hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

complementation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-10-03 Thu

#5638. ƻʸȤ to 줬³6ĤΥ --- LGSWE [infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction]

#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. ([2024-09-28-1]) ˰³ƱʸˤĤơ̤ʸˡ򻲾ȤȡۤʤʬबʤƤ롥 LGSWE (= Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English) §9.4.5.2 򻲾ȤǤηƻΰ̣ˤäơ6פ̤Ƥ롥

9.4.5.2 Adjectives taking post-predicate to-clauses

   CORPUS FINDINGS

- Only one adjectival predicate is notably common controling to-clauses in post-predicate position: (un)likely. This form occurs more than 50 times per million words in the LSWE Corpus.
- Other adjectival predicates occurring more than ten times per million words in the LSWE Corpus are: (un)able, determined, difficult, due, east, free, glad, hard, ready, used, (un)willing.
- Other adjectival predicates attested in the LSWE Corpus:
     Degree of certainty: apt, certain, due, guaranteed, liable, (un)likely, prone, sure
     Ability or willingness: (un)able, anxious, bound, careful, competent, determined, disposed, doomed, eager, eligible, fit, greedy, hesitant, inclined, keen, loath, obliged, prepared, quick, ready, reluctant, (all) set, slow, (in)sufficient, welcome, (un)willing
     Personal affective stance: afraid, amazed, angry, annoyed, ashamed, astonished, careful, concerned, content, curious, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, embarrassed, free, furious, glad, grateful, happy, impatient, indignant, nervous, perturbed, pleased, proud, puzzled, relieved, sorry, surprised, worried
     Ease or difficulty: awkward, difficult, easy, hard, (un)pleasant, (im)possible, tough
     Evaluation: bad, brave, careless, crazy, expensive, good, lucky, mad, nice, right, silly, smart, (un)wise, wrong
     Habitual behavior: (un)accustomed, (un)used


Ǥϡ줾Υפηƻ줬Ѥ to 줬ɤΤ褦ʰ̣ôäƤΤȤˤĤƤϿƤʤLGSWE ³սˤʤ⤬ΤǡҤȤ

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2024-09-30 Mon

#5635. easy-to-please ʸˤߤưŪ [middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction][adverb]

ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ

   The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).

(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)


(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ

The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).

(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)

From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.

(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)


easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.

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2024-09-29 Sun

#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η [infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction]

ε#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. ([2024-09-28-1]) ǡַƻ + to פ͡ʥѥǧޤ7פؤζʬϤʤ٤ΤǤǤ Fischer et al. ˽绨Ƥ2פ˶ʬޤ礦ɸˤȤꡤeager-to-please ʸ easy-to-please ʸ2Ǥ (170--71)

In the so-called eager-to-please construction in (22a), the main clause subject functions also as agent-argument of the infinitive. In the easy-to-please construction, the main clause subject corresponds to the patient-argument of the infinitive. The easy-to-please construction is therefore somewhat reminiscent of the modal passive . . . expressing a passive-like meaning without passive marking.

(22) a [Eager-to-please construction]
Andropulos was a bit reluctant to go (BNC)
b [Easy-to-please construction]
He was lying in wait in the hallway, where he was impossible to overlook (BNC)


ιʸˤϸŤǤ˸űѸʸڤޤ (171)

Both the eager-to-please construction and the easy-to-please construction were already available in OE, as shown in (24) and (25), respectively. . . .

(24) ic eom gearo to gecyrrenne to munuclicere drohtnunge
I am ready to turn to monastic way-of-life (ÆCHom.I,35 484.251)
'I am ready to turn to a monastic way of life.'
(25) ðis me is hefi to donne
This to-me is heavy to do (Mart.5(Kotzor)Se.16,A.14)
'This is hard for me to do.'


⤷ΤϡԤ eager-to-please ʸϡűѸ줫ŪʸڤΤǤˡŪʰ̣ӤӤơưȯŸΤФƤƤ뤳ȤǤFischer et al. ³ưѤޤ (171)

The eager-to-please construction has been essentially stable throughout the history of the language. It is interesting to note, however, that some adjectives in the construction developed into modal markers. A straightforward example is bound, originally meaning 'under a binding obligation' but now typically used to mark epistemic necessity.


Ǥ be bound to 㤬ƤޤۤβսǤ be sure to be certain to ˤڤޤεƤȤ碌ợäƤС

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2024-09-28 Sat

#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. [adjective][complementation][infinitive][syntax][construction][semantics][helmate][helwa]

Quirk et al. (1226--27; §16.75) ˡ"Adjective complementation by a to-infinitive clause" ꤹब롥

We distinguish seven kinds of construction in which an adjective is followed by a to-infinitive clause. They are exemplified in the following sentences, which are superficially alike:

  (i) Bob is splendid to wait.
 (ii) Bob is slow to react.
(iii) Bob is sorry to hear it.
 (iv) Bob is hesitant to agree with you.
  (v) Bob is hard to convince.
 (vi) The food is ready to eat.
(vii) It is important to be accurate.

In Types (i--iv) the subject of the main clause (Bob) is also the subject of the infinitive clause. We can therefore always have a direct object in the infinitive clause if its verb is transitive. For example, if we replace intransitive wait by transitive build in (i), we can have: Bob is splendid to build this house.
   For Types (v--vii), on the other hand, the subject of the infinitive is unspecified, although the context often makes clear which subject is intended. In these types it is possible to insert a subject preceded by for; eg in Type (vi): The food is ready (for the children) to eat.


ιʸɽŪˤϡַƻ + to פƱͤ줾˸ͭỤ̄Ūħ롥ĴǤϤ뤬餯Ūȯãηϩߤ礭ۤʤΤ¿
ܲ helwa ꥹʡʤ Discord αѸ˥ߥ˥ƥˤ֥̥ޤ롪ʸˡץͥˤơHe is sure to win the game. Τ褦ʹʸȤʤäƤ롥Ρsure + to פιʸϡQuirk et al. ˤ (iv) פ°Ȥɬ⤿䤹ʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2023-10-17 Tue

#5286. շͧǡֱѸϤʤˤ⤷פäƤޤ [notice][voicy][heldio][keiyukai][senbonknock][sobokunagimon][silent_letter][complementation][gerund][infinitive][impersonal_verb]

轵1014ڡˤθ塤˿dzŤ줿շͧιֱˤơֱѸؽΩıѸ --- ѸϤʤˤ⤷פäޤνΥϥ֥åɳŤαġƹֱκƲΥ󥸤ޤǡåդγˤϤؤäˤʤꡤդƤޤ꤬ȤޤȤ櫓ƲǤշͧ⳰λüԤγľܤä뤳ȤǤ¤˳ڤ֤Ǥ
90ʬۤɤιֱθ塤ξ³ Voicy heldio ꤷޤäƱĥåդǤ碌ƤʤΤǤ˻ͽԤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ󤻤Ƥꤲ߼碌ơ䤬ѸˤδƤΤ heldio ǥ饤ۿ褦ȤΤǤ
ͻҤϡ heldio Υˤ#868. շͧǤΡѤʵץʡ --- 2023ǯ1014ȤۿƤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤİ1ּĹܤȤʤäƤޤˡ



6ۤɤѤʵˤޤʲʬä󤲤ƤޤΤǡİݤˤѤ

(1) 02:25 --- 줫饫ʤ˲Ȥ˲롼Ϥޤμ򤹤ͳϡ㤨ܤˤäơ֥ե١פä֥ե١פäꤹ뤳Ȥ뤫ǤޤʤѸ餷ȯ륳ĤϤޤ
(2) 14:43 --- ѸΡ֥ѥե졼פŪܤˤĤơʤˤͻ¸ΤǤ鶵Ƥд򤷤ǤAcademic Writing ٶƤǶ̣ޤ
(3) 21:34 --- ñˤ island ʤɤޤʤʸΤϤʤǤ
(4) 30:43 --- ˤ¿ꡤӽϺɤΤ褦Ÿʬ«ˤƤΤȤ
(5) 39:05 --- ưˤäŪ -ing Ȥ뤫 to Ȥ뤫ޤäƤΤϤʤǤ
(6) 44:05 --- ʤѸˤ̵ʪ칽ʸΤǤ

˼夲줿Τ6ΤߤǤ¾ˤ¿ε򤤤ƤޤΤǡ hellog/heldio Ǽ夲Ȼפޤ
¤ϷͧιֱƤ Voicy heldio 饤֤ܥΥåϽƤǤϤޤƱͤʷϵ򤵤̣襤ϡ3ȾۤΡ#5179. ꥫʸطͧǤܥΥåϿޤ ([2023-07-02-1]) ⤴ˬ䤯

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2023-09-03 Sun

#5242. ü20αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][pde][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][preposition]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



ܤ6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
ܽˤĤƤܥ֥ Voicy heldio Dz٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤϡ6ϡ20ʸˡŪʸŪѲפɮ줿üʰءȤ heldio ̤򤴰⤷ޤ#824. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (1)ꤷ40ʬĶǤäꤪä򤦤äƤޤ



2023ǯθߡ20αѸΤˤСֲαѸפȤʤޤ¾ϻ䤿Ū˿ƤѸƱΤȹͤޤ100ǯ;λ֤ͤСʤ٤ʸѲϤ󵯤äƤϤǤ1901ǯ2023ǯαѸȤǤϡߤ̤ʤȤϤʤˤ衤Ϥ̯ʥϤϤǤѸʸˡˤΤѲƤΤǤ
ѸˤȤȡűѸѸΤ褦ʸʸ򸦵椹ʬȤݤ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ľǯѸѲɤΤΩɤʱѸ˸ΰǤüΤä⡤ѲΥʥߥåʣΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽˤĤƤؿäϡҰʲΥƥĤˬ䤷ƤФȻפޤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
hellog #5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-27-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1]

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2023-08-27 Sun

#5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lme][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][caxton][malory][negative][impersonal_verb][preposition][periodisation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ



伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥߤޤ󤫡ǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1] [2023-09-03-1]

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2023-08-16 Wed

#5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lmode][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ5ϡ19ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿滳ʿؤۤȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ19ϡѸΤߤȸ˶ᤤǤΤǡۤ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤȻפ줬ǤΤ˸ѸɤΤǤ19αѸ⤪褽ɤƤޤȤΤϻ¤Ǥ餳ʰ㤤򸫲ᤴƤޤ礭ʸ˴٤äƤޤΤǤƤˡȤˤϤޤʤ褦տռŪʴѻɬפȤȤˤʤޤդλ19αѸȤˤİޤ#806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡Ǥɤİ褯27ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ



滳ȤϡޤǤ2 heldio ̤ԤʤۿƤޤ

#803. 滳ˤȤäƱѸȤϲǤ --- ֱѸϡǤ״δϢ̲2023/08/12 ۿ
#323. 滳Ȥ̡singular "they" 19Ǥ̤˻ȤƤ (2022/04/19 ۿ)

󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤйǤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2023-07-31 Mon

#5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][emode][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ3ϡ17ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿սءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ17ϱѸ˾̣ʻǤϤޤ¤ѲʹԤƤפǤȤ˼夲뤳ȤʤǤΤǡ̤ϤषŤǤ#790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡İ21ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ



κǸ17˺ʤǤ~פŪǤ͡
ܽˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴ȤйǤ

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-07-09 Sun

#5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation]

6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤҤǤޤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤Ǥ¼Ļر̾ˤԼԤ̳졤¾6̾θԤɮ˲ääƤޤܽˤĤƤϡǤˤΥ֥ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפǾҲ𤹤뵡񤬤ޤ

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

ΤӡܽᤰäԼԤν¼Ȥ̤뵡˷äޤޤ̤ͻҤϡī Voicy ֱͥѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ#769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤ27ʬۤɤȤʤäƤޤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİС



ǥ󥰥ץ5ץˤǤϡ̼Ͽˤäܽɽ沼Υӥå٥μ̿ˤĤƤεŤ΢äҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
󡤤ҶѸʸˡѲˤĤƴؿ󤻤ƤС


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-07-05 Wed

#5182. ʸܤȿС [gcs][archer][corpus][mode][gerund][infinitive][complementation]

Ѹˤˤϡ#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ([2022-01-04-1]) ȤĬή롤Ȥ롥ʸι¤ (complementation) ȤȤ that ᤫؤȿܤư̾ؤȿܤƤѲǤ롥űѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǤäȿʹԤ³ƤƤꡤ©Ĺ
ȯ䤵줿#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡԤν (242--44) ʸ (gcs) ΰȿΤ褦ˤߤ붽̣򼨤Ƥ롥
Ѹ̤ơ~뤿ˡפ̣ in order ... ɽŤư̾ȤäƤȤ줬ʽФ that ޤǿʽФƤȤΤǤ롥ʳδϢɽϤޤܤ򳵴ѤȡΤ褦ˤʤȤ

to the end that/to the end to V

in order to NP/ing

in order to V

in order that ~ may


ˤС ARCHER Corpus Ǹ̤˴ŤʥꥪȤȤܤν˽äɽŪʸ5ĵ󤲤ƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥

... they were all Committed to Newgate, in order to their being Tried next Sessions. (1682 2PROI.N1)
I know not whether it might not be worth a Poet's while, to travel in order to store is mind with ... (1714 BERK.X2)
... every moral agent must exist forever, in order to the proper and full exercise of moral government. (1789 HOPK.H4)
... consequently I cut away all the cerebrum until the corpus callosum appeared, in order that I might the more readily examine the lateral ventricles. (1820 A.M5)
Not because I want to undervalue the importance of these signs, but in order that I may impress upon you how important it is to Subject ...


Τʸܤ򴬤ᤷΤ褦ʽοܤȤʤäƤ롥̤θˤΤʤΤ뤤϶ȯŪ㳰Ȥߤʤ٤ʤΤ̣

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-06-19 Mon

#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯ [review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation][youtube]

ѸʸˡѲˤĤƥѥѤƼ¾Ū˸椷ͽҤǤޤѸʬΰdzƤ7̾Ҹ׻ᡤʡᡤսᡤܻһᡤ滳ᡤüᡤ¼ˤˤҤǤԤꤴܤޤͳ˴פޤ


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



ܤκħϡƾϤ15--20γͻϰϤȤƤ뤳ȤǤܤȾиꤵƤꡤ¬ȤʤäƤΤǤΤȤ줿̻ŪθȤʤäƤޤ֤ϤפƬ˼Τ褦ˤޤ (v)

ܽ϶Ѹ1500--PresentˤˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƥѥλѤˤ¾ŪǤ롥
ޤDZѸˤεҤˤ̤˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤޤʤä褦˻פ롥ҤȤĤˤϤۤȤɤθѲǤ뤿ᡤεҤ񤷤Ȥ롥ʤ顤ʸػˤʤɤǤ̤Ϥ̤Ǥ㤨СOxford History of English Literature 12 volumesˡΤȤ⤢äƤѸˤˤƤǶ Kytö et al. (2006), Mair (2006) ʤɤǤ졤줾1920αѸˤѲħ˾򤢤ƤƤ롥
ܽǤ϶Ѹˤ嵭Τ褦ѲϢ³ȳħª뤿ˡʲɮԤδ֤Ƕͭ

1. ƤμɮԤ϶̹ܡư졤ˡʸˤĤƽҤ٤롥
2. ʳιܤǡħȹͤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƽҤ٤롥
3. ŻҥѥƥȤäơ¾Ū˵Ҥ롥


Ѹˤλʬ (periodisation) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5140. ֱѸˤλʬ׷֤ο֤ ([2023-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲ʤɤ伫ȤĹ餯ͤƤޤָűѸפֶѸפʤɤȥ٥ŽΤǤϤʤäѤñ̤ڤ롤뤤ϸڤȤΤϳΤ˰ŪǤϤޤǤCurzan (33) Ҥ٤褦ˡ٥򤱤ΩԤñ̤򹥤褦Ǥ츫̵ʻʬΤ褦Ǥơषɤ߼ޤϢ³ռȤ̤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽǤϥѥѤŪǼ¾Ūʸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤʬ򸦵椹並ԤˤϡˡޤľܻͤˤʤޤޤʸˡѲʸѲȤäƤⰷ٤¿ˤ錄ΤǤƾϤǤϳαѸͻǤȤ櫓פʹܤФƤꡤؤͭѤǤ
ǽϤΤΤޤȤȤʤäƤꡤäƾϤΤ̤ʬ줿Τľ졤ɤ߼λ볦äꤷޤʸ⽼¤ƤꡤѸ鸽˻ޤǤʸˡѲ˴ؿΤˤϡҼ˼äƤ餤Ǥ᤿Ȼפޤ
Ԥΰܻ͡ҤĻرءˤˤޤƤϡܽνǤ򸫤ˤµ줿ȤܤޤᤷߤǤäѤǤ̽ʡ򤪵ꤤޤ

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Curzan, Anne. "Periodization in the History of the English Language." Chapter 12 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 8--35.

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2022-12-10 Sat

#4975. 2Ūư졤ꤽǼʤư [transitive_verb][masanyan][voicy][heldio][preposition][complementation][syntax][genius6]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơޤˤ̤#557. ޤˤ̡supply A with B with äפޤ --- إ˥¼ŵٿǤӡꤷơsupply provide ʤɤư줬 give Ʊ褦 SVOOʤ2Ū칽ʸư (ditransitive_verb) ˤʤĤĤȤѲˤĤơοǤӤʤ鴿̤



ȴϢơѸ2Ūư졤Ӽ줽ǼʤưֻѤɬפΤưʤɡˤƤߤŪʰ뤳Ȥܻؤ櫓ǤϤʤHuddleston and Pullum (309) ʬȻѤˤʤ
ޤʸ2Ĥι give פư򡤹ʸȤ5ʬह롥

    Oi + Od    Od + NON-CORE COMP
i a. I gave her the key.b. I gave the key to her.[Oi or to]
ii a. *I explained her the problem.b. I explained the problem to her.[to only]
iii a. I bought her a hat.b. I bought a hat for her.[Oi or for]
iv a. *I borrowed her the money.b. I borrowed the money for her.[for only]
v a. I spared her the trouble.b. *I spared the trouble to/for her.[Oi only]


5ʬ˽äơ줾ưΥץͿ褦i, iii, v 3郎2ŪưǤ롥

i Oi or TO: award, bequeath, bring, cable, deny, feed, give, hand, kick, leave1, lend, offer, owe, pass, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write
ii TO only: announce, confess, contribute, convey, declare, deliver, donate, exhibit, explain, mention, narrate, refer, return, reveal, say, submit, transfer
iii Oi or FOR: bake, build, buy, cook, design, fetch, find, get, hire, leave2, make, order, reach, rent, reserve, save1, sing, spare1, write
iv FOR only: acquire, borrow, collect, compose, fabricate, obtain, recover, retrieve, withdraw
v Oi only: allow, begrudge, bet, charge, cost, envy, excuse, fine, forgive, permit, refuse, save2, spare2, strike, tax, tip, wish

ˤʤä supply, provide 2ŪưȤƴޤޤƤʤȤ⡤嵭ϤޤɸŪˡ˸¤äǤΥץǤ롥
ۤ2ŪưȤơQuirk et al. (§16.57) ΥꥹȤѤƤ

pay, provide, serve, tell; bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, promise, read, send, show, teach, throw; do, find, make, order, reserve, save, spare; ask, envy, excuse, forgive; allow, charge, fine, refuse, wish


Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-22-1]

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2022-07-26 Tue

#4838. worth ηƻŪħ [adjective][preposition][pos][prototype][complementation][syntax]

ε#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ ([2022-07-25-1]) ˰³worth ʻʬˤĤơHuddleston and Pullum (607) ˤȡޤ worth 㳰ŪʷƻǤȤεҤ롥

As an adjective, . . . worth is highly exceptional. Most importantly for present purposes, it licenses an NP complement, as in The paintings are [worth thousands of dollars]. In this respect, it is like a preposition, but overall the case for analysing it as an adjective is strong.


ǤϡHuddleston and Pullum ϲä worth ƻŪȷŤƤΤޤǽŪȤ2ŦƤ롥1ĤϡŵŪʷƻ餷 become ˤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡʬ칽ʸŪˡ˽ҸȤƵǽǤȤȤǤ롥줾ʲ2ĤʸˤäƼ롤ֻǤϤʤȤȤ

What might have been a $200 first edition suddenly became [worth perhaps 10 times that amount].
[Worth over a million dollars,] the jewels were kept under surveillance by a veritable army of security guards.


ѲӽȤߤȡworth Ϸƻ餷ʤIt was more worth the effort than I'd expected it to be. Τ褦ӵʸϲǽǤϤ뤬worth 켫Τΰ̣ˤĤӤƤΤɤˤĤƤϵ롥ƱͤˡIt was very much worth the effort. Τ褦 worth ĴƤ뤫Τ褦ʸϤ뤬ζĴ worth ٤ĴƤΤ롥
⤦1ġ̯ŪʬϤ롥worth ֻǤдط̾ź뤳ȤǤ뤬ƻǤ񤷤ͽۤ롥ơͽۤäƤΤ

This was far less than the amount [which she thought the land was now worth].
*This was far less than the amount [worth which she thought the land was now].


嵭ƤŪɾʤСworth ŵŪʷƻȤϤֻŪħĤΤΡǤɤ餫ȤзƻȤȤˤʤꤽʪޤäǤ뤳ȤϾΤĤġ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

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2022-07-25 Mon

#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ [adjective][preposition][pos][prototype][complementation][syntax]

khelfʷѸ˥եǡworth Ϸƻ줫ֻ줫Ȥ꤬줿ŪˤϸűѸηƻ졦̾ w(e)orþ ̤뤳ȤʬäƤ뤬Ѹ worth 򶦻ŪʬϤʤСɤʬϤǽǤ롥
ޤֲͤפȤΤʸŪʰֲ̣͡פΰ̣б̾⤢뤳Ȥ顤ƻȤߤΤȤո롥˸§ȤŪˤ׵ֻ᤹Τ褦ʿ񤤤򼨤ȤΤºݤˡĤα¼򻲾ȤȡƻȼäƤΤ⤢СֻȤΤ⤢롥
̤˱ѸؤǤϡΤ褦ƤΤ prototype Υץ롥ŵŪʷƻ졤ŵŪֻ˴ѻŪħ򤢤餫ꥹȥåפƤθ졤ξǤ worth ˤĤơɤʻħ¿ͭ뤫ˤäơƻŪǤȤֻŪǤȤäȽǤ򤯤ΤǤ롥
ʬϼΤʤʤ⤷Τ̤ worth 򡤸׵᤹Ȥ㳰Ūħġְۼʡ׷ƻȤߤƤHuddleston and Pullum (546--47) ˤС褦ʰۼʷƻ֤Ȥ (un)like due 롥ʲʸǡѳ̤˳äʬ줾ȼäƻȤʬϤ롥

The book turned out to be [worth seventy dollars].
Jill is [very like her brother].
You are now [due $750]. / $750 is now [due you].

ˤΥꥹȤ near ä뤳ȤǤ
Ϣơ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʻʬѸȤƤϡƻζʬͭ̾ˤĤƤϡ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1])#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ ([2016-01-02-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-26-1]

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2022-01-04 Tue

#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ʸܡ [gcs][gvs][syntax][verb][complementation][terminology][gerund][infinitive]

Ѹˤκǽץɤ1ĤǤ "Great Vowel Shift" ʡ첻ܡ; gvsˤˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥˤʤ̾դ줿 "Great Complement Shift" ʡʸܡ; gcsˤˤĤƤϡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥ̾˸ڤ٤ǤۤȤɼ夲ƤƤʤäϡѸ˾塤ưʬ¤ (complementation) 礭ѲƤݤؤʬͼԤǤ Rohdenburg (143) פʸƬǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Over the past few centuries, English has experienced a massive restructuring of its system of sentential complementation, which may be referred to as the Great Complement Shift.


ʸ¤ѲȤäƤ⡤ºݤˤ͡ʼѲޤޤƤ롥餬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطĤΤ餫ˤƤʤRohdenburg ϤޤȤ GCS ȸƤǤ롥Rohdenburg (143--45) ϡΤ褦̻ŪѲʤ뤤Ϥ򼨺붦ŪѰۡˤ󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) She delighted to do it. She delighted in doing it.
(2) She was used/accustomed to do it. He was used/accustomed to doing it.
(3) She avoided/dreaded to go there. She avoided/dreaded going there.
(4) He helped (to) establish this system.
(5) They gave us some advice (on/as to) how it should be done.
(6) a. He hesitated (about) whether he should do it.
b. He hesitated (about) whether to do it.
(7) a. She was at a loss (about) what she should do.
b. She was at a loss (about) what to do.
(8) a. She advised to do it in advance.
b. She advised doing it in advance.
c. She advised that it (should) be done in advance.
(9) a. He promised his friends to return immediately.
b. He promised his friends (that) he would return immediately.

夳1ĤΥפȤळȤ񤷤ưʸȤư̾졤졤that ᡤֻʤɤΤΤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲƤȡƸߤǤ⤷ФжŪѰۤߤȤȤGCS μݤǤ롥

Rohdenburg, Günter. "The Role of Functional Constraints in the Evolution of the English Complement System." Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500--2000. Ed. Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt, and Herbert Schendl. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006. 143--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-05-1] [2022-01-05-1]

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