Voicy heldio ˤ#961. ɾ if you like ֤ƤӤСꤷơѽХե졼 if you like Ϥ
¤ϻ伫Ȥ˺ƤΤˤĤƤ hellog ǡ#4593. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ ([2021-11-23-1]) ȤƼ夲ƤβεǤ⻲ȡѤ Brinton ʸɤľif you like ɽˤĤƶ̣Ū¤ΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
Brinton ŪѤ if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish त "if-ellipitical clauses" (= "if-ECs") ̾դƤ (273) ̣δ顤2 if-ECs ̤롥1ĤϾάƤŪ줬ΥƥȤŪ䤨륿פǤ ("elliptical form") 2ĤŪΥƥȤ䤦ȤϤǤäѤŪȤѤ륿פǤ ("metalinguistic parenthetical") ƥפˤĤơBrinton (281) ˥ѥ齦ä1ĤĵƤߤ褦
1. I said no, they are copper, but if you choose, you shall have them (1763 John Routh, Violent Theft; OBP)
2. I ought to occupy the foreground of the picture; that being the hero of the piece, or (if you choose) the criminal at the bar, my body should be had into court. (1822 De Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater; CLMETEV)
choose ȤưѤǤ롥Ԥ if you choose to have them Τ褦˥ƥȤ˴ŤŪ䤦ȤǤ뤬ԤϤΤ褦ˤ䤨ʤޤǥŪ if you choose to say so ۤɤްդƤˡ
ŪˤϡԤΥפ㤬ưؤĤ18--19˽ФƤ롥ơ⤷ȤˡԤΥפ㤬θǯ100ǯۤ٤ƽФƤ롥ΤȤƤϡư줬«ˤʤäơäȻ褦ˡγĥ뤲Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Brinton (282) "Dating of if-ECs" ꤹɽǤ褦Ѹ͡ʥѥѤǯĴη̤Ǥ롥
| Earliest elliptical form | Earliest metalinguistic parenthetical | |
| if you choose | 1763 | 1822 |
| if you like | 1723 | 1823 |
| if you wish | 1819 | 1902/PDE |
| if you prefer | 1848 | 1900 |
| if you want | 1677/1824 | 1934 |
ˤ⤷ΤϡŪˡνؤ if you choose ϡߤޤǤ˿͵äƤ뤳ȤǤ⿷ if you want ŪˡȤƤ٤Ωʤ괶ΤΤϤ¾3like, wish, prefer դΤǤ롥ư줬«ˤʤäɽˡȯŸƤȤƤ⡤ΰ괶˺ФΤϤʤʤΤȤƤⶽ̣
Brinton, Laurel J. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
tautology ȿȡȥˤϡޤäƽ (rhetoric) ѸȤȯŸƤꥷ tautó (the same) + lógos (word) ˵ƥФơ16ȾФ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ʲؿѸؼŵ٤ tautology ιܤ˽äƳͿ롥
ؤǤϾˡ (pleonasm) ŸƱѤ (cf. #2191. ȥåΤޤȤ ([2015-04-27-1]))㤨 a philatelist who collects stamps, These words come out successively one after another., Will you repeat that again? तɽ#3907. ѸνŸ ([2020-01-07-1]) 㤬Ƥ뤬ۤŪǴŪʸˡȤȤǤ⤢롥
tautology ιʸŵ "A is A." ȤǤ롥̣ˤС쳵ǰΤʤˤǤ˽Ҹ쳵ǰޤޤƤޤäƤ뤿ˡդʤȤˤʤꡤθ¤ˤʸϡ̵̣פȤʤ롥̤γ٤餤Сιʸϰ̣Ū˾˿Ȥʤ롥"A is A." Τۤ Philatelists collect stamps., The man who won won., Lynda loves the boy she loves. Τ褦ʹʸ⤢롥ʬʸ (analytic sentence) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥
tautology ϰ̣Ūˤо嵭̵̤̣פŪˤɬ̵̣ǤϤʤष˭ʴްդ߽ФȤ롥Philatelists collect stamps. ξ硤philatelist ڼȡˤŪñǤꡤñΰ̣뤿ˡʸȯƤǽ롥ޤThe man who won won. ˤĤƤϡϤ餫տޤȯƤΤ⤷ʤ
Ǥϡtautology Grice ζĴθ (cooperative_principle) ΤȤ뤳Ȥ¿tautology ȯüԤĴθưȿ褦ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȽǤΤǤСʹϤ tautology ˱줿̣տޤФȤƲ餫δްդ߽ФΤǤ롥
tautology ϰ̣Ūˤ̵̣ǤäƤŪˤϤФ̣ͭȤʤ롥ԻĤtautology ǧθؤܤʤ
Ϣơ#1122. Ĵθ ([2012-05-23-1])#1133. Ĵθι ([2012-06-03-1])#1134. ĴθˤȤ ([2012-06-04-1]) ȡ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
if you like/choose/prefer/want/wish/will Ȥɽϡif you wish it to be so called ֤äƤ褱Сפۤɤΰ̣ǡȤƸǤ褯Ѥ롥Ūˤ if ѤŪ˵ƤȷӤĤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥŪѤ롥3ĤۤʸƤߤ褦
It was, if you like, an error of judgment.
He, or She, if you prefer, could do better than that.
Music, if you will, is medicine.
Τ褦ʸŪʻȤΡif you + ưʸBrinton (273) "if-EC" (= if-elliptical clause) ȸƤǤ롥ιʸȯŪѸΤȤ餷θȤ Call it cruelty if you like, not mercy. Τ褦 "call it X" ʸäΤǤϤʤƤƤ롥ʸ (constructionalisation) ǰƬ֤Brinton (290) ͤηѤ褦
In conclusion, elliptical if-ECs --- if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish --- all serve metalinguistic and politeness functions in PDE; like and prefer are particularly common in these functions. The clauses make their appearance in the LModE period. Semantically the metalinguistic meanings of if-ECs can be seen as developing from the concrete propositional meaning 'if you choose to do X'. The syntactic derivation of these clauses is problematic, however, because it is impossible to trace their origin back to bipartite (protasis-apodosis) structures where the valency of the verbs is complete. Reconstruction of the complement of the verb in the if-clause proves difficult because of the varied complement structures found historically and the rarity of such structures with metalinguistic meaning. While if-ECs in their propositional meaning typically occur with an explicit apodosis (if you want, open the window), apodoses never occur when the if-ECs function metalinguistically (it's large, even gargantuan, if you wish [*you may say so]). Despite its rather late attestation, a more plausible source for the if-EC is the 'call it X' pattern, which is inherently metalinguistic. Metalinguistic if-ECs may result from constructionalisation of the 'call it X' pattern in conjunction with explicitly metalinguistic if you V- clauses.
˴ؤιȤ٤Ǥ롥
Brinton, Laurel. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014. 271--90.
ѸˤѲθˤơˡư (modal verb) ȯãϡȤ櫓ʸˡ (generative_grammar) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ʤɤŪʴܤƤűѸ䤽¸ߤư (preterite-present_verb) üȯѸˤʸˡ̤ƳƼˡư줬ޤ졤ƶḽѸ˻äƤưȾΤ֤³Ƥ롥ȤܤʸˡʹԤƤѸ줫ѸˤƤޤ©ĹѲǤ롥ܥ֥ǤϰʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
#1670. ˡưȯã V-to-I movement ([2013-11-22-1])
#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1])
#3528. ˡưŤͤ줿 ([2018-12-24-1])
#64. ˡưʤ³ȡ ([2009-07-01-1])
ǽ2Ĥεǿ줿褦ˡLightfoot ˤȡ¿ˡưû֤β16ޤǤ˴λƤȤθˤϰ롥Bergs (1640--41) ˤСषˡưϻŪ˥ХХȯãƤ뤷ˡưŪʽħƤ˳줿櫓ǤʤäȤΤ
Ū˥ХХȯãˤĤơBergs ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥ˡư첽ȤʤäΤϡ餯 motan, magan Ǥ롥ξԤȤˤǤ˸űѸˡưŪħƤˡѸ cunnan Ѹ willan ȯã should, would, could, might ơХХλˡư첽Ƥꡤб븽߷ᤫä⤢롥ˡˡư첽βˤƿη֤¸Ƥ "layering" λ¤ǧƤ롥Ĥޤꡤ٤ƤˤäʹԤƤȤ櫓
ޤˡưŪʽħƤ˳줿櫓ǤϤʤȤˤĤƤ⡤Bergs ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥ľŪʤȤˡưħϡȤˤΤǤϤʤޤǽ˳ƤΤǤ롥ޤŪ̵ޤȤħˤĤƤƱ͡
Bergs ϡˡư첽ʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) ȤߤǤȤ館褦ȤƤ롥ʸʸˡϡηϤʸ֤ΥͥåȥȤȤ館ѲΥͥåȥѲȤȤ館롥äơˡư첽ȤѲϡưηǽŪħޤǤ¾ιʸȤδؤѲͥåȥȤؤԤʤäȤȤˤۤʤʤơΥͥåȥȤؤϡޤǽˤäȵäΤǤ⤯
ˡưȯãϡʸˡŵȤƾҲ𤵤뤳Ȥ¿ʸʸˡȤߤˤäƤϾ嵭Τ褦ʸ (constructionalization) ŵȤƲᤵΤǤ롥
Lightfoot, David W. "Cuing a New Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 24--44.
Bergs, Alexander. "New Perspectives, Theories and Methods: Construction Grammar." Chapter 103 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1631--46.
what with ʸ˴ؤʸɤȥ "the what with construction" 顤Ƥä#806. what with A and what with B ([2011-07-12-1]) ιʸΤȤȻפǤΤɤǤߤ餽ǤϤʤä䡤ιʸȤ̵طǤϤʤΤäʸŪްդäȯãƤʸȤȤǤ롥ʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸαĹˤ롤ŪޥʡʹʸʸϡˤĤƹʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) 乽ʸ (constructionalization) δͻƤ롥
ޤʸƤߤ褦Trousdale (579--80) Ƹ롥
(8)
a. What with the gown, the limos, and all the rest, you're probably looking at about a hundred grand.
(2009 Diane Mott Davidson, Fatally Flaky; COCA)
b. In retrospect I realize I should have known that was a bad sign, what with the Raven Mockers being set loose and all.
(2009 Kristin Cast, Hunted; COCA)
c. But of course, to be fair to the girl, she wasn't herself at the Deanery, what with thinking of how Lord Hawtry's good eye had darkened when she refused his hand in marriage.
(2009 Dorothy Cannell, She Shoots to Conquer; COCA)
d. The bed was big and lonesome what with Dimmert gone.
(2009 Jan Watson, Sweetwater Run; COCA)
e. The Deloche woman was going to have one heck of a time getting rid of the place, what with the economy the way it was in Florida.
(2009 Eimilie Richards, Happiness Key; COCA)
(b)--(d) ʸˤĤƤϡ what with θˡ̣μ줬äʤäꤹ뤬 ing en ³Ȥǡʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸ롥ɽŪˤСʬ칽ʸƬ with ǤϤʤ what with ȤŪɸĤ褦ʹʸ
Trousdale (580) ˤСwhat with ʸˤϼΤ褦ʰ̣ŪŪԸǻŦƤ (Trousdale 580)
- the 'causality' function of what with is not restricted to absolutes; what with also occurs in prepositional phrases (e.g. (8a) above) and gerundive clauses (e.g. (8c) above).
- what with patterns occur in a particular pragmatic context, namely "if the matrix proposition denotes some non-event or negative state, or, more generally, some proposition which has certain negative implications (at least from the view of the speaker)".
- what with patterns typically appear with coordinated lists of 'reasons', or with general extenders such as and all in (8b) above.
ιʸϥޥʡʤ⡤ʤˤȤäϸѸ˸ȤTrousdale (587) ˤ Gower Confessio Amantis 㤬Ƥ롥˿帻ܻؤС what ˡֻ for with ǤϤʤΤΡˤȤ12 Lambeth Homilies ˸Ȥfor with Ǥʤ because of, between, by, from, in case (of), of, though ʤɤȤڥȤǤ褦ǡʤȤԻĤ what ˡǤ롥
Τ褦ˤϸŤwhat with θ̾ʳ͡ʥѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤϡѸˤʤäƤǤŪʸȸȤǤ롥
Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.
θ礭2ĤʬȤС챿 (linguistic performance) Ż뤹ɤȸǽ (linguistic competence) Ż뤹ɤ2ĤȤʤ챿ѤȸǽϤΩϡѥ (parole) ȥ (langue) ΩȤäƤ褤E-Language I-Language ΩȤäƤ褤ɤ˱ѸȤۤʤ뤬褽褦ʤΤǤ롥
챿ѤŻ뤹ɤϡʸˡ (grammaticalisation theory) 乽ʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) ɽǧθ (cognitive_linguistics) Ǥ롥ǽϤ˽Ť¦ɽʸˡ (generative_grammar) Ǥ롥ξɤθѤ͡¦̤180ٰۤʤꡤԤΩƤȤäƤ褤Fischer et al. (32) ɽѤΩ⤫Ӿ夬餻Ƥߤ褦
| EMPHASIS ON PERFORMANCE/LANGUAGE OUTPUT | EMPHASIS ON COMPETENCE/LANGUAGE SYSTEM | |
|---|---|---|
| (a) | product-oriented | process-oriented |
| (b) | emphasis on function (in CxG also form) | emphasis on form |
| (c) | locus of change: language use | locus of change: language acquisition |
| (d) | equality of levels | centrality (autonomy) of syntax |
| (e) | gradual change | radical change |
| (f) | heuristic tendencies | fixed principles |
| (g) | fuzzy categories/schemas | discrete categories/rules |
| (h) | contiguity with cognition | innateness of grammar |
ʸʸˡǤʸŪ¿ (constructional polysemy) Ȥͤ롥Ʊιʸۤʤ뤱ɤطʣΰ̣ȷӤĤƤؤ濴Ūʰ̣ηỤ̄зʤ¿ (polysemy) ƤȤªʸʸˡˤץȥ (prototype) ˤۤʤʤ
S V O1 O2 ȤŪ칽ʸ¿ˤȤ濴Ụ̄ϡgive ιʸɽ褦ˡS (= agent) O1 (= recipient) O2 (= patient) ǽưŪ˼褯ư뤳ȤǤ롥濴Ụ̄ȤƤϡpatient ˶ŪʪꤵƤ뤬ŪسȤ teach Τ褦ư줬˲äʲ濴Ụ̄ Goldberg (38) οޤˤ꼨

濴Ụ̄¿¤ưΩΤüԤε̳ͿΤݾڡס«פʤɤ̣뺸BǤ롥षưΩʤȤȡֵݡפ̣뱦CȤʤ롥ư̤λǵ뤳ȤȤˤϡD롥ޤưֵפΤǤϤʤֲǽˤפȼ㴳ȡֵġפɽ魯E롥Ǹˡưΰտޤްդˤϡ¦FΤ褦ưιʸ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸ΰ̣Ǥʤʸΰ̣⡤ץȥˤä濴ŪʤΤŪʤΤؤƤ̤ȤƶŪ¿ӤӤ褦ˤʤȤΤconstructional polysemy ΥݥȤǤ롥
Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.
ε#3523. ʸʸˡˤ빽ʸȤϡ ([2018-12-19-1]) ǡʸʸˡħ1ĵʸʸˡϡäʸˡΤ˰ۤʤΤȤƤȤ館ʤȤѤΩġι¤ι¤ǤϳΤʣϰۤʤΤΡȵǽڥñ̤Ǥǰ㤤ϤʤȹͤΤǤ롥
ʸʸˡθѤȤơۤˤħŪʤȤ롥1Ĥϡ̣ȸΤΤʶʬߤʤȤȤ̣ŪʾϡꡤѰȤäŪʾȤȤɽƤȤΩȤ롥
ʸʸˡκҤȤĤħϡ츫ȰճʤȤˡʸˡˡŪ (generative) ΩȤäƤ뤳ȤŪפȤϡʸˡŪ˵Ƥ̵¤ɽ褦ȤǡƤʤ̵¤ɽӽ褦ȤƤ뤳ȤؤʸˡΤ褦ˡѷŪ (transformational) ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥졦̣Ūʷ顤餫ѷФɽؤη߽ФȤꤷƤʤ
餫ˡʸʸˡʸˡǤϤʤǧʸˡΩΤ褦˸뤬#3511. 20γƸɤ˥ץåȤ ([2018-12-07-1]) οޤǤߤ褦ˡˤ⽽ʬʤƤǤŪʸˡȤ⤤ܤƤʸˡХŪʰּˤ뤳Ȥ̥ŪʤΤ⤷ʤ
Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.
ʸʸˡ (Construction Grammar) ˤʸ (construction) Ȥϡ¾γɤ̤Ǥ빽ʸȤϰۤʤäγǰѸǤ롥Goldberg (4) ˤСΤ褦롥
C is a CONSTRUCTION iffdef C is a form-meaning pair <Fi, Si> such that some aspect of Fi or some aspect of Si is not strictly predictable from C's component parts or from other previously established constructions.
Goldberg (4) ϼΤ褦³롥
Constructions are taken to be the basic units of language. Phrasal patterns are considered constructions if something about their form or meaning is not strictly predictable from the properties of their component parts or from other constructions. That is, a construction is posited in the grammar if it can be shown that its meaning and/or its form is not compositionally derived from other constructions existing in the language . . . .
פˡȵǽˤơθδ¸νǤŪƤȤߤʤʤС٤ƹʸǤȤȤˤʤ롥ȤȤϡGoldberg (4) ³褦ˡΤ褦ʷ˵夹롥
In addition, expanding the pretheoretical notion of construction somewhat, morphemes are clear instances of constructions in that they are pairings of meaning and form that are not predictable from anything else . . . . It is a consequence of this definition that the lexicon is not neatly differentiated from the rest of grammar.
ˤСǤ⡤Ǥιʤ¿⡤Τ˳ƹǤ餽η䵡ǽͽ¬ǤʤΤ顤ʸȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦˹ʸʸˡħ1ĤϡʸˡʤɤȰۤʤꡤ (lexicon) ʸˡ (grammar) Τʬʤˤ롥
Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.
2֤ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1])#3518. ȵʸζᤵ ([2018-12-14-1]) ǡỤ̄Ūʴֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פõäƤ֤ˡ⤦1ġִòפȤɤ⻲ä
òʸǤϡʸŵŪ˵ V + S θ礬ФкѤ롥Jespersen (499) ʸ褦
Sh Merch II. 2. 106 Lord, how art thou chang'd
Sh Merch II. 3.16 Alacke, what heinous sinne is it in me To be ashamed to be my Fathers childe
BJo 3.133 what a vile wretch was I
Farquhar B 321 What a rogue is my father!
Defoe G 44 what fool must he be now that they have given him a place!
Goldsm 658 What a fool was I, to think a young man could learn modesty by travelling
Macaulay H 2.209 What a generation of vipers do we live among!
Thack N 180 What a festival is that day to her | What (how great) was my surprise when they were engaged!
Bennett C 2.12 What a night, isn't it?
ǸʸǤղõ䤬ĤƤ뤬ʤɤϤޤ˴òʸȵʸͻȤ⤤٤òȵ䤬蘆ä#2258. òʸ ([2015-07-03-1]) 㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
ޤòȴ˾ߤ˶ᤷȤפʤmay ʸ V + S Τ⡤ò V + S Ȳ餫δط뤫餫⤷ʤ
may ʸȴϢơJespersen (502) ˡDickinson, European Anarchy 74 ζ̣ʸäΤǵƤ
"The war may come", says one party. "Yes", says the other; and secretly mutters, "May the war come!"
[ | ѥڡ ]
may ϡʸŵŪ V + S ˾䴶òΤ˥ꥯ롼ȤȹͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1]) ǡV + S ξưŵŪ³ˡˤȯãˤĤƼꤢѸǺǤ̤ V + S θȤΤϵʸǤ롥Ȥȡȵʸδ֤˲餫ΤʤΤȤ䤬ͯˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦
ȵʸϡΤ˶ᤤطˤ롥ޤܵƳ³ if Ѥ뤳ȤפHe asked if I liked Chinese food. ϻȿҤͤפ Let me know if she is coming 뤫Τ餻ƤפʤɡԤǤ if ?ɤפ̾ƳΤ?ʤСפƳΤʸ̮˱ưۤʤȤξŪޤˤξ־פȡֵפȤʤΤǤ롥ܸ˸뷸֤פ⡤ŵŪ˵ɽ魯Ȥա
̣Ū뤤ŪˤС⵿ʸ "nonassertive" ǤȤǶ̤Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤ̿ˤĤꤷƤʤȤȤǤ롥̿Ȥ̤βǽްդȤǡ"alternative possible worlds" ȤƤȸƤ褤ξԤۤʤΤϡϤǤϲȯù٤ˤʤʤʸǤϤǡֵ䡦פȤȯù٤Ȥʤ뤳ȤĤǤˤСִ˾פ̿ɽ魯֤ޤäƤʤȤȤΤ nonassertion Τ⤦1ĤŵǤ롥may ʸʤɤñȤǡִ˾פȯù٤Ȥʤǵʸȶ̤롥
Τ褦˹ͤƤȡʤʸƱͤ V + S θȤΤܤʤξԤƤΤǤϤʤεǤ⼨̤ꡤֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פȤɤϸߤ˥Ƥ褦
(non)assertion ˤĤƤϡ#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) ([2011-03-07-1])#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) ([2011-03-08-1])#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) ([2011-12-03-1]) εȤ줿
Leuschner, Torsten and Daan Van den Nest. "Asynchronous Grammaticalization: V1-Conditionals in Present-Day English and German." Languages in Contrast 15 (2015): 34--63.
Ѹˤϡɽ魯Τ if Ѥˡư֤Ѥ빽ʸ롥ʸ褦
Were I to take over my father's business, I would make a drastic reform.
Had World War II ended two years earlier, how many lives would have been saved!
Should anything happen to him, call me at once.
ѸǤϡwere, should, had ǻϤޤΤ˸ꤵƤꡤ̣ŪˤȿŪ˶Ƥ뤬ĤƤϵʸηƱͤ˰̤ư줬֤뤳Ȥ⤢äΩŪˤѤ줿Leuschner and Nest (2) ꡤűѸѸ줫褦
Fulga nu se mete ðære wambe willan, & sio wamb ðæs metes, ðonne towyrpð God ægðer. (YCOE: Cura Pastoralis, late 9th cent.)
"If the food now follow.SUBJ the will of the belly and the belly that of the food, God annihilates both."
Do þu hit eanes awei; ne schalt tu neauer nan oðer swuch acourin. (PPCME2: Hali Meidhad, c. 1225)
"If you get rid of it once, you will never (re)gain anything like it."
Deceyueth me the foxe / so haue I ylle lerned my casus (PPCME2: Caxton's History of Reynard the Fox, 1481)
"If the fox deceives me, I have learned my lesson badly."
ǽ2Ĥʸˤơ֤Ƥư³ˡηǤ롥
ʤɽ魯Τ֤ΤȤˤĤƤϡJespersen (373--74) ֵʸҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
A condition is very often denoted by a clause without any conjunction, but containing a verb placed before its subject. This construction, which is found in all the Gothonic language, is often explained from a question with implied positive answer: Will you come? [Yes, then] we can start at once.---A clear instance of this is AV 1. Cor. 7.27 Art thou bound vnto a wife? seeke not to bee loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? seeke not a wife.
Jespersen (374) ϡֵʸǤʤȤͤƤꡤ³ơ³ˡȤƤˡβǽˤڤƤ롥
But interrogative sentences, though undoubtedly explaining much, are not the only sources of our construction. Pretty frequently we find a subjunctive used in such a way that it cannot have arisen from a question, but must be due to a main sentence expressing a desire, permission, or the like: AR 164 uor beo hit enes tobroken, ibet ne bið hit neuer | Towneley 171 Gett I those land lepars, I breke ilka bone | Sh Merch III. 2.61 Liue thou, I liue with much more dismay | Cymb IV. 3.30 come more, for more you're ready | John III. 3.31 and creep the time nere so slow, Yet it shall come, for me to doe these good.
ֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פȤɤ餫ηǸߤ˷ӤĤƤȤФ롥VS ȯãϡǶ夲Ƥ may ȯãˤꤲƤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. #3515. Ѹεʸ2 [2018-12-11-1]#3516. ˡ may Ʊ ([2018-12-12-1]))
Leuschner, Torsten and Daan Van den Nest. "Asynchronous Grammaticalization: V1-Conditionals in Present-Day English and German." Languages in Contrast 15 (2015): 34--63.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
ε#3515. Ѹεʸ2 ([2018-12-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸε깽ʸˤϡˡѤΤ may ѤΤ2郎¸ߤ롥ŪˤԤΤۤŤʸŪ귿ŪȤħͭƤꡤƱʸ̮ǤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ȤСMay they get home safely, Heaven help us! Τ褦ʻ㤬롥ۤξ깽ʸƱ路Ƥ㤬ٹ (159fn) ˵Ƥ롥
God help her; May God help her!---Trollope;
Long life to them both! May Edward the Atheling reign, but Harold the Earl rule!--Lord Lytton.
2ĤǡٹϡȾ Harold the Earl rule! ˡȲᤷƤ褦may η֤ȤŪǽ⤷ǤƱλȤƵΤϤդ路ʤȤˤʤ뤬 "May SV, but SV!" Ȥ¤̤γ٤ߤС³줿2ĤβˡƬ may ΩäƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤmay ϡŪ˿षƤˡεǽ䶯뤿Ƭդ줿ɸ (optative marker) Ǥª뤳ȤǤϡʸ1Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ǼĤˤ "It is . . . that . . . ." ηʬʸ (cleft sentence)붯ĴʸˤˤĤƼ䤬줿ˤĤơʲΤ褦ơ˲
ʬʸʤ붯ĴʸˤȯŸ䡤Ǵ֤ŪפοܤˤĤƤϡʣʷаޤȼ⤬ꡤǤǤޤΤϸűѸ줫餢ꡤˤ it Τߤʤ餺 that 䥼ѤƤޤѸˤʬʸȤݤŪʴˤ餺̻ŪʴʬϤΤǤСthat ϴطǤꡤit ϤԻǤȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ"It is father that did it." ȤʸǤС֤٤ȤΤΡǤפȤȤˤʤޤͤǤʤ it ѤΤ̯ʴϤޤ"Who is it?" it ʤɤǤȻפޤʸűѸǤƱǤˡȤ "It is I that am wrong." ˤߤ褦ˡthat ԻʸƬ It ǤϤʤľ I Ǥ뤫Τ褦ʰפ˻ޤʾ塤ޤơβǤ
ˤĤơٹ (245--46) Τ褦Ƥ롥
դѤ줿 It is... μط̾줬ʤǤȤνʸˤư It is I that am wrong. Τ褦ˤФȿ;οǰפ롥ȤС
It is you who make dress pretty, and not dress that makes you pretty.---Eliot
But it's backwaters that make the main stream. ---Galsworthy.
It is not I that bleed---Binyon.
ϺɤʸˡȤǤ⡤餯ȿФΤϤʤǤ that Ի餫 It Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰˡԤʤ뤫ȤСάIt ʸˡη that ԻǤϤ뤱ɤ⡤ٸԤǾˤϤäƤߤСϷ褷Ƽ˴ޤޤư⤷Ͼ֤ʤɤμ礿ΤΤǤϤʤʤ It is I that am wrong. ȸȤԤǾˤ¤ I am wrong. ˤۤʤʤǤ롥
ٹ p. 246 ǡե "Nous, nous n'avons pas dit cela." "Ce n'est pas nous qui avons dit cela." 2ĤζĴηˤƤ⡤嵭ƱȤȤƤ롥Ϣơ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) ȡ
βκǸ˽Ҥ٤ȤϡˤβŪפͼѲƤȤȤǤ롥̤δߤС衤ŪʷȤƽȯΤĴȤŪŪôʤȤȯãη̤ȤơŪפͼѲˤ餵줿ΤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤٹμĥʸˤƷ֤СüԤƬˤ did it ʤ٤ˤΤ餫 father ˤȤǰ뤷wrong ʴְäƤˤΤ餫 I ȤǰϤǤ롥椨ˡδǰ¨Ūפ褦ˤʤäΤơѸޤǤˡΰפͼŪʷΤΤŪʵǽ̤¤ȤƳΩƤΤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ ([2014-09-19-1]) κǸDzʤĤäˡʸˡŪή졤drift ΰȤƤǤϤʤѲư붦ŪϤȤƤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤפȤΤäĴ٤ƤߤȡʸˡӸݤʤΤ뤤Ϥ켫ȤưϸʤΤȤϡºݡʸˡθԤδ֤Ǥ褯ƤǤ뤳Ȥ狼äϴϢʸˡθưäˤΰΰȯŸȳˤĤơTraugott εҤ˰͵Ƴ⤷
ʸˡϡ30;ǯۤɤƸؤ礭ʥɤȤĹƤ礭ͤ2Ĥ롥1Ĥ "reduction and increased dependency" Ȥߤ븫Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤष "the expansion of various kinds" Ȥߤ븫Ǥ롥ξԤȤˡ̣ȲѲʸˡѲΩĤĤⲿ餫ηǴؤäƤȤߤƤ롤ä˷ŪѲȤδطɤȤ館뤫ˤäΩ줬ʬƤ롥
Ūˤϡʸˡ "reduction and increased dependency" ȤߤƤ̣ɺ (semantic bleaching) Ȳθ (reduction) åȤˤʤäȤǡ"unidirectionality from more to less complex structure, from more to less lexical, contentful status" (Traugott 273) Ȥθĥ롥θ Givón "Today's morphology is yesterday's syntax." ΰ⤤ŵŪ˽Ƥ뤬˰̲ǡΤ褦ʰΥǥƤƤ롥ǤϡΧ (autonomy) ¾Ǥؤν° (dependency) ٹ礤ʤ顤ĤˤϾäƤޤȤʸˡΥ饤ե뤬ɽƤ롥
discourse > syntax > morphology > morphphonemics > zero
θϡ1990ǯȾаʹߡ¿Ƚˤ餵뤳ȤˤʤäǤϤʤޤӸݤȤߤ븫ΨŪʷˤʤȤ븫Ф졤ȤȤˡæʸˡ (degrammaticalisation) ָò (lexicalisation) ʤɤΩǰŦ褦ˤʤäȿΰĤȤæʸˡȤϲòȤϲȤɵ椵褦ˤʤꡤʸˡȤޤΥեɤϳ礷Ƥä
ʸˡΤ⤦1Ĥθϡreduction ǤϤʤष expansion ǤȤΤʸˡܤ줿ϡƤޤˤäɽ줿ꡤˡʡʤɤ˴ؤΤäܤܤ³ɸʤɤܤȡʸˡȤϤष¤ŪʳĥǤŬϰϤγǤϤʤȤפƤ롥㤨Сؼ줬괧ؤʸˡ뤳Ȥˤꡤͭ̾ˤ³褦ˤʤꡤŬϰϤ̤Ȥʤäʸˡ̣ΰ̲ݲǤ뤳ȤͤСŬϰϤȤϼǤ롥 (productivity) γȸƤ褤ܸΡ֤Ȥǡפξɽɸؤȯãʤɤ "reduction and increased dependency" Ȥª줺ष autonomy ͭƤȤͤ롥ˤơʸˡϸѲ (pragmaticalisation) βȤӤĤ褦ˤʤä
ʸˡ2ĤθҲ𤷤ǯǤʸˡϿäơʤȯŸȳ뤲Ƥ롥㤨С1990ǯιʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) оˤꡤʸˡθǤ̣ȷ֤ΥڥռʬϤܤ褦ˤʤä㤨Сñפ A lot of fans is for sale. ʣפ A lot of fans are for sale. ؤѲ A lot of our problems are psychological. Τ褦ɽƤΤߤȡʸˡȤȤΰʬϤȤ狼롥ۤˡgive an answer make a promise ʤɤΡַڤư괧ܹ̾פʣ⡤ʸʸˡʸˡδ뤳ȤǤ
ʸˡΰˤĤƤˤʤäƤ̤ϡȤͶƳ (invited inference) ŦƤ롥ޤ (analogy) ʬ (reanalysis) Τ褦ʸŤǰФƤ⡤ʸˡΰ⡤ưŤᥫ˥Ȥ顤ƲλߤʤƤƤ롥ȤΤϡʸˡȤϰʬϤǤȤͤ졤ʬϤȤϴ¸ι¤ȤȤ٤ʤƤʤΤȹͤ뤫ǡΥǥȤʸˡꤹȡŬ (Optimality Theory) ˤʬϤȤƤ롥ܿʬϡʸˡμѤȤⰷ褦ˤʤäƤ
ʸˡΰϸ¤ʤȤäƤƤ롥
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Grammaticalization." Chapter 15 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 271--85.
ʸʸˡ (construction grammar) ϡλȾδ֤ȯŸƤǧθؤ˴ŤʸˡǤ롥Lakoff, Fillmore, Goldberg, Kay ʤɤˤäƤ
ʸȤªΤΤϡˤĹ롥¤ؤǤ뤵Ƥήʸפιͤ⡤ض̤ƹΤƤ롥ʸˡоˤꡤιʸʸв졤ŪӸݤȤư褦ˤʤä
1970ǯȾǧθؤˤꡤʸñ˷ŪʴǤϤʤǽỤ̄Ūʴ饢ץ褦ˤʤäιʸϡع¤ΤǤϤʤ켫Ȥλʤˤΰ̣ľܹñ̤ǤȤͤ㤨СMe write a novel?! Ȥ츫˳Ūʹʸϡ켫ΤȼαΧʼȽ徺ĴΥȥ͡ӤӤˤȼ֤פްդ롥ޤThere's the bell! Τ褦ʹʸϡͺؤ夲ưȤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿γФľפɽ魯ȤäʸʸˡǤϡʸΤΤ̣ѡΧʤɤꤷƤª롥
ʸ̣ʤɤꤷƤȤäƤ⡤εζѰۤ롥㤨СIs A B? ιʸŵŪ˼ȯù٤ɽ魯Is that a fact? ϡ̾ǤϤʤüԤζäɽ魯ʤŪȯù (indirect speech_act) Τ褦ˡʸʸˡϡʸȤΰ̣δطץȥŪ˹ͤɬפȼĥ롥ޤ귿ʸȤʤȡΤʤθ¾ΤΤ˸Ǥʤʤʤɡ̣ŪŪͻ̤Τʤʤ륱⤢롥㤨СThanks a lot, Thanks a million ȯŸ Thanks a billion ϲǽ*Thanks a hundred ԲǽȤʤ롥day in day out, month in month out ϲĤminute in minute out century in century out ԲĤǤ롤 (Taylor 225--28)
ʸʸˡϾ嵭Τ褦ʸˡؤΥꥢȤƤǯǤʸˡ¦ǤʸʸˡȿΤȿʬʤɤȯŸƤƤ롥ʸħˤʤäƤȤ
ʸʸˡȤߤ BNC ʸ˹ʸդǡ١http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/ ǸƤꡤΥեꥢǤ롥ܤ٤Ѹ칽ʸϿƤ롥
Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
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