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middle_voice - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2024-09-30 Mon

#5635. easy-to-please ʸˤߤưŪ [middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction][adverb]

ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ

   The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).

(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)


(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ

The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).

(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)

From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.

(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)


easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.

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2021-02-18 Thu

#4315. ǽʸȯۤѸߤ [ergative][case][middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][transitivity]

ε#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1]) ˤợŪʥƥ꡼ȤƤǽ (ergative) ˿줿ѸǽʸǤϤʤгʸǤꡤľܤˤϴطʤȤפ뤫⤷ʤǽ (ergativity) ȤѸľƤߤȡȯ롥ưμ¾̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤷ư (passive) ư (middle_voice) Ȥ⿼롥ºݡưμ¾ζ̤ϱѸư乽ʸͤݤŪǴŪʸ󶡤ƤƤ뤬ǽλ鸫ľȡʿѤäƤΤ
Malmkjær (532) "Ergativity" ιΰѤ롥

Complementary to the transitive model of the grammar is the ergative model, an additional property of the system of transivitity, which foregrounds the role of Agency in providing a 'generalised representational structure common to every English clause' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 281). This system is simultaneous with those of process type and circumstance . . . . Here the key variable is not a model of extension, as in transitivity, but of causation: 'The question at issue is: is the process brought about from within, or from outside?' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 287). Every process must have one participant central to the actualisation of the process; 'without which there would be no process at all' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 288). This is the Medium and along with the process forms the nucleus of the clause. The Medium is obligatory and is the only necessary participant, if the process is represented as being self-engendering. If the process is engendered from outside, then there is an additional participant, the Agent. Options in the ergative model of transitivity define the voice, or agency, of the clause. A clause with no feature of 'agency' is neither active nor passive but middle (for example, Europeans arrives). One with agency is non-middle, or effective, in agency (for example, Europeans invaded Australia). An effective clause is then either operative or receptive in voice. In an operative clause, the Subject is the Agent and the process is realised by an active verbal group; in a receptive clause the Subject is the Medium and the process is realised by a passive verbal group (Australia was invaded by Europeans) (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 297).


⿨줿褦ˡνˤгʸ (accusative language) ǽʸ (ergative language) Ȥ2祿פ롥ơ transitivity Żθ ergativity ŻθȸƤ褤ʸˡѤ礭ۤʤ륿פǤϤ뤬°¾ȯۤįƤߤȡƶ롥ɤΤȤʹ֤ɽȤɽˡˤϾΥѥ󤷤ʤɽŪˤϰۤʤäƤ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ϥɲˡ򾯤㤨Ƥˤʤɾ뤳ȤǤ

Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I.M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1]

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2021-01-20 Wed

#4286. пư򤤤äڤǤäκˡ [dual][middle_voice][number][voice][dual][category][greek]

ѸγؽԤˤȤäߤΤʤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) Ҳ𤷤Υƥ꡼ˤп (ξȤ⡨dual number) ֤Υƥ꡼ˤư (ưȤ⡨middle_voice)
Ť˸ΤǡºݡűѸˤ;̾ˤпߤ줿 (cf. #180. űѸο;̾о ([2009-10-24-1])ˡǤ˷ƤϤưѤ hātan "be called" ʤư⤢äѸǤϤϷŪˤϴ˼ƤޤäƤ뤬ǽŪˤбΤϤ롥пˤ you two, a pair of . . ., a couple ʤɤɽб뤷ưˤϼưֹʸƵư칽ʸʤɤб롥
Ѹ줫ϷŪ˼ƤޤäпưξեѤƤ줬奮ꥷǤ롥ůؼԤοˤơˤĤơޤߤˤĤƤȤƤʬ䤹ȯŪʥåäκˡפ񤤤Ƥ (46--47)

ܸϡ̾Ρñפȡʣפζ̤ΤǤʤΤǡѸؤֻ괧 a ĤΤĤʤΤ s ĤΤĤʤΤ¤Ȥˤʤ뤬ꥷˤϡñפȡʣפΤˡˡпפȤΤ롥פˡĤǤҤȤΤΤޤȤ᤿ɽǡ˹碌ưѲ̤ˤ롥ܤ­⤽줾ĤʤΤǡȤȹͤСƱȤʤ롥
Ʊưǽư֡ư֤Ϥ狼䤹ܸΥꥷ춵Ǥϡɤ櫓ȸƤ֡ˡưפȤΤϡǽưȤưȤʤΤǡȤмʬΤȤϤƼʬäƤΤƤΤˡưפȤ롥
¤ϤΡпפȡưפŤʤäƤΤ롥ϡáפǤ롥äϡͤοʹ֤ԤΤǤꡤʣοʹ֤ΤǹԤˤƤ⡤١ͤĤǹԤ롥ơäפȤưϡͤäƤʥǥ쥲ȥˡפΤ褦ˡޤˡпưפѤ롥ĤޤꡤñˡäפΤǤϤʤƱˡäפȤŪʳưʤΤǤ롥
Ƕ޼ƤפʤΤ뤬ϤߤŪˡäפǡäϤäȴƤ褦ʵ롥ơߤʤϡäƤޤ


󡤼ˤؤμȤ⥪饤ǥߥ˥󤬰̹ԤȤʤ뷹Ƥꡤǥ쥲ȥǤƤʤ롥
ʾ塤пư꤬äڤǤ빥Ǥ

ˡäκˡסؿΥ쥷ԡůؤθ١ȽŹ2020ǯ46--47ǡ

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2020-11-06 Fri

#4211. ϡֽ̤פֹ԰ټԤꤹפ [indo-european][person][verb][voice][impersonal_verb][middle_voice][passive][fetishism]

ϢεǡԢʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤εҲ𤷤Ƥcf. #4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ ([2020-10-31-1])#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1])#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ ([2020-11-05-1])ˡǶᡤưˤĤƹƤȤäΤǡư򿼤Τˤ˻ͤȤƤäƤ롥
Ԣʬ (175--76) ϡưΤȤ顤ΡˤޤĹˤɸΤ褦󼨤Ƥ롥礭ʲǧθŪʴߤƤ⤭Ƽ٤ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ

԰ټԤä

ϰǯʾ˵ڤ֤⤷Ĺˤפ
Ǥϡ̴ֶפλξ֤Ϥޤ륤ɡ衼åѸѲˤ򡤰ʾΤ褦ư줪֤ѲȤį᤿Ȥ˸ФȤϲΤʤ䤤ˤƤߤ褦
Ѳˤΰ¦̤̤԰ټԤꤹؤΰʹߤˤȤФ褦˻פ롥
̾Ūʸλ塤ưñʤȤ줿ޤ줿ư⡤;η֤ˤꡤưι԰ټԤǤϤʤƽΤΤ򵭽ҤƤ
ưϸ˿;Τˤäơư줬԰٤֤˷ӤĤȯۤδäޤ롥ȤϤư줬θ֤Ȥ֤⡤ưȹ԰ټԤȤδطĤƤϡưץ¦˹԰ټԤΤȤ⤽γ¦ˤΤޤޤαޤäƤˤäΤǽưưζʬä
θ塤ưϤ궯̣ǹ԰٤԰ټԤ˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ǽưȼưζ̤ˤäơ԰ټԤʬǤäΤɤ褦ˤʤ뤫


βˤȡϡưɽ魯ưΤΤܤ줫顤ưμïʤΤ˰۾ʴؿ򼨤ؤȲȤˤʤ롥Ԣʬ (178) ϾΰѤθǡԤ夤θֽͭפȤƤǤ롥
Ѹ˾Ȥ餷ƤСŪ졤ư¾ư졤ǽư֤ȼư֤ʤɡŪۤ˿мʸȤʤäƤ뤬ϡưι԰ټԤꤵեפθȤȤˤʤ

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-05-1]

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2020-11-05 Thu

#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ [person][verb][voice][impersonal_verb][middle_voice][indo-european][category][latin][terminology]

Ρ#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) ȡ#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1]) ε˰³Ԣʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤˰͵򤷤Ĥġư (voice) ꤫; (person) ؤȵŸ
εǤߤ褦ˡĸꤵ̤äʳǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸưŪʹʸˤꥸʥư칽ʸȿǤƤȤǽ롥ˤʤС;ιʸϤ2ŪʹʸȤȤˤʤ
ưˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ;ΤȤϲȤˤ⿷ʸꤲ롥;ŪưŪʹʸư칽ʸȤȡ˿;ΤȤȯۤ;ϤϤʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) ȤƤ븽λ䤿餹С⤷֤θ鹽ʸο;ΤϲפΤǤСȤꤢǤ1;ΤǤ2;ΤǤʤȤ̣ǡ˾öŪˡ3;Ρפ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ꡼̤ʬäȤܤĸΤβŪʸηϤ顤Ʊ褦ȤȡȤ˵礹ΤǤ롥
䤬ƤΤ褦̤ʬξ֤顤ΤȤƤΡֻפȡνפäǤ֤ʤפʲˬ졤줾줬;ΤȤʸˡƥ꡼פʸѸǤ1;Ρפȡ2;ΡסˤȤʤäλˤ̾ΤǤä¿ʬ˾öŪưŤǡ3;Ρפ̾Ť뤳Ȥˤʤä123;ΤȤʬǤꡤߤ˻롥ȡʥȡ꡼뤫⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ (171) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷ƤʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ

˲פֻ䤬פ

ϤĤޤꡤưˤΤʤǿ;ΤγǰϤ֤ȸˤʤäȯΤȤȤǤ⤢롥
ȤСֻ䤬βפȽҤ٤Ȥƥˤ;ΤưѤ "me paenitet culpae meae" Ȥɽ뤬ʸ̤ˤϡֻβ˴ؤơ˲פǤΤǤϤʤΤ顤ϡֲפʤΤɽ뤦Ǽ¤ŪΤʸȸͤФʤʤˡ
Τ褦ʸ󤷤Ͽ;ΤȯãȤȤưγѤ˼äƤƱư;Τ˳Ѥ paeniteo ʻ䤬ˤȤ֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥
Τ褦ʿ;ΤˤϤ̾Τ⤿餹򤤤Ƥ롥ư;η֤ˡֻ;ΡפȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ֤б뤳Ȥͤȡ;Ρʻˤ;ΡʤʤˤγǰưˤˤơˤʤäƤ鸽ƤΤȤȤˤʤ롥
ֻפˡ;ΡפȤ̾ΤͿƤ뤫Ȥäơ;ΤֻפϤޤä櫓ǤϤʤֻסʰ;Ρˤ֤ʤס;Ρˤؤȸˤ顤Ժߤμԡʻ;ΡˤؤȹäƤȤ᡼Ϥ̾Τ⤿餷Ǥ롥


ˤơޤ̤ˤơ;ΤȤϲȤκƹͤ¥ŦǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]) Ϥ person γƵ򻲾ȡ

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-05-1] [2020-11-06-1]

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2020-11-03 Tue

#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰ [impersonal_verb][verb][noun][3sp][person][middle_voice][indeo-european]

ѤʵΤʤǤȤӤ1Ĥ It rains. It ȤϲȤ䤤Ǥ롥ε#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) Ǿ줿ޤ˲ˤϻʤڡ˰ʤǤ롥ͤҥȤϤ롥
Ǥܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ƤԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤ǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸѤư졤;ư (impersonal_verb) ưθηǤƤ롥ε ([2020-11-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡԢʬư̾줫ΤȹͤƤΤǡǤϤ rains Τ褦ưϡ̾줫ưΰƧ߹ư֤Τ褦򤪤ݻƤȤȤˤʤ롥طʬ (169--171) 򾯡ĹѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ

It rains ϡ㳰פǤϤʤֵפǤ

ư줬ʸˡηϤˤƿΤǤꡤȤȤϡư̾ˤäƹ԰٤ɽ̾ŪʸѤƤΤȤСߤΤưªΤΤѹ褦ˤʤΤϡ;ιʸǤ롥
Ѹ "It rains" ȤʸǤ褯Τư;ŪѤϡˤϰ㳰뤤˳ʤΤ褦˸롥Ȥ֤줿 it ΤؼƤʤǤ롥ƥ "tonat" 뤬Ĥˤ䥮ꥷ "ὕŦ" ʱߤˤƱͤɽ黰;Τ˳ѤưϤ⤤ʤˤбƤʤ
ʸ㳰Ū˻פΤϡưν֤Ϲ԰٤֤˷ӤĤΤפȤͤˤ줬줭äƤޤäƤ뤫˲᤮ʤ;ιʸϡºݤΤȤưκǸŤη֤ΤǤ롥
ά
Ȥȡư̾줬θ夿ɤäˤ褽Τ褦˲¬Ǥ롥ư򼨤ȤôäƤ췲ư̾ˤüϰ̤ˤä̾줫̤褦ˤʤ롥ưθŪ֤ȯǤ롥Ϥޤ̾ȴڤΥƤϤʤ̾ǤäħƤϤʤĤޤꡤưɽȤϤǤƤ⡤ߤ˿;ΤɽܰΤ褦ʤľ˳櫓ǤϤʤ
Ƥޤñư뤤Ͻɽưޤ롥顼θȤΡñ; unipersonalפư¤Ǥ롥

Ϥޤˡñ;Ρư¤Ȥ٤ΤǤäơǡưӤϹ԰٤򤢤̿ΤΤˤɤ⡤ʤ򡤸β줿԰ټԤϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤޤꡤ;ŪɽΤǤ롥


ά
ưָβ줿԰ټԡפȷӤĤ뺣ΤΰռǤϡʸ㳰Τ˻פ뤬̾ŪʸӤȯŸưκǽˤäΤϡΤ褦ʸ󤷤ǤäȤȤǤ롥ưϤȤȡ԰ټԤؼ뤳ȤʤưؤƤ


ƶ顤It rains. ˤ뤳ȤǤIt rains. ϡ԰ټԺߤΤޤޤˡֹ߱פȤ¤ɽ路ƤˤʤȤȤIt ؤΤȤ䤤ϻ䤿ˤȤäƼ䤤Τ褦ˤߤ뤬䤤Τ򵿤äƤߤɬפ롥

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-11-02 Mon

#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 [indo-european][verb][voice][impersonal_verb][syntax][sobokunagimon][middle_voice]

#4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ ([2020-10-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ˡĸʳǤϡޤ̾Ūʸꡤ夫ưŪʸȤҲ𤷤Ƥʬ (165--66)

ư֤ǽư֤Ȥä֤γǰϡޤǤʤư˷ӤĤƤ롥ưϺΤ륤ɡ衼åѽˤơʸôΤ˸롥Ĥޤꡤư줬ʤ뤳Ȥ񤷤
¤ưϸΤʤˤ֤٤ƤǤǤ뤳ȤʬäƤ롥ե󥹤θŵؼԥ󡦥顼ϡإƥʸˡ٤ΤʤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ưϤˤʸŪǤǤ褦ˤߤ뤬줬ΤäƤ褦ʷǤΤϡ¤ʸˡƤΤʤ٤ƤΤʤΤǤ롥ưŪӹʸˤƤϡ̾ŪӹʸäΤǤꡤΤʤưǤϤʤư̾Ǥäס
Ǥϡư줬٤ǤǤäȤ顤ϤĺΤʤΤ
Τǯꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤƱԡͭĽ᤬Ŧ褦ˡɡ衼åѽζ̤εȤꤵƤ̴ֶפϤǤưäƤȹͤΤǡǥ顼뤬ڤƤΤϤλθȤȤˤʤ롥


Τ褦ʴΩĤȡ̾ŪʸȤܤưŪʸˤλϡΤʤ˻Ȥ˸ĤʢǽưŪˡָĤפȤ褦ȻפäưŪˡָĤפȤƤˡ;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸɽʤȤиѸ It seems to me . . . It rains. ȤȤˤưŪʰ̣礤¿ʬ˴ޤߤĤĤ⤢ޤ̾ŪʸǤäĤäƤȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ȸƤФߡ It ϡκۤ뤿ź줿ʸ̤ΤǤꡤιʸ seems rains 񤹤̾Ūʡֳѡפֹ߱פˤۤʤʤ
ζ繽¤ʬϤˤƤϡư¸ߤȤƤ롥ơư괬褦¾ǡʹˤ֤ȤƶŪǤ롥嵭˾Ȥ餻СϸŪȤŪ˼ΤǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-10-31 Sat

#4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء [philosophy_of_language][voice][middle_voice][passive][review]

ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤λư֡ (middle_voice) 뤤ϡ֡פȤƤФ롤Ťϰ²˹ߤ줿 (voice) ˴ؤůŪͻǤ롥
ͤ¿ˤߤ֤Ǥ뤬奮ꥷǤϰŪˤ褯ߤ졤ΰˤⲿ餫ηǻ褬ĤäƤ롥ޤܸΡּȯפɽ魯ưɽʤɤ⡤ư֤ΰȤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#232. Ѹˤλʬ (1) ([2009-12-15-1])#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥ̾ΤˤϿ줿ΤΡޤȤ˼夲ȤϤʤäǤ롥
ܽʬ䤹󤹤뤳ȤϻζȤԤκμĥϡ䤿Τ褦ˤߤʤƤǽư֤ȼư֤Ω򵿤äƤߤ褦ȤƤӤǤ롥ǽư֤ȼư֤Ω˴줭äƤȡư֤ϡʸ̤ŪʡΩ֤Τ褯ʬʤɤäĤ¸ߤǤ褦ˤߤ롥ΩμƤ뤫ǤϤʤΩ٤ϡǽư֤ȼư֤碌1Ĥ֤ȡư֤Ȥ⤦1Ĥ֤ʤΤǤϤʤư֤ϲ֤ʤΤǤϤʤषǽư֤ȱԤΩ֤ʤΤǤϤʤܽǤϡȾ餳Τ褦ܤڤ褦ʵŸ롥pp. 82--83 ԤμĥѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸηǼƤˡ

ư֤뤿ˤϡ줬Τʤ˿äƤޤäǽưмưȤѡڥƥٳ̤줿ǡĤư֤֤ƤѡڥƥʤФʤʤΤäŪ˸СκȤϡư֤򤽤ñȤȤƤǤϤʤơǽư֤ȤΩˤ뤳Ȥ̣롥
Ȥˤ⤦̤β꤬롥
ư֤ǽư֤ȤΩˤƤΰ̣ꤷƤΤʤСޤäƱ褦ˡǽư֤ޤư֤ȤΩˤƤΰ̣ꤷƤϤǤ롥Ȥ顤ư֤ΩƤȤǽư֤򡤸ߤΥѡڥƥˤǽư֤Ʊ뤷ƤϤʤʤȤˤʤ롥ư뤿ˤϡư֤ΩƤǽư֤ľʤФʤʤϤ
줬Τʤ˿äƤѡڥƥ̤ȤϡΤ褦ʤȤ̣롥ư֤䤦ˤϡ줬̵ռ˺ѤƤȤ켫ȤꤷƤͤФʤʤΤ


Τ褦˽֤θžݤ褦ƶܽκǸޤ³ΤʤˤϡǤư칽ʸ̾칽ʸäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢Сư֤֤äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥餿Ƹˤ֤ȤϲʤΤ鷺ˤϤʤʤͤǤ롥

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-06-1] [2020-11-02-1]

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2015-04-21 Tue

#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο [reflexive_pronoun][verb][personal_pronoun][voice][middle_voice]

ե󥹸ؽԤե󥹸ˤ̾ưȤƥ꡼뤬ѸˤϤʤΤϤʤȤǤ롥ŪˤϡMa mere se lève tôt. ʻ᤯ˤΤ褦ʸˤ롤se leve ʬ̾ưȤ졤ֺƵ̾ưפȤ¤ʤƤ롥ѸˤʤСMy mother raises herself early. ȤɽǤ롥̤αѸǤ rise get up ʤɤưѤȤǡե󥹸Ǥ̾ưȤȤΤ¿ޤɥĸǤ Du hast dich gar nicht verändert. (You haven't changed at all) Τ褦ˡֺƵ̾ưפ褯Ѥ̾ưŪɽȯãƤȤ롥
Τ褦ɽϵŪˤϰĸ (middle_voice) ˡ̤ꡤäưˤ¿쾯ʤбʪ¸ߤ롥ºݡѸˤ help oneself, behave oneself, pride oneself on ʤɺƵ̾ư줬¤ʤɽ¿롥ѸǤϥե󥹸̾ưΤ褦ư1ƥ꡼ȤߤۤɤˤȯãƤʤȤΤϻ¤ˤΤϡȤ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥ѸǺƵ̾ѤưɽΩʤΤϤʤ
εΤ˲褦Ȥк٤Ĵɬפ뤬绨ĤˤСѸǤŤϺƵ̾ȼưɽä˭٤ˤäȤȤǤ롥¾ưܺƵ̾פΤߤʤ餺ּưܺƵ̾פι¤ŤϤä¿Ԥϡ#578. go him ([2010-11-26-1]) #1392. ͿʤκƵ̾ ([2013-02-17-1]) ǸȤǤ롥Τ褦ʹ¤ʤư췲ˤϸʩȸȤӤΤ¿ưɽ魯ư (ex. go, return, run, sit, stand, turn) Ū֤ɽ魯ư (ex. doubt, dread, fear, remember) ɽ魯ư (buy, choose, get, make, procure, seek, seize, steal) ¾ (bear, bethink, rest, revenge, sport, stay) äȤΤ褦ɽ϶Ѹʹߤ˽Ѥ졤Ƶ̾æ˻ä
ѸǤƵ̾æĬή塹³Ƥ롥㤨Сadjust (oneself) to, behave (oneself), dress (oneself), hide (oneself), identify (oneself) with, prepare (oneself) for, prove (oneself) (to be), wash (oneself), worry (oneself) ʤɤǤϡƵ̾Τʤñʹ¤ޤ뷹롥Quirk et al. (358) ϡΤ褦ư "semi-reflexive verb" ȸƤǤ롥
ʾޤȤСѸޤǤϰĸͳ褹Ūʷ֤򤢤٤ޤݻȯŸƤʹߤƵŪʷִ֤ƤȤѸˤƤοबʤΤȤ櫓ʤѸȤߥ󥰤ΤˤĤƤϡʤĴɬפǤ롥Ƶ̾η֤ -self ׵᤹褦ˤʤꡤŪ˽ŤʤäȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤʱѸˤˤƺƵ̾줬 -self ޤͭη֤߽ФΤѸʹߤǤꡤ⤽ʸζѸǤ⡤-self ޤޤʤ̤ο;̾äƺƵ̾ѤƤȤա#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ뤤ϡñΤưФ̣ŪʺʬϤȤȤ⤢ʣŪʻ٤Τ褦˻פ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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