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may - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-08-05 Tue

#5944. 󽾰̲ --- Ω [insubordination][syntax][conjunction][subordinator][language_change][terminology][may][pragmatics][speech_act][word_order][inversion]

³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. 򻲾ȤƤȤ󽾰̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾᤬ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥

Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.

(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)

It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.


ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥󽾰̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2020-01-08 Wed

#3908. ֵפȤϲ [sobokunagimon][speech_act][pragmatics][may][optative][religion][terminology]

ǯδ֡May the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ may ȯãˤĤơŪΩ줫ؿ󤻤Ƥܥ֥Ǥ mayoptative γƵǰäƤ̤1ǯۤ2018ǯ1215ˤϡض쥭ѥdzŤ줿˸زΥݥǧΤ˸ --- ʸˡʸǧΤδط ---פˤơֱѸˤ뵧 may ȯãפȤܤǾä򤵤Ƥ
ֵס뤤ʿäơֵפȤϲȤǽפˤϡޤǼĤˤȯù԰ (speech_act) 1ǤȤǤäƤϤäɤΤ褦ʹ԰٤ʤΤܼȤΤʤ⡤˸椷Ƥ餤롥
Ƥȯù԰٤θϡ⤷褦ʾʤΤ⤷ʤϤ뤫ĶȤˤ䡤ޤˤˤȯŸβǽƤȤΤ⤷ʤ
ȤޤֵפȤϲɴʻŵ2ǤꡤǤᤤȻפֵ禱פι򻲾ȤƤߤ

?禱
Ȥ

禱Ϲ˲򤹤С٤ƤνŪꡤǰ̣롥ΰ̣ε禱Ūˤߤ뽡ݤǤ롥ξ硤禱ȤϡʩȤäĶŪ¸ߤȿԤȤθήΰ֤Ǥȹͤ롥禱Ϥޤ̤ơ÷禱2෿ʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ褦÷ȤѤƵդʤɤ֤뵧禱Ǥꡤ禱ȤϿΤʤǰƵ뷿Ǥ롥ξԤȤտŪˡĴ㡤羸ʤɤޤޤư¹Ūˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤪˵禱ĿŪפȽŪפ̤뤳ȤǽǤ롥Ԥ佡Ūܥǡ뤤Ͽˤפ⤫٤ƸĿŪ˹ԤΤԤǤ롥Ȥ줬귿콸ŪˤʤΤԤǤ롥ξ硤禱鲽ƤȤ褦
禱ϤޤǤⵧоݤäΩ롥ΤĶŪ¸ߤΩƤʤˤϵ禱䵧¸ߤʤȤͤ⤢롥ʩʩȤ롥衼ȤäԤΤʤˤϡͳʤ򤢤οᤶȤạ̈ǤεǤ򸫤ƤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ԤˤäƤϡΤ褦ʵ禱Ū禱ȤФƿ򤪤Ȥθή濴򤪤禱¸ԽŪʤŪ禱̾ŤƤ롥
禱Ƥˤꡤաʤɤ롥ξ硤ʩФƶŪʸ̤ʤ餫ľŪƯԤΤϡʰ̣Ǥε禱䵧ǤϤʤȤΩ⤢롥ؼԤ佡Ȥθˤ褯ߤ뤷ޤĤƤ̤θԤˤƱͤθͭϤäǤϡṲ̄ԤΤϡѤʤʸǤȤ롥Ƽʸ鵧禱ӵؤȤʲ줿θθη̡ʸƤȤ줿̤ˤ⡤ˤߤ褦ʵ꤬¸ߤ뤳ȤȽޤε禱ʸŪʤ뤳ȤŦ褦ˤʤäꥹȶμεˤʩǰʩˤ衤줬쵡Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤäƼʸŪѤƤ뤳Ȥ⸽¤¸ߤ롥椨ǶǤϡʸ鵧禱ؤȤ޼Ϥޤʤ
ܸε禱θϡȤˤ줬Ҹ浧禱ӤȤȡΰ̣ʤꤵƤ롥϶ŪŪãäƿʩ˵ꤹ뽡ư򤵤̰µʿ޹˭ʤɤ븽(󤼤䤯)ΤǤ롥̩ϻ濴Ϥϡϻ뤤ϿҤʤɤǹԤ롥̩ˤ൷ʤɤɽǤ롥Ͳû禱 ѵ


ࡤʸ may ˴ؤʤɤݵ˹ƤɤȴʤʤäˤʤäƤȯù԰٤ϡؤΰˤȤɤޤäƤϤʤ̤ƤʤιơޤΤ褦ǤϤʤǽ뷹Τθϡưפ cross-disciplinary Ȥʤ롥ƥ󥰤ľˤäưˤȥԥåǤϤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-22-1] [2023-08-13-1]

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2019-01-28 Mon

#3563. must? [optative][auxiliary_verb][may][preterite-present_verb]

ε3562. may ʸ ([2019-01-27-1]) ޤᵯ may ˤĤƤ may γƵǼ夲ƤŪˤˡưѤʸȤơmote ʡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) 򻲾ȡˤ might ʡ#3423. might (1) ([2018-09-10-1])#3424. might (2) ([2018-09-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˤ㤬ʤԤ may Ȱۤʤ󸽼Ūˡ
⤦1Ūˤ˵ʤΤmote β most(e ʷŪ˸Ѹ must ϢʤˤѤʸ¸ߤVisser (1800) ˡ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥

13.. Curs. Mundi 25387, "Amen," þat es "Sua most it be." (But cf. 25294, þi nam mot halud be).
c1425 Chester Pageant of Abraham, Melchisedec & Isaac, Everym. Libr. p. 41, 12, Abraham, welcome must thou be . . . Blessed must thou be.
c1450 Chester Pl., Noah's Flood (in: Pollard, Eng. Mir. Pl.) 284, Ah lord honoured most thou be!
c1475 Siege of Rouen (ed. Gairdner; Camb. Soc.) p. 25, Hym wanted no thynge þat a prynce shulde have: Almyghty God moste [v.r. mote] hym save!


Visser ϡ most(e 㤬ޤ˾ʤȤ顤̻ mote 񤭸äΤǤϤʤȤ⼨Ƥꡤޤ2;ñξˤĤ most ϸűѸθ߷ݻƤΤǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ʵ must ¸ߤƤΤȤ櫓Τ˾ʤʸįƤȡmote ȤκƱȤʤǤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2019-01-27 Sun

#3562. may ʸ [optative][productivity][frequency][bnc][auxiliary_verb][may]

may ʸˤ丽ǤλˤĤ may optative εǰäƤ (78) ѤƤ Declerck (416) ˤȡmay ʸħȤ4ŦƤ롥

a. In a main clause, a wish (malediction or benediction) is introduced by may.
b. This use of may is very formal and rarely found in modern English, except in standing expressions.
c. May always expresses a present wish with future actualisation.
d. Might cannot be used in a similar way.


a, c, d ˤĤƤʤ뤬b ˤĤƤϤɤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤­ɬפʤ褦˻פ롥
may ʸθߤ뤿ˡBNCweb 򽸤Ƥߤư may ʸ "may_VM0" Ȼˤϡ3,537ΥƥȤ112,397㤬ҥåȤΤʤ龯ɤεˡϳʤõΤˤϤޤ˹ޤ롥ǡmay ʸŵŪѥ䴶ò¸ߤʤɤˡʤ٤¿㤬֤ˤϤȤκǺ­뤳ȤˤξǡȤˤƳΤʸ򽦤Ф
̤ȤƼФΤ100ĤۤɤʸǤʷ̤ޤȤ᤿ƥȥեˡĤ1줫ʤ륳ѥ100ȤȤϡ٤ȤϼȤϤ롥ޤ귿ɽ (Declerck "standing expressions"ˤ¿ȤȤǧ줿äȤ⡤ҤΤ褦귿ɽʤɤΡַפ˸ƤΤǡη̤ȤǤ롥Ȥ May God bless/forgive/rest . . . Long may it flourish/continue/last . . . May . . . be with you . . . Much good may it do . . . ʤɤϡ餫ʥѥ򼨤Ƥ롥
ηˤϤޤ꤭äΤФǤϤʤmay ʸϡΤ褦ʤޤΥѥ˴ŤƸؤΡ֥ѥǥפȤϤ߽Ф¿ʤȤϤʥפʸΤƤΤǤ롥ΰ̣ǡ١פ㤯ȤפɬꤨƤʤȸΤǤϤʤΤ褦󤲤Ƥ

Happy days, Jack, and may all your troubles be little ones!' (A73 91)
AN OLD CAMBRIDGE toast is, 'Here's to pure mathematics - may she never be of any use to anyone!' (B7C 2026)
St Augustine taught that God had created man in his own image and so it was by looking at his own soul that man would discover God: 'May I know myself! may I know thee!' he had cried. (CD4 417)
May you be doing so well into the next century! (CGB 37)
With joy may we burn and cleanse!' (CM4 255)
May all dealers have this problem! (EBU 2407)
May you take that knowledge to your grave!' (HGV 6054)

⤦1 authentic 1ۤǯϤ˳鼡Τ褦ʸǻϤޤ᡼ä

We hope this email finds you all well and settling in to the New Year. May it be a productive and enjoyable one for one and all!


ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Declerck, R. A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English. Tokyo: Kaitaku-sha, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1]

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2019-01-15 Tue

#3550. ܸز϶ֱ may ʸˤĤäޤ [notice][optative][auxiliary_verb][syntax][word_order][academic_conference][may]

Ȥаޤˤꡤ119ڡˤ15ػĥѥ446ֶˤˤơܸز϶ιֱˤƤä뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤȥϡֱѸ may ʸεȯãפǤס̵ǤΤǡؿθϤӤ
May the Force be with you! ʥեˤ󤳤Ȥ򡪡ˤɽ may ѤʸˤˤĤƤϡǯ֡ؿ³ƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡʸҡ2016ǯˤ4.5Ǥ夲ޤܥ֥Ǥ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ʤ optative γƵˤƤ̤Ǥ
ʤˤä may Ȥư줬ѤƤΤʤ VS ˤʤɬפΤʤɡŪ椬¿ʤΤǤ̻ŪˤߤȤ٤ͳʬäƤޤ̻ŪˤߤƤȤʬ¿ĤäƤꡤ;ϤޤܳŪĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩäΤŪǶǤΤǡ٤ιֱǤϤޤǤʬäƤ뤳ȤޤȤ᤿ꡤܲͤƤȤäȤȤˤʤޤԲĻ׵Ĥ̥ŪʹʸˤĤơŪʻޤĤĵƤߤȻפäƤޤ
ȤۤȯɽϤˤΤǤʸƱνǤꡤܸز϶ڤƤʼΥץå⤢Ҳ𤷤Ƥߤޤʤߤ˰ϡǯ121--2˳Ťܸز212ܤ˹Ԥʤ줿1󡡸ץˤơʤͥޤԤǤαξμ̿򻲾ȡ

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2018-12-12 Wed

#3516. ˡ may Ʊ [optative][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][construction_grammar][may]

ε#3515. Ѹεʸ2 ([2018-12-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸε깽ʸˤϡˡѤΤ may ѤΤ2郎¸ߤ롥ŪˤԤΤۤŤʸŪ귿ŪȤħͭƤꡤƱʸ̮ǤȤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ȤСMay they get home safely, Heaven help us! Τ褦ʻ㤬롥ۤξ깽ʸƱ路Ƥ㤬ٹ (159fn) ˵󤲤Ƥ롥

God help her; May God help her!---Trollope;
Long life to them both! May Edward the Atheling reign, but Harold the Earl rule!--Lord Lytton.


2ĤǡٹϡȾ Harold the Earl rule! ˡȲᤷƤ褦may η֤򤱤ȤŪǽ⤷ǤƱλȤƵ󤲤ΤϤդ路ʤȤˤʤ뤬 "May SV, but SV!" Ȥ¤̤γ٤ߤС³줿2ĤβˡƬ may ΩäƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤmay ϡŪ˿षƤˡεǽ䶯뤿Ƭդ줿ɸ (optative marker) Ǥª뤳ȤǤϡʸ1Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-13-1]

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2018-12-11 Tue

#3515. Ѹεʸ2 [optative][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][syntax][word_order][punctuation][may]

ٹ (158--59) ˤСѸˤϡߤޤ̤Ρ֤Ҥʴꤤפɽ魯ˡ (optative) ηȤơ2郎ǧ롥1ĤϲˡŪ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˤѤˡʰʲ (a)ˡ⤦1ĤϸƬ may ΩƤơּưפ³ˡǤʰʲ (b)ˡ줾򼨤

(a) ̾ʸƬΩơˡߤưҸȤ롥κݶΤƻ졦ʤɤΩƼȽҸȤž֤뤳Ȥ¿ȤС
   Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done.---Matthew, vi. 10.
   God bless and reward you for all your kindness.---Stowe.
   God forgive me!---Miss Mulock.
   Long live the Duke!---Charles Reade.
   Mine be a cot beside the hill!---Rogers.
   So be it, O Queen!---H. Hoggard.
   So help me God!---Hardy.
Τ褦ʤΤΤϾѤ줿ǤϤ뤬ǤϻӾθꤷΤۤϤޤ¿Ѥʤ˰äդ٤ϡΤ褦ʼͤθǤϺʤ̤ѤȤȤǤ롥
   Murrain take thee!---Scott.
   Devil take me!---Lamb.
   Generosity be hanged!---Thackeray.
   Dauphin be damned!---Shaw.
(b) ξ硤ˡѤȤ mayѤ롥ξ may ϤĤΩĤΤǤ롥ȤС
   May no evil dream disturb my rest!---Evening Hymn.
   May he rest in peace!---Irving.
   So may it be for ages!---William Morris.


ˡѤˤˡư may Ѥˤ衤ˡ (mood) ؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ФСˡ (optative mood) ȸƤФʤǤ롥ޤ(a) ξϿդ(b) ξɬ֤ȤħŪϡ̾νҤǤϤʤȤͭɸȯù԰٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޡȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥񤭸դǤϡ̾ﴶò (exclamation mark) ȼȤħ⤢롥
ʤmay бɥĸ mögen ³ˡ1⡤may ƱͤŪ񤤤򼨤ȤСMöge das neue Jahr viel Glück bringen! ʿǯ¿Ǥޤ褦ˡסMöge er glücklich werden! ˹졪ˤʤɡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-13-1] [2018-12-12-1]

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2018-09-11 Tue

#3424. might (2) [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

ε ([2018-09-10-1]) ε³ơ might ꡥιʸVisser (III, 1681) "Faire myght thee befalle!" פȤƼ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤʸäƤꡤO(h)! that ԤޤᡤʸȯãͤǵŤʰȤʤäƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Ælfred, Boeth. (Sedgefield) 34, 6, Eala ðæt ure tida nu ne mihtan weorðan swilce!
Blickl. Hom. 69, 7, To hwon sceolde ðeos smyrenes ðus beon to lose ȝedon? eaþe heo mehte beon ȝeseald to þrim hunde peneȝa.
c1400--50 Alexander (Ashm.) 1605, 'Ay moȝt he lefe' quod ilka man twyse (OED).
c1460 Towneley Myst. 33, Faire myght the[e] befalle!
c1460 Wakefield Miracle Play of the Crucifixion (Everym.) Libr. p. 104, That shall I do, so might I thrive!
Ibid. p. 105, 29, as might thou the!
Ibid. p. 115, 9, as ever might I thrive!
1530 Palsgrave 84, The optative mode which they vse whan they wisshe a dede to be done, as 'bien parle il', well speke he, or well myght he speke.
1575 Gammer Gurton (in: Manly, Spec. II) V, ii, 8, fye on him, wretch! And euil mought he thee for it (Or mought = mote?).
1589--9 Ben Jonson, The Case Is Altered (Everym.) II, i p. 678, That I might live alone once with my gold! O, 'tis sweet companion!
1596 Shakesp., Merch. of Ven. II, ii, 98, Lord worshipt might be, what a beard hast thou got.
1852 M. Arnold, To Marguerite, Cont'd 18, Oh might our marges meet again! (OED).
c1920 W. W. Gibson, Waters of Lethe (Coll. Poems 1926), O that we too might stand Amid unrustling reeds, That banner with dark plumes the shadowy strand! . . . O that we two might glide With eager eyes . . . Into the mist that veils the further side!
1931 R. L. Binyon, Prayer (Coll. Poems 1931), O might my love that in one heart has found such hope to cherish . . . O might it grow Till in this clear profound Part of thy peace were seen (Kr).


ʸŪ˸Ϥȡmight εʸ may εʸȤ褽Ʊͤ칽¤ѤƤꡤε OED ˰͵򤷤ƾҲ𤷤־֡Ǥϡmight ʸȯãƤŤʤ褦˻פ롥
1530ǯʸˤϹʸ˴ؤ᥿ʥȤޤޤƤꡤܤͤ롥Ǥϡmight ʸ³ˡɽȤƲ򤵤Ƥ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1]

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2018-09-10 Mon

#3423. might (1) [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][oed][may]

ѸǤѤƤȤäƤ褤Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ may ʤ̵ might ȤˡäOED may, v.1 θ24Ǽ夲ƤΤɤΤäOED Ѥ褦

24. Used (since Middle English with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (sometimes when the realization of the wish is thought hardly possible). poet. Perhaps Obsolete.
     This appears to have developed from the hypothetical use (sense 20a).

c1325 (?c1225) King Horn (Harl.) (1901) 166 (MED) Crist him myhte blesse.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1607 (MED) Ay moȝt [a1500 Trin. Dub. mot] he lefe, ay moȝt he lefe, þe lege Emperoure!
1600 Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 88 Lord worshipt might he be, what a beard hast thou got.
1720 Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiv. 261 Oh!..might I..these Barbarities repay!
1852 M. Arnold To Marguerite in Empedocles 97 Now round us spreads the watery plain---Oh might our marges meet again!


might νиȯã˴Ϣơ may ɤΤ褦˴ͿƤΤƤʤΤϡ⤷Ǥ롥嵭 OED ȤƸڤƤ20aȤΤϾˤˡǤꡤĤޤ If S might V ɽȤƤ Might S V Ȥ칽¤ΤȤؤmay ʸˤĤƤΤ褦ȯãʹȤʤΤǡĤޤȤOED might may εʸϤ줾ۼηϩȯãȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τˡ1720ǯ might I Τ褦1;ñѤ륱 may ʸǤϸȤʤΤ褦 might ˡϸ̩ˤСֵפȤ̤ȯù԰٤ɽ路ƤΤ⤷ʤ
might ˤ֤Ƥʤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤־֡ǤϤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϡθʳ may εʸȹήȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ might ϸޤǤ˻¾ѤȤʤäƤȤʤѤȤʤäΤˤⶽ̣롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-28-1] [2018-09-11-1]

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2018-09-04 Tue

#3417. may Ͻ°ˤˡȯã [syntax][word_order][auxiliary_verb][optative][oed][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˿Ƥ may ιʸΩ1Ĥϡ°ˤˡI wish that S may V Τ褦ʹʸˤȯã˵뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ OED ϤΤ褦˹ͤƤꡤ (82) Stage 3 Stage 4 ؤοܤˤƱȯãäȤߤƤ褦OED ǤϤλѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ֤ƤΤФơϤ⤦Ѹ֤ƤȤ㤤롥
may ιʸθȤ뽾°ˤˡˤĤơOED ǤϸűѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤmay, v.1 θ9b˵󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

b. In clauses depending on such verbs as beseech, desire, demand, hope, wish, and their allied nouns. . . .

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) x. 258 Hwæt wilt ðu þæt ic þe do? He cwæð: drihten þæt ic mage geseon.
1432 Charter Educ. Henry VI in Paston Lett. (1872) I. 32 The said Erle desireth..that he may putte hem from..occupacion of the Kinges service.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xxiv Graunt that they maie both perceaue and knowe what thinges they ought to do.
1636 in M. Kytö Variation & Diachrony (1991) 111 I desire they may goe for shares and victuall them selves.
1771 [T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 197 But, perhaps, I mistake his complaisance; and I wish I may, for his sake.]
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 218 He humbly hopes, presumes it may be so.
1908 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. p. vii I hope that the book may be of service to students of all the social sciences.
1970 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 42/2 Through the new page.., we hope that a contribution may be made toward stimulating new thought.
1984 Guardian 27 Jan. 26 They found a shovel raising hopes that the lost men may have dug themselves into a snow hole.


μˤ뵧 may ιʸˤĤƤϡOED ϸ12ΤȤǵ󤲤Ƥꡤ1521ǯȤƤ롥#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǤǺܤ12ΤѤƤ

12. Used (with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (synonymous with the simple present subjunctive, which (exc. poet. and rhetorically) it has superseded).
This use developed from sense 9b, as is shown by early examples, such as quot. 1521, in which the subject precedes may, and antecedent formulae (e.g. quot. 1501) which have a that-clause.

[1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].
1590 Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A5v Long liue Cosroe mighty Emperour. Cosr. And Ioue may neuer let me longer liue, Then I may seeke to gratifie your loue.
1593 Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Diijv Long may they kisse ech other for this cure.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. sig. ⁋3 Long may he reigne.
1637 Milton Comus 32 May thy brimmed waves for this Their full tribute never misse.
1647 Prol. to Fletcher's Womans Prize in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. sig. Qqqqq2/1 A merry Play. Which this may prove.
1712 T. Tickell Spectator No. 410. ⁋6 But let my Sons attend, Attend may they Whom Youthful Vigour may to Sin betray.
1717 Entertainers No. 2. 7 Much good may it do the Dissenters with such Champions.
1786 C. Simeon in W. Carus Life (1847) 71 May this be your blessed experience and mine.
1841 Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. viii. 121 'May the present moment,' said Dick,.. 'be the worst of our lives!'
1892 Catholic News 27 Feb. 5/5 May this smash-up of his facts remain as a warning to him.
1946 W. H. Auden Litany & Anthem for S. Matthew's Day May we worship neither the flux of chance, nor the wheel of fortune.
1986 B. Gilroy Frangipani House vii. 30 May your soul never wander and may you find eternal peace.


1712ǯǡLet my Sons attend, Attend may they ȤʬǴ let ȵ may Τ褦֤ƤΤŪǤ롥#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū ([2018-09-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-09-03 Mon

#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū [pragmatics][semantics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][auxiliary_verb][optative][may]

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǡξʸΰճȤפˤĤŪʴҲ𤷤ѸζŪ⡤Huddleston and Pullum (944) ξԤΰ̣Ū˸ڤƤ롥

[Optative may C]onstruction . . . , which belongs to somewhat formal style, has may in pre-subject position, meaning approximately "I hope/pray". There is some semantic resemblance between this specialised use of may and that of let in open let-imperatives, but syntactically the NP following may is clearly subject . . . . The construction has the same internal form as a closed interrogative, but has no uninverted counterpart.


may let ְ̣Ū˻ƤȤϼΤǤʤǤְ̣פϸޤְ̣פˡȯù԰٤ȤƤΡֵפԤʤСˡִפʤΤ;ִפʳȤơֵפդΤΤϤ
Ūˤϡ³̾礬ʤ֤뤫Ūʤ֤뤫Ȥ餫˶̤ȻŦƤ롥ΤˡξԤϤ˰ۤʤ롥may let бȯù԰٤ɽ魯ɸȤȤ館θ̾γʤζ̵̤뤹줳ȤˤСָɸ̾ʡưθˡפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤŪˤƤȵ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʤȤɽŪˤƤϡߤʤ롥
may let ⡤ʸƬư츶̿ɸꡤʸƬ Oh ǴòɸꤹΤƱͤθŪʵǽǻäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ#2923. ȱμ ([2017-04-28-1]) Ȥ줽ʡʤΤ褦˻פ롥

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-04-1]

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2018-09-02 Sun

#3415. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (3) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][subjunctive][imperative][may]

Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) ­롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵ󤲤Τ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ

11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
   Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.

A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
   The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
      Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
      If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
      "I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
      Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
      Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
 
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
   The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
      May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
      May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
      The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
      Long May She Reign! (NEWS)

C Imperative clauses
   Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .


A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤Ȥǿ񤤤ƤΤϡ˶̣

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2018-09-01 Sat

#3414. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (2) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][optative][may]

ε ([2018-08-31-1]) ˰³ƤꡥHuddleston and Pullum ꡤѸǥǥեȤθ礬֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ9ĤΥҲ𤷤9Ĥ礭2ĤΥפʬȡζ礬֤뤳Ȥˤ֤ΤȡǤʤΤȤ˿ʬ롥ԤϤ2ʬ졤Τ褦ʶ礬ɬ֤ʤФʤʤȡ֤ǤդǤ륱Ȥ̤롥Huddleston and Pullum (97) ޤȤ褦

UNTRIGGEREDTRIGGERED
obligatoryoptional
Closed interrogativesOpen interrogativesExclamatives
Conditional inversionInitial negativeOther fronted elements
Optative mayInitial only
Initial so/such


Ȥ櫓̣Τ "UNTRIGGERED" °3Ǥ롥̾ˤä "TRIGGER" ˤΤˤĤƤϡΰ⤬뤫֤ΤɽŪˤǼ뤳ȤǤʤ꿼ɵ᤹СϤǤϤ뤬ˡUNTRIGGERED 3ˤĤƤϡɽȤƤΰ⤬櫓ǤʤΤ褦ʹʸǤϤñ֤ʤФʤʤΤȤ§褦˻פ롥ȤϤŪʤΤ˸ŪưŤϤʤΤ
"UNTRIGGERED" 3Τ"Closed interrogatives" ˤϡּܽưפʸꡤ"Conditional inversion" ˤif ܼܽưפȤ롥Ȥ"Optative may" ˤĤƤɸŪȤ٤ʸʤ may ΩĤȤΤϡɤŪˤ϶ˤðۤΤ褦Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) ǰäƤΤǡȤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1]

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2018-08-31 Fri

#3413. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (1) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][exclamation][optative][may]

ѸκǤ̤θϡּܡʽưפǤ롥ĤΥǤϡỤ̄ŪŪưŤˤꡤθ礬 (inversion) 뤳Ȥ֡ʽưܼפȤʤ롥Ǥưư˸ꤷǡɤΤ褦ʥ뤫Huddleston and Pullum (94--96) ʬफ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

(1) Ĥʸ (Closed interrogatives)
- Can she speak French?
- Does she speak French?

(2) 줿ʸ (Open interrogatives)
- What did she tell you?
- Where did you go after that?
- What is she doing?

(3) òʸ (Exclamatives) ʤܽưθǽ
- What a fool have I been?
- How hard did she try?

(4) Ǥ֤ (Initial negative)
- Not one of them did he find useful.
- Nowhere does he mention my book.

(5) only ֤ (Initial only)
- Only two of them did he find useful.
- Only once had she complained.

(6) so/such ֤ (Initial so/such)
- So little time did we have that we had to cut corners.
- Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
- You got it wrong and so did I.

(7) ¾Ǥ֤ (Other fronted elements)
- Thus had they parted the previous evening.
- Many another poem could I speak of which sang itself into my heart.
- The more wives he had, the more children could he beget.
- Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night.

(8) (Conditional inversion)
- Had he seen the incident he'd have reported it to the police.

(9) may (Optative may)
- May you both enjoy the long and happy retirement that you so richly deserve.
- May the best man win!
- May you be forgiven!

ƤߤȡѸǤǥեȤΡּܽưפ֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ뵡ϡ碌СȤƤ٤Ȥɬ⾯ʤʤ褦˻פƤ롥¿ȤΤϸ᤮ष̾ȰäƤȤۼѤơŪͭѤʲԤʤäƤΤȹͤƤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1] [2018-09-01-1]

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2016-02-14 Sun

#2484. may ʸǤޤǡ [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][pragmatics][speech_act][optative][may]

may ˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǰäƤˤĤơǶᡤʸ줿Ѹ may ʸγΩϡűѸμ˸ŪװѤ߽Ťʤä̤ǤꡤīͼäΤǤϤʤȤݤŪʻƱäǤ롥
ξܺ٤ˤϿʤ (82) may ʸǤޤǡפꤹǿ޼Ū󤷤ʬѤ롥

a. STAGE 1: OE ?
   I wish that NP-Nom[inative]. + V-S[u]BJ[unctive]. ̽°
   ... (so) that NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̽°
b. STAGE 2: OE ?
   NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̼͡ex) God bless you!
   X + V-SBJ. + NP-Nom. ̼͡ex) Long live the Queen!
c. STAGE 3: Late OE ?
   I wish that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf[initive]. ̽°
   ... (so) that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf. ̽°
d. STAGE 4: ME ? *EModE/ME ?
   NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼͡ex) Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.
   *X + NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼ ex) from dyssese he may us saue.
   X + MAY/MIGHT + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) ai mighte he liven.
   Cf. (X) + MOTE + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼ ex) mote þu wel færen
   Cf. LET + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) late we hine welden his folc ...
e. STAGE 5: EModE ?
   MAY + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) May the force be with you!


Ϣή˴ؤäƤװϡưν°ˡȸ硤³ˡѤˡ³ˡѤȤƤνư may ȯãνư motan εˡαƶlet ʸȤ䡤"pragmatic particle" ȤƤ may Ȥθȯãʤ¿ˤ錄롥餬ʣ߹礤1Ĥħˡޤ줿ȤʥꥪˡѸˤ˱Ѹؤ̣򴶤롥

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2016-02-08 Mon

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã [pragmatics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][emode][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][optative][hortative][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ū򼨤ľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù԰٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù԰٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ᤿櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù԰٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ򸦵椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ

   The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
   
   (229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
   (230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)

Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
   Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.


Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen 򻲾ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let 򡤸ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) 򡤴 let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2015-07-01 Wed

#2256. ɽ魯 may ν [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][optative][may]

ɽ魯ư may ȯãˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǹͻǿ줿褦ˡOED ˤȽ16ƬΤΤVisser (1785--86) ˤСʤ⡤ѸˤϸĤ롥κǽǤϡ may ʸƬƤʤȤդ줿

c1250 Gen. & Ex. 3283, wel hem mai ben ðe god beð hold!
c1425 Chester Whitsun Plays; Antichrist (in: Manly, Spec. I) p. 176, 140, Nowe goo we forthe all at a brayde! from dyssese he may us saue.
1450 Miroure of Oure Ladye (EETS) p. 34, 34, Sonet vox tua in auribus meis, that ys, Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.


κǽΤ褦ˡ;ŪѤϸλǤʤ"Wo may you be that laughe now!", "Much good may do you with your note, madam!", Ƹ "Much good may it do you!" ʤɤ³
εǤϡɽ魯 may ȯŸطʤˤϡ˾ɽ魯ư³ˡˡȡhope ʤɤư³°ΤʤǤ may λѤΤǤϤʤȻŦ⤦1ĤήȤơVisser (1785, 1795) νҤ٤̤ꡤѸνư mote εˡ롥ϽѸ줫󤬤롤Visser ϸűѸ̤ꤦȹͤƤ롥

c1275 Passion Our Lord, in O. E. Misc. 39 Iblessed mote he beo þe comeþ on godes nome
c1380 Pearl 397, Blysse mote þe bytyde!


mote ˡϡMED mōten (v.(2)) 7c(b) ˤ㤬󤲤Ƥ뤬ѸǤ̤˸ΤǤ롥줬 may ˼ä줿ȤȤ
ʤ might ˤƱˡѸ긫졤mote ¤ might ⤦1Ĥιθ٤װʤȻפ롥MED mouen (v.(3)) 4(c) ai mighte he liven crist him mighte blessen ʤɤ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥
Ѹ may εˡȯãĴäƤϡޤѸʰˤ mote ƱˡȯãɤʤФʤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2014-06-07 Sat

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][pragmatics][optative][may]

Ѹˤϡư may Ѥιʸ롥ֽСפɽ魯ɸʸΤ褦ˡmay + + ưפȤˤΤ§Ǥ롥ߤǤϤƷĥäʸǤꡤ㤨 May you succeed! ФơǤ I hope you'll succeed. ۤɤǺѤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʸȤơthat Τʤ may Ѥ I hope you may succeed. I wish it may not prove true. Let us pray that peace may soon return to our troubled land. Τ褦ʸ⸫롥may εʵڤӼˤˡ󤲤褦

May you be very happy! ʤ¿򵧤ޤ
May the new year bring you happiness! (褤ǯ򤪷ޤ
May it please your honor! ʶʤ鿽夲ޤ
May he rest in peace! ΰ¤餫̲󤳤Ȥ򡥡
May you have a long and fruitful marriage. ʤ¤ꤢ뺧ޤ褦ˡ
May all your Christmases be white! ʥۥ磻ȥꥹޥǤޤ褦ˡ
May I never see the like again! ʤʤ٤ȸʤ
May his evil designs perish! μٰʷײ褬ޤ褦ˡ
May you live to repent it! ʺ˸Ф褤
May you rot in hell! Ϲ


嵭θθ§æ롤Much good may it do you! ʤ줬ˤʤޤ褦ˡˡLong may he reign. बĹ󤳤Ȥ򡥡ˡA merry Play. Which this may prove. ʷࡤ줬󤳤Ȥ򡥡ˤΤ褦ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
Ūʴߤȡˡư may εˡϡΩĻˤŪѤƤ³ˡưȤȯŸƤаޤ롥ޤҤ I hope you may succeed. Τ褦ˡư˸³ that ˤˡȯãȤή⤢롥ή1500ǯդ˹ήḽΡֵ mayפ줿OED Ǥ may, v. 1 θ12ˡ˳뤬16ΤΤǤ롥ǽοƤߤ褦

   [1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
   1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
   1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].


it may please . . . may it please . . . 귿ʸФmay + ư + פθɬ⸶§ȤϤʤäƤʤ褦
θ塤ֹ¤ŪˤʤäƤ椯ηаޤͳˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤḽѸˤ³ˡλ褬Suffice it to say . . ., Be that as it may, Come what may ʤɤθ˸뤳ȤȲط뤫⤷ʤ
Quirk et al. (3.51) ˤСˡ֤ may "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽƤȤ3;ΤФ̿Ȥ Let them come here Let the world take notice. ˤʸƬ let ƱͤθŪʵǽ̤Ƥ롥̻ŪʸȤȤ館Ȥ⤷꤫⤷ʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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