228ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ11ߴȤƤ2ˤ֤ޤܤñϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפǤ
Ѹˤ that ϡؼ졤ط졤³ϤȤ͡ʸˡṲ̄¿Ǥ¿εǽϤǤ˸űѸˤߤޤơεǽϤɤΤ褦ˤƵꡤȯŸƤΤǤ礦Ķ٤ñǤ⤢ꡤˤȤʤȻפޤܤŪȯŸɤƤߤޤֵϡthat Ȭϻ群γ̩ǻ̩90ʬȤʤޤ
īֺ11Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ110ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])
12328ڡˤǡǯ٤κǽȤʤޤơޤϡbe --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפǤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 Ȥʤޤī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧ
ޤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ޤȤƤơޤ2025ǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻĤʱñפѤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ȤűѸѸθʸĩൡ䤷ƤͽǤܺ٤θڡꤴ

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤŪǤʤˤ䤤勞ꤲطʤäƤñ1ӡرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤ñ̥ϤꡤƱ˱ѸˤΥʥߥⴶƤޤ
228ڡˤιֺ¤ߴ2Ȥʤޤ夲Τϡޤ¿¿ǽΤʤΤʬʤʤꤽ that Ȥñܤޤ1ξʸǤ̣DZʸˡäƤ뤫Τ褦Ȭϻ群γεȯŸɤȡñͯƤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
ʲthat ᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽ФƤߤޤ
Is that that that that that that refers to? / That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is.
that 괧 the δطϡ
ؼ th- ȵ wh- δطϡ
ľñ줿this, these, that, those
this ñȤǤϿͤؤ뤱ɡthat ñȤȼˤʤΤϤʤ
those who ʤɤ those ͡ؤΤϤʤ
I think that . . . . ʤɤ that Ϥˤޤ줿
뤤Ƴ that
ط̾ that ϡ¾δط̾ȲۤʤΤ
that Ρ־άס뤤ϵ that ˤĤ
ۤˤϵäƤΤȻפޤthat Τ٤Ƥ90ʬǸԤȤϤǤޤˤɤ뤳Ȥḁ̇̄Ϥ֤ФȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴ3ϰʲ̤ͽǤդ˸ơѸˤγؤӤ夲Ƥޤ礦
12328ڡ 15:30~17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
1015˴Ԥ줿ʼȤνƤζظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡ̾Ρ֤ΤۤʤסˤˤĤơܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ
ǼҤʥĥԽԤ2ͤǡäȤߤϤƤޤYouTube 硼ưΥ1ʬǤ狼ֱѸΤʤספǤܽǼ夲ƤȥԥåûưDz⤷ƤޤºݤˤϡԽԤAIѤƤۤܤ٤ƺǸԤǤĤǧǡ֤ΤۤإͥƤȤǤ̾ YouTube ưǤʤ硼ưȤ̷֤ǤȯƤȤǡ깭ؤ˥ǤΤǤϤʤȴԤƤޤǽŪˤܽ˼äƤ餤̤ƸءѸءѸˤΤ⤷1ͤǤ¿ΤäƤ餤ȤΤǤ̣ǤϡhelλߤǤ
ޤǤˡ˷Ǥ2ܤΥ硼ưƤޤ1ܤϡdoubt b ϤäĤäפǤ֤ΤۤʤפǤϡdolphin ph ϤäĤä (pp. 78--79) ˤƼ夲ƤˤĤơ̤ζ1ĵʤξҲǤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ֤ƤΤȯʤۻ (silent_letter) ϡѸؽԵ㤫Ǥ͡
2ܤϡܽ168--69ǤǼ夲Ƥ֤ʤѸǤϡ֤ʤΥեޤפȸΤפȤ硼ưǤѸ come go λȤʬ˴ؤľ (deixis) ǤܸΡסֹԤפȤϻȤۤʤꡤϤܤαѸؽԤˤȤäƺμȤʤޤ͡
ʤ֤ΤۤܡΤ֤Τۤإͥ˴ŤƤΤǡбʥ硼ȤǤϤʤ̾Ρư褬ޤؿäϡҰʲ2ܤ
#161. dolphin ph ϸ fdoubt b ϸϤʤääʤ
#253. come Ȥ go Ȥ this Ȥ that Ȥñ㤽˸뤱ɡʪŪ֤ȼҲؤǧθؤǤ
ܽǰäƤȥԥåϡΤ褦ñƦμˤȤɤޤ餺ѸȤŪаޤ䥳ߥ˥μҲŪθ⤭ĦˤΤǤϡ夵ΡָοءפȻΡֱѸˡפ2Ĥδؿͻ礷ƤꡤߤХ褯ȿǤ줿ž夬ˤʤäƤȼ餷Ƥޤ
硼ưΥϡ³Ƥޤҡưܽ˼äƤйǤ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ
ɽˡ (place formulations) ˤϡĤ롥De Stefani (60) ϡԸ˸ڤ5ĤƤ롥줾ˤĤƻפĤź롥
1. geographical formulations: ꡤ١١ѡΥ
2. relation to members formulations: ڷβȡסֻγع
3. relation to landmarks formulations: ֱؤסֶζ
4. course of action places: ֻ䤬Ƚвäءס֤Υäѡ
5. place names: ַػĥѥס֥ɥ
ۤˡ֤ (here) ֤ (there) ʤɤľɽ⤢
⤷ΤϡƱξؤˤƤʣɽˡ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨СˤȤäơ֤פϡԡԡĮܡϡפǤꡤֻβȡפǤ⤢ꡤ֤εƤפǤ⤢롥ɽ뤫ϡ䤬ɤΤ餤β٤ǤξؤΤʹ꤬ɤ٤λμ碌Ƥͽۤ뤫ʤʣΥѥ˰¸롥
㤨СѸҤ˱ؤؤƻҤͤ줿ˡ֤˸2ܤο˶ʤä150ȥ뤯餤ǤפΤ褦˥ɥޡΥʤɤξͿĤȤȤϤ褯뤬褷ơֻ䤬ȽвäءפڷβȤ鸫ȤפȤʤ߹٤ˤ͡ʥѥθǺǤŬڤФ줿ɤȤʤΤǤ롥
Τߤʤ餺ͤɽˡˤĤƤƱ褦ʤȤǤ롥Ǥϡ(5) Τ褦̾ƿ̾ľѤ륱ȤΤϡɤΤ褦ʾʤΤ㤳ˤơ̾ȿ̾ʤɤ̾оݤȤͭ̾ (onomastics) ϡ (pragmatics) ʬ (conversation_analysis) ʤɤʬȸĤȤˤʤ롥
De Stefani, Elwys. "Names and Discourse." Chapter 4 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 52--66.
ͤʪǥ1ļ夲ʤ顤I like this apple. ȤʸȯäƤ̤Ƥ䤿ϤαʸֻϤΥǤפưפǤޤΰ̣ǤƤȻפǤޤˤǤ礦ʸ¿ŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤȤǤ礦Ȥ櫓 this apple ʬճΤǤ
ޤthis apple unit ɤߤ type ɤߤȤ¿ޤ٤ΥǤϤʤ夲Ƥ뤳ΥפȤĤǤ unit ɤߤȤʤޤ٤ȢʼΥǤϤʤ夲ƤΤɽƤʼΥ㤨С֤դסˡפǤ type ɤߤȤʤޤ
type ɤߤˤ͡ʲǽޤ嵭ǤϤޤޡʼפȤ type ʬΤǤtype ʬˤ¾δ⤢ޤݤȤζʬ⤢ޤϤ줿ऴȤζʬ⤢ޤ礭١ʤȤ⤢ޤºݤʸ̮Ǥϡδ type ʹ꤬⤤Ψǿ¬Ǥ륱ۤȤɤȤϻפޤthis apple Ȥɽ˾ʤȤŪ¿뤳ȤʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ؼ this Τľͳ褹̣ŪŪ¿̾ apple λؼоݤǤ֤פΰ̣ŪŪ¿蘆äơ츫ȲȤΤʤ this apple Ȥɽΰ̣Ƥäۤʣ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤʬäȻפޤ
ʾ塤Cruse (50) εȤƼɮޤ
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ɸϡ[2018-10-20-1], [2018-10-25-1]ε³ԡؿѸؼŵ٤ The Oxford Companion to the English Language ꡤ ʿ;ΡˤȤѸȡ̣줿Ѹο;̾ˡξܺ٤ˤĤƤ꤬Ȥʤ뤬ֿ;ΡפȤեŪѤαָ롥Ĥ褦
Well, and how are we today? ʤɤˤֿƿȤ we (paternal we) ϡ1;ΡʣˤȤο;Ρ (generic person) 뤤ϡֶ̿;ΡפȤ٤as we know ʤɤƱ͡
;Τλؼоݤȿ;Τʸˡοϰۤʤ롧Ȥ the (present) writer, the author, the speaker ʤɤϡؼоݤ1;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Ʊͤ your Majesty, your Excellency ʤɤؼоݤ2;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Does His Majesty wish to leave? Does Madam wish to look at some other hats? ʤɤȡϢơ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) ⡥
դˡMother, where are you? Τ褦ʸƤӤǤϡ3;Ū̾Ѥʤ⡤2;Ṳ̄ǻ
Ƽ Pidgin English Ǥ "inclusive" 1;ʣ yumi (< "you-me") ȡ"exclusive" 1;ʣ mipela (< "me-fellow") ̤ (cf. #1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1]))
royal we Ȥƥꥹ餷Victoria ˤ We are not amused. ʢ1٤ǤäƤߤˤȡ
ܸ֤ʤɡˡפϳơ123;Τбȹͤ롥ʢʤۤɡ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
; (person) ˤĤơ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1]) ǻ丫Ҥ٤ҴŪ˸ˤ;ΤͤƤäơޤϸѸ켭ŵ person Ƥߤ褦ʲCrystal (358--59) εҤꡥ
person (n.) (per, PER) A category used in grammatical description to indicate the number and nature of the participants in a situation. The contrasts are deictic, i.e. refer directly to features of the situation of utterance. Distinctions of person are usually marked in the verb and/or in the associated pronouns (personal pronouns). Usually a three-way contrast is found: first person, in which speakers refer to themselves, or to a group usually including themselves (e.g. I, we); second person, in which speakers typically refer to the person they are addressing (e.g. you); and third person, in which other people, animals, things, etc are referred to (e.g. he, she, it, they). Other formal distinctions may be made in languages, such as 'inclusive' v. 'exclusive' we (e.g. speaker, hearer and others v. speaker and others, but no hearer); formal (or 'honorific') v. informal (or 'intimate'), e.g. French vous v. tu; male v. female; definite v. indefinite (cf. one in English); and so on. There are also several stylistically restricted uses, as in the 'royal' and authorial uses of we. Other word-classes than personal pronouns may show person distinction, as with the reflexive and possessive pronouns in English (myself, etc., my, etc.). Verb constructions which lack person contrast, usually appearing in the third person, are called impersonal. An obviative contrast may also be recognized.
ʤۤɡ˿;ΤȤäƤθ٤Ϥ褦̣Ūʴο;Τª⤢СʸŪȤƤο;Τ⤢롥
Ǹ˿Ƥ obviative Ȥ3;Τȶ̤Ūʿ;ΤȯۤϤ⤷С4;ΡפǤ롥Crystal (338) ƱѸ켭ŵꡤʹƤߤ褦
obviative (adj./n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a fourth-person form used in some languages (e.g. some North American Indian languages). The obviative form ('the obviative') of a pronoun, verb, etc. usually contrasts with the third person, in that it is used to refer to an entity distinct from that already referred to by the third-person form --- the general sense of 'someone/something else'.
֥ס֥ޥס֤ʳפȤ3ʬ˽ obviative 3;ΤǤˤϰ㤤ʤ4;ΡפȤŬڤʸƾΤ⤷ʤ4;ΡפȤȯۤϡ;ΤȤեѤʤĤθˤƤϡˤǤ˸ڤƤ뤫ݤȤäδޤǤθĤġɤޤǤեˤʤꤦʸˡƤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
¿θˡ˴ؤľ (deixis) 롥ľŪɽˤϡhither thither ʤɤ̣ܼǤ侮ɽ蘆Τ⤢Сcome go Τ褦˰ưư (motion verb) ʤɤɽ蘆Τ⤢롥
褯ΤƤ褦ˡѸ go/come λȤʬϡܸΡֹԤפλȤʬȤϼ㴳ۤʤ롥ä꤬ʹ˶ŤưϡܸǤϡֻϤʤΤȤعԤޤפɽΤФơѸǤ I'll come to you ɽ롥ϡѸ come ܸפ˴ؤľۤʤäƤ뤳ȤƤ롥
Ѹ come ϡFillmore ̾ʸˤСʤȤʲ5ĤξΤȤѤȤʰʲHuang 161 ˡ
(i) movement towards the speaker's location at CT [= coding time]
(ii) movement towards the speaker's location at arrival time
(iii) movement towards the addressee's location at CT
(iv) movement towards the addressee's location at arrival time
(v) movement towards the home-base maintained at CT by either the speaker or the addressee.
Ū John will come to the library next week. ȤʸǹͤƤߤ褦ʸȯ뤳ȤǤΤϡޤä꤬ۤˤǤ (= (i)) ˡä꤬轵 John äƤ֤˿ۤˤˤΩ (= (ii)) ˡʹ꤬ۤˤ (= (iii))뤤轵 John äƤ֤˿ۤˤ (= (iv)) ˤȤ롥Ǹˡäʹ꤬ºݤ˺뤤轵˿ۤˤ뤫ɤˤ餺ۤäʹܾ̾ "home-base" 㤨СˤǤˤϡʸΩ롥㤨Сäʹ꤬ȤˤοۤλʽǤȲꤹȡʸʤΩ롥John will come to the library next week, but both of us will be on holiday then.
̸Ū come ˤ褽ưưľξ郎ۤʤäƤ褦ˡ˸¤äƤ⡤̻Ūˤξ郎ѲƤȤǽϤ롥Ԥ˸Ȥʤ뤬Τ褦ʸϤǤˤΤѸˤǤõäƤߤΤ⤪⤷
deixis ̤ˤĤƤϡ#2680. deixis ([2016-08-28-1]) ȡ
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
ˤͭ̾ʻߤˡReichenbach ΤΤ롥3ĤλȻѤ뤳Ȥǡ礿Ū褦ȤΤ3ĤλȻȤϡʲ̤Saeed (128) ѡˡ
S = the speech point, the time of utterance;
R = the reference point, the viewpoint or psychological vantage point adopted by the speaker;
E = event point, the described action's location in time.
S, R, E λּŪʰִطԤˤ "<"Ʊξˤ "="³ˤ ">" εɽ뤳Ȥˤ롥㤨Сʸ "I saw Helen", λʸ "I had seen Helen"̤ʸ "I will see Helen" Τ줾λϡʲΤ褦ɽ魯ȤǤ
"I saw Helen" >
(R = E < S) R, E S
"I had seen Helen" >
(E < R < S) E R S
"I will see Helen" >
(S < R = E) S R, E
| Simple past | (R = E < S) | "I saw Helen" |
| Present perfect | (E < S = R) | "I have seen Helen" |
| Past perfect | (E < R < S) | "I had seen Helen" |
| Simple present | (S = R = E) | "I see Helen" |
| Simple future | (S < R = E) | "I will see Helen" |
| Proximate future | (S = R < E) | "I'm going to see Helen" |
| Future perfect | (S < E < R) | "I will have seen Helen" |
#2680. deixis ([2016-08-28-1]) ˴ؤʸˡ (category) 1Ĥˡ; (person) 롥ľ deixis ˴طΤϡ1;Ρäˤ2;ΡʹˤΤߤǤꡤ3;ΤȤϤʳΰڤλʪȤŪΤǤ롥ֻפȡ֤ʤפλؼоݤϡäλͿԤѤФ˱ѤΤǤꡤߥ˥ˤȤäơΤ褦Ūʻؼǽ̤12;̾줬Ȥɬפ3;ΤˤĤƤϡŪˤؤ̾ʶˤȤäƤѤȤϤǤ롥㤨̾פפѤˡڡפֻġפ֤̾ѤƺѤޤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥äơο;̾ηϤˤƺǤܼŪʤΤ12;ΤǤꡤ3;ΤϾˤäƤʤǤĤǤ롥
Huang (137) ϡ3;̾礯줬ꤦͳˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Third person is the grammaticalization of reference to persons or entities which are neither speakers nor addressees in the situation of utterance, that is, the 'participant-role' with speaker and addressee exclusion [-S, -A] . . . . Notice that third person is unlike first or second person in that it does not necessarily refer to any specific participant-role in the speech event . . . . Therefore, it can be regarded as the grammatical form of a residual non-deictic category, given that it is closer to non-person than either first or second person . . . . This is why all of the world's languages seem to have first- and second-person pronouns, but some appear to have no third-person pronouns.
Ū Huang 3;̾礯ȤƸڤƤΤϡDyirbal, Hopi, Yéli Dnye, Yidiɲ, ڤӥǤ롥
¤ϡܸˤƤ⡤;̾ɤΤ褦˹ͤ뤫ȤϤ뤬3;̾ˤĤƤϸؼ̾žѤŪǤꡤȼΤΤϤʤäȤäƤ褤1;Τϥ졤졤2;ΤǤϥʡʥ줬ͭθ촴ȤƤäΤФ3;ΤϾʤȤȼθ촴ĤۤɤˤȯãƤʤä
ȤǡܸǤѸǤ⾮ҶʬΤȤ1;̾ǤϤʤͭ̾ǸƤָݤ뤬ŪʤΤθ伫ȯãȴطΤdeixis ϡλΩ֤ǤŪʻؼǽǤ뤫顤ǧǽϤȯãȴطǤϤ롥зɸȤط̣Ǹꡤdeixis Ȥ롥
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
δŪ1Ĥ deixis ʥľˤ롥Ѹϡꥷǡּؤפ̣ deikunúnai ͳ褹롥Huang (132) ˤСdeixis Ȥ "the phenomenon whereby features of context of utterance or speech event are encoded by lexical and/or grammatical means in a language" Ǥ롥ľɽ (deictic (expression)) ˤϡؼ (demonstrative)12;̾ (1st and 2nd personal_pronoun)ɸ (tense marker) (adverb of time and place)ưư (motion verb) ޤޤ롥
餫 deixis ⤿ʤ¸ߤʤϡdeixis ɸʤʤȡʹ֤̾Υߥ˥ȤǤʤΤˡֻס֤סֺפΤ褦ľŪǰʤǤϡʤΩʤդǽäӤΥ "Meet me here a month from now with a magic wand about this long." ȽƤƤ⡤ïˡɤǡġɤΤ餤ĹξäƲФ褤ΤǤ롥ɤ꤬ΰտޤ deixis Ǥʤ륳ߥ˥㳲Ǥ롥
ѸľɽŵȤ you 褦̾äؤ you Ѥ졤Ⱦˤä you λؼоݤѤΤǤ뤫顤ŵŪľɽȤ롥If you travel on a train without a valid ticket, you will be liable to pay a penalty fare. Τ褦˰̿;ΤȤѤ you ǤϡľŪϤʤҤƤꡤ2;̾ you ľŪˡȤ٤
ľɽΤ⤦1ĤŵȤơthis 褦ؤʤɤʪŪʥ㡼ȼä this table ȸȤ this ϤľŪˡȤ뤬ʪŪʹưȼ鷺 this town ȸȤˤϡ this ľŪǤϤ뤬ħŪˡȤ롥ԤԤȯŸŪŪˡȹͤ졤ºݡ㡼ˡ (gestural) ǤѤ줺ħŪ (symbolic) ˡ礤Ƥե voici, voilà Τ褦ľɽ⤢롥СħŪˡΤߤľɽȤΤϤꤽˤʤ
ʾꡤľɽˡϰʲΤ褦ʬव (Huang 135 οޤѡˡ
Gestural
Deictic use
Deictic expression Symbolic
Non-deictic use
ѸǤϡؼ̾Ǥ this, that, these, those ϳơñȤǡͤؼ뤳ȤǤ롥ñˤϤħ롥ñ this, that ñȤǿͤؤˤϡ§ȤƷŪʴްդȤΤܵǤϡThis is John. Τ褦ʿͤҲ𤹤ʸ̮ǤˡϽΤȤˡˡ˴ؿ Poussa (401) ϡthat ΤˡνȤ OED 1905ǯʸƤ롥
'Would you like to marry Malcolm?' I asked. 'Fancy being owned by that! Fancy seeing it every day!' (Eleanor Glynn, Vicissitudes of Evangeline: 127).
Poussa ϡΤ褦 thatʤ thisˤˡѸ˾塤ŪǶˤʤäƸ줿ΤȤҲŪľ "comic-dishonourific" ˡȸƤ20ƬǤϤˡϤޤۤȤɵŤƤʤä褦ǡ㤨 Jespersen (406) ϡthis that ⤽ñȤǿͤɽ魯ˡϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
While in the adjunctal function the plural forms these and those correspond exactly to the singulars this and that, the same cannot be said with regard to the same forms used as principals, for here this and that can no longer be used in speaking of persons, while these and those can. The sg of those who is not that who (which is not used), but he who (she who); similarly there is no sg that present corresponding to the pl those present
this, that ñȤǿͤؼ뤳ȤǤʤäȤȡˡȤƿͤؤ褦ˤϤʤäΤΡŪʼҲŪľްդƤ뤳ȤȤϡ̵طǤϤʤthis, that ñȤǿͤؤΤˤϡޤ餫ΤȻפ롥
˸Ťˤ̤ȡűѸǤѸǤ⡤this, that ϡΤˤǤϤʤΤΡʣ these, those ȤȤñȤǿͤؤȤǤΤǤ (Jespersen 409--10) ǡñȤǿͤؤ this, that ΤĤƤˡʤѸľޤǤ˰öä뤳ȤˤʤäΤȤ̤꤬夬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Poussa ϡgender ȤճʴФơä3;̾줬ñǤ he, she ˽̤ʣǤ϶̤˶̤ they Ѥ¤ȡؼ̾ʬۤطŤΤǤ롥

ο (Poussa 405) ˼褦ˡȤ̤ʤʣǤϡ;̾ they Ϥؼ̾ these, those ñȤǿͤؤȤǤ뤬ñǤ̤Ǥ;̾ he, she Τߤǽǡ̤Ǥʤؼ̾ this, that Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤñǤϡthis, that ̤뤳ȤǤʤ椨ˡ֥åȤ櫓ΤȤϡʸˡȤȽ̤ƤűѸʬۿ (Poussa 407) Ӥȡ餫ˤʤ롥

űѸǤϡñǻؼ̾줬Ƚ̤ˡñȤǿͤؤȤʤƤ줿ȲǤ롥δ餹ȡޤ [-HUMAN] ΰ̣ƤʤȤȤǤ롥
Poussa ϡḽѸˤĤʤ "HUMAN" Ȥ̣ȯϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤʸˡηϤȴϢΤǤꡤؼηϤοʸϽФȿǤǤȤߤƤ롥Ѹˤ his its ȯŸ䡤ط̾ which who Իȯã⡤Ʊ˰͵ƤȤ (cf. #198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1])#1418. 17 its μơ ([2013-03-15-1]))
Poussa εȤСűѸ줫βѲˤäʸˡηϤ졤Ѹ˷ŪѲ뤳ȤȤʤä˶Ѹʹߤˡ;Ȥ̣ˤڤǤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹˤʥɥޤʤ
Poussa, Patricia. "Pragmatics of this and that." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 401--17.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
Ѥθˤơʹäȯȯäȼ̣Ūʰ̣ξˡƥ (context) ʤɤȤŪʰ̣ղäơΤȤƤΰ̣İȹͤƤ롥ƥȻȤΤۤˤⶨĴθ§ްդʤɼθŪ黻˰͵ựΤȤ館ƤΤꤵ뤬ǤϥƥȤŪʤäơμʬषƤ
쿹 (13--15) ˤСȯäȼƥ (context) 뤤Ͼ (situation) ˤ4Ĥ̤Ȥ
(1) ȯþ (utterance situation) 뤤ʪŪ (physical environment) ȯäԤƤ֡ꡥüԤưۤʤɤΥΥСХ롦ߥ˥㤨СȯäƤΤīդˤ Good morning. Good evening. ǰ夨ɬפȯäƤ˱ here there λؼоݤѰۤ롥ޤʪʤ I'll pour. ȸȤʪŪ餫ʤΤǡưŪά뤳ȤǽǤ롥
(2) þ (discourse situation) ä夹ȯäϢ³ΤǤꡤήΤʤ٤ब롥ȯäȤ̾Ƥꡤά줿䤦褦ʤȡޤɸ (discourse marker) ä餫δطǷƯǡþҴǤ롥
(3) ǧξ (cognitive environment) ˤĤƤäꡤʹξƤξΤɤʬߤδ֤ǶͭƤ뤫ȤäȤ˴ؤǧξס쿹p. 14ˡʤɤι٤ʸŪѤǤϡФʹˤɴʻŵŪμ˭٤˵롥㤨СäΤʤǰ츫ؼоݤΤʤ she Ѥ줿硤֤ǺäƤؤƤǽ롥
(4) ҲŪ (social environment) ƾθ (address term) ɸޤݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ɽϡäʹμҲŪʴط狼äƤʤС뤳ȤǤʤ
ȯäϤǰ̣ŪƽäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ͤ˭٤ʥƥȤϤȤƸŪˤϤƤ롥ˤ⼨θŪϤȤ櫓ľܤ˴ͿΤľ (deixis) ɽ;λؼ줬ŵ㤨 this ȤؼƤϡȯþþǧξΤ줫ȤʤǤʤѸ thou ϡȯþҲŪθˤǤʤ
쿹 ְ̣ΥƥȰ¸סظ١翮סԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ13--32ǡ
ԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ȴϢơʸˤܤݡʸˤθäϺʬ뷹롤Ȥ롥㤨СѸ rice ФܸǤϡ֤ס֤ᤷסơס֤Ϥס֥饤ס֤ߡפʤʣθ줬бȤ㤬褯礤˽Ф롥ܸǤϵ̾ʬƤꡤФδ¿뤳Ȥ⡤ܤεʸˤĤƤʪäƤȤ⤤롥
äκʬθʸθɽ魯ȤȤꤷʤǡ#1337. ְñʸաס ([2012-12-24-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡäκʬΤ٤Ƥ㤬ƱͤʸνľܤθƤ뤫ȤȡϤʤʤʸŪ˸Ȥä˴ʤˤ⤫餺äʬƤȤϤ롥ؼˤĤơ1ñ٥ǤСܸǤϡ֤ס֤ס֤פ3ब̤뤬ѸǤ this that 2ΤߤǤꡤեǤ ce 1ΤߤǤ롥ޤ4ʾ̤ˤ¸ߤ롥κʬ٤ΰ㤤Ϥ줾θȴϢŤʸΤʤˤȿǤƤ롤ȷŤ뤳Ȥϲ̤ƲǽʤΤܸƤ˴ؤä¿ϡʸȴϢŤ뤳ȤŪưפΤ褦˻פ뤬ΤݤΡְܡססֻۡפΤ褦ʽˤĤƤϡɤʸδϢȤϡñˤϽǤʤ
ϡɤθ⡤ʸ˻٤Ƥ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ餫ǥեƥäƤȹͤƤ롥ؤνѸȤС줴ȤΥƥ (#1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1]) ȡˤꤵƤȤ⤤롥㤨С¿¿ͤʽɸηϤäƤܸϡֿեסַɰեեפǤꡤñʣŪ˶̤Ѹʤ¿ΰڤӤ¾θˤϡʾʤȤܸüԤ鸫ȡˡֿեפǤ롥֤֤ססס֤Ĥפ̤ܸϡwear put on ǻȴѸüԤߤСեפȤǤ⤦ٷ֤θΥե줾ʸбʪˤäƵꤵƤΤɤΤ뤳ȤϡƳʸŪʻ٤ΤʤΥեȤǽ⽽ʬˤΤ
˵Ϥ⡤ѸǤ1ñ̤ܸǤʣñ̤бȤΤФäǤϱѸˤȤäԸʿʤΤǡդȤܸΡ֡ʿ͡ưʪΡ˷פб롤Ѹ¿ͤɽƤߤ褦
a bevy of quails, a cluster of stars, a covey of partridges, a crowd of people, a drove of oxen, a flight of birds, a flock of sheep, a gang of robbers, a group of islands, a herd of deer, a horde of savages, a pack of wolves, a pride of lions, a school of whales, a shoal of fish, a swarm of bees, a throng of ants, a troop of children
¾ˤ±Ѽŵ켭ŵС¿ͤɽФܸǤ켭ŵСַסָסַסֿͷסֿȡסְ췲סֲסֽ͡סֿͻס֥å֡ס֥ޥס罰פʤɤ뤬ưʪηˤĤɽ¿Ϥʤ
úʬ٤ΰ㤤ϡʸ˺ƤΤ⤢ǤʤΤ⤢롥ҤäơȤϥեǤ롤Τ褦ʤΤǤªΤΤǤϤʤ
[2012-01-24-1]ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡפǼ夲 this ˡ˴ؤȤ̤ˡthis ˤĤơ⤦İ㤦䤬Ƥthis ظȤǤ褤ȤǤ롥
this 濴ŪʸȤơܤˤפǤȳΤ˻Ūˤϸߤ̤ؼȹͤΤthat time Ф this time ʤɡthat this ɽˤäƤ⡤that סthis פȤ꤬ưפˤʤäƤ롥
this ؼ뤳Ȥϳ̵ǤϤʤɸ this Sunday ϡñȤǤϡ褿פ̤ؤΤȲ᤹ľννäƤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ̤Ѥ롥this weekend, this summer ʤɤƱͤǤ롥פˡüԤᤤȴƤü this ΤǤꡤθ¤Ǥ this ؼ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ʊ̤ΰؤǤ⡤this Sunday Τۤ next Sunday ܴȤ뤫顤this ϻּθˤޤơŪʵΥζᤵƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥嵭ǤϡܸΡ֤ס֤νס֤βơפޤäƱȤǤ롥
ơѤ λؼ֤̾Ρפ this ϡθ deixis ηϤˤƤ⡤ŪŪˡꤷƤ롥 this б that ϡ[2009-09-30-1]ε#156. űѸ se ʻϲפǿ줿褦ˡűѸ se ʬǤꡤ֤ȵǽˤϤʣƱͤˡܸǤ⡤ΥФΥΥʤ뤤ϥˤΰ֤ŤϰꤷƤʤɻˤϥۤȤڤʤȤ顤ȥ2äȤ⤢뤷˸ؼʻؤˡȯãΤšܳŪˤäȤ顤˥ꤷʤ⤢ʹ⻳ڡpp. 151--52ˡդäСեλؼ̾ deixis η (Ƕ̤Τʤ ce Τߡˤ⡤ƥǤŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥Ƹ deixis ŪȯŸоŪ˸椹Τ⤪⤷
⻳ ԡ ԡإɥ֥åܸʸˡˡ١ҤĤ˼2010ǯ
ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡ ([2012-01-24-1]) ˴Ϣơthis ɤߤҤȤĤȤäƤȤ´ܸΡ֤ɡפ⤽deixis δͿθϼ¤ʣ
ؼƻȤƤ this ˤϡѸǤ͡ˡ롥ѸȤʤСŪʴްդϡޤޤľŪˤϤȤ館ˤʤ뤷⤽ްդ뤳Ȥ˵դȤϡHorobin (94--96) ꡤChaucer ˸Ū˶̣ this ˡ2ΤƤߤ
ܤϡʪ̾̾Ԥ this ѤǡΡΡפۤɤΰդɽ路ǽȤƤ괧˶ᤤMustanoja (174) ˤС괧˶ᤤ this ˡϸűѸ줫鸫Τǡ"mainly a feature of vivid, colloquial, and often chatty style" Ȥ Chaucer Gower Ǥ褯ȤƤʸŪǤȤ this üˡ٤ˡΤˡ쿧ζ The Miller's Tale ǡ"This Absolon", "This parissh clerk, this amorous Absolon", "this joly lovere Absolon" ʤɡоʪ̾źƻȤ㤬ΩġۤˤϡThe Knight's Tale ǡ2ͤε Palamon Arcite ̤ᤴȤ˸ߤ˷֤ʬǤϡƬ "This Palamon", "This Arcite" ʤɤ this ź뤳ȤǡɤεΤˤĤƤ̤ʤΤþ䤬ǧ롥ξˤ⡤this ñ (definiteness) ɽ魯εǽˤȤɤޤ餺ɲŪþôäƤ롥
ܤȤơüԤ "a contemptuous or patronizing attitude" (Horobin 96) ްդȤ this ˡ롥ʲϡǤ Franklin Dorigen פαòᤷ㤷ɾơֽȤΤϡפȡθ˽Ҥ٤ƤսǤ롥
For his absence wepeth she and siketh,
As doon this noble wyves whan hem liketh. (F817--18)
ȤơƱ The Franklin's Tale ꡥ
'Go we thanne soupe,' quod he, 'as for the beste.
Thise amorous folk somtyme moote han hir reste.' (F1217--18)
⡤äоݤȤοŪΥ̤ᡤȶ˰ĤƤƤ顤ͤʷΤˤȤξǡthis ̤Ū˻ȤƤΤˤʤȤ
Chaucer ξ嵭2ˡȡ夲Ѹ this ˡȤδϢüԤοŪʰĤȤǤȤĤʤꤽ̣ǡthis deictic ƯϡѸϢʤȼѤƤȤ
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
this ˡˤĤƤμ䤬줿NHK饸ֺ¤ǡTetsu Joyce μβä줿ȤֻϰѼԡˡ
T: You're grinning from ear to ear, Joyce.
J: Tetsu, things are looking up!
T: Really? What's going on?
J: Remember that guy I was telling you about?
T: The new guy who works in your office?
J: Yes! He asked me out to dinner!
T: Excellent! Where's he taking you?
J: We're going to this unique hamburger joint.
T: But aren't you a pescetarian?
J: Not anymore!
8ܤ Joyce ȯäˤ this ǤǤ롥Ǥʸ̮ͤƤ⡤ϥСŹ϶դˤʤ褦ޤĤƤ2ͤԤäȤŹǤȤͻҤǤʤޤΥåȤ1ɤڤǡβȤδϢʤ
餤С this ϡJoyce ǰƬˤΡ֤ϥСפ̲ŪΥᤤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤿ȯ줿 this ʹ Tetsu ˤȤäƤϡŪˤɤŹؤƤΤϤ狼ʤϤǤ롥괧 a 䡤äȤ a certain ˶ᤤˡüԤ̲λ¤ĴƤǡ롥ʤμݤɤߤǴְ㤤ʤȤϡѸüԤƱν˳ǧä
ˡϡ̾ˤܤƤꡤϤʤܸüԤˤϴФĤߤˤƳؽԱѱѼεܤȤȤ٤Ƥߤ褦
OALD8:
6 (informal) used when you are telling a story or telling sb about sth
There was this strange man sitting next to me on the plane.
I've been getting these pains in my chest.
LDOCE5:
(SPOKEN PHRASES)
6. used in stories, jokes etc when you mention a person or thing for the first time:
I met this really weird guy last night.
Suddenly, there was this tremendous bang.
LAAD2:
4. spoken used in conversation to mean a particular person or thing, especially when you do not know their name:
Then this girl came up and kissed him on the lips.
When am I going to meet this boyfriend of yours?
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed.:
9 used for referring to a particular person or thing SPOKEN used in a story or a joke when you mention a person or thing without giving a name
There was this big guy standing in the doorway.
MWALED:
5 --- used to introduce someone or something that has not been mentioned yet
<We both had this sudden urge to go shopping.>
?This sense of this is often used to produce excitement when telling a story.
<I was walking down the street when this dog starts chasing me. [=when a dog started chasing me]>
<Then these two guys come/came in and start asking her questions.>
Ǹ MWALED εҤۤǫŪ˸뤳ȤϡΤʸ̮ǡɽ߽Фˡ this ȤƤ褦ʪ̡סֶŪ̾ϵˡסֶʳơפȤǤФȤǤ뤬ϡäΤ褯ΤäƤ̲ƤˤȤʹˤȾᤤޤޤȤ̤߽ФƤ롥ʾꡤ̡ˡäΰŪ̲ˡȸƤǤ̤αѱѼεҤ⻲ͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
Web3:
1. f : being one not previously mentioned <I was waiting for the bus and this old man came along and asked me for a dime> <gave me a light from this big lighter off the table---J. D. Salinger>
American Heritage, 4th ed.
4. Informal Used as an emphatic substitute for the indefinite article: looking for this book of recipes.
SOED:
B. 1. d (In narrative) designating a person or thing not previously mentioned or implied, a certain. colloq. E20.
Ǹ SOED εҤˤȡ20θˡȤȤˤʤꡤʤ꿷⤦ˤĴ٤褦ȡOED ƤߤȡII. Demonstrative Adjective. 1. d. θ SOED ΤΤ˶̩бƤ櫓ǤϤʤäơŪʾܺ٤ΤޤޤѸޤ̤ꤦ뤫ɤȻפMED "this" (adj.) ȤбϤʤ
ѸˤǤϡ;̾η֤ȵǽϤ褯ꤢơޤΰĤǤ롥űѸǤ þū ȝē Ϥ줾;Τñʣɽñ˿ƥ˴Ť̤ʤƤʶɽ[2009-10-24-1]ˡ
Ѹˤʤȡthou ye ϡűѸ줫οƥδ˲ä[2009-10-29-1][2009-10-11-1]ǿ줿褦ˡƾΡɾΤζ̤θ褦ˤʤäʶɽ[2009-10-25-1]ˡT/V distinction ȸƤФ롤ǤȤμҲŪľ ( social deixis ) εǽñʣζ̤Τʤ֤äƤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹˤϡthou Ȥʤ T/V distinction ä줿Ʊ˸űѸñʣζ̤äƤޤ̤;̾ȤƤ you Ĥäʶɽ[2009-11-09-1]ˡ
Ѹ T/V distinction 䤽ΩäβʤɤϡŪʴؿѸˤǤ褯ꤢ뤬ФиȤƤΤ thou ξüˤäơñ㲽ظäƤưζηϤñ㲽ȤǤ롥thou äѸưޤߤƤߤ褦ѲưɽȤ binde(n)ѲưɽȤ loue(n) ζɽǤ롥

ѸʳǤϡ;Τˤμϸ߷ -e(n), -est, -eth 3̤꤬äǤűѸ٤ñ㲽Ƥ롥ˤäƤϤ˼बʤ¾塤Ѳ;ñ -est ¾ȶ̤ΤߤǤ롥Ѹȡ-e(n) üΤǡưޤñ㲽ϤäʤळȤˤʤä
ơѸˤ⤦ĤᲡä줿˽Ҥ٤褦ˡŪʸˤ thou üȡthou б;ñζ -est ϸ뵡ʤʤꡤѤƤä̤Ȥơ;ñ -eth ʸ -s ִˤΤߤĤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
thou ξüѸζή˰첡äȤϳФƤ
ѸưޤˤĤƤϡʲΥȤ⻲ȡ
Horobin, Simon and Jeremy Smith. An Introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 115--16.
Middle English Verb Morphology
ME Strong Verbs
ME Weak Verbs
ܸ˸ƤӤؼΤѤŬڤ;ñ̾줬礱Ƥ뤳Ȥϡ¿ܸüԤռˤ褷ʤˤ衤ŪθƤ뤳ȤǤ롥֤ʤפǤϤ褽褽ַפǤϤäݤ֤ޤפǤϳѤΩġ֤פ֤פɤդ路ʤܸüԤϡȽǤȤڤȤȤ֤Ƥ롥¿ξˤȤάϡ;ñ̾ȤʤǤޤ롤ȤƨμǤ롥Ѹϡyou ǤȤ롥ʤΤǡ˴ؤ¤ꡤܸüԤˤȤäƱѸϳڤʡʤȴ롥
ѸѸˤΤܤȡ;ñ̾줬äʬ겼̡Ʊ̤μԤФѤ thou ȡʬ̤μԤФѤ you Ǥ롥äȤΤܤäƸűѸǤϡξԤλȤʬñ˿ǤꡤԤ;ñʤʤ͡ˡԤ;ʣʤʤʣˤؤѸˤʤäơ;̾ˤäʹμҲŪľ ( social deixis ) ξޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäθ塤ѸǤ thou ۤܤʤʤäƤޤҲŪľΩä졤Ѹ˻äƤ롥
Ѹλˤä thou you ҲŪľΩϡ¿Υ衼åѸ˸졤ե tu / vous 㤫顤̤ T/V distinction ȸƤФ롥T ̡V ̤;̾ؤ
ơ;ɽˤܸȸѸκϡθͤƤ⡤Τ礭褦Ǥ롥Helmbrecht ˤȡθ;ñ̾μҲŪľδ礭4פʬ롥
(1) ѸΤ褦 T/V distinction Τʤ
(2) եѸΤ褦 T/V distinction ʬˡĸ
(3) ҥǥΤ褦 T V δ֤ʣʳǧ¿ʬˡĸ
(4) ܸΤ褦ʡ;ñ̾λѤǤ褦Ȥ
(1)?(3) social deixis ζ̤Ƥ٤Ȥ٤(4) (3) Τ褦¿ʬˡΥäƤˤ⤫餺ζ̤Ѥʤ褦ˤȤĶŪʥƥǤ롥ŪˤߤƤ⡤Ѹܸκ礭Ȥ롥
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 166--68.
Helmbrecht, Johannes. "Politeness Distinctions in Second Person Pronouns." Deictic Conceptualisation of Space, Time and Person. Ed. Friedrich Lenz. 2003. 185--221.
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