228ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ11ߴȤƤ2ˤ֤ޤܤñϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפǤ
Ѹˤ that ϡؼ졤ط졤³ϤȤ͡ʸˡṲ̄¿Ǥ¿εǽϤǤ˸űѸˤߤޤơεǽϤɤΤ褦ˤƵꡤȯŸƤΤǤ礦Ķ٤ñǤ⤢ꡤˤȤʤȻפޤܤŪȯŸɤƤߤޤֵϡthat Ȭϻ群γ̩ǻ̩90ʬȤʤޤ
īֺ11Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ110ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])
12328ڡˤǡǯ٤κǽȤʤޤơޤϡbe --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ưפǤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 Ȥʤޤī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧ
ޤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ޤȤƤơޤ2025ǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻĤʱñפѤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ȤűѸѸθʸĩൡ䤷ƤͽǤܺ٤θڡꤴ

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤŪǤʤˤ䤤勞ꤲطʤäƤñ1ӡرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤ñ̥ϤꡤƱ˱ѸˤΥʥߥⴶƤޤ
228ڡˤιֺ¤ߴ2Ȥʤޤ夲Τϡޤ¿¿ǽΤʤΤʬʤʤꤽ that Ȥñܤޤ1ξʸǤ̣DZʸˡäƤ뤫Τ褦Ȭϻ群γεȯŸɤȡñͯƤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
ʲthat ᤰäƤɤΤ֥쥹˽ФƤߤޤ
Is that that that that that that refers to? / That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is.
that 괧 the δطϡ
ؼ th- ȵ wh- δطϡ
ľñ줿this, these, that, those
this ñȤǤϿͤؤ뤱ɡthat ñȤȼˤʤΤϤʤ
those who ʤɤ those ͡ؤΤϤʤ
I think that . . . . ʤɤ that Ϥˤޤ줿
뤤Ƴ that
ط̾ that ϡ¾δط̾ȲۤʤΤ
that Ρ־άס뤤ϵ that ˤĤ
ۤˤϵäƤΤȻפޤthat Τ٤Ƥ90ʬǸԤȤϤǤޤˤɤ뤳Ȥḁ̇̄Ϥ֤ФȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴ3ϰʲ̤ͽǤդ˸ơѸˤγؤӤ夲Ƥޤ礦
12328ڡ 15:30~17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
֤פΰ̣ǵܤ³ȤŪѤ but ϡűѸ³ butan ̤롥űѸ butan ϴŪˤ "except" 뽾°³ȤѤΤ̤äA butan B Τ褦ʸˤơʸ̮ˤäƤ "A except B" Τߤʤ餺 "A but B" Τ褦ˤǤ륱äˡʬ (reanalysis) ˤ긽Ϣʤܤ³ˡΤȤ롥
OED ˤȡűѸǤεܤ³ȤƤˡϵȤĤĤ⡤¸ߤǧƤ롥
III. In a compound sentence, connecting the two coordinate clauses; or introducing an independent sentence connected in sense, though not in form, with the preceding sentence.
In a compound sentence the second clause may be contracted so as to omit constituents also occurring in the main clause, e.g. Thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God = 'Thou hast not lied unto men, but thou hast lied unto God'; John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could = 'John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could come to see me'.
Rare in Old English; attestations are often interpreted as transitional from uses in sense C.II.7 (see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §). In Old English coordinate clauses are usually connected by ac ac conj.
ȤƤ Mitchell OES (§3500) ˬƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
§3500. Quirk (pp. 62--3) discusses a number of examples in which butan 'was not autonomously concessive but occasionally concessive-equivalent, combining its exception function with a concessive one'.
They include Bo 40. 8 . . . ne ic ealles forswiðe ne girnde þisses eorðlican rices, buton tola ic wilnode þeah . . . and (after a form of nytan) Bo 70. 26 ic nat humeta, buton we witon ꝥ hit unmennischlic dæd wæs and (Holthausen's 1894 text)
Pha 4 Nat ic hit be whihte, butan ic wene þus,
þæt þær screoda wære gescyred rime
siex hundred godra searohæbbendra,
for which J. R. R. Tolkien was wont to offer the translation 'I don't really know, but I rather guess . . .'. On such examples, see further §§3626 and 1773.
°³ except ³ but ΤȤᤷ㤬뤿ˡ"transitional" "concessive-equivalent" ȤɽѤƤΤ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) ΥꥹȤؽ³ʤ뤤ؽ°³ (correlative subordinators) ĤǤؤ뤤ϸƱȤϡŵŪˤ³ȤбʶˤڥǸ츽ݤؤʶˤɬܤ⤢Сץ⤢롥εǵΤΤۤܤĴ٤ȥޥʡʤΤޤƤäȤ褦Quirk et al. (§14.13) 褦
CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATORS
(a) as . . . so (b) as . . . as so such so . . . (that) such less . . . than more(/-er) no sooner . . . than, when barely . . . when, than hardly scarcely (c) the . . . the (d) whether . . . or if (e) subordinator plus optional conjunct although . . . yet, nevertheless, etc even if (even) though while if . . . then, in that case once since [reason] unless because . . . therefore seeing (that)
ۤˤʸŪʸΤǤ where . . . there when . . . then ʤɤ롥бʶˤץξˤϡղä뤳Ȥǡ³ΰ̣ꤹ̤ȤǤΤǡ°Ĺ䡤Ūطμ¤˼ˤȤ櫓Ѥ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
ȡܸ³ (subjunctive) ˤĤơܸʸˡ缭ŵ٤ȤƤϡƱʸܸ³θˤĤƳѤ (387--88)
³칽Ū˸ȡ¾ʻ줫žΡưڤӡޤʤɤˡư̾ؼ˽줬ܤƴŪ˸ꤷΡʤȡˡơ椨ˡȤǡˤʤɤǤ롥Ǥ⡤Ū³ȤϤۤȤɤʤĤޤꡤȤܸǤ³줬ȯãʤäɤ⡤夬ˤĤơߤŪ³ɽơʬŪоݲǺŪ˴ϢŤ褦Ȥޤ졤βǡθžϢ첽ˤä³ĤФȹͤ롥
ܸ³ˤϡȤȤν³Ϥʤޤ¾ʻ줫Τ¿ȤȤλϡѸ³ˤƤƱǤ롥ǤŪ³ȤäƤ褤 and Ǥ顤ĸ "in" ̣ *en ͳ褹ȤΤ顤٤ࡥ
Τˤơ³ϸŵꥷʸˡˤΩʻȤǧƤꡤˤ̤ƺǤФʻ1ĤȤäƤ褤εȤʤȡճ¾ʻθʤɤŪƤΤˤʤȤʬäƤ롥³ԻĤǤ⤷
ܸʸˡ뤬³ǧ᤺ˡΰȤƤȤ館ʸˡ⤢äȤõƤ㤨СĹͺ侾绰Ϻϡ³ȤʻǧƤʤعʸˡǤϡ³ϡ֤켫Τΰ̣ƤǡԤɽΰ̣ƸԤɽ˴طŤȤ̵ǽǧͳ顤ΩʻȤǧƤƱp. 387ˡ
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
ε ([2025-08-06-1]) Ǥϡܸˤ³ (conjunction) ˤĤŪŪʴ鸫Ʊܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) ˰͵ợŪʴͤƤߤ褦
̣夫鸫³εǽĤޤɽƤɤΤ褦ʤΤȤƼơԤɽˤɤΤ褦˴طŤʤ³뤫ˤĤƤϡ⤬ФƤ뤬Τ褦̤ΤǤ
ޤȤεȤƸ郎ΩȴطŤ־³פȡȵδطʤñ˲äƸ³³פȤ̤롥־³פϡŪɬȤƤε롤Ĥޤλμ̮ά˱褦褦Ǥ뤳Ȥֽ³סʽܡˤȡŪɬȤƤε̷⤷ơĤޤ꼫̮άΤ褦˵դäƸ郎Ω뤳Ȥɽֵ³סʵܡˤȡΩȤȤʤäƸΩ뤳Ȥɽ³פȤʬ롥ơΤ줾ϡλ֤ΩȤƼ뤳Ȥɽֳפȡλ֤ΩȤƸ³ֲפȤʬ롥³פˤϡİʾλŪ¤٤ƽҤ٤Ū³פȻŪˤʤ٤Ҥ٤߲áסİʾλ椫Ĥ뤳ȤסԤ̤ΤȤФǽҤ٤ƱסԤͳʤɤҤ٤ֲסԤȤϻѤƽҤ٤뤳Ȥžפ롥ޤȤƼʸȤȡΤ褦Ǥ롥
A;³
(1)³ʽܡ
ʥ˳顤ǡäơ椨
ʥ˲ʤ顤СȤ
(2)³ʵܡ
ʥ˳ɤ⡤ˡɡɤ⡤Ȥ
ʥ˲ȤƤ
(3)³
ʥ˳ǡ
ʥ˲Ȥ
B³
(1)³ʽܡˡäơ椨
(2)³ʵܡˡȤǤ⡤Τˤ⤫餺
(3)³ȡ
(4)ڤӡ¤Ӥˡޤ
(5)߲áơĤǡ줫顤
(6)Ȥ⡤뤤ϡ⤷ϡ
(7)ƱĤޤꡤʤ㤨Сפˡפ
(8)⡡ʤʤ顤ȤΤϡâäȤ
(9)žơȤǡǤ
ʾܸ³ΰ̣Ūʬˤʤ뤬ΤޤޱѸ³˱ѤȤɤΤ褦ˤʤŪʬˤĤʤΤ뤤ϻ𤬰ۤʤΤۤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ͤˤϤʤ
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
ΤȤ³ (conjunction) ˴ؿƤ롥̸Ū³뤳ȤɤޤDzǽʤΤʬʤΤʤȤ̸ˤơ³פʻ褦ȤߤϤʤƤ
ȤϤ㤨ܸˤ³ɤΤ褦˰ˤĤƤ顤ŪʲޤߡޤߤǤ롥ۤɰˤǤ⤢ΤϤҤȤޤܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) 국ҤΰѤνȯȤ
³ ʤĤˡʻΰġΩdzѤʤñȤ³Ȥʤ롥ԤɽˤƤƸԤɽʸˤ˴طŤʤ³롥³줬³Τϡʸ˰֤硤ññ졤ʸϢʸˤʸϢʸˡʸƬ˰֤硤ʸʸܤǤ롥①ññֻޤۤ②ʸʸɮ뤤ڥǽ③ʸʸϤɤϤޤߤäƤ④Ȥ³硤³ϸƬѤ롥ŪˡȤơʸΤƸʸΤ³ꡤʸƸ³ꤹʤɡΥꥨ롥ʤΤ³ˤä³ʸϡ³ǤǤ⡤ʸʤȹͤ٤⤷ʤ
³줬³뤫ȤˤĤơʤ뤤ϡ˵ƤϤʤܼʤɤθ̤ηǤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤȤʷŪñ̤顤Ȥ礭Ūñ̤ˤޤǵڤ֤ȤȤϡճä³ϡɤñ̤Ǥ³ǤȤħ餷Τ
ܸˤ衤Ѹޤθˤ衤ŪʻʬȤΤ뤬ΤʤǤ³Ϥʤü褦˻פƤ2İʾθǤĤʤǽǤˡֶ֤ʤʻȺǧĤĤ롥
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. ȤƤȤ̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥
Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.
(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)
It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.
ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ
The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.
(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)
Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.
¿ but ˤĤƤϡ͡ˡŦƤ롥Partridge Usage and Abusage ˤСbut 䤽ޤե졼˴ϢơʤȤ11ջबФȤΩƤƤ롥¿ǤǤ뤬椨ܤޤΤ
only ̣ȤƤ but θѤˤĤƤϡonly 켫Τ˴Ƥѻ˽ऺcf. #1923. only ΰ̣ but ([2014-08-02-1])ˡֻ but ˤĤƤϡ³γʤȤʤcf. #5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ ([2025-07-21-1])ˡۤ˥ޥʡ˴ؤŦ¿ΤǤϥ㡼ʡ֤פ̣̾³ȤƤˡ˴ؤѤܤPartridge (56) Ѥ롥
but (conunction) is wrongly used in the following, quoted by C. C. Boyd (Grammar for Grown-Ups) from a newspaper: 'A gale swept the roads, and his (Mr Cobham's) machine was unprotected. At midnight he attached a second anchor, but the machine weatherd the gale undamaged.' This is what is called a non sequitur. But must be used instead of and; the sentence should read: '. . . his machine was unprotected, but weathered the gale . . . because he had attached a second anchor.'
The conjunction but is also incorrect in the following: 'He will certainly say of Mallet that as a detective he was remarkable not so much for the questions he put but for those he avoided putting' (John Ferguson); not so much . . . as is correct, but the sentence might also read: '. . . not for the questions he put, but for those . . .'.
J. B. Priestley, in English Humour, falls into the same error: 'He [Munden] was not so much a comic actor, consciously presenting an amusing part, but a real comedian . . .': here but should be as.
ȾϡֵܡפʤΤ̩˸Ƥ줺ȯФ줿ʸ˴ؤָѡפǡܤ but ˤϤ褯ܸǤƱͤϸ䤿ʤ
Ⱦϡnot so much A as B not A but B Ȥιʸκ (contamination) Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡƱǤϽܤ and ˤĤƤˡ12⤢롥Ǥ롥
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ε#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) Ǽ夲³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ˤĤĴ٤ʤǡ³Ѥʳˤ⽾Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤ¿뤳ȤΤäQuirk et al. (§§11.12) 4Ĥˡ˸ڤƤ롥
(a) wh-
ܵʸطᡤʤɤƳŪˤ who/whom/whose, which, where, when, whether, how, what, why; whoever, whomever (rare), whichever, wherever, whenever, whatever, however ʤɤѤ롥ˤäƳΤʤǼ졤Ū졤졤ղøʤɤ̤̩ʰ̣ǤΡ³פȤϤʤΤΡ³ŪʵǽͭȤϤ롥
(b) ط that
³ that ȤϡŪ䤬ۤʤ롥
(c) VS
ΤᤤHad I known more, I would have refused the job. Τ褦ʸȾʬˤ֤ϡIf I had known more ȥѥե졼뤳ȤǤŪ˽ƱȤʤ롥
Sad though/as I was Τ褦Ե§ʸιʸ⡤˽स롥
(d) ʬ칽ʸ
ֽפˤ뤬The match will take place tomorrow, weather permitting. Τ褦ˡư줬Ѥ륱θ뤳ȤǤ롥
ۤˤϡƳ뽾롥㤨С³Ȥơ뤤ϴطȤƤ that ϡФоάΤǡȤʤ (ex. I suppose (that) you're right) ޤɾǤϡYou're right, I suppose. Τ褦ˡŪʥޡ礯Ȥ¿
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
ε#5935. Ѹ³ ([2025-07-27-1]) ³³ (conjunction) ΤʤǤ³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ܤΰǤȤΤ Quirk et al. (§§11.9--11) Ǥ롥
[ñ㽾³졡]
after, (al)though, as, because, before, but (that), if, how(ever), like (familiar), once, since, that, till, unless, until, when(ever), where(ver), whereas, whereby, whereupon, while, whilst (especially BrE)
[ʣ罾³졡]
that ǽ
in that, so that, in order that†, such that, except that, for all that, save that (literary)
that ץΤ
now (that), providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), considering (that), given (that), granting (that), granted (that), admitting (that), assuming (that), presuming (that), seeing (that), immediately (that), directly (that)
as ǽ
as far as, as long as, as soon as, so long as, insofar as, so far as, inasmuch as (formal), according as, so as (+ to + infinitive)
than ǽ
sooner than (+ infinitive), rather than (+ infinitive)
¾
as if, as though, in case
[ؽ³졡]
if . . . then, (al)though . . . yet/nevertheless, as . . . so
more/-er/less . . . than, as . . . as, so . . . as, so . . . (that), such . . . as, such . . . (that), no sooner . . . than
whether . . . or
the . . . the
ۤ˸Ťᤫ³Ȥ albeit, lest, whence, whither äƤ褤
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) ³ŵŪǽ (function word) Ȥ³ (conjunction) ΰǤ³ˤ³ (coordinator = coordinating conjunction) ³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ꡤԤΰȤΤ Quirk et al. (§9.28) Ǥ롥
Ρ³졡
and, or, but
Ρ³˶ᤤ³졡
for, so that
ȤۤɤοǤϤʤ¤ϤǿԤƤޤ
³줫ɤΤ1 for ˤĤƤϡ#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1]) Ȥ줿
ۤ nor ȤƤ뤫⤷ʤand ʤ̤³줬Ԥǡ³ȤϤʤboth, either, neither 3ˤĤƤϡand, or, but ȤȤ˹³ (correlative conjunction) ΰˤȤɤޤ뤳ȡnor Ʊ̤ͤ³줬Ԥ뤳Ȥ顤³ȤϤʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) ӡ#5932. but ͡ˡɤɾ뤫 --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-24-1]) ǿ줿but ˤ but what Ȥ̯ˡ롥but that ȤƤ⡤뤤 but ñΤȤƤǧˡɤ櫓 but what ȤƤ⸽롥Ūˤ that . . . not ΰդɽ路ްդ뽾°ƳˡPoutsma (793) ˲⤬롥
In good colloquial language, and even in ordinary Standard English, but what often takes the place of but that; thus in:
- I don't say but what he's as free as ever. Dick., Bleak House, Ch. XLIX, 410.
- Who knew but what he might yet be lingering in the neighbourhood? Mrs. Gask., Cranf., Ch. X, 187.
It is difficult to find a grammatical explanation of this construction. Possibly it is due to the influence of but what, often found at the head of attributive adnominal clauses, although also here there is a serious grammatical anomaly, viz. the use of what when the reference is to persons (Ch. XVI, 12), as in:
- He had no visible friends, but what had been acquired at Highbury. Jane Austen, Emma, Ch. III, 22.
- There's no Tulliver but what's honest. G. Eliot, Mill, III, Ch. IX, 243.
According to the O. E. D. (s.v. but, 30), "but what often occurs for but that in various senses and is still dial. and colloq."
what ʸˡŪ˲᤹ΤʤС°ƳεǽǵȤߤʤƤ褤Ϣơ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) ⻲ȡ
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, II. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1926.
ܸΡ֤ꡤѸ but ꡤܤ³ ((adversative) conjunction) ȸƤФ뤬⤽ܤȤϲϱѸ but Ѥɽܤ뤬㤨 A but B ȤȤA B δطܤǤȤϡ̣Τ
Ǥñ˹ͤСA B ̣ŪȿդξˡδطϵܤȤ뤫⤷ʤ̣Ū˸̩ȿդξˤϡbut ΩȤȤ߹蘆줿ɽϡܤȤ̷⡤뤤Ƶˡ (oxymoron) ȤʤäƤޤShe is rich but poor. Τ褦
äơ¿ξ硤but ˤܤɽϡ̣Ū˸̩ȿդȤŪʥȤ٤ʤΤ⤷ʤA 뤿ɬפ (presupposition) B ǤѤʤȤ A Ԥ뤳Ȥ B ΩʤȤŪʴ顤ܴطȤߤʤΤǤϤʤ
դĤĤȹͤƤԿʤʤΤǡQuirk et al. §13.32ˤäƤߤ
The use of but 13.32
But expresses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by and followed by yet. The contrast may be in the unexpectedness of what is said in the second conjoin in view of the content of the first conjoin:
John is poor, but he is happy. ['. . . and yet he is happy']
This sentence implies that his happiness is unexpected in view of his poverty. The unexpectedness depends on our presuppositions and our experience of the world. It would be reasonable to say:
John is rich, but he is happy.
if we considered wealth a source of misery.
The contrast expressed by but may also be a repudiation in positive terms of what has been said or implied by negation in the first conjoin (cf 13.42):
Jane did not waste her time before the exam, but studied hard every evening. [1]
In such cases the force of but can be emphasized by the conjunct rather or on the contrary (cf 8.137):
I am not objecting to his morals, but rather to his manners. [2]
With this meaning, but normally does not link two clauses, but two smaller constituents; for example, the conjoins are two predicates in [1] and two prepositional phrases in [2]. The conjoins cannot be regarded as formed simply by ellipsis from two full clauses, since the not in the first clause conjoin is repudiated in the second. Thus the expansion of [2] into two full clauses must be as follows:
I am not objecting to his morals, but (rather) I am objecting to his manners.
ɤߡnot A but B ɽˤƤʤ but Ѥ뤫ʬäƤA ŪǡB ϹŪǤȤȿиǤ뤳Ȥܤ³ but ɽ路Ƥ롤ȤȤʤΤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ but ͡ˡ֤δطˤĤơKruisinga ϷȤʤ1ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (II. 2, p. 433)
1514. In dealing with the meanings of the conjunction as an attempt has been made to show most of its uses as a development of its comparative sense. No such attempt has been made in the case of but because its various meanings are not connected but isolated. The result of this isolation (indeed its cause as well) is that but is not so strong and live an element of present-day English, and several of its uses tend to be restricted to literary English, i.e. they are on the road that will ultimately lead to their disappearance. This may be said of the uses in 1509, 1 and 3; 1510, 2; the use of but what may be considered dialectal by some, although it is not corrected away by editors and writers.
but ¿ͤˡ as ΤӤƤ뤬ԤϤ٤ŪǤΤΡԤϤ줬̵ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ۤ but ¿Ǥ롥Ūʴʪ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
Ϣ but ܤƤ롥ñ͡ˡˤĤơKruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) 5ˤ錄Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ط̾ŪˡˤƳˡΰ夲Ƥ롥
1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
(1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
(2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
(3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.
1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
(1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
- Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
- Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
- There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
- Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
(2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
- Justice was never done but someone complained.
- Who knows but he may hear of it?
1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)
1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
(1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
- Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
(2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
- He is not such a fool but that he can see that.
- I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.
1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
- Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
- Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
- Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)
Τ褦 but ¿ͤˡӤ丶ϤΤˡˤƤŪʸ̮ѤƤΤħŪȤ뤬̤ˤС̤ħФΤưפǤϤʤ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

ǯī㡼ɶˤơѸˤΥֺ¤˰٤٤dz֤Ƥޤǯ٤ΥΥȥ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤ1˭ˤȴߤñ夲رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤ俷رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤʤɤʸȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̥Ϥޤ
726ڡˤβϡƴνȤʤޤǽ but ܤͽǤBUTbut ιֺ¤90ʬĤΤǤ礦ޤäۤޤbut ˤޤĤϡ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤ˭ǤϤȥ꤬ʤۤɤǤ
but εȯã
but ¿͡ˡ³졤°³졤ֻ졤졤̾졤ư
"only" ̣ but ˡȯãᤰ
but θ
but
but ˤޤĤθѡʤ˴ؤ
but ħŤȤϲ
but ¾³Ȥ
but ֤פȤȤä礦ʤɡΤʤǤޤΤޤʵˡҰ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ַϡɶǤ̼֤˲ä饤֤ǽǤޤ2ָθƨۿ⤴ѤǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǻäйǤֺ¤ξܺ١ߤīΥڡɤͤΥȥꤪԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/07/23(Wed)
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ε#5928. ¿ but ([2025-07-20-1]) ³but ꡥbut ˤϡ~ơפֻ̣줪³ˡ롥ֻǤи³ΤϾŪʤǤꡤ³ǤС줬ƳǤ˱Ƴʤꤵ롤ȤΤǤ롥ϤޤˤȤɤޤꡤɬ⸽¤λȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СʸΤʤᤵƤʤǤ졤no one but me ⤢ no one but I ⤢롥ϲʤΤ
Jespersen "Preposition and Conjunction" ꤹܤҤ (§6.3) ʲˡεҤκǽʬ1Ѥ롥
6.31. A good deal of confusion arises from some words being both prepositions and conjunctions. A characteristic example is but; cf NED with examples, especially under the heads C. 3 and 4. It should, however, be noted that the confusion in the use of but is not, as said in NED, a consequence of the want of distinct case-endings in the nouns and the use of the obl. case instead of the nom. in other connexions. In my opinion, on the contrary, the existence of such two-sided words as but, etc, is one of the primary causes of mistakes of me for I or vice versa, and careless uses of the cases generally. Even in such a language as German, where the cases are generally kept neatly apart, we find such combinations as "niemand kommt mir entgegen ausser ein unverschämter" (Lessing); "wo ist ein gott ohne der herr" (Luther); "kein gott ist ohne ich," etc. See Pau, Principien4 372; In Danish similar examples abound (ingen uden jeg, etc).
If we use in one place the term preposition and in another conjunction in speaking of such words, the real meaning is that in one case the word concerned is definitely felt as part of the (main) sentence (no one but me),
ѸȾˤ褦ˡȺϡѸˤ̤̾ʶˤγʤζ̤Ūʤ褦ˤʤäȤ롥Jespersen ϤषդιͤƤƤ롥but ֻǤ⤢³Ǥ⤢Ȥ2Ū椨ˡŪʳʤκƱĹ줿ΤȤΤϤƷܤ褫褫
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
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