hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

comment_clause - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-07-29 Tue

#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ [conjunction][subordinator][syntax][word_order][interrogative_pronoun][relative_pronoun][inversion][construction][comment_clause]

ε#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) Ǽ夲³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ˤĤĴ٤ʤǡ³Ѥʳˤ⽾Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤ¿뤳ȤΤäQuirk et al. (§§11.12) 4Ĥˡ˸ڤƤ롥

(a) wh-

ܵʸطᡤʤɤƳŪˤ who/whom/whose, which, where, when, whether, how, what, why; whoever, whomever (rare), whichever, wherever, whenever, whatever, however ʤɤѤ롥ˤäƳΤʤǼ졤Ū졤졤ղøʤɤ̤̩ʰ̣ǤΡ³פȤϤʤΤΡ³ŪʵǽͭȤϤ롥

(b) ط that

³ that ȤϡŪ䤬ۤʤ롥

(c) VS

򸫤ΤᤤHad I known more, I would have refused the job. Τ褦ʸȾʬˤ֤ϡIf I had known more ȥѥե졼뤳ȤǤŪ˽ƱȤʤ롥
Sad though/as I was Τ褦Ե§ʸιʸ⡤˽स롥

(d) ʬ칽ʸ

ֽפˤ뤬The match will take place tomorrow, weather permitting. Τ褦ˡư줬Ѥ륱θ뤳ȤǤ롥

ۤˤϡƳ뽾᤬롥㤨С³Ȥơ뤤ϴطȤƤ that ϡФоάΤǡȤʤ (ex. I suppose (that) you're right) ޤɾǤϡYou're right, I suppose. Τ褦ˡŪʥޡ礯Ȥ¿

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-08-05-1]

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2024-09-17 Tue

#5622. methoughts Ƥ [3ps][impersonal_verb][verb][inflection][preterite][analogy][methinks][eebo][corpus][emode][comment_clause]

#5385. methinks ˤޤĤ̯ʸ򤤤ĤҲ ([2024-01-24-1]) ȡ#5386. Ѹ˾夭˳ʤ3ñ -s ([2024-01-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ methoughts Ȥʸˡ˾ʤȤ̯ư֤ޤʤΤ -s դȤäθǤ
ϡmethoughts νѸ EEBO corpus ȴФƤߤޤʥ󥳡󥹥饤Υƥȥեˡ10ǯߤǤΥҥåȿϡ̤Ǥ

 ALL1600s1610s1620s1630s1640s1650s1660s1670s1680s1690s
METHOUGHTS184   16618377541


15--16ˤ1⸽ʤäΤɽˤϼޤǤ17ꡤȤ櫓Ⱦʹߤʬۤ򿭤ФƤƤޤEEBO ɤΤϤޤǤǤθ18ʹߤʬۤⵤˤʤȤǤ
󥳡󥹥饤įƤȡmethoughts ϼôȤ⡤Ǥɾ (comment_clause) ȤŪѤƤ㤬¿Ȥޤʤ켫Τϡб븽߷ methinks 䤫ưפͽۤޤˡ
ޤmethoughts ζ᤯Ȥ٤ seem ⤤Ĥǧ졤ɾᤫ餵ȯŸơ٤ãƤȤ鵿ۤɤǤ

1676: methoughts she seem'd though very reserv'd, and uneasie all the time i entertain'd her
1678: methoughts my head seemed as it were diaphanous
1679: nay, they so beautiful, so fair did seem, methoughts i took and eat'em in my dream
1695: yet methoughts you seem chiefly to place this vacancy of the throne upon king iames's abdication

Ѹ˾û̿˽ä̯ʤθܤΥޤ

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2024-01-28 Sun

#5389. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ (2) [pragmatics][discourse_marker][lmode][construction_grammar][politeness][comment_clause][syntax][constructionalisation][corpus][speed_of_change]

Voicy heldio ˤ#961. ɾ if you like ֤ƤӤСꤷơѽХե졼 if you like Ϥ



¤ϻ伫Ȥ˺ƤΤˤĤƤ hellog ǡ#4593. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ ([2021-11-23-1]) ȤƼ夲ƤβεǤ⻲ȡѤ Brinton ʸɤľif you like ɽˤĤƶ̣Ū¤ΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
Brinton ŪѤ if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish त "if-ellipitical clauses" (= "if-ECs") ̾դƤ (273) ̣δ顤2 if-ECs ̤롥1ĤϾάƤŪ줬ΥƥȤŪ䤨륿פǤ ("elliptical form") 2ĤŪΥƥȤ䤦ȤϤǤäѤ᥿ŪȤѤ륿פǤ ("metalinguistic parenthetical") ƥפˤĤơBrinton (281) ˥ѥ齦ä1Ĥĵ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

1. I said no, they are copper, but if you choose, you shall have them (1763 John Routh, Violent Theft; OBP)
2. I ought to occupy the foreground of the picture; that being the hero of the piece, or (if you choose) the criminal at the bar, my body should be had into court. (1822 De Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater; CLMETEV)

choose ȤưѤǤ롥Ԥ if you choose to have them Τ褦˥ƥȤ˴ŤŪ䤦ȤǤ뤬ԤϤΤ褦ˤ䤨ʤޤǥ᥿Ū if you choose to say so ۤɤްդƤˡ
ŪˤϡԤΥפ㤬ưؤĤ18--19˽ФƤ롥ơ⤷ȤˡԤΥפ㤬θǯ100ǯۤ٤ƽФƤ롥ΤȤƤϡư줬«ˤʤäơäȻ褦ˡγĥ뤲Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Brinton (282) "Dating of if-ECs" ꤹɽǤ褦Ѹ͡ʥѥѤǯĴη̤Ǥ롥

 Earliest elliptical formEarliest metalinguistic parenthetical
if you choose17631822
if you like17231823
if you wish18191902/PDE
if you prefer18481900
if you want1677/18241934



ˤ⤷Τϡ᥿Ūˡνؤ if you choose ϡߤޤǤ˿͵򼺤äƤ뤳ȤǤ⿷ if you want ᥿ŪˡȤƤ٤Ωʤ괶ΤΤϤ¾3like, wish, prefer դΤǤ롥ư줬«ˤʤäɽˡȯŸƤȤƤ⡤ΰ괶˺ФΤϤʤʤΤȤƤⶽ̣

Brinton, Laurel J. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.

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2021-11-23 Tue

#4593. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ [pragmatics][discourse_marker][lmode][construction_grammar][politeness][comment_clause][syntax][constructionalisation]

if you like/choose/prefer/want/wish/will Ȥɽϡif you wish it to be so called ֤äƤ褱Сפۤɤΰ̣ǡȤƸǤ褯Ѥ롥Ūˤ if ѤŪ˵ƤȷӤĤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥ᥿ŪѤ롥3Ĥۤʸ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

It was, if you like, an error of judgment.
He, or She, if you prefer, could do better than that.
Music, if you will, is medicine.

Τ褦ʸŪʻȤΡif you + ư׹ʸBrinton (273) "if-EC" (= if-elliptical clause) ȸƤǤ롥ιʸȯŪѸΤȤ餷θȤ Call it cruelty if you like, not mercy. Τ褦 "call it X" ʸäΤǤϤʤƤƤ롥ʸ (constructionalisation) ǰƬ֤Brinton (290) ͤηѤ褦

In conclusion, elliptical if-ECs --- if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish --- all serve metalinguistic and politeness functions in PDE; like and prefer are particularly common in these functions. The clauses make their appearance in the LModE period. Semantically the metalinguistic meanings of if-ECs can be seen as developing from the concrete propositional meaning 'if you choose to do X'. The syntactic derivation of these clauses is problematic, however, because it is impossible to trace their origin back to bipartite (protasis-apodosis) structures where the valency of the verbs is complete. Reconstruction of the complement of the verb in the if-clause proves difficult because of the varied complement structures found historically and the rarity of such structures with metalinguistic meaning. While if-ECs in their propositional meaning typically occur with an explicit apodosis (if you want, open the window), apodoses never occur when the if-ECs function metalinguistically (it's large, even gargantuan, if you wish [*you may say so]). Despite its rather late attestation, a more plausible source for the if-EC is the 'call it X' pattern, which is inherently metalinguistic. Metalinguistic if-ECs may result from constructionalisation of the 'call it X' pattern in conjunction with explicitly metalinguistic if you V- clauses.


˴ؤιȤ٤Ǥ롥

Brinton, Laurel. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014. 271--90.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-28-1]

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2019-10-08 Tue

#3816. quotha [etymology][interjection][verb][comment_clause][subjectification][discourse_marker]

ε#3815. quoth 첻 ([2019-10-07-1]) ǡ̯ʿ򼨤ư quoth Ҳ𤷤quoth he Ȥ礬ޤäƴȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä quotha /ˈkwoʊθə/ ʤ롤äѤʸ¸ߤ롥ϤŤᤫɽѤθǷΤ򤳤Ѥ졤֤줿ޤäۤȤˡեե󡪡פۤɤ̣롥
OED quotha, int. ˤȡФϼΤ褦?1520ȤʤäƤ롥

?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Bvjv Thre course dysshes qd a.


Τ褦ˡѸǤ qd a qda ʤɤȾάɽƤ褦Ūʸ̤ḽ夫򡤤⤦󤲤Ƥ

1698 Unnatural Mother iv. 33 Hei, hei! handsom, kether! sure somebody has been rouling him in the rice.
1720 W. Congreve Love for Love v. i. 115 Sleep quotha! No, why you would not sleep o'your wedding night!
1884 R. Browning Mihrab Shah in Ferishtah's Fancies 99 Attributes, quotha? Here's poor flesh and blood.
1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 507 It's Emerson and that lot. Ragged children. Swarms, quotha.


quoth he Ȥ礬ɸ (discourse_marker) ؤȼѲ (subjectification) Ȥơ˸Ūˤ⤷ȥԥåǤ롥

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2019-01-26 Sat

#3561. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (3) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb][comment_clause]

[2019-01-24-1], [2019-01-25-1] ˰³Ƥꡥǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯ɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤƤ please ȯãνˤĤƤߤƤȯã˴ؤ2Ĥβ (1) Please (it) you that . . . ʤɤˤꡤưǤ please ʲڤΥƸɸȤȡ(2) if you please, . . . ʤɤˤꡤɽ魯° please ΩƸɸȤ⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(1) ϼᤫȯã(2) Ͻ°ᤫȯãȤȤˤʤꡤоŪʲΤ褦ˤߤ롥
Brinton (21) ⡤ɤ餫ٻ櫓ǤʤAllen θ˴ŤξŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

An early study looking at an adverbial comment clause is Allen's argument that the politeness marker please originated in the adverbial clause if you please (1995; see also Chen 1998: 25--27). Traditionally, please has been assumed to originate in the impersonal construction please it you 'may it please you' > please you > please (OED: s.v. please, adv. and int.; cf. please, v., def. 3b). Such a structure would suggest the existence of a subordinate that-clause (subject) and argue for a version of the matrix clause hypothesis. However, the OED allows that please may also be seen as a shortened form of if you please (s.v. please, adv. and int.; cf. please, v., def. 6c). Allen notes that the personal construction if/when you please does not arise through reanalysis of the impersonal if it please you; rather, the two constructions exist independently and are already clearly differentiated in Shakespeare's time. The impersonal becomes recessive and is lost, while the personal form is routinized as a polite formula and ultimately (at the beginning of the twentieth century) shortened to please.


ɸ please θϤɤʤΤ뤤ξȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤˤϡѸˤξԤζ٤ܤĴɬפꤽ

Brinton, Laurel J. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Allen, Cynthia L. "On Doing as You Please." Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Ed. Andreas H. Jucker. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995. 275--309.
Chen, Guohua. "The Degrammaticalization of Addressee-Satisfaction Conditionals in Early Modern English." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. 23--32.

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2019-01-24 Thu

#3559. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (1) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][comment_clause][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb]

ǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯졦ȤƤ please ϡǽŪˤϥݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ̤ɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤäƤ褤ȤȤϡ?Ф롤?˵פΰդưǤꡤưȤƤˡϸߤߤ줬ˤƸɸƤäΤOED please, adv. and int. θ츻ˤСƻڤȤƤ2̤꤬ͤȤ

As a request for the attention or indulgence of the hearer, probably originally short for please you (your honour, etc.) (see please v. 3b(b)), but subsequently understood as short for if you please (see please v. 6c). As a request for action, in immediate proximity to a verb in the imperative, probably shortened from the imperative or optative please followed by the to-infinitive (see please v. 6d).


ͤƻڤ1Ĥϡ;ưȤѤƤ please (it) you ʤɤޤäȤΤǤꡤ⤦1Ĥϡ;ưȤѤƤ if you please ޤäȤΤǤ롥ȤƤԤ᤯ԤԤ˴ŤΤǡ1530ǯ˽ФƤ롥;ưȤƤ please ˡϡ15˥åȥɤκȤˤäѤФΤǤ롥Τ줫ɽޤäΤŪʸɸȤƽƸΤϡOED ˤ1771ǯǤ롥

1771 P. Davies Let. 26 Sept. in F. Mason John Norton & Sons (1968) 192 Please send the inclosed to the Port office.


Ūˡ please ɽȯãΤꤹΤ񤷤ȤʤꤨɽϾ嵭2Τۤˤ⡤͡ɽäǤ롥㤨СۤƱȤ if it please you (cf. F s'il vous plaît), may it please you, so please you, please to, please it you, please you ʤɤäˡϡΤʤ뤤Ϥ٤ơˤ˵ĤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-26-1] [2019-01-25-1]

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2018-12-08 Sat

#3512. ǧưμ٤̻ŪѲ [frequency][verb][comment_clause][semantic_field]

(162) Ѹ줫鸽Ѹˤǧưμ١פɽǤ褦ɽ (p) "personal"(i) "impersonal" ˡ򼨤ʤɽϡֳƻǰ줿ưٽˤäѤ˼ΡפȤΤȤǤ롥

14th15th16th17th18th19th20th
knowesupposeknowknowthinkthinkthink
witentrustthinkthinkbelievesupposeknow
thinke (p)trowtrowfind supposeknowsuppose 
semeunderstandtrust/wotbelieveknowbelievebelieve
wenewotbelievesupposeguessguessguess
trowehopewenefancy   
thinke (i)knowsupposeguess   
understondedeme/think/weneguesstrust   
demedeme     
menedoubt     
trustbelieve     
hopeguess     
gessen      
leve      
undertake      
suppose      
beleven      


̻ŪʷȤƤϡǧʽp. 162--63ˡ

1. think know Ӥ¿ȤƤ롥
2. suppose 15ˤϺǤ¿Ȥ줿θƤ18ʹߤ¿ʤäƤä
3. believe Ѹ (Chaucer)15ˤϤۤȤɻȤʤä17ʹ¿Ȥ褦ˤʤä
4. guess ϰӤƤۤ¿Ϥʤ
5. witen, wene, wot 17򶭤˻Ȥʤʤä
6. trowe 17򶭤˻ȤʤʤäޤưϤۤȤ as ? ηǻȤ줿
7. ɽˤϤϤäȤɽƤʤfancy ϸѸǤϻȤʤʤä


(170) ϡư̻Ū򡤰̣ (semantic_field) 붥Ȱ֤ŤƤ롥

witan, wene ο think 礬طޤ know η̤Ǥ⤢ȹͤ롥Fancy 17餷Ф餯ȤƤ20ȡepistemic phrase ȤƻȤʤʤäΤϡimagine ʤɤưɤ줿ꡤ뤤Ϥθ켫Ȥ¾ˡfancy restaurant Τ褦̾졤ƻŪˡˤȯãǤȹͤ롥դ˶طݤƤΤϡƱΤʬԤäƤꡤΥХ󥹤ξ˵ǽƤ뤫ȹͤ롥Think, believe, suppose, know, guess comment cl ϤΤ褦ʬ줿֤ˤƵǽƤ뤫Ǥ


ǧưȤ٤ηȤäƤ⡤̻Ū˼٤ɤäƤߤ뤳Ȥạ̇̄ξζȤʥߥåʸݤѻ뤳Ȥ˴

¼8ϡComment clause ΤޤȤסComment Clause λŪ桡εǽȯãٽ ¼ԡˡĬҥե˥å2010ǯ161--72ǡ

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