ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ
The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).
(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)
(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ
The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).
(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)
From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.
(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)
easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.
ε#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1]) ˤợŪʥƥȤƤǽ (ergative) ˿줿ѸǽʸǤϤʤгʸǤꡤľܤˤϴطʤȤפ뤫⤷ʤǽ (ergativity) ȤѸľƤߤȡȯ롥ưμ¾̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤷ư (passive) ư (middle_voice) Ȥ롥ºݡưμ¾ζ̤ϱѸư乽ʸͤݤŪǴŪʸƤƤ뤬ǽλ鸫ľȡʿѤäƤΤ
Malmkjær (532) "Ergativity" ιΰѤ롥
Complementary to the transitive model of the grammar is the ergative model, an additional property of the system of transivitity, which foregrounds the role of Agency in providing a 'generalised representational structure common to every English clause' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 281). This system is simultaneous with those of process type and circumstance . . . . Here the key variable is not a model of extension, as in transitivity, but of causation: 'The question at issue is: is the process brought about from within, or from outside?' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 287). Every process must have one participant central to the actualisation of the process; 'without which there would be no process at all' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 288). This is the Medium and along with the process forms the nucleus of the clause. The Medium is obligatory and is the only necessary participant, if the process is represented as being self-engendering. If the process is engendered from outside, then there is an additional participant, the Agent. Options in the ergative model of transitivity define the voice, or agency, of the clause. A clause with no feature of 'agency' is neither active nor passive but middle (for example, Europeans arrives). One with agency is non-middle, or effective, in agency (for example, Europeans invaded Australia). An effective clause is then either operative or receptive in voice. In an operative clause, the Subject is the Agent and the process is realised by an active verbal group; in a receptive clause the Subject is the Medium and the process is realised by a passive verbal group (Australia was invaded by Europeans) (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 297).
줿褦ˡνˤгʸ (accusative language) ǽʸ (ergative language) Ȥ2祿פ롥ơ transitivity Żθ ergativity ŻθȸƤ褤ʸˡѤ礭ۤʤ륿פǤϤ뤬°¾ȯۤįƤߤȡƶ롥ɤΤȤʹ֤ɽȤɽˡˤϾΥѥʤɽŪˤϰۤʤäƤ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ϥɲˡ㤨Ƥˤʤɾ뤳ȤǤ
Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I.M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.
ѸγؽԤˤȤäߤΤʤʸˡƥ (category) Ҳ𤷤Υƥˤп (ξȤ⡨dual number) ֤Υƥˤư (ưȤ⡨middle_voice)
Ť˸ΤǡºݡűѸˤ;̾ˤпߤ줿 (cf. #180. űѸο;̾о ([2009-10-24-1])ˡǤ˷ƤϤưѤ hātan "be called" ʤư⤢äѸǤϤϷŪˤϴ˼ƤޤäƤ뤬ǽŪˤбΤϤ롥пˤ you two, a pair of . . ., a couple ʤɤɽб뤷ưˤϼưֹʸƵư칽ʸʤɤб롥
Ѹ줫ϷŪ˼ƤޤäпưξեѤƤ줬奮ꥷǤ롥ůؼԤοˤơˤĤơޤߤˤĤƤȤƤʬ䤹ȯŪʥåäκˡפƤ (46--47)
ܸϡ̾Ρñפȡʣפζ̤ΤǤʤΤǡѸؤֻ괧 a ĤΤĤʤΤ s ĤΤĤʤΤ¤Ȥˤʤ뤬ꥷˤϡñפȡʣפΤˡˡпפȤΤ롥פˡĤǤҤȤΤΤޤȤɽǡ˹碌ưѲ̤ˤ롥ܤ⤽줾ĤʤΤǡȤȹͤСƱȤʤ롥
Ʊưǽư֡ư֤Ϥ狼䤹ܸΥꥷ춵Ǥϡɤ櫓ȸƤ֡ˡưפȤΤϡǽưȤưȤʤΤǡȤмʬΤȤϤƼʬäƤΤƤΤˡưפȤ롥
¤ϤΡпפȡưפŤʤäƤΤ롥ϡáפǤ롥äϡͤοʹ֤ԤΤǤꡤʣοʹ֤ΤǹԤˤƤ⡤١ͤĤǹԤ롥ơäפȤưϡͤäƤʥǥ쥲ȥˡפΤ褦ˡޤˡпưפѤ롥ĤޤꡤñˡäפΤǤϤʤƱˡäפȤŪʳưʤΤǤ롥
ǶƤפʤΤ뤬ϤߤŪˡäפǡäϤäȴƤ褦ʵ롥ơߤʤϡäƤޤ
ˤؤμȤ⥪饤ǥߥ˥̹ԤȤʤ뷹Ƥꡤǥ쥲ȥǤƤʤ롥
ʾ塤пư꤬äڤǤ빥Ǥ
ˡäκˡסؿΥ쥷ԡůؤθ١ȽŹ2020ǯ46--47ǡ
ϢεǡԢʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤εҲ𤷤Ƥcf. #4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ ([2020-10-31-1])#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1])#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ ([2020-11-05-1])ˡǶᡤưˤĤƹƤȤäΤǡưΤˤ˻ͤȤƤäƤ롥
Ԣʬ (175--76) ϡưΤȤ顤ΡˤޤĹˤɸΤ褦Ƥ롥礭ʲǧθŪʴߤƤ⤭Ƽ٤ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
ټԤä
ϰǯʾ˵ڤ֤⤷Ĺˤפ
Ǥϡ̴ֶפλξ֤Ϥޤ륤ɡ衼åѸѲˤʾΤ褦ư줪֤ѲȤįȤ˸ФȤϲΤʤ䤤ˤƤߤ褦
Ѳˤΰ¦̤̤顤ټԤꤹؤΰʹߤˤȤФ褦˻פ롥
̾Ūʸλ塤ưñʤȤ줿ޤ줿ư⡤;η֤ˤꡤưιټԤǤϤʤƽΤΤҤƤ
ưϸ˿;Τˤäơư줬٤֤˷ӤĤȯۤδäޤ롥ȤϤư줬θ֤Ȥ֤⡤ưȹټԤȤδطĤƤϡưץ¦˹ټԤΤȤ⤽γ¦ˤΤޤޤαޤäƤˤäΤǽưưζʬä
θ塤ưϤ궯̣ǹ٤ټԤ˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ǽưȼưζ̤ˤäơټԤʬǤäΤɤ褦ˤʤ뤫
βˤȡϡưɽ魯ưΤΤܤ줫顤ưμïʤΤ˰۾ʴؿؤȲȤˤʤ롥Ԣʬ (178) ϾΰѤθǡԤ夤θֽͭפȤƤǤ롥
Ѹ˾Ȥ餷ƤСŪ졤ư¾ư졤ǽư֤ȼư֤ʤɡŪۤ˿мʸȤʤäƤ뤬ϡưιټԤꤵեפθȤȤˤʤ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
Ρ#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) ȡ#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1]) ε˰³Ԣʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤˰͵Ĥġư (voice) ꤫; (person) ؤȵŸ
εǤߤ褦ˡĸꤵ̤äʳǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸưŪʹʸˤꥸʥư칽ʸȿǤƤȤǽ롥ˤʤС;ιʸϤ2ŪʹʸȤȤˤʤ
ưˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ;ΤȤϲȤˤ⿷ʸꤲ롥;ŪưŪʹʸư칽ʸȤȡ˿;ΤȤȯۤ;ϤϤʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ (category) ȤƤ븽λ䤿餹С⤷֤θ鹽ʸο;ΤϲפΤǤСȤꤢǤ1;ΤǤ2;ΤǤʤȤ̣ǡ˾öŪˡ3;Ρפ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ̤ʬäȤܤĸΤβŪʸηϤ顤Ʊ褦ȤȡȤ˵礹ΤǤ롥
䤬ƤΤ褦̤ʬξ֤顤ΤȤƤΡֻפȡνפäǤ֤ʤפʲˬ졤줾줬;ΤȤʸˡƥפʸѸǤ1;Ρפȡ2;ΡסˤȤʤäλˤ̾ΤǤä¿ʬ˾öŪưŤǡ3;Ρפ̾Ť뤳Ȥˤʤä123;ΤȤʬǤꡤߤ˻롥ȡʥȡ뤫⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ (171) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷ƤʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
˲פֻ䤬פ
ϤĤޤꡤưˤΤʤǿ;ΤγǰϤ֤ȸˤʤäȯΤȤȤǤ⤢롥
ȤСֻ䤬βפȽҤ٤Ȥƥˤ;ΤưѤ "me paenitet culpae meae" Ȥɽ뤬ʸ̤ˤϡֻβ˴ؤơ˲פǤ䤬ΤǤϤʤΤ顤ϡֲפʤΤɽ뤦Ǽ¤ŪΤʸȸͤФʤʤˡ
Τ褦ʸϿ;ΤȯãȤȤưγѤ˼äƤƱư;Τ˳Ѥ paeniteo ʻ䤬ˤȤ֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥
Τ褦ʿ;ΤˤϤ̾Τ⤿餹Ƥ롥ư;η֤ˡֻ;ΡפȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ֤б뤳Ȥͤȡ;Ρʻˤ;ΡʤʤˤγǰưˤˤơˤʤäƤ鸽ƤΤȤȤˤʤ롥
ֻפˡ;ΡפȤ̾ΤͿƤ뤫Ȥäơ;ΤֻפϤޤä櫓ǤϤʤֻסʰ;Ρˤ֤ʤס;Ρˤؤȸˤ顤Ժߤμԡʻ;ΡˤؤȹäƤȤϤ̾Τ⤿餷Ǥ롥
ˤơޤ̤ˤơ;ΤȤϲȤκƹͤ¥ŦǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]) Ϥ person γƵȡ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
ѤʵΤʤǤȤӤ1Ĥ It rains. It ȤϲȤ䤤Ǥ롥ε#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) Ǿ줿ޤ˲ˤϻʤڡ˰ʤǤ롥ͤҥȤϤ롥
Ǥܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ƤԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤ǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸѤư졤;ư (impersonal_verb) ưθηǤƤ롥ε ([2020-11-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡԢʬư̾줫ΤȹͤƤΤǡǤϤ rains Τ褦ưϡ̾줫ưΰƧ߹ư֤Τ褦ݻƤȤȤˤʤ롥طʬ (169--171) ĹѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
It rains ϡ㳰פǤϤʤֵפǤ
ư줬ʸˡηϤˤƿΤǤꡤȤȤϡư̾ˤäƹ٤ɽ̾ŪʸѤƤΤȤСߤΤưªΤΤѹ褦ˤʤΤϡ;ιʸǤ롥
Ѹ "It rains" ȤʸǤ褯Τư;ŪѤϡˤϰ㳰뤤˳ʤΤ褦˸롥Ȥ֤줿 it ΤؼƤʤǤ롥ƥ "tonat" 뤬Ĥˤ䥮ꥷ "ὕŦ" ʱߤˤƱͤɽ黰;Τ˳ѤưϤ⤤ʤˤбƤʤ
ʸ㳰Ū˻פΤϡưν֤Ϲ٤֤˷ӤĤΤפȤͤˤ줬줭äƤޤäƤ뤫˲ʤ;ιʸϡºݤΤȤưκǸŤη֤ΤǤ롥
ά
Ȥȡư̾줬θ夿ɤäˤ褽Τ褦˲¬Ǥ롥ưȤôäƤ췲ư̾ˤüϰ̤ˤä̾줫̤褦ˤʤ롥ưθŪ֤ȯǤ롥Ϥޤ̾ȴڤΥƤϤʤ̾ǤäħƤϤʤĤޤꡤưɽȤϤǤƤ⡤ߤ˿;ΤɽܰΤ褦ʤľ˳櫓ǤϤʤ
Ƥޤñư뤤Ͻɽưޤ롥顼θȤΡñ; unipersonalפư¤Ǥ롥
Ϥޤˡñ;Ρư¤Ȥ٤ΤǤäơǡưӤϹ٤̿ΤΤˤɤ⡤ʤβ줿ټԤϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤޤꡤ;ŪɽΤǤ롥
ά
ưָβ줿ټԡפȷӤĤ뺣ΤΰռǤϡʸ㳰Τ˻פ뤬̾ŪʸӤȯŸưκǽˤäΤϡΤ褦ʸǤäȤȤǤ롥ưϤȤȡټԤؼ뤳ȤʤưؤƤ
ƶ顤It rains. ˤ뤳ȤǤIt rains. ϡټԺߤΤޤޤˡֹ߱פȤ¤ɽ路ƤˤʤȤȤIt ؤΤȤ䤤ϻ䤿ˤȤäƼ䤤Τ褦ˤߤ뤬䤤ΤäƤߤɬפ롥
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
#4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ ([2020-10-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ˡĸʳǤϡޤ̾Ūʸꡤ夫ưŪʸȤҲ𤷤Ƥʬ (165--66)
ư֤ǽư֤Ȥä֤γǰϡޤǤʤư˷ӤĤƤ롥ưϺΤ륤ɡ衼åѽˤơʸôΤ˸롥Ĥޤꡤư줬ʤ뤳Ȥ
¤ưϸΤʤˤ֤٤ƤǤǤ뤳ȤʬäƤ롥եθŵؼԥ顼ϡإƥʸˡ٤ΤʤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ưϤˤʸŪǤǤ褦ˤߤ뤬줬ΤäƤ褦ʷǤΤϡ¤ʸˡƤΤʤ٤ƤΤʤΤǤ롥ưŪӹʸˤƤϡ̾ŪӹʸäΤǤꡤΤʤưǤϤʤư̾Ǥäס
Ǥϡư줬٤ǤǤäȤ顤ϤĺΤʤΤ
Τǯꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤƱԡͭĽŦ褦ˡɡ衼åѽζ̤εȤꤵƤ̴ֶפϤǤưäƤȹͤΤǡǥ顼뤬ڤƤΤϤλθȤȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦ʴΩĤȡ̾ŪʸȤܤưŪʸˤλϡΤʤ˻Ȥ˸ĤʢǽưŪˡָĤפȤ褦ȻפäưŪˡָĤפȤƤˡ;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸɽʤȤиѸ It seems to me . . . It rains. ȤȤˤưŪʰ̣礤¿ʬ˴ޤߤĤĤ⤢ޤ̾ŪʸǤäĤäƤȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ȸƤФߡ It ϡκۤ뤿ź줿ʸ̤ΤǤꡤιʸ seems rains ̾Ūʡֳѡפֹ߱פˤۤʤʤ
ζ繽¤ʬϤˤƤϡư¸ߤȤƤ롥ơư괬褦¾ǡʹˤ֤ȤƶŪǤ롥嵭˾Ȥ餻СϸŪȤŪ˼ΤǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤λư֡ (middle_voice) 뤤ϡ֡פȤƤФ롤Ťϰ²˹ߤ줿 (voice) ˴ؤůŪͻǤ롥
ͤ¿ˤߤ֤Ǥ뤬奮ꥷǤϰŪˤ褯ߤ졤ΰˤⲿ餫ηǻ褬ĤäƤ롥ޤܸΡּȯפɽ魯ưɽʤɤ⡤ư֤ΰȤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#232. Ѹˤλʬ (1) ([2009-12-15-1])#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥ̾ΤˤϿ줿ΤΡޤȤ˼夲ȤϤʤäǤ롥
ܽʬ䤹뤳ȤϻζȤԤκμĥϡ䤿Τ褦ˤߤʤƤǽư֤ȼư֤ΩäƤߤ褦ȤƤӤǤ롥ǽư֤ȼư֤Ω˴줭äƤȡư֤ϡʸ̤ŪʡΩ֤Τ褯ʬʤɤäĤ¸ߤǤ褦ˤߤ롥ΩμƤ뤫ǤϤʤΩ٤ϡǽư֤ȼư֤碌1Ĥ֤ȡư֤Ȥ⤦1Ĥ֤ʤΤǤϤʤư֤ϲ֤ʤΤǤϤʤषǽư֤ȱԤΩ֤ʤΤǤϤʤܽǤϡȾ餳Τ褦ܤڤ褦ʵŸ롥pp. 82--83 ԤμĥѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸηǼƤˡ
ư֤뤿ˤϡ줬Τʤ˿äƤޤäǽưмưȤѡڥƥٳ̤줿ǡĤư֤֤ƤѡڥƥʤФʤʤΤäŪ˸СκȤϡư֤ñȤȤƤǤϤʤơǽư֤ȤΩˤ뤳Ȥ̣롥
Ȥˤ⤦̤β꤬롥
ư֤ǽư֤ȤΩˤƤΰ̣ꤷƤΤʤСޤäƱ褦ˡǽư֤ޤư֤ȤΩˤƤΰ̣ꤷƤϤǤ롥Ȥ顤ư֤ΩƤȤǽư֤ߤΥѡڥƥˤǽư֤Ʊ뤷ƤϤʤʤȤˤʤ롥ư뤿ˤϡư֤ΩƤǽư֤ľʤФʤʤϤ
줬Τʤ˿äƤѡڥƥ̤ȤϡΤ褦ʤȤ̣롥ư֤䤦ˤϡ줬̵ռ˺ѤƤȤ켫ȤꤷƤͤФʤʤΤ
Τ褦˽֤θžݤ褦ƶܽκǸޤ³ΤʤˤϡǤư칽ʸ̾칽ʸäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢Сư֤֤äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥餿Ƹˤ֤ȤϲʤΤ鷺ˤϤʤʤͤǤ롥
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
եؽԤեˤ̾ưȤƥ뤬ѸˤϤʤΤϤʤȤǤ롥ŪˤϡMa mere se lève tôt. ʻˤΤ褦ʸˤ롤se leve ʬ̾ưȤ졤ֺƵ̾ưפȤ¤ʤƤ롥ѸˤʤСMy mother raises herself early. ȤɽǤ롥̤αѸǤ rise get up ʤɤưѤȤǡեǤ̾ưȤȤΤ¿ޤɥĸǤ Du hast dich gar nicht verändert. (You haven't changed at all) Τ褦ˡֺƵ̾ưפ褯Ѥ̾ưŪɽȯãƤȤ롥
Τ褦ɽϵŪˤϰĸ (middle_voice) ˡ̤ꡤäưˤ¿쾯ʤбʪ¸ߤ롥ºݡѸˤ help oneself, behave oneself, pride oneself on ʤɺƵ̾ư줬¤ʤɽ¿롥ѸǤϥե̾ưΤ褦ư1ƥȤߤۤɤˤȯãƤʤȤΤϻ¤ˤΤϡȤ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥ѸǺƵ̾ѤưɽΩʤΤϤʤ
εΤ˲褦Ȥк٤Ĵɬפ뤬绨ĤˤСѸǤŤϺƵ̾ȼưɽä˭٤ˤäȤȤǤ롥¾ưܺƵ̾פΤߤʤ餺ּưܺƵ̾פι¤ŤϤä¿Ԥϡ#578. go him ([2010-11-26-1]) #1392. ͿʤκƵ̾ ([2013-02-17-1]) ǸȤǤ롥Τ褦ʹ¤ʤư췲ˤϸʩȸȤӤΤ¿ưɽ魯ư (ex. go, return, run, sit, stand, turn) Ū֤ɽ魯ư (ex. doubt, dread, fear, remember) ɽ魯ư (buy, choose, get, make, procure, seek, seize, steal) ¾ (bear, bethink, rest, revenge, sport, stay) äȤΤ褦ɽ϶Ѹʹߤ˽Ѥ졤Ƶ̾æ˻ä
ѸǤƵ̾æĬή塹³Ƥ롥㤨Сadjust (oneself) to, behave (oneself), dress (oneself), hide (oneself), identify (oneself) with, prepare (oneself) for, prove (oneself) (to be), wash (oneself), worry (oneself) ʤɤǤϡƵ̾Τʤñʹ¤ޤ뷹롥Quirk et al. (358) ϡΤ褦ư "semi-reflexive verb" ȸƤǤ롥
ʾޤȤСѸޤǤϰĸͳ褹Ūʷ֤٤ޤݻȯŸƤʹߤƵŪʷִ֤ƤȤѸˤƤοबʤΤȤ櫓ʤѸȤߥΤˤĤƤϡʤĴɬפǤ롥Ƶ̾η֤ -self ᤹褦ˤʤꡤŪ˽ŤʤäȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤʱѸˤˤƺƵ̾줬 -self ޤͭη֤߽ФΤѸʹߤǤꡤ⤽ʸζѸǤ⡤-self ޤޤʤ̤ο;̾äƺƵ̾ѤƤȤա#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1]) ȡˡ뤤ϡñΤưФ̣ŪʺʬϤȤȤ⤢ʣŪʻ٤Τ褦˻פ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
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