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title - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-05-18 Tue

#4404. ܸͳηɾ san [vocative][honorific][pragmatics][japanese][loan_word][title][khelf_hel_intro_2021][hypocorism]

ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤְ̣ SIRǤŪʱѸءѸ˸ǤϡƤӤ (vocative) ϼŪˤȤɤޤꡤפĴоݤȤϤʤʤȤߤʤƤޤˡ˸ƬˤꡤǤϽפʸơޤȤȤ館ƤޤΥƥĤϡФɾ (honorific) θƤӤ sir ʤбǤ madamˤˤĤơ˸δҲ𤹤ΤǤƤӤˤɵ椹̥Ϥ˵ŤƤ館ФȻפޤ
ƥǡܤγعǤαѸμȤǡѸdzƤ֤ȤˤɤΤ褦ʷɾΤȤΤդ路ȤǺߤ֤ƤޤΤ񤷤Ǥ͡ŪŵŪˤ Mr. Miss (or Mz.?) Ǥ͡ʻǻȤˤʤäƤޤĿͤȤƤܸͳ san ֤פλѤդ路ȻפäƤꡤ̤αѸѤˤƤ⡤äήԤäƤФ褤ȴԤƤޤɾΤȤƤ san ϡOED Ǥ san, n.3 ȤƸФ줬ΩƤƤꡤäȤñǤ

   A Japanese honorific title, equivalent to Mr., Mrs., etc., suffixed to personal or family names as a mark of politeness; also colloquial or in imitation of the Japanese form, suffixed to other names or titles (cf. mama-san n.).
      When suffixed to a female personal name, and in more polite endearment, san is often coupled with the prefix O- (see quot. 1922).

   1878 C. Dresser in Jrnl. Soc. Arts 26 175/1 Mr. Sakata, or, as they would say Sakata San, who was appointed..as one of my escort through Japan.
   . . . .
   . . . .
   1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xii. [Cyclops] 313 The fashionable international world attended en masse this afternoon at the wedding... Miss Grace Poplar, Miss O Mimosa San.
   . . . .
   . . . .
   1972 J. Ball Five Pieces Jade xiv. 188 It would make me the greatest pleasure, Nakamura san.


san ϡؤƱνܡʸ˻̤ѸüԤȱѸäȤˤϡ̤˻ȤޤϷ˽鷺ŪѤǤɾΤǤ⤢ꡤǤԹ礬褤ΤǤ줬äȹŪήԤäƤСñȤƤѤȤƤ⡤ܸ줫礭ʹ׸ˤʤȻפäƤޤ
ʤܸΡ֤׼Τϡɰդι⤤֤ޡפṳ̂۷ǡǤɰդ⤹㤹礦ɤ褤֤Ťˤޤ䞤۷֤פϰη (hypocorism) Ǥ͡

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-28-1]

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2021-03-23 Tue

#4348. ͤƤ֤Ȥ [address_term][politeness][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][anthropology][personal_pronoun][personal_name][onomastics][t/v_distinction][taboo][title][honorific][face]

ؤǤϡֿͤƤ֡פȤ԰٤ϡءҲء̾ؤʤ͡ʴܤƤܥ֥δؿΰǤѸˤʬǤ⡤̾ (anthroponym)ƾ (address_term)2;̾ t/v_distinction ʤɡֿͤƤ֡פȤ˴ؤͻ¿ʤƤȶŪʹ԰٤Ǥ뤫顤ï⤬̣פȤäƤ褤
⤽ֿͤƤ֡פȤϤɤȤʤΤ챺 (78--79) ꡤ٤Ѥ롥

ƻˤʤ뤬ȿͤƤ֡ɤȤκŪʰ̣ǧƤʸŪ˸СͤƤ֤ȤˡȿɤȤǤꡤŪʥ֡񿨤¦̤ġΤᡤ¿θʸˤơƤ֤Ȥζػߡ뤤Ϥ˵ŪƾΤȯãܸ⤳Υ֡αƶŪƾΤϡȤС͡ʡᤷ١ˡס֤ʤʡˡסָʡʪΡɤξˡס֡¡ʡʪ̾ˡסŲʡᳬʤβˡǤ󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥夲ʬ򲼤ޤΡȿ͡ɤƤƤ֤ϡƤ֤ȤǼʬ꤬ƤޤΤ򤱤뤿ˡȤʤ٤ƤФʤ褦ˤƸƤ֡ɤȤưŤˤʤäƤֲŪƾΤǤ롥
ȤȤ˿Ƥطˤˤϡ֡ŪưŤȿžषΡȿ͡ɤ򤸤˸Ƥӡ̤Ƨ߹Ǥ椯褦ʸƾΤȤʤ롥ϡΰƧ߹Ǥʹִط»ʤʤΤ餤2ͤδ֤ˤϳ֤ƤʤȤޤߤΡŪƾΤǤ롥ͭ̾ʤȤθƤӼΤƤ䲼̾ǸƤ֤ȡˤˤƾΡ¤줿ͤΤʤΤˤƾΤŵ̾ˤƾΤ⤽ηġ


ͤƤ֤ΤϰΥ֡ (taboo) ǤȤȡϤФˤ٤֡ǤꡤΤθƾΤ¿쾯ʤ쥪ץˤƤȤȤפǤ롥ͤƤǤϤʤƤФ򤨤ʤȤ̷Τʤǡ䤿Ϥ̷ˤǾ¤ޤ褦Ȥʤ顤԰٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥

챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ

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2021-02-15 Mon

#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ [vocative][case][latin][pragmatics][terminology][title][term_of_endearment]

ؤǤϡŪ˳ (case) 1ĤȤƳ (vocative) ǧƤ㤨СꥷƥˤƸƳʤϼʤʤɤȰۤʤ̤ʷ֤Ȥ礬 (ex. Quō vādis, domine? domine ʤɡˡǸƳʤȤʤΩΩƤյǤ롥
ε#4311. ʤȤϲ ([2021-02-14-1]) ǷǤʤ򿶤֤С"Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads." Ǥ롥ƳʤȤΤϡʸιǤȤƤΩͷΥ¸ߤǤꡤ̤Ǥ˰¸Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤ顤¸ط¸ߤ뤳ȤȤηϤ¦°ƤȤΤ̷Ǥ롥Ƴʤϰ¸ط¸ߤɸΤȤȥåǽ⤷ʤɬ⤹٤ƤθؼԤ­ˤϻäƤʤ¤Ū̩äƼĥؼ Hjelmslev ϳʤȤǧƤʤѸؼ Jespersen ƱͤѸؼԤ Curme ⡤ʤ1ǽȰ֤ŤƤˤʤ
ƳʤεǽǤָƤӤפˤϡΩΤߤʤ餺Ĵÿ롥Ūˤϡ餫ˡ¾Ǥȶ̤ƤɬפΤΤǤ롥СŪʴʤȤƤߤʤɤ̤ˤƤ⡤ǽˡδϥƥ꡼ƤΤ褵
ָƳʡפˤϸ¤줿üʸ礬Ѥ뷹ȤȤŦƤ̾̾ you²̾Ρι桤̾ŵΤۤˤ (my) darling, dear, honey, love, (my) sweet; old man, fellow; young man; sir, madam; ladies and gentlemen ʤɤ󤲤롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-08-1] [2021-02-16-1]

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2019-01-02 Wed

#3537. 17Υͥƥݥ饤ȥͥμҲŪط [address_term][politeness][t/v_distinction][emode][title][sociolinguistics][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][personal_pronoun]

#3527. ƾΤΥݥ饤ȥ̻ͥѲ̾ϥͥƥء̾ϥݥƥء ([2018-12-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸθƾΤѤݥ饤ȥͥάϡʤʤʣʤΤä褦̾ (66--67) ϡƾΤ̻ŪĴ٤Ƥߤϼ岽ñ㲽ǧȤμҲŪطʤˤĤƥȤƤս꤬ΤǡѤ褦

̻Ū˸ȡѤạ̈Ѳ (modification) θˤ address terms ι¤ñ㲽ʤɡĤѲ롥ȤƤϡΨθ塦͹٤ץ饤ХºšҲŪع¤ήưƤ롥ñ˸ȡˤƼΨ夹Ʊˡ͹٤뤳ˤꡤή˸¤Ƥ񤯽̱ˤ⹭ꡤ¿οͤˤäˤ˽񤫤褦ˤʤäȤǤ롥⤦ˤϡ͡γήưޤꡤ͡ηɾΤʣȤ롥ҲŪʸŪʽˤ address terms ñ㲽ƤäΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ͡γư¿ˤϡ򼺤뤳ȤΤʤȤ negative politeness ٹ礤ι⤤ address terms Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤäȤȤǤ롥


ְȤơϡ2;ñ̾ thou/you ΩѸ˥ͥƥݥ饤ȥͥɽ魯Ԥ you زä줿ΤʤΤˤ⡤Фа礤˽Ф (cf. #1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1])ˡμҲطʤ߼äǺˬƤߤǤ롥

̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ

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2018-12-23 Sun

#3527. ƾΤΥݥ饤ȥ̻ͥѲ̾ϥͥƥء̾ϥݥƥ [address_term][politeness][t/v_distinction][emode][title][honorific][face][personal_pronoun][solidarity]

̾ (65--72) ϡ1640--1760ǯޤǤ gentry comedy ޤॳѥǡƾ (address_term) ɽĴ
ƾΤϡ礭 negative politeness ظ "deferential type" positive politeness ظ "familiar type" ˶ʬ롥ϡ2;̾Ǥ you thou ζ̤̾ʶˤǤСȤ Lord dear ζ̤ (cf. #2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ ([2015-02-26-1])) Ūʻ¤ȤƤ⤷Τϡ̾̾ʶˤθƾΤѲ˴ؤơĴ줿Ѹ顤θθѸӸѸˤơۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 negative politeness Ż뤵줿Τ褦 thou ǤϤʤ you ̲Ȥ̾ʶˤǤϡष dear ̾ (first name) ǤθƤӤΤ褦 positive politeness Ż뤵ơߤ˻äƤ롥̾ (69) λŦȤꡤnominal address terms Ѳ pronominal address terms ѲȵդȤȡפǤ롥
2;̾˴ؤơʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ǰ̲ΤˤĤƤϡ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1])#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1]) ˤƤ˿ää褦˻פ롥Ĥޤꡤʤ̾ʶˤθƤӤɽǤϡष̩ (familiarity) ķ (solidarity) 򼨤򤵤줿Τ϶뤤ŪʥХ󥹤ȤȤ

̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-02-1]

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2018-11-06 Tue

#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) [person][category][personal_pronoun][deixis][title][pidgin][fetishism]

ɸϡ[2018-10-20-1], [2018-10-25-1]ε³ԡؿѸؼŵ٤ The Oxford Companion to the English Language ꡤ ʿ;ΡˤȤѸȡ̣줿Ѹο;̾ˡξܺ٤ˤĤƤ꤬Ȥʤ뤬ֿ;ΡפȤեŪѤαָ롥Ĥ󤲤褦

Well, and how are we today? ʤɤˤֿƿȤ we (paternal we) ϡ1;ΡʣˤȤο;Ρ (generic person) 뤤ϡֶ̿;ΡפȤ٤as we know ʤɤƱ͡
;Τλؼоݤȿ;Τʸˡο񤤤ϰۤʤ롧Ȥ the (present) writer, the author, the speaker ʤɤϡؼоݤ1;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Ʊͤ your Majesty, your Excellency ʤɤؼоݤ2;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Does His Majesty wish to leave? Does Madam wish to look at some other hats? ʤɤ򻲾ȡϢơ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) ⡥
դˡMother, where are you? Τ褦ʸƤӤǤϡ3;Ū̾Ѥʤ⡤2;Ṳ̄ǻ
Ƽ Pidgin English Ǥ "inclusive" 1;ʣ yumi (< "you-me") ȡ"exclusive" 1;ʣ mipela (< "me-fellow") ̤ (cf. #1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1]))
royal we Ȥƥꥹ餷Victoria ˤ We are not amused. ʢ1٤ǤäƤߤˤ򻲾ȡ
ܸ֤ʤɡˡפϳơ123;Τбȹͤ롥ʢʤۤɡ

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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2018-10-19 Fri

#3462. 5Ĥμ̤߰2 marquess [history][title][suffix]

󥰥ɤ14ȾФ˴5Ĥμ̡߰פ1̤ˤĤơ#3446. 5Ĥμ̤߰ɮƬ duke ([2018-10-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤߰2̤ marquess /ˈmɑːkwəs/ ʸߡˤǤ롥ñȤƤϡƥ marchio ̤ꡤϥե󥯲ˤơ²פȤιӡն marchˤǹᴱ˵ġˤȤäնȤϹ񶭤ǽӤǤꡤͭǽʻᴱ֤ȤǤ롥նפļˤε²ʤɤǤϤʤĥκŤε²äΤǤ롥marquess Ȥϡ̤ duke ̤˼᤿ʿʬäȤߤƤ褤󥰥ɤǤνƤμߤ1385ǯǤꡤñȤƤνФ¿夹ˤ14Τ褦
ꥹʳǤ marquis /ˈmɑːkwəs, mɑːˈkiː/ȤֻȯѤ롥ʤߤ˸׿ͤϥꥹǤ marchioness /mˈɑːʃənəs/, ꥹʳǤ marquise /mɑːˈkwiːz/ Ǥ롥ǰΤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥmarquess -ess ȴְ㤨ƤϤʤ
˵ֻȯζ̤ˤ˴Ť̯ʴब褦ǡ1905ǯ NED ʸ OEDˤˤϼΤ褦ʵҤäȤ

N.E.D. (1905) notes s.v. 'The prevailing spelling in literary use appears to be marquis. Some newspapers, however, use marquess, and several English nobles bearing the title always write it in this way.' The official spelling used in the Roll of the House of Lords is marquess, which is the usual spelling for the title in the British and Irish peerage; marquis is reserved for the foreign title (in Scotland, however, marquis is sometimes preferred for pre-Union creations, apparently in memory of the 'Auld Alliance' with France). The spelling marquess is sometimes extended to non-French foreign titles.


ץ饤ɡݴطֻȯδطʤɤνװ̣줿ǡָߡפη֤ޤäƤȤΤ⤷

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2018-10-16 Tue

#3459. 16--17ηξι Grace Highness Majesty [eebo][corpus][title][address_term][honorific][monarch]

ɸϡ#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ롥ѸΥȥԥåʤΤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ĴΤˤդ路ȻפEarly English Books Online corpus Υ󥿡եѤƸƤߤ
ˤ "your|his|her majesty|majestie|highness|grace" Ϥ̤ȤƽϤ줿ǡˤĤơͭ̾μֻϰ勞˰ĤġGRACE ϡHighness ϡMajesty Ϥ3ĤǤмºݤλؼоݤ礫ݤ򥳥󥳡󥹥饤ǧɬפΤϤޤǷΤ뤿ƤĴʤΤǡ餺

 1470s1480s1490s1500s1510s1520s1530s1540s1550s1560s1570s1580s1590s1600s1610s1620s1630s1640s1650s1660s1670s1680s1690sTotal
GRACE651331459269130319622544773116921241174168216641483179020883222229632004092321632092
HIGHNESS00000000006000731038192212521328272713608671
MAJESTY000000000001821881425921856791977536102546312735901251701
Total6513314592691303196225447731175214211951770181321063646100451289796509991195541358892464


ΤǤ롥16 GRACE ۤͣξι17 MAJESTY ®Ū1630ǯˤ GRACE ɤȴMAJESTY James I μ (1603--25) θȾ˳ΩȤƤη̤ۤܤ˹פƤ롥HIGHNESS 17ȾФǡȤƤϤ뤬¾2ĤͥˤʤäȤϤʤ

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2018-10-03 Wed

#3446. 5Ĥμ̤߰ɮƬ duke [me][history][title]

ꥹμ̤߰Ȥơˤ5ĤΤƤ롥duke ʸߡ, marquess ʸߡ, earl ߡ, viscount ʻҼߡ, baron ˼ߡˤǤ롥14ȾФޤǤϡIJ˻ä¯ϡ绨Ĥ earl baron ʬव٤äλ5Ĥμ̤߰夷Ƥ߰̾Ϥ줾ȼͳ˹ήƽƥåȤȤª褦ˤʤä
ɮƬ duke ʸߡˤܤ褦θϡƥ dux, duc- ʷλƳԡˤ˵ġбư ducere ƳˤǤ롥dux ϥե󥹸 duc ФơѸ duk, duc ʤɤȤäƤϡ־ηסֻƳԡפۤɤΰ̣Ǥꡤ̤߰ɮƬȤƤΡָߡפΰդѤΤ14ȾΤȤǤ롥
dux ϥγ˹׸ĤĹؤäθ塤ե󥯲ʤɤǺǾ̤ξιȤʤäΥޥʹߤΥ󥰥ɲϥΥޥǥߤǤ⤢äˡȤƱդڡͿΤ褷Ȥ̤߰μߤ򤿤äƤ14ˤʤȤؤ褦ˤʤä󥰥ɤǺǽˡָߡפϰ̤Ϳ줿Τ Edward III λҤ Edward ʸ˹ "Black Prince" ȸƤФˤǤꡤ1337ǯ Duke of Cornwall ˽줿θ塤錄ˤ̤߰Ϳ졤Duke of Clarence, Duke of Lancaster, Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester ʤɤ
duchess ʸ׿͡ˤƱ˱ѸäƤƤꡤduchy ʸ񡤸Ρˤ⤷Ǥ롥2Ҳ /ʧ/ ˻ƤΤϥե󥹸ǤȯȿǤΤǤ롥Ԥϡ16--19ˤȯ˰ dutchess ֻѤ뤳Ȥ¿ä

Referrer (Inside): [2018-10-19-1]

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2017-10-17 Tue

#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty [pragmatics][title][address_term][honorific][monarch][personal_pronoun][agreement]

ꥹƾΡؼΤˡMajesty Ȥι椬Ѥ롥̾ͭʤȼYour Majesty, Her Majesty, His Majesty, Their Majesties, the Queen's Majesty, the King's Majesty ʤɤȻȤ롥Your Majesty 2;̾Ǽ뤬ưФƤ3;ñǰפȤüˡ򼨤
Ѹˤ Your Majesty ʤɤΡֽͭ + MajestyפȤɾΤηϡƥбɽˤʤäѸѤƤʿԤ Your Grace Your Highness ʤɤƱѤƤа (87) ˤСYour Majesty λѤΩΤϡ塼īγ Henry VII μ (1485--1509) ˤƤäȤ

塼īγĥإ꡼ϡȤΤ򤤤ĤѤ꿷ߤꤷΤʤ˲ºΤ롥ޤǤϡ񲦤ºΤ Your Grace ä Your Majesty ˲ᡤ򤤤ȹ֤Ȥä衤ˤ Your Majesty ȸƤӤΤ롼ˤʤäƤ롥


ºݤˤϥ塼īθ³η礿⡤Ӥ Your Majesty ȸƤФƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褫 Your Grace, Your Highness ѤƤ˥奢īǤ⡤ James I Ф Your Majesty ¤ Your Highness ̵̤ѤƤOED majesty, n. θ2ˤСYour Majesty 17ΤȤäȤJames I μθȾˤϳΩ褦

It was not until the 17th cent. that Your Majesty entirely superseded the other customary forms of address to the sovereign in English. Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I were often addressed as 'Your Grace' and 'Your Highness', and the latter alternates with 'Your Majesty' in the dedication of the Bible of 1611 to James I.


塼ī饹奢īˤơߤ˽ʣʤ⡤褽 Your Grace Your Highness Your Majesty ȰܤѤäƤȤˤʤ롥ꤷвߤ졤θҤ褤ޤäƤǤ롥᤬1ĤŤˤʤäƤƤ褦Ƕ̣

а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ

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2015-05-07 Thu

#2201. ǤȤ Princess Charlotte [onomastics][french][loan_word][pronunciation][consonant][personal_name][title][palatalisation][fricativisation]

轵ѹ񲦼Υ٥ӡ Princess Charlotte ꤬ѹܤʨƤ롥Prince William Kate Middleton ׺ʤեȥ͡ Charlotteߥɥ͡ϡ褯ͤȴ졤֤ˤ⹥ɾ Elizabeth Diana Ǥ롥̤ˤϡιդ Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ (cf. #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]), #1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1]))

Carlotte Elizabeth Diana

Charlotte ϡCharles θ캬˽ܼĻؾ (diminutive) դ֤ͳ褷־Ƥ襤 Charles פۤɤǤ롥θ캬ϵŪˤϥޥĸ *karlaz (man) ͳ褷줬ƥ Carolus ȤƼѤ졤˸ťե󥹸ȯŸǸƬҲ [k] [ʧ] ȸ (palatalisation) θҲäťե󥹸βѸؼѤ졤ߤ [ʧɑːlz] ϢʤäƤ롥
ե󥹸ä᤽ե󥹸Ǥ13˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ؤ໤ (fricativisation) ʸä s ȯ򼺤ߡƱ̾ [ʃaʁl] ȯƤ롥ƱͤˡCharlotte ⸽ե󥹸Ǥȯ໤ǻϤޤ [ʃaʁlɔt] Ǥ롥αѸΥ٥ӡ̾⡤໤ǻϤޤ [ʃɑːlət] 顤ե󥹸ŪȯȤȤˤʤ롥嵭ޤȤȡѸ̾ Charles ˻äƸťե󥹸Ūʶ̾ Charlotte ໤äƸե󥹸ŪʶΤȤ롥
Ѹˤե󥹼Ѹ <ch> ֤Τ˻ [ʧ] 򼨤໤ [ʃ] 򼨤ȤϡФмѻ򸫶ˤΤѤ롥㤨 chance, charge, chief, check, chair, charm, chase, cheer, chant ϤѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤchampagne, chef, chic, chute, chaise, chicanery, charade, chasseur, chassis ϤѸäΤǤ롥㤨ƤκƼѤͿʤɡɬ⤳ε§ˤƤϤޤʤ⤢Τǡܰ¤ˤȤɤƤCharles Charlotte λҲκۤˤĤƤŪ˾ܤĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤΰ㤤Ȥϡͭ̾˿ȼ䤹ήԤϹȿǤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ʤޥĸ *karlas (man) ϡľܤ뤤ϴܤ˸Ѹ churl carl ޤƤ롥̣Ρˡפֿʬ㤤ˡפؤȲƤΤ⤷դˡ̾ Charles Charlotte ϡѹ񲦼ο͵ˤꡤषͤޤäƤȤʡˡ
ե󥹼Ѹǯ˴ؤƤϡ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1])#1291. ե󥹼Ѹμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1])#1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1])#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1]), #2183. ñȥեñ (1) ([2015-04-19-1]), #2184. ñȥեñ (2) ([2015-04-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-07-1] [2018-04-25-1]

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2015-02-26 Thu

#2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ [politeness][face][pragmatics][title][address_term][honorific][term_of_endearment]

ƾθ (address term) ϡɸȤƥݥ饤ȥͥ٤Ĵ뵡ǽʹִطεΥĴ뵡ǽäƤ롥ƾθϡ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) εǤ⿨줿褦ˡ̻ (face) ºŤά1ĤǤ⤢롥
ƾθˤ͡ʤΤ뤬礭ʬ negative face ؤλظַɾη (derefential type) positive face ؤλظζְη (familiar type) ŪʡΩ (neutral type) 3郎롥ݥ饤ȥͥɸ¤٤ȡRaumolin-Brunberg 򻲾Ȥ̾ (80) ˤȤꡤΤ褦˿޼Ǥ롥

Politeness of Address Terms

鱦ؤߤƤȡɾηˤ Sir Τ褦ʷɾ (honorific) Mr. Smith Τ褦ʸ񤭡̾ʤɤ롥Ωˤ woman ʤɤ (generic) captain ʤɤο̾ (occupational) 롥ηˤ Smith Τ褦̾ (surname) John Τ褦̾ (first name)friend Τ褦ͧ (familiariser)uncle ʤɤο² (kinship term)dear ʤɤΰ (endearment) 롥
ФбѸˤϷɸ줬ʤȤ뤬ܸηɸηϤбΤʤǤꡤ#1034. Ѹˤɰդ򼨤Ūʡ ([2012-02-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦˱ѸʤԶɽ˭٤¸ߤ롥嵭αѸθƾθ⡤ɸϢ³ΤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼Ȥꡤ̯ʷɰդʹִط򼨤ȤǽˤƤ롥ѸǤܸʾ˸ƾθäˤ˿򤼤뤬ϱѸ줬ܸȤϰۤʤάˤäƥݥ饤ȥͥƤȤȤˤۤʤʤ
ǯ˸Ω줫顤Ѹθƾθʬ̻ۤŪܤʤɤ椵ƤƤ롥̻ŪӸ䶦ŪоȸʤɡΤơޤǤ롥Ϣ뵭ȤƤϡaddress_term title 򻲾ȡ

̾ ҡֽѸˡħס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù԰١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ77--104ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-08-1] [2018-12-23-1]

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2014-08-31 Sun

#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰ [honorific][title][address_term][politeness][euphemism][rhetoric][metonymy][personal_pronoun][bible][t/v_distinction]

ɸܸɽȱѸɽϡ줾ŷĤȹ񲦤ؼƾΤǤηɰդɽ魯ɽˤ politeness euphemism άʣޤƤꡤ褯ޤǹפȻפ碌ȤʤäƤ롥
Ųפϸ¤˾볬ʤβؤˤϼ輡ζäꡤζäͳơãबŷĤξʹã뤳ȤˤʤäƤϾɽ魯ˤꤽˤ輡Ū˻ؼˤμ輡ؼ뤳ȤˤˤŷĤŪ˻ؼΤ顤2Ťδ (metonymy) Ǥꡤݥ饤ȥͥռնɽǤ⤢롥ַɤƱ󤶤פζפޤֲפȿո־פݱʤ۵ŷĤλżǡ˽ˡ (litotes) θ̤ʻġɽȤƤŷҤηɾΤȤѤƤΤܤˤäΤǤꡤŤŷĤˤϤष²פξι椬դ줿ʹߡļŵϤεˤꡤŷĤȻˤϡŲסʳι²ˤϡ²פȻȤʬ졤˻äƤ롥
Ѹ Your Majesty ⡤ݥ饤ȥͥάϡŲפ餱Ƥʤޤ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡYour ΤΤɰդޤǤ (cf. t/v_distinction) ˡMajesty Ϥ켫Ȥΰ̣Ȥƻɽ路Ƥ롥äơλȤŪˤäơŪʲŪ˻ؼƤ롥ˤϡȤˤն롥ʤŪˤäƶŪʿͤʪؤϡShe is our last hope., His latest novel is a complete failure., Our daughter is a great pride and joy to us. Τ褦ɽˤ⸫뤳ȤǤȤȤưŪʤΤǤ (cf. Stern 319--20)
ʤMajesty ΤˡνФϡOED ˤȡ14ȾǤ롥

a1387. J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 9 (MED), Whanne Alisaundre..wente toward his owne contray, þe messangers..of Affrica, of Spayne, and of Italy come in to Babilon to ȝilde hem to his lordschipe and mageste [L. ejus ditioni].


ηɾΤȤ夷Τ17ΤȤǤꡤˤ Henry III Queen Elizabeth I Your Grace Your Highness ȸƤФʤɡؤJames I 줿 The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ǤϡYour Highness Your Majesty ȤѤƤ롥
ŲסYour MajestyƴϢ뤤Ĥɽϡ줾ۤʤݥ饤ȥͥȥƥˤäƤǤϤ뤬ǹ٤ηɰդɽ魯˺Ф줿ۤɹߤ¤Ǥ롥顪

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.

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2014-06-23 Mon

#1883. ˤγ [gender][gender_difference][category][agreement][personal_pronoun][title][address_term][political_correctness][sociolinguistics][language_planning]

(gender) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ gender gender_difference εǹͻƤΤʤˤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) Ȥ (category) ΰ (agreement) ;̾ (personal_pronoun) λؼоݤʤɡŪŪ⤢С˴ؤ political_correctnessMiss/Mrs./Ms. ʤɤξι (title) ä˽θѲؤδͿʤɡʸŪҲŪ⤢롥ˤϤΤ褦˹ΰʤäƤ롥
Τ褦˹Ƹ̤ʤʬȤݤäƤΤHellinger and Bussmann Gender across Languages νϤɤǡƬꥢˤʤäΩ (1) įǤ⡤ΰʤϰϤ褽Ǥ褦ʡ줿ȤʤäƤ롥

1. Aims and scope of "Gender across languages"
2. Gender classes as a special case of noun classes
   2.1 Classifier languages
   2.2 Noun class languages
3. Categories of gender
   3.1 Grammatical gender
   3.2 Lexical gender
   3.3 Referential gender
   3.4 "False generics": Generic masculines and male generics
   3.5 Social gender
4. Gender-related structures
   4.1 Word-formation
   4.2 Agreement
   4.3 Pronominalization
   4.4 Coordination
5. Gender-related messages
   5.1 Address terms
   5.2 Idiomatic expressions and proverbs
   5.3 Female and male discourse
6. Language change and language reform
7. Conclusion


"Gender across languages" ꤹ븦ץȤΰĤȤƽǤ줿ΤΥץȤμ礿ؿ5ˤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Hellinger and Bussmann 2)

(1) ܤʸˡäƤ뤫äƤʤСס̡̾첽ʤɤˤηŪħϲ
(2) ʸˡʤʤСꡤꡤ뤤οʪؼΤˤɤΤ褦ˡ뤫
(3) ΩŪʸ̮ǿͤؤȤǥեȤǤ褦ɽѤʤɤо뤫
(4) ˴ؤҲʸŪʳؤ䥹ƥ쥪פɽ魯Ѷ硤ȡȤ虜ʤɤ뤫
(5) ȸѰۡѲϤɤΤ褦˴ؤäƤ뤫פˤĤƤϤɤ

ԼԤϡˤϡؾˤȤɤޤ餺ҲŪʴްդΤǤ뤳Ȥ򶯤ĥƤ롥礭ʻͿƤɽɤ

Hellinger, Marlis and Hadumod Bussmann, eds. Gender across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.

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2012-03-10 Sat

#1048. ե󥹸θʸ mademoiselle ԻѤ [french][title][address_term][political_correctness][honorific]

221դ Le Monde ε ˤȡFillion ϡƱդǡʸˤ̤ηɾ mademoiselle ά Mlle ˤǤ뤫Ѥʤ褦ģ伫ΤãηɾΤԻѤˤĤƤϡǯ9˳ưΤ Osez le féminisme ! les Chiennes de garde ܤ˿Ƥꡤ󡤤줬¸ˤʤ롥ϡ衤ŵŪ˴դƤɾΤǤ madame ΤѤηɾΤȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǤϡMrs. Miss ˺ݤ Ms. ʤ뿷ɾΤѤ褦ˤʤäѸȤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥
Ѹ Ms. ˤĤƤϡ[2011-10-09-1]ε#895. Miss ϲξάפƬ˾줿̤ꡤǯǤϸʸǤΤ褦˸褦ˤʤäοɾΤȯȼƤάˤ򵭤аʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥Ms. ϡ1960--70ǯΥꥫǤνưκݤǮ˿侩줿Ѹ˽Ƹ줿Τϡ¤ΤȤưΩ1950ǯνǤ롥ӥͥʸʤɤǡͤνδ̤äդ٤Τˡ͹Ū¤줵졤Ѥ줿Τ餷줬˱ưȤˤäô夲줿󼨤줿ϼҲŪ޾ФŨդäƸ줿ܵؤǼҤ˽ʿˤǤФƤ椯˽äơ˼Ƥä
ꥫȯ줿 Ms. λѤϡϢǤ᤯1973ǯѤ줿ꥹǤϽ٤줿Romaine (53--54) ˤȡ1998ǯλǡThe New York Times Mrs Miss λѤƤThe London Times Ǥä˻𤬤ʤФޤѤ³ƤޤThe Linguistic Society of America ϥɥ饤Committee on the Status of Women in Linguistics ΩʤɤThe Linguistic Association of Great Britain ˽ʿˡؤβƤݤ˴ؤPCɽ˴ؤ뤫ꡤŪˡƤϳ׿ŪǤꡤꥹ䤽¾αѸϰ٤ƤꡤݼŪȤޤŪˡԽˤѹϤޤǽ񤭤ȤФξ˱ƶڤܤˤMs. PCɽäȤФؤοƩ٤
Ѹ (Miss) ɥĸ (Fräulein) ̤ηɾΤԻѤȤʤ뷹ꡤϢ¾θŪؤ⤽ˤٻƤȤŪʾ餹Сե󥹸 mademoiselle ԻѤϤ1960--70ǯ˥ꥫ Ms. ȿȯȤȤϡ㤦
Ms. ˤĤ The American Heritage Dictionary Usage Note ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ"Some women prefer Miss or Mrs., however, and courtesy requires that their wishes be respected." Ȥոˤ⼪򷹤ɬפϤȹͤ롥ԶɽˤߤС衼åѽǤܸǤ⡤зɸ줫зɸء뤤 power Ż뤫 solidarity ŻؤήƤ롥ν̤ȤơΤΤ㤷ɾΤ˸ǼɬפϤʤνɤƤФ줿Ƥ¦ɤƤӤȤξԤ negotiation ˷ޤäƤɾΤʤСMs. Ǥ Mrs. Ǥ Miss Ǥ⤫ޤʤȻפޤˤҤ٤񤭤ȤФäդȤΤΰ㤤 formality ΰ㤤ˤäƤ⡤ѡԻѤ٤ΰۤʤΤ¤Τ褦
Ϣơ[2009-10-16-1]ε#172. ƤӤȤƤ Mr, *Mrs, Missפ򻲾ȡ

Romaine, Suzan. "Introduction." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-16-1]

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2011-10-09 Sun

#895. Miss ϲξά [word_formation][spelling_pronunciation][clipping][title][address_term][shortening][sobokunagimon]

ȿȽ̾Ѥ Miss ȤɾΤ롥ǯǤ Ms.Ms Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤʹϢǤ1973ǯѡˡĤƤ֤㤯ʤäƤ롥ʷɾΤˤĤƤϡ[2009-10-16-1]ε#172. ƤӤȤƤ Mr, *Mrs, Missפ򻲾ȡ
Mrs Mr ˤϼƼ Mrs. Mr. ȥԥꥪɤĤ뤬Miss ˤĤƤϱƤȤ˥ԥꥪɤԲĤǤ롥ͳϡMiss άǤϤʤȤƤ뤬ȤǤʤäȤάǤ롥 etymon mistress Ǥꡤ̣Ȥˤθ Mrs etymon Ǥ⤢롥mistress ȤƱ줬̤Ƿֻ֤ʬMrs Miss ߽ФΤǤ롥
17Ⱦmistress 񵭾ûФ <Mrs> ֤褦ˤʤäθ֤̾ǤȤʤʤä˼嶯֤褦ˤʤꡤȯȤƤ19ƬޤǤ /ˈmɪsɪs/ 뤤 /ˈmɪsɪz/ ؤṳ̂줿ơߤֻȯбꤷ
Ȥ̤ηϩǡ17ޤǤˡȯڤ /mɪs/ ߽Ф줿褦λֻ <Mis> 뤤 <Mis.> ȯ򼨺Ƥ褦˻פ뤬ºݤˤϤνֻϽ񵭾ûˤʤäǽ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤष񵭾û <Mis> <Miss> ˹碌뤫Τ褦 /mɪs/ ȯޤ줿ȹͤʤʤξ硤spelling pronunciation Ȥˤʤ롥
Heller and Macris (206) ϸԤβǽŦƤ롥εǼ夲 AWOL κǽ2ʳˤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褦mistress <Miss> /mɪs/ ѲȤˤʤ롥񵭾ûûͶȤ
Τˤ衤<Miss> <s> ֤ƤȤʤ롥/mɪs/ ȯŬ礹褦˽ŻҲΤ뤤 Heller and Macris (206) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ<Mis(tres)s> ⤷ <Mi(stre)ss> "acrouronym" ([2011-10-07-1]) ʤΤ뤤ϤξԤߺѤη̤ʤΤ
⤦1ĻĤ줿ϡ˼夲 Miss ˥ԥꥪɤĤʤΤϤʤȤMiss ϡ嵭Τ褦ˤĤιͤϤΤΡMr. Mrs. ȤϰۤʤꡤȯֻŪ˰פΤȤˤäơMiss άǤȤǧ줿ΤǤϤʤäȤ1ñǤȤǧԥꥪɤĤʤȤ񵭾ħȿǤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ƚ񵭤ν۴ŪѤϡ뤳ȤΤǤʤѲΰװʤΤ⤷ʤ

Heller, L. G. and James Macris. "A Typology of Shortening Devices." American Speech 43 (1968): 201--08.

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2010-07-11 Sun

#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you [honorific][personal_pronoun][pragmatics][title][address_term]

Ѹ;ñ̾줬ƾΤ thou ȷɾΤ you ǸŪ˻ȤʬƤȤˤĤơϢ٤äƤ ([2009-10-11-1], [2009-10-29-1], [2010-02-12-1], [2010-03-26-1]) ζ̤1660ǯ餤ޤǤˤܾۤüyou ̲ߡĤƤοƾ thou ѤɽϡʸΤǤΤ߸벽ŪɽȹͤƤ褤ǤϡĤƤηɾ you βŪɽϲ餫ηǸѸ˻ĤäƤ
ŪǤϤʤ⤷ʤ̤οͤؤθƤӤ you ˡʲΤ褦ɽʹ롥ʸǻϤ졤ưϻ;ñǸƱ롥̾ you ȤƼ뤳Ȥ⤢Сhe she ȤƼ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤӤƤʤ

Your Majesty Ųסʷ
Your Excellency ֳղסȡλġʶʶʤɡ
Your Grace ֳղɲסʸߡʶʤɡ
Your Highness ²סʹ²
Your Lordship ֳղסʸߤΤ²綵Ƚʤɡ
Your Honour ֳղסȽʤɡ
Your Worship ֳղסʼȽĹʤɡ

Your ϤĤƤηɾΤ you νͭʤǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ ( Svartvik and Leech, p. 211) Your Majesty εϥƥ vestra maiestas ̤ꡤޥ󥹽䥲ޥ˹äѸǤ15鸫뤬夷Τ17Ǥ롥

Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

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2009-10-16 Fri

#172. ƤӤȤƤ Mr, *Mrs, Miss [lexical_blocking][title][address_term]

ѸǤϡä̾ΤʤդȤ̾̾˴ Miss ʤɤηɾΤΩ˻ȤȤ롥ơεƲǽǫϤޤޤǤ롥
Miss ǫMr ϤषŪǤꡤMrs Ϥ⤽ƤӤˤϻȤʤŪ Ms ƤӤˤѤʤϤäɤȤ
ϡġʤ뤤ϻͤġˤƱ¤ӤǹͤƤǤϲ褻줾ظθɬפ롥ޤ˸ƤӤǫɽȤƤ SirSir ϥե󥹸쵯Ф1300ǯȸŤؤǫʸƾΤȤƤ᡹ƤΤǡȯ Mr ϡǫפϰ̤줺ǫפϰ̤˴Ť󤸤뤷ʤä
ˡMrs ˤ Madam Ȥظ줬¸ߤǫǤʤƤ֤ΤϾŬڤȤȤ餫ΡǫСǫפȤäΩϤʤˤ Madam Ѥ­롥äơMrs ƤӤȤѤ;ϤϤĤʤä
Ǹ Miss ˤϡƤӤȤƤɽʤäơMiss ϼͳˡǫפθƤӤɽȤѤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̣ΰ褬ˤˤäƤȡȯθϤĤФƤޤ --- θ lexical blocking ȸƤФ([2009-05-27-1])ǶǤϰ̣ʤɤǤ褯Ƥ褦Ǥ롥

Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 143.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-03-10-1] [2011-10-09-1]

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