hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 1 (4)

subjunctive - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-04 Wed

#6127. God buy you --- goodbye θ츻˴ؤ [sobokunagimon][interjection][subjunctive][optative][etymology][abbreviation][folk_etymology]

ε#6126. goodbye κǸ e ϲ ([2026-02-03-1]) ˰³goodbye ˴ؤꡥgoodbye εϡGod be with you ȤʸɽȤƹ٤ǻȤ뤦ṳ̂ƤޤäΤȤ롥OED ˤȡ츻˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥

Probably shortened partly < God be with you, and partly < God be with ye (see god n. & int. Phrases P.1c.i.ii, and the note below), with substitution of good adj. for god n. as the first element, probably by association with other greeting formulae, e.g. good day n., good day int., goodnight n., goodnight int.


Ҥɤ߿ʤƤȡ16Ⱦ2;̾줬 you ǤϤʤ ye Υ⤢ȡޤ˸Ťֻ줬 with ǤϤʤ mid ⤢äȤƤ롥
ˡOED ȤƤϺѤƤʤΤΡ⤦1ĤΰˤĤƤʤƤ롥

It has been suggested (W. Franz, 'Good-bye', in Engl. Studien (1898) vol. 24 344-6) that the phrase may have originated as a shortening of God buy you 'God redeem you' (compare buy v. I.3b, and also God save you! at save v. Phrases P.2b), and that association with God be with you is of later date. Although this suggestion would more readily explain the diphthong in the second syllable, it is not supported by the earliest forms (compare the α forms). Some of the β forms with buy do, however, appear to result from later secondary association with buy v.; this association may also have influenced the pronunciation.


OED ȤƤϡǯδ God buy you ָ̱츻츻ȤߤʤƤꡤѶŪˤϼƤʤȤˤʤ롥ߤ goodbye 22첻ŪΤȤơʬŪʴͿβǽϼƤ롥

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2025-12-26 Fri

#6087. ˾ˡϤܸۤɽΤ [mood][optative][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][word_order][inversion][mond]

#6081. ˡߤȤƤ God save the king. You eat sushi. --- mond Ǥ ([2025-12-20-1]) Ǽ夲˾ˡʤ뤤ϵ³ˡˤˤĤ­롥˾ˡϡ#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤΤʤꤵ줿ɽѤ롥֤뤳Ȥ¿Quirk et al. (§11.39) ꡤιʸ˴ؤܻǧƤ

Far be it from me to spoil the fun
Suffice it to say we lost.
Long live the Republic!
So be it.
So help me God.


֤ʤŪʥѥ⤢롥

God save the Queen!
God/The Lord/Heaven bless you/forbid/help us!
The devil take you. <archaic>


ʶ뤬 may ֤ܤȸϼ㴳¤롥

May the best man win!
May all your troubles be small!
May you always be happy!
May you break your neck!


⤦1Ĥθʷ would (to God) that . . . Ǥ롥

Would (to God) that I'd never heard of him!


Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2025-12-20 Sat

#6081. ˡߤȤƤ God save the king. You eat sushi. --- mond Ǥ [mond][subjunctive][sobokunagimon][imperative][optative][speech_act][voicy][heldio]

μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤGod save the king. ñǤ٤ȤѤˡȽޤʤСYou eat sushi. ʤСַʤ򿩤ٵءפȤ̣ˤ⡤ȾˤäƤϤʤޤ


mond_20251217.png



μ˲Ȥsushi ʸפȤ SNS ǤܤޤäƤޤ
äơȾǤϡˡߤȤƤΡsushi ʸפˤĤơѸˤδ򤨤ʤ顤ŪʲǽȸŪʻѤμ֤Ƥޤ˾ɽ魯ˡߤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤ̤ѤƤޤѸʹߤˤϿष#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǸȤꡤGod save the king So be it ʤɤθɽѤΤߤȤʤꡤΡsushi ʸפΤ褦Ū˴˾ɽ뤳Ȥϻ¾Բǽˤʤޤ
ޤȾǤϡʿפȡ̿פȡִ˾פȯù԰ (speech_act) ΰ㤤ˤ⿨ޤYou eat sushi. ϤβǽǤºݾϴ˾ɤߤϤʤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ȯαΧǡ̿פɤߤϻĤޤˤĤƤ⡤ǶᵤˤʤäƤ˥塼ɤƻϩɸ "PEDESTRIANS GIVE WAY TO VEHICLES" ˵󤲤ƾƤߤޤ


pedestrians_give_way_to_vehicles.jpg



Ҿ嵭ɤߤˤ⤳ˤĤƤͤФȻפޤޤؤܤơΤ heldio ۿ֡ڥۿX16סΡsushiʸײԤʤޤΤǡ⥢餪İС



Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-26-1]

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2024-11-07 Thu

#5673. 10Mond 5μ˲ޤ [mond][sobokunagimon][hel_education][notice][link][helkatsu][numeral][grammaticalisation][number][category][dual][negation][perfect][subjunctive][heldio]



μͭӥ Mond ˤ5αѸ˴ؤ˲ޤΤ̤äƥ󥯤ĥꡤդޤ

(1) ʤ̻ͷΥǤΤˡͭʤͷΥǤʤΡ
ŪˤϿ̻ (QP) ȸ (DP) ΰ㤤ˤΤǤǤǤϹԤޤŪˤСűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ̻ͷΥϾ¸ߤƤޤȤȤ¤ʤäƤƤȤ¤ޤܤϿ Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯ򤴻Ȥ

(2) have got to got ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
have got ֳȤפȤߴλΰ̣Ǥ16ֻäƤפȤñʰ̣žޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βФơ have ѤȤ夷Ƥޤ#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1])#5658. Ū have got ȯã (2) ([2024-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦
1פ¾ο٤ä˴ŪǽפʿǤ뤿ȹͤޤűѸˤп⤢ޤѸʹߤñʣ2ʬȤʤޤθǤϺ5ʬޤǻĤΤ⤢ޤ#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(4) λϤʤưη³ɽǤΤǤ礦
λνˡζϡָߤȤδͿפǤ³ΰ̣ϼ˾ưǸ졤ưưǤϴλΰ̣ɽФޤޤֻŪפⴰλνפħȹͤޤ#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ ([2024-10-16-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(5) subjunctive mood ʲˡ³ˡˤθߴλˤĤ
ˡߴλ¸߲ǽǼ⸫ޤŪޤǤˡηϤϡָߡλפ3ȤߤȤ򤹤ΤǡǴλ꤬ɬפʾ˸ߴλѤ롤Ȳ᤹ΤϤǤ礦

ʾǤ11 Mond ˤƱѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵդƤޤˤʤ䤤򤪴󤻤

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2023-09-03 Sun

#5242. ü20αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][pde][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][preposition]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



ܤ6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
ܽˤĤƤܥ֥ Voicy heldio Dz٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤϡ6ϡ20ʸˡŪʸŪѲפɮ줿üʰءȤ heldio ̤򤴰⤷ޤ#824. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (1)ꤷ40ʬĶǤäꤪä򤦤äƤޤ



2023ǯθߡ20αѸΤˤСֲαѸפȤʤޤ¾ϻ䤿Ū˿ƤѸƱΤȹͤޤ100ǯ;λ֤ͤСʤ٤ʸѲϤ󵯤äƤϤǤ1901ǯ2023ǯαѸȤǤϡߤ̤ʤȤϤʤˤ衤Ϥ̯ʥϤϤǤѸʸˡˤΤѲƤΤǤ
ѸˤȤȡűѸѸΤ褦ʸʸ򸦵椹ʬȤݤ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ľǯѸѲɤΤΩɤʱѸ˸ΰǤüΤä⡤ѲΥʥߥåʣΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽˤĤƤؿäϡҰʲΥƥĤˬ䤷ƤФȻפޤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
hellog #5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-27-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-27 Sun

#5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lme][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][caxton][malory][negative][impersonal_verb][preposition][periodisation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ



伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥߤޤ󤫡ǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1] [2023-09-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-16 Wed

#5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lmode][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ5ϡ19ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿滳ʿؤۤȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ19ϡѸΤߤȸ˶ᤤǤΤǡۤ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤȻפ줬ǤΤ˸ѸɤΤǤ19αѸ⤪褽ɤƤޤȤΤϻ¤Ǥ餳ʰ㤤򸫲ᤴƤޤ礭ʸ˴٤äƤޤΤǤƤˡȤˤϤޤʤ褦տռŪʴѻɬפȤȤˤʤޤդλ19αѸȤˤİޤ#806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡Ǥɤİ褯27ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ



滳ȤϡޤǤ2 heldio ̤ԤʤۿƤޤ

#803. 滳ˤȤäƱѸȤϲǤ --- ֱѸϡǤ״δϢ̲2023/08/12 ۿ
#323. 滳Ȥ̡singular "they" 19Ǥ̤˻ȤƤ (2022/04/19 ۿ)

󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤйǤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-07-31 Mon

#5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][emode][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ3ϡ17ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿սءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ17ϱѸ˾̣ʻǤϤޤ¤ѲʹԤƤפǤȤ˼夲뤳ȤʤǤΤǡ̤ϤषŤǤ#790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡İ21ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ



κǸ17˺ʤǤ~פŪǤ͡
ܽˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴ȤйǤ

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-07-09 Sun

#5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation]

6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤҤǤޤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤Ǥ¼Ļر̾ˤԼԤ̳졤¾6̾θԤɮ˲ääƤޤܽˤĤƤϡǤˤΥ֥ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפǾҲ𤹤뵡񤬤ޤ

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

ΤӡܽᤰäԼԤν¼Ȥ̤뵡˷äޤޤ̤ͻҤϡī Voicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤ27ʬۤɤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİС



ǥ󥰥ץ5ץˤǤϡ̼Ͽˤäܽɽ沼Υӥå٥μ̿ˤĤƤεŤ΢äҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
󡤤ҶѸʸˡѲˤĤƴؿ󤻤ƤС


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-06-19 Mon

#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯ [review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation][youtube]

ѸʸˡѲˤĤƥѥѤƼ¾Ū˸椷ͽҤǤޤѸʬΰdzƤ7̾Ҹ׻ᡤʡᡤսᡤܻһᡤ滳ᡤüᡤ¼ˤˤҤǤԤꤴܤޤͳ˴פޤ


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



ܤκħϡƾϤ15--20γͻϰϤȤƤ뤳ȤǤܤȾиꤵƤꡤ¬ȤʤäƤΤǤΤȤ줿̻ŪθȤʤäƤޤ֤ϤפƬ˼Τ褦ˤޤ (v)

ܽ϶Ѹ1500--PresentˤˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƥѥλѤˤ¾ŪǤ롥
ޤDZѸˤεҤˤ̤˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤޤʤä褦˻פ롥ҤȤĤˤϤۤȤɤθѲǤ뤿ᡤεҤ񤷤Ȥ롥ʤ顤ʸػˤʤɤǤ̤Ϥ̤Ǥ㤨СOxford History of English Literature 12 volumesˡΤȤ⤢äƤѸˤˤƤǶ Kytö et al. (2006), Mair (2006) ʤɤǤ졤줾1920αѸˤѲħ˾򤢤ƤƤ롥
ܽǤ϶Ѹˤ嵭Τ褦ѲϢ³ȳħª뤿ˡʲɮԤδ֤Ƕͭ

1. ƤμɮԤ϶̹ܡư졤ˡʸˤĤƽҤ٤롥
2. ʳιܤǡħȹͤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƽҤ٤롥
3. ŻҥѥƥȤäơ¾Ū˵Ҥ롥


Ѹˤλʬ (periodisation) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5140. ֱѸˤλʬ׷֤ο֤ ([2023-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲ʤɤ伫ȤĹ餯ͤƤޤָűѸפֶѸפʤɤȥ٥ŽΤǤϤʤäѤñ̤ڤ롤뤤ϸڤȤΤϳΤ˰ŪǤϤޤǤCurzan (33) Ҥ٤褦ˡ٥򤱤ΩԤñ̤򹥤褦Ǥ츫̵ʻʬΤ褦Ǥơषɤ߼ޤϢ³ռȤ̤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽǤϥѥѤŪǼ¾Ūʸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤʬ򸦵椹並ԤˤϡˡޤľܻͤˤʤޤޤʸˡѲʸѲȤäƤⰷ٤¿ˤ錄ΤǤƾϤǤϳαѸͻǤȤ櫓פʹܤФƤꡤؤͭѤǤ
ǽϤΤΤޤȤȤʤäƤꡤäƾϤΤ̤ʬ줿Τľ졤ɤ߼λ볦äꤷޤʸ⽼¤ƤꡤѸ鸽˻ޤǤʸˡѲ˴ؿΤˤϡҼ˼äƤ餤Ǥ᤿Ȼפޤ
Ԥΰܻ͡ҤĻرءˤˤޤƤϡܽνǤ򸫤ˤµ줿ȤܤޤᤷߤǤäѤǤ̽ʡ򤪵ꤤޤ

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Curzan, Anne. "Periodization in the History of the English Language." Chapter 12 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 8--35.

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2023-06-01 Thu

#5148. ޥĸζѲư̿ˡζ [germanic][imperative][inflection][paradigm][verb][person][number][subjunctive][mood][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤ޸ä
ˤ򴬤ᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤ޸äƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ޸򼨤 (Ringe 237)

 indicativesubjunctiveimperative 
active   infinitive -a-ną
sg.1 -ō-a-ų---participle -a-nd-
 2 -i-zi-ai-zø 
 3 -i-di-ai-ø-a-dau 
du.1 -ōz(?)-ai-w--- 
 2 -a-diz(?)-a-diz(?)-a-diz(?) 
pl.1 -a-maz-ai-m--- 
 2 -i-d-ai-d-i-d 
 3 a-ndi-ai-n-a-ndau 


Ȥ櫓 imperative ̿ˡˤܤƤñξʣ3Ĥοƥ꡼ˤĤơ23;Τ˶Ūʶ޸ߤ롥;Τ˱ưۤʤޤԤʤƤȤŪ˺ƷƤΤ
ѸˤޤᡤθΥޥˤϡ̿ˡη֤ζ̤˼ޤꡤƤˤȤäƤ褤ѸǤ̿ˡη֤䡤ȴϢˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1])
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1])
#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) ([2016-02-10-1])
#2881. Ѹʣ2;̿ξü ([2017-03-17-1])
#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])
#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1])
#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ ([2022-10-31-1])

Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

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2022-11-12 Sat

#4947. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ūä [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive][sobokunagimon][syntax][oed][med]

Ρ#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ӺΡ#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū ([2022-11-11-1]) ε˰³°³ˡʲˡ˸ߤǤʤ should Ǥʤճ shall ѤƤŪŪ񤫤äȽƤߤޤ
OED Ĵ٤ȡˡ shall, v. θ11aޤ

11. In clauses expressing the purposed result of some action, or the object of a desire, intention, command, or request. (Often admitting of being replaced by may; in Old English, and occasionally as late as the 17th cent., the present subjunctive was used as in Latin.)

a. in clause of purpose usually introduced by that.
      In this use modern idiom prefers should (22a): see quot. 1611 below, and the appended remarks.
   
   c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7640, 1 Þiss child iss borenn her to þann Þatt fele shulenn fallenn. & fele sHulenn risenn upp.
   c1250 Owl & Night. 445 Bit me þat ich shulle singe vor hire luue one skentinge.
   1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 213 Thei gon under proteccioun, That love and his affeccioun Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve.
   c1450 Mirk's Festial 289 I wil..schew ȝow what þis sacrament is, þat ȝe schullon in tyme comyng drede God þe more.
   1470--85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xiii. xv. 633 What wille ye that I shalle doo sayd Galahad.
   1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 156 I sall do swa thow sall be king.
   1558 in J. M. Stone Hist. Mary I App. 518 My mynd and will ys, that the said Codicell shall be accepted.
   1611 Bible (King James) Luke xviii. 41 What wilt thou that I shall doe vnto thee? View more context for this quotation
   a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 70 Were it not better you shall cast away a few words, than I loose my Life.
   1698 in J. O. Payne Rec. Eng. Catholics 1715 (1889) 111 To the intent they shall see my will executed.
   1829 T. B. Macaulay Mill on Govt. in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 177 Mr. Mill recommends that all males of mature age..shall have votes.
   1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxiv. 199 We shall have the first of the fight, Sir; and depend on it Boney will take care that it shall be a hard one.
   1879 M. Pattison Milton xiii. 167 At the age of nine and twenty, Milton has already determined that this lifework shall be..an epic poem.


Ȥ櫓1829ǯ1847ǯϡ侩ɽ魯ˡ˶ޤ
MED shulen v.(1) θ4a(b)21b(ab)դˤ⡤˥ԥåǤϤʤˤ㤬󤲤Ƥޤ
Ūʴ餹ȡ侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall ˡΡָפϡˤѸޤǤϤɤȤǤơʪĤܥϥ࿷֥ե륾ιͤƤФȻפޤ
3֤ hellog ΤޤȤȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#530. ܥϥ࿷ظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ


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2022-11-11 Fri

#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive][sobokunagimon][syntax]

ε#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤơŪΩ줫饳Ȥޤ
Ūˤߤȡthat ޤཾ°ˤơ̾Ǥ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should ѤĶǡճˡư shall 륱ϡޤäʤä櫓ǤϤޤ
Visser (III, 1513) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡϢܤߤĤꡤ¿Ūʸ󤲤Ƥޤϡ mandative_subjunctive Ȥ³ˡߤˡȡѤȤƤ should λѤ˴ؤȤߤǵƤ櫓ǤVisser ʸˤϤ#2647. Ӥä should ([2016-07-26-1]) ѤȤƤ shall ޤޤƤޤ
űѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤ¿ʸ󤲤Ƥޤιͻ˴ͿʸΤߤԥååפưѤޤ

   1513---Type 'It (this) is a sori tale, þæt þet ancre hus schal beon i ueied to þeo ilke þreo studen'

   There is a rather small number of constructions in which shall is employed in a clause depending on such formulae as 'it is a wonderful thing', 'this is a sorry tale', 'alas!' Usually one finds should used in this case, or, in older English, modally marked forms.

     . . . | c1396 Hilton, Scale of Perfection (MS Hrl) 1, 37, 22b, þanne sendiþ he to some men temptacions of lecherie . . . þei schul þinke hit impossible . . . þat þey ne shulle nedinges fallen but if þei han help. . . . | 1528 St. Th. More, Wks. (1557) 126 D10, Than said he ferther that yt was meruayle that the fyre shall make yron to ronne as siluer or led dothe. | 1711 Steele, Spect. no. 100, It is a wonderful thing, that so many, and they not reckoned absurd, shall entertain those with whome they converse by giving them the History of their Pains and Aches. | 1879 Thomas Escott, England III, 39, He has to judge whether it is advisable that repairs in any farm-buildings shall be undertaken this year or shall be postponed until the next (P.).


Ǹ "it is advisable that . . . shall . . . ." ʤɤϻͤˤʤޤ shall ˡϡŪˤߤƤ⤪餯٤ȤƤ㤫äΤǤϤʤȵޤ
ʤߤˡѸ BNCweb ǾĤƤߤȤ"An Islay notebook. Sample containing about 46775 words from a book (domain: world affairs)" ȤܤΤʤ1ijߤĤޤֻϰѼԤˤˡ

802 "This Meeting being informed that Cart Drivers are very inattentive as to their Conduct upon the road with Carts It is now recommended that all Travellers upon the road shall take to the Left in all situations, and that when a Traveller upon the road shall loose a shew of his horse, the Parochial Blacksmith shall be obliged to give preference to the Traveller. "


餯ˡʤΤǤ礦δĶǤ shall λѤϳ̵ǤϤʤʤƤʤäˤȤϳǧޤ
ʪĤܥϥ࿷֥ե륾ιͤƤߤƤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-12-1]

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2022-11-10 Thu

#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall [auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][mandative_subjunctive][sobokunagimon][syntax]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦ׵ɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸβˤĤơꥹʡʸ˴ؤ뤪⤷󤻤Ƥޤ
118ۿYahoo!˥塼ʪĤܥϥ࿷֥ե륾ιꡥȯü嵬§ΡȲɤˤäǧ嵬§20212.01˵Υ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵬꤬ꡤܥϥब̳ƻ˷ο줬ε˰ääƤȤƷǤ
ǧ嵬§2021ϡѸǸǧ嵬§ Offical Baseball Rules (2021 edition) ȤʤäƤޤ¿ȼյϤޤ§ȤƤǤȤʤäƤΤ Rule 2.01 б뼡βսǤоȤǰѤޤ

It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more.

ݤХåȥåפޤǤεΥե륰饦ɤˤե󥹡ɤޤϥץ쥤˸ˤʤߤޤǤεΥϡեȡʣ᡼ȥ˰ʾɬפȤ롥


ʸ It is recommended . . . ȤʤäƤޤʸǤϡֿ侩פǤϤʤɬפȤפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤʸ⸷ε§ȤʤäƤΤǤϸˤʤΤǤ礦
It is recommended that . . . Τ褦ʹʸǤС̾ that ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should λѤŪǤˤХꥫѸȤƤԤΤۤä̤ǤθʸǤ shall Ȥͽˡư줬ѤƤޤ˺ݤơ shall ζβ˵줿ΤǤ礦̤ȤơɬפȤפƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
εϤƤǤϤʤʸ shall Ȥˡư줬ѤƤΤˤĤƹͤƤߤȻפޤβսΤߤʤ餺 Rule 2.01 Τʸ̮įƤߤޤ礦ŬüޤʤѤޤ

The field shall be laid out according to the instructions below, supplemented by the diagrams in Appendices 1, 2, and 3. The infield shall be a 90-foot square. The outfield shall be the area between two foul lines formed by extending two sides of the square, as in diagram in Appendix 1 (page 158). The distance from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on fair territory shall be 250 feet or more. . . .

It is desirable that the line from home base through the pitcher's plate to second base shall run East-Northeast.

It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more. See Appendix 1.

When location of home base is determined, with a steel tape measure 127 feet, 33?8 inches in desired direction to establish second base. . . . All measurements from home base shall be taken from the point where the first and third base lines intersect.


ΤȤơˡΧ§ʸΤˤդ路 shall ѤʸϢ³Ƥޤε§ɽ魯 shall ˡǤμ shall ʸϢ³ΤʤˡIt is desirable that . . . It is recommended that . . . Ȥۤʤ빽ʸĶ߹ޤƤޤ that Τʤǰ shall ѤƤ櫓ǤϢ³Ƹ shall ʸΤ褦ʤΤȹͤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʤߤˡIt is desirable that . . . . бʸϡݤĤФݤ˸ϡ˸äƤ뤳ȤۤȤ롥פȤꡤdesirable äФƤޤǤ recommended ΥȤϰۤʤޤ
ϤꤽǤ̤ΥȤȤܵ񤤤ǤΤ褦 that ˡưԡ˻ѤˤĤƤϡεå

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-12-1] [2022-11-11-1]

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2022-11-02 Wed

#4937. ˡȯûˤȿ²ۤɽ魯 [cognitive_linguistics][subjunctive][preterite][tense][mood][counterfactual][conditional][semantics][pragmatics]

ʤưβѤȡȿ² (counterfactual) ȤʤΤѸΡֲˡפˤޤḤ̂ϡŤƤ (tense) ȤƤβ򤷤䤹ߤߤƻŪԤ˳֤äƤݤ򵭽ҤˡʷˤȤȤȤˡ (mood) δϡʷˤѤ뤳Ȥˤäơ¤ЪΥƤݡȿ²ۤ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롤Ȥ롥Ū٤εΥʪŪ֤εΥȤƤ櫓
ȤƤβǤϤʤȿ²ۤɽ魯ˤĤơTaylor (177--78) μĥ˼򷹤褦

   The counterfactual use of the past tense is restricted to a small number of environments---if-conditionals (1), expressions of wishes and desires (2), and suppositions and suggestions (3):
   
(1) If I had enough time, . . .
(2) a. I wish I knew the answer.
     b. It would be nice if I knew the answer.
(3) a. Suppose we went to see him.
     b. It's time we went to see him.

The past tense in these sentences denotes counterfactuality at the moment of speaking, and not at some previous point in time. (1) conveys that, at the moment of speaking, the speaker does not have enough time, the sentences in (2) convey that the speaker does not know the answer, while in (3), the proposition encoded in the past tense, if it is to become true at all, will do so after the moment of speaking, that is to say, the past tense refers to a suggested future action. There are also a number of verbs whose past tense forms, under certain circumstances and with the appropriate intonation, can convey the present-time counterfactuality of a state of affairs represented in a past tense subordinate clause . . . :

(4) a. I thought John was married (. . . but he apparently isn't).
     b. I had the impression Mary knew (. . . but it seems she doesn't).

These sentences might occur in a situation in which the speaker has just received information which causes him to doubt the (present-time) factuality of the propositions "John is married", "Mary knows". That it is a present, rather than a past state of affairs, that is at issue is shown by the choice of tense in a tag question. Imagine (5) uttered in a situation in which both speaker and addressee are preparing to go to a concert:

(5) But I thought the concert began at 8, does't it?/?didn't it?

The tag doesn't it is preferential in the present tense. In (5), the speaker is questioning the apparent counterfactuality, at the time of speaking, of the proposition "The concert begins at 8".


ȤƤϡѸˤƲˡȯûˤȿ²ۤ̿ɽ魯Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-03-1]

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2022-10-31 Mon

#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ [subjunctive][imperative][hortative][morphology][inflection][mood][typology]

Bybee ˤܤɤǤơ̸Ūˤߤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ̿ˡ (imperative) ȤδطݤεҤäѸˤδϡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲²ʳθޤ᤿ǡƵǤBybee (186) Ѥ롥

Since the subjunctive is usually a marker of certain types of subordination, it is very difficult to say what the subjunctive "means" in any given language. There is a long literature on this problem in European languages, and no satisfactory solution. At most, it might be said that the subjunctive has a very general meaning such as "non-asserted" and then it takes more specific meanings from the context in which it occurs.
   Considered cross-linguistically, there is evidence of a relation between the subjunctive and imperative or related moods. When subjunctive forms are used in main clauses, they have an imperative function in Maasai, Basque and Yupik, and/or a hortative function in Tarascan, Pawnee and Maasai, in keeping with their non-asserted subordinate clause functions. The marking of subjunctive parallels that of indicative or imperative in most languages. In Maasai and Pawnee, the subjunctive is a prefix, just as the imperative is, and in Tarascan, Ojibwa and Georgian the subordinating mood is expressed in the same way as the imperative or optative


³ˡ̿ˡʤӴϢ¾ΤĤˡˤϤФеǽŪˤŪˤƤǤȤȤ̸Ūˤ⼨줿櫓ξDzƱѸˤäƤߤΤ⤪⤷ѸˤǤϡŪˤ³ˡ̿ˡϤȤȰۤʤäƤͻ礷ƤȤ̣ݤäƤ뤫
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])
#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1])

Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2022-10-25 Tue

#4929. mood modality [mood][modality][category][terminology][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][inflection]

ɸνѸ mood modality Ϥ褯Ʊ롥ؿ缭ŵ٤ˤ mood ϡ֡ưΡˡˡԤɽư֤ФüԤοŪ٤򼨤ưθѲաסmodality ϡˡˡơԴ˾̿Ꭵ½ʤɼοŪ٤칽¤ˤäɽ뤳ȡפȤ롥ξԤζ̤ˤĤơBybee (165--66) "Mood and modality" ꤹǫ˲⤷ƤΤǡѤ褦

   The working definition of mood used in the survey is that mood is a marker on the verb that signals how the speaker chooses to put the proposition into the discourse context. The main function of this definition is to distinguish mood from tense and aspect, and to group together the well-known moods, indicative, imperative, subjunctive and so on. It was intentionally formulated to be general enough to cover both markers of illocutionary force, such as imperative, and markers of the degree of commitment of the speaker to the truth of the proposition, such as dubitative. What all these markers of the mood category have in common is that they signal what the speaker is doing with the proposition, and they have the whole proposition in their scope. Included under this definition are epistemic modalities, i.e. those that signal the degree of commitment the speaker has to the truth of the proposition. These are usually said to range from certainty to probability to possibility.
   Excluded, however, are the other "modalities", such as the deontic modalities of permission and obligation, because they describe certain conditions on the agent with regard to the main predication. Some of the English modal auxiliaries have both an epistemic and a deontic reading. The following two examples illustrate the deontic functions of obligation and permission respectively:
      Sally must be more polite to her mother.
      The students may use the library at any time.
   The epistemic functions of these same auxiliaries can be seen by putting them in a sentence without an agentive subject:
      It must be raining.
      It may be raining.
   Now the auxiliaries signal the speaker's degree of commitment to the proposition "it is raining". Along with deontic modalities, markers of ability, desire and intention are excluded from the definition of mood since they express conditions pertaining to the agent that are in effect with respect to the main predication. I will refer to obligation, permission, ability, desire and intention as "agent-oriented" modalities.
   The hypothesis implicit in the working definition of mood as an inflectional category is that markers of modalities that designate conditions on the agent of the sentence will not often occur as inflections on verbs, while markers that designate the role the speaker wants the proposition to play in the discourse will often occur as inflections. This hypothesis was overwhelmingly supported by the languages in the sample. Hundreds of inflectional markers that fit the definition of mood were found to occur in the languages of the sample. In fact, such markers are the most common type of inflection on verbs. However, inflectional markers of obligation, permission, ability or intention are extremely rare in the sample, and occur only under specific conditions.


mood ϼȤƷʤտ路ựŪƥ꡼ָ̿modality ϼȤựŪƥ꡼ָ̿ΤȤ⤢й԰ټԻָΤȤ⤢롤ȤȤ館Ƥ褵̣δ餤СԤϸԤݤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Bybee (169) ˤϼ̤ꡥ

The cross-linguistic data suggest, then, the following uses of the terms modality and mood. Modality designates a conceptual domain which may take various types of linguistic expression, while mood designates the inflectional expression of a subdivision of this semantic domain. Since there is much cross-linguistic consistency concerning which modalities are expressed inflectionally, mood can refer both to the form of expression, and to a conceptual domain.


Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.

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2022-09-08 Thu

#4882. Ūʡ־άפˤ͡ʲ᤬ [syntax][masanyan][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][ame_bre][terminology][mandative_subjunctive]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦ׵ɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸסꤷֲˡߡפ should ˤĤơܽθűѸ YouTuber ʡˤǤޤˤ (masanyan) ȥեޥ˴̤ޤʤˤĤƤϡ­Ū hellog å



ŵŪʸ󤲤ȡΤ褦ˤʤޤ

I suggest that John go to see a doctor. ʥꥫѸǤϡֲˡߡסʤŪˤϡָס
I suggest that John should go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤϡshould + ס

λüŪ1ԤǵҤС

I suggest that John (should) go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤ should Ѥ뤬ꥫѸǤ should Ѥʤ

ȤʤǤ礦üŪ褦ȻפС֥ꥫѸǤ should άפȸäƺѤޤ뤳ȤǤޤ
δάäơ־άפȤɽѤƤߤޤ򰷤äƤʸ̮ǡ־άפȤˤϡŪΩˤä͡ʰ̣礤դƤΤդɬפǤ
嵭Τ褦˱ʸˡΩ줫ȤʬʬۤάäƤϡshould ξάפȤɽȻϹͤƤޤŪʱƺ򤭤üŪ˵ҡŦǤޤ1ĤιŪʹԤȻפޤֲˡߡפȤŪޥʡѸФ˺ѤޤȤ⤢ޤʸˡоݥ٥ˤޤʸˡΤηŪҤδϵޤ1ĤιԤǤϤȤΩǤ
伫Ȥ칶ѸˤΩ졤뤤Ū̻ŪѸؤΩ줫餹ȡ־άפȤϸޤǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡѸˤꡤŪʸ̮ǡֲˡߡפ should ξʸڤƤꡤɤ餬ŪΩɽʤΤϤäȳΤ뤳ȤǤʤǤŪȤơshould ά줿Τ뤤ϵդ줿ΤȤ褦ʻɤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǤäȤСѸˤӸؤλ餤С¾ȤϹͤƤޤ󡥡ֲˡߡפϷŪʸݡshould ѤɽŪʸݤȤ̡ǤꡤľŪϤʤȹͤΤŪǤξɽߤزǽä夬ĹΤ褦 variation δطäȲᤷޤĤޤꡤ¾櫓ǤϤʤȲᤷޤǤ顤̻ŪȤƤΡ־άפϤʤäǤ⹵ˤäƤ⡤ϤäȳǧƤʤȤΩޤ
ˡŪΩ줫ߤȤɤǤ礦㤨ʸˡˤʬϤǰƬˤȡꥫѸήΡֲˡߡפ IP μ V ΰ֤뤱ɡꥹѸή should IP μ I ΰ֤ȤξԤΰ㤤ɽΤꤵޤǤΰ㤤߽ФƤ븶ưϤʤΤʸˡȤǤϤʤˤʬޤ󤬡ʤȤ־άפȸƤФΤǤϤʤޤ
ۤˤۤʤΩ֤᤬ϤǤ
ܤŪʸ̮αʸˡѸȤƤФѤ־άפϡŪΩ֤ˤä¿ȤʤΤ򤷤ƤȤפȻפޤʤȤ⡤ŪѰۤ򵭽ҤˡȤƤΡ־άפѤƤǡŪ̻ŪȤƻǰƬ֤־άפ⤢ޤɤΤ褦Ω֤־άפȽҤ٤ƤΤפȹͤƤޤơơΩ֤ιͤʤ򤷤ƤȤƱͤ˽פȹͤƤޤ

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2022-07-15 Fri

#4827. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ17֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][tense][link][conditional][be][mood][future]

δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ8



If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ򤷤䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ

hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704

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2022-06-15 Wed

#4797. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ16֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][link][conditional][tense][be][mood]

δñѸ in English٤7椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ³Ƥޤ16ϡѸؽԤˤ˴󤻤֤ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΡפ夲ޤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ7



ѤʵϡѸ˴ϢܤʤɤǤˤ˼夲Ƥޤ伫Ȥ hellog 䤽¾ΤǷ֤ܤƤޤرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯǤ4.2ˤơ֤ʤ If I were a bird ȤʤΤˡοȻ¸פȤƲäƤޤ
ޤŪˡפɼؤ򥿡åȤ˿˥ȥ饤ȤϤʤäΤǡɤޤǽҤ٤٤ˤϿʤۤ褤Τʤɡʤʤ忴ޤʤʤϾĩŪƧ߹ߡ⤽ֲˡפȤϲ䡤ȤܼäƤߤޤϤƤޤäƤǤ礦ͤˤȽǤƤۤޤ
ʲϡޤǸɽƤ if I were a bird ˴ؤ hellog 䲻ưǥǤΥƥĤǤ͡ʥ٥ǽ񤤤ƤޤΤǡϢܵȹ碌ƤʤˤĤƤϽФԤޤ͡ˡ

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])
#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])
#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])
#3989. űѸǤȿŪˤϲˡѤ줿 ([2020-03-29-1])
#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) ([2020-03-30-1])
#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) ([2020-03-31-1])
#4178. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-04-1])
#4718. ˡľˡ were ˤĤƤޤȤ ([2022-03-28-1])

#30. ʤˡǤ If I WERE a bird Τ褦 WERE ȤΤǤhellog-radio: 2020ǯ104
#36. was were --- 2Ĥͣưheldio: 2021ǯ77
#301. was were δطˤĤƤޤ礦heldio: 2022ǯ328
#102. ʤ as it were ֤Сפΰ̣ˤʤΡheldio: 2021ǯ911
I wish I were a bird. were Ϥ were Ȥ̤Ρ--СڰʼδѸظإͥ #9 YouTube: 2022ǯ327

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