȯ /kjatsa/ ȯ롥
쥢ä Yukaghir ǤϡüԤ /tj/, /dj/ ϽüԤ /ts/, /dz/ ˤ줾б롥ʬۤñȿǤƤǤʤǯȤѥ᡼ˤбƤ롥Ҷ̤ˤ餺 /ts/, /dz/ Ѥ뤬Ĺ /tj/, /dj/ ڤؤ롥ޤǯۤˤʤ˽鷺 /cj/, /jj/ Ѥ褦ˤʤ롥äơ2󡤽1󡤸 (palatalisation) زڤؤи뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϡ#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ age_grading 1Ǥ롥
ƹ Louisiana ä轻̱θ Koasati ˤĤ1930ǯ˹Ԥ줿ĴˤСǤ˾äƤݤǤϤ뤬ưη֤ˡʲΤ褦˽줿Ȥ

 malefelame
'He is saying'/kɑːs//kɑ̃/
'Don't lift it'/lɑkɑučiːs//lɑkɑučin/
'He is peeling it'/mols//mol/
'You are building a fire'/oːsc//oːst/


̩ˤϷ˽Ȥ٤⤷ʤŪˤϤְܴۤ㤤ʤΩäμ˽ϡҤ Gros Ventre ۤYana Sioux ʤɤ轻̱θ䡤Baffin Island Inuit ˤ⸫롥
ǸˡDarkhat Mongolian 󤲤褦 (Trudgill 68--69) ʲοޤ˼褦ˡѤ忧ɽ蘆4Ĥ첻ǤϤ줾ʳȤʤꡤ֤ɽ蘆4Ĥ첻б롥2Ĥ첻˽ȤѤΤΡηϾΰ֤Ť˽֤ǰۤʤȤ̣ݤ롥

Gender Difference in Vowels in Darkhat Mongolian

ʾ塤äʸˡ˸¤餺ˤƤߤ󤲤

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-07-15-1]

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2013-06-16 Sun

#1511. űѸ sc θ [phonetics][oe][palatalisation][metathesis]

ε#1510. scale ڡˤθ츻 sc- ([2013-06-15-1]) ǡsc ɽ蘆ҲˤĤƿ줿űѸ sc ֤ҲϡʳǤ [sk] λҲɽ路Ƥ9 (palatalisation) Ȼ (assibilation) βϤޤꡤ10Ⱦ1100ǯˤ [ʃ] ѲȤp. 356ˡβλĶȽ/ʃ/ βDzλʤɤäƤ͡ʰոΩƤꡤΤФƤʤ1ĤθȤ Campbell (177--78) 󤹤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
[sk] θ [k] ñΤΤⵯ䤹ƬˤƤϡǽ첻֤ǡ˾ʤȤ900ǯ˸첻֤Ƥ㤨Сscip (ship), scōh (shoe), scyldig (guilty), sceadu (shadow), sceal (shall), scilling (shilling) ǡǤ롥˸ˤϡr ֤ǤƱꡤscrēad (shred), scrēawa (shrewmouse), scrīc (shrike), scrīfan (decree), scrīn (coffer), scrincan (shrink), scrūd (shroud) ʤɤ [ʃ] Ԥʤ줿Ǥϡwasce (wash), þersce (I thresh), asce (ashes), risce (rush), disches (dish's), fisces (fish's) blyscan (blush), wȳscan (wish) Τ褦첻ˤĶǸäޤǤϡæsc (ash), disc (dish), fisc (fish), risc (rush), -isc (-ish), flǣsc (flesh) Τ褦첻θ֤ [ʃ] Ȥʤä
ʤ[ʃ] Ȥʤ餺 [sk] Τޤ޻ĤäΤϡǸ첻֤䡤Ǹ첻θ֤ˤǤ롥fiscas (fishes), *wascan (wash), þerscan (thresh), þerscold (threshold), āscaþ (asks), tosca (frog) frosc (frog), husc (insult), tusc (tooth) ʤɤȤƵ󤲤롥θǤϤФλҲž (metathesis) 򵯤[ks] ȤƼ¸롥㤨Сāxian, dixas, dox (dusk), fixas, frox, flaxe, rixe, toxa, þerxan, þerxold, waxan ǡǤ롥
űѸ˾嵭Τ褦ʲᡤߤǤѸˤ [sk] λҲϰŪˤäƬˤƤϤȤ櫓Ǥ롥դˤСƬ [sk] ĸǤϤʤѸǤǽ⤤ȤȤˤʤ롥ޤϸťΥɸβǽ򡤤줫ƥ졤ꥷʤɤβǽ򵿤score (ON), ski (ON), skill (ON), skin (ON), skirt (ON), sky (ON), school (L) script (L), skeleton (G)

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2013-06-15 Sat

#1510. scale ڡˤθ츻 sc- [etymology][auchinleck][phonetics][consonant][grapheme][palatalisation]

ؤڤ̣ñ scale θ츻ˤĤơOED 츻ŵˤȡOF escaleʳ̡ (cf. F écale) ѤΤǡƬü (aphetic) Ф1300ǯ ME scale ȤƽФMED scāle (n.(1)) 򻲾ȡˡθʩΤ⡤Frankish *skala (cf. OHG skala) ʤɤμѤȤ졤̤ Gmc *skalō IE *(s)kel- (to cut) ؤɤ夯̣γȤȤƤϡҢ̢ڤȤ褦ʶƻOE scealu (shell) sc(i)ell (shell) ˵ PDE shale Ǵ䡤ťĴˤ shell ʳ̡ˤŪˤƱǤ롥
ƬҲˤĤƤΤ߹ͤСGmc *sk ե󥯸ʤɤե󥹸Ф [sk] ȤƱѸäΤ scale ǤꡤűѸθФ [ʃ] ȯŸΤ shell ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
ơMED OED Ǥϡscale νФ1300ǯκȤ The Auchinleck Manuscript Guy of Warwick ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥǯ夬1ۤΩ Layamon's Brut ɤǤơᤤǤϤʤȵ˽вä

10642: Nu he stant on hulle & Auene bi-haldeð Hu ligeð i þan stræme stelene fisces mid sweorde bi-georede .. heore scalen wleoteð, swulc gold-faȝe sceldes.


ϻǰʤ鸫νä褦αʸƥȤˤƬϵ§ǤϤʤǤդǤΤΡ scalen ϸ sceldes [ʃ] ƬƧǤȤߤʤΤĤޤꡤ scalen scale ǤϤʤshell θƬҲ򼨤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥MED Ǥ⡤shāle (n.) (b) Brut 㤬󤲤Ƥ
Ѹ sc- ֤Ҳ [sk] ʤΤ [ʃ] ʤΤʬˤϡѲμѸ줫ݤʤɤθ츻ŪμȻƱꡤƬιθƥȤˤֻȯδط (Potestatic Substitution Set; [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפ򻲾) ʤɤɬפǤ롥󤳤ѸΤߤʤ餺űѸˤ⤢٤ƤϤޤ뤷 sc- ˸¤ääǤϤʤΤ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-16-1]

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2012-06-20 Wed

#1150. centum satem [indo-european][comparative_linguistics][phonetics][palatalisation]

[2009-08-05-1]ε#100. hundred ȰӸءפǡ礭2ʬŪˡȤơɴפɽ魯ƥ (Latin) centum ȥ٥ (Avestan) satem Ȥɽʬ򸫤ζʬϡTocharian ε° ([2009-08-06-1], [2009-08-14-1]) θζ֥֥ ([2011-01-20-1]) ʤɤǤȤƤꡤӸؤǤ˽פʤΤȤƤʤζʬ˴Ϣϡcentum satem γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
2ʬˡϡޤȤƤۤɬǤϤʤȤȤ狼äƤƤ롥ξ򤹤뤿ˤϡޤ centum satem 2ʬˡκ򤷤ʤФʤʤFortson (53--54) ˤȡĸĺˤĴˤ3󤬶̤ƤȤ롥̵ k ǤСplain *k, labiovelar *kw, palatal *k_palatal 3Ǥ롥3ϡΤۤȤɤΰˤ2غ줿ˤ2̤ꤢꡤ*k_palatal *k صۼ줿centum ϡˤȡ*kw *k صۼ줿satem ϡˤȤä̤ȤơԤǤ k, g, gh Ф kw, gw, gwh ԤǤ k, g, gh Ф k_palatal, g_palatal, g_palatalh ̤줿Ȥˤʤ롥PIE *k_palatal ܤСԤκǤŵŪ k صۼ줿ԤκǤŵŪ˻ /ʦ, ʧ/ ໤ /s, ʃ/ Ѳơɴפɽ魯 PIE centum_IE.png ϡ centum Ϥ satem ϤؤʬƤäΤǤ롥k ɽȤơͻҤ޼ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

velars_in_centum_and_satem

2ʬˡŪ˸СˤޤŪ뤳ȤǤ롥centum 롼פθ (Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic) ŪʬۤƤꡤsatem 롼פθ (Indo-Iranian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic) ʬۤƤ롥20ˤʤäȯ줿 Tocharian ϰʬۤȤƤ϶˰֤ˤ⤫餺plain, labiovelar, palatal 3ݤƤꡤƤ centum ϤθǤ롥ƱͤˡAnatolia ɤ Luvian ˤ3ζ̤ǧ롥ޤBalto-Slavic νϰŪ satem ϤȤ뤬ˤäƤ centum ϤλҲ򼨤Τ¿Albanian satem Ϥθcentum Ͻϰ˰ϤޤƤȤԲIJʻ¤⤢롥
Τ褦ʻ¤򸫤ȡĸĺŪѲϡʤȤʬŪˤϡΩΤǤϤʤȤǽǻˤʤäƤ롥ߤǤϡcentum satem ˤ2ʬˡϡĤƤΤ褦ˡŪʶʬȤϤߤʤʤʤäƤƤ롥ȤϤäƤ⡤ʶʬˤϰ㤤ʤڤ³Ƥ椯

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

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