hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

voice - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-04-15 Tue

#5832. ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤ --- 2Ĥθͤ [word_order][oe][pde][japanese][linearity][syntax][information_structure][article][cleft_sentence][passive][voice][discourse]



1β heldio ˤ#1413. ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤǯٽۿΥˡۿˤ򥢡Ȥۿޤ (word_order) ȤˤưŪʤΤǡؿ⤿줿ΤǤ礦ޤǤβʿѤ¿İ褵Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ѸˤʬǡָפȤСѸǤϸ絬§ΤˡűѸǤϸ礬ŪˤäȤ椬ˤʤޤʤ֤ϤʤפȤѤʵ䤬ͯƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ϡεľΤǤϤʤФᤫΥץǤϤޤȤϲȤŪˤϿ̤ȤǤȻפޤ
ʲʸϤ׻ݤ򼨤ޤ׾촶Τ륪ꥸʥβۿˤƤİФȻפޤ

1. ⤽ָפȤϲ --- (linearity)

䤿ϡؽä˱Ѹؽ̤ơνؤӤޤѸ SVO ܤǤꡤỌ̇̄ѤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤹȶäƤޤ㤨 I eat a banana. ɸŪǤꡤ*Eat I a banana. *A banana I eat. ̾ƤޤʶĴʤɤüʸ̮Ͻޤˡ
ܸǤϡֻϥХʥʤ򿩤٤ (SOV) Ǥ֥ХʥʤϿ٤ (OSV) ֿ٤롤ϥХʥʤ (VSO) ʤɤ⡤ԼϤˤ衤ʸˡŪ˴ְ㤤Ȥϸڤޤ
ǤϡʤˤϸȤΤ¸ߤΤǤ礦ϡ줬ʤ뤤ʸˤּ˱äľŪ¤٤뤳ȤˤäΩƤ뤫ǤȸƤӤޤ䤿ȯﴱʤȤ櫓ӡˤϴŪ1ĤʤΤǡʣñƱȯ뤳ȤϤǤޤ󡥤äơñ֤¤٤뤷ʤΤǤϸˤ򤱤ʤǤꡤʪؤˤϤΤª뤳ȤǤޤ
While the dog is running in the yard, the cat is sleeping on the hot carpet. ʸäƤ֡ǭϥۥåȥڥåȤξǿƤˤȤʸϡƱ˵äƤɽ路Ƥޤ󤫤顤ɤ餫˸虜ޤ󡥤⤷˿ʹ֤2ĤӤƱ2Ĥñȯ뤳ȤǤʤ顤ι¤ۤʤäƤȤǤ礦

2. 絬§2Ĥθ

ñ֤¤٤ʤФʤʤȤ¸ͳʬޤϡ֤ɤΤ褦¤٤뤫פȤ絬§ǤθϤȡθ絬§ظˤϡ礭ʬ2Ĥΰۤʤ븶¸ߤ褦˻פޤ

(1) ʸˡθ絬§

ʸʥƥ󥹡ǡʼ졤ư졤Ūʤɡˤ֤ꤹ븶
ǤʸˡŪʵǽʼʤΤŪʤΤˤˤäƼ
ŵ㡧Ѹ (SVO) (SVO) ʤ
ʸˡŪʴطˤäΤˤʤȿ̡μͳ٤㤤

(2) ʸ̮θ絬§

ʸʥƥ󥹡ˤ⹭ʸ̮áˤˤήŻ뤹븶
¿ξ硤ꡦơޡ󼨤³ǽҡ졼ޡ֤뷹
ŵ㡧ܸ졤űѸ
ή줬ˤʤʸθŪͳǡִˤפȸʤ䤹

ܸΡΡȤˡȤФޤؼǴˡפȤФͤƤߤޤ礦ǽʸǤϡθ塤Ǥ֤ȤФפ֤פȼäƸޤʸǤϡΤȤʤä֤פ֤ϡסʼˤȼäʸƬơʻؼǴ˹Ԥäȡˤ³ޤΤ褦ˡܸʸ̮ξήʼꢪҡơޢ졼ޡ󢪿ˤˤäɽ뤳Ȥ򹥤ʤΤǤ

3. űѸܸ췿ä

ơǸűѸܤƤߤޤ礦ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤϡűѸ줬ѸΤ褦ʡʸˡθ絬§פ1ȤǤϤʤषܸ˶ᤤʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹äǤ
űѸǤϡʸ̮˱ơȸʤǤʸƬ֤³Ȥ礬ޤޤΤᡤʸ¤򸫤ȡSVO SOV VSO ǽǤꡤѸüԤλ鸫ȡ礬ꤵƤ餺ˤȴ櫓Ǥϡֵ§ʤפ櫓ǤϤʤۤʤθ˴ŤƤΤ򤹤٤ΤʤΤǤ

4. 縶žȱѸ˾Ѳ

ѸˤϡΡʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹륿פʸˡθ絬§פŻ뤹륿פؤȡδŪʤ礭žˤǤª뤳ȤǤޤžϡѸ˸ˤʤꡤѸˤƸ경Ƥޤ礭ʸžϡñ˸ǤʤѸ¾͡ʸˡܤˤϢŪʱƶڤܤޤ

(article) ȯãűѸˤⴧ˨ϤޤѸۤηŪʥƥ꡼ǤϤޤǤ򼨤괧 the 䡤򼨤괧 a/an ȯãƤΤϡޤ˾¤ (information_structure) ʳˡǼɬޤäȤȴϢƤȹͤޤ
Ĵʸ (cleft_sentence) ȯãűѸǤϡĴǤŪͳʸƬ˰ư뤳ȤǽǤ礬경ȡΤ褦ʰư¤ޤȤơIt is ... that ... Τ褦ʶĴʸȯãǤΩ뵡ǽĤ褦ˤʤޤ
ư (passive) ¿ѡűѸˤư֤¸ߤޤ٤ϸѸۤɹ⤯ޤǤ礬경ǡŪȤʤǡʿˤʤ䤹ǡˤȤʸƬ֤ˡư֤֤ȤˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȹͤޤ㤨СŪʸƬ֤ OSV θ礬ȤˤʤäˡŪˤʸƬ֤ư֤ޤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ

5. ޤȤ

űѸθ礬Ѹ줫鸫ơִˤפΤϡ絬§ʤäǤϤʤѸȤϰۤʤʸ̮θ絬§פȤŻ뤷ƤǤθϡܸȶ̤ʬ¿ޤѸˤϡδܸ礭žʥߥåʲǤꡤαƶϱʸˡ͡¦̤˵ڤǤΤǤ
űѸؤֺݤˤϡѸθŪʸѤöΥ졤־ήפȤĤȤäνˤʤ뤫⤷ޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡषߤ䤹¦̤⤢ȤǤ礦Ȥڤ顤ѸαˤõᤷƤߤΤ⡤⤷ΤǤϤʤǤ礦

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2024-09-30 Mon

#5635. easy-to-please ʸˤߤưŪ [middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction][adverb]

ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ

   The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).

(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)


(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ

The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).

(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)

From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.

(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)


easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.

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2024-05-26 Sun

#5508. be to do ʸθűѸǤˡϸ§ȤƼưŪä [be_to_do][syntax][infinitive][auxiliary_verb][oe][construction][latin][voice]

ε#5506. be to do ʸϸűѸ줫餢ä ([2024-05-24-1]) ˰³ be to do ʸˤˤĤơ
ιʸϸűѸ줫ѻ뤬ŪȤơƥбʸΤʤǤϤʤȤ롥طʤˤϡ˥ƥ줫ʸ˸뤳ȡƥƥбʸϢưƼư (passive) ΰ̣ѤΤ̤ǤȤ¤طʤˤ롥ۤʤ⤢ΤǿŤ˵ɬפ뤬Ǥϥƥƶٻ Mustanoja (524--25) ꡤϢսѤ褦

               PREDICATIVE INFINITIVE

   INFINITIVE WITH 'To' AS A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (THE TYPE 'TO BE TO'). --- The construction to be to, implying futurity and often obligation (the infinitive being originally that of purpose), is comparatively infrequent in OE and early ME, but becomes more common in later ME and early Mod. E. It probably arose under Latin influence, the infinitive with to being used to render the Latin future participle (-urus) or gerundive (-ndus), as in wæron fram him ece mede to onfonne ('aeterna ab illo praemia essent percepturi') and he is to gehyrenne ('audiendus est'). In OE this infinitive occurs mostly in a passive sense (he is to gehyrenne; --- hu fela psalma to singenne synt 'quanti psalmi dicendi sunt'). This usage continues in ME and even today. ME examples: --- þi luve . . . oþer heo is to ȝiven allunge oþer he is for to sullen, oþer heo is for to reaven and to nimen mid strengþe (Ancr. 181); --- that ston was gretly for to love (RRose 1091). The periphrastic passive appears in the 14th century: --- þey beþ to be blamed (RMannyng HS 1546).
   In OE the predicative infinitive of this type is comparatively seldom found with an active meaning (wæron ece mede to onfonne 'aeterna praemia . . . essent percepturi'). This use continues to be rare in early ME, but becomes more frequent later in the period. In many instances the implication of futurity is faint or practically non-existent: --- þes fikelares mester is to wrien ant te helien þet gong þurl (Ancr. 36); --- al mi rorde is woning ant to ihire grislich þing (Owl&N 312); --- myn entencioun Nis nat to yow of reprehensioun To speke as now (Ch. TC i 685). In many instances, however, the implication of futurity is prominent: --- Crystes tresore, Þe which is mannes oule to save, as God seith in þe Gospel (PPl. B x 474); --- whan the sonne was to reste, so hadde I spoken with hem everichon (Ch. CT A Prol. 30). There are scholars who believe that this construction is used as a real future equivalent in late ME.


ʤ뤤ϤŪưˤǽưŪǤäƤ̣ϼưŪѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ ([2019-03-17-1])
#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1])

Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤ be to do ʸϸǽưŪˤѤ褦˳ĥߤ˻äƤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-09-13 Wed

#5252. гŪǽŪ [ergative][case][voice][semantic_role][syntax][transitivity]

ؤˤϡг (absolutive) ǽ (ergativity) ȤɽФѤνפʰ㤤롥Ʊ (process) ǤäƤ⡤ơθ̤Ƥߤȡޤäۤʤ᤬ʤ졤ޤäۤʤɽƤ롥
ȥबܤĤ륷򸫤Ȥ褦֥ȥܤĤפ̤뤫֥ȥܤĤפ̤뤫ϻΰ㤤Ȥ롥ܸǤѸǤ⡤ŪˤϤ줾ưʸ¾ưʸȸƤ֤Ȥ¿ʸǤ (Process) ϡĤפǰפƤ뤬ԤʸǤϼʰ̣ȤƤ Agentˤϡ֥ȥܡסԤʸǤϡ֥ȥפȤʤ롥ޤԤʸǤϡ֡ʥȥΡܡפȤŪ (Goal) 롥줬гθѤǤ롥
ȤǽθѤˤȡʸˤƤĤפ (Process) Ǥ뤳Ȥϰۤʤʤ֥ȥܡפ (Medium) ȤƱ̣ôäƤΤȲᤵ롥ϡˤĤפȤΩ뤿ˤʤФʤʤΡפθѤˤСԤʸˤ֥ȥפΤȯư (Agent) Ȥߤʤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ2ĤʸΥڥˤĤơгŪǽŪ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Halliday (341) ꡤĤαѸûʸ󤲤Ĥġ2ĤθѤӤƤߤ褦

(a) transitive interpretation
the boatsailed vs. Marysailedthe boat
the clothtore vs. the nailtorethe cloth
Tom's eyesclosed vs. Tomclosedhis eyes
the ricecooked vs. Patcookedthe rice
my resolveweakened vs. the newsweakenedmy resolve
ActorProcess vs. ActorProcessGoal
(b) ergative interpretation
the boatsailed vs. Marysailedthe boat
the clothtore vs. the nailtorethe cloth
Tom's eyesclosed vs. Tomclosedhis eyes
the ricecooked vs. Patcookedthe rice
my resolveweakened vs. the newsweakenedmy resolve
MediumProcess vs. AgentProcessMedium


ǽʤˤĤƤϡ#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1])#4315. ǽʸȯۤѸߤ ([2021-02-18-1]) ⻲ȡ

Halliday, M. A. K. Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. Rev. Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004.

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2021-02-18 Thu

#4315. ǽʸȯۤѸߤ [ergative][case][middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][transitivity]

ε#4314. ǽʸϸ2 ([2021-02-17-1]) ˤợŪʥƥ꡼ȤƤǽ (ergative) ˿줿ѸǽʸǤϤʤгʸǤꡤľܤˤϴطʤȤפ뤫⤷ʤǽ (ergativity) ȤѸľƤߤȡȯ롥ưμ¾̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤷ư (passive) ư (middle_voice) Ȥ⿼롥ºݡưμ¾ζ̤ϱѸư乽ʸͤݤŪǴŪʸ󶡤ƤƤ뤬ǽλ鸫ľȡʿѤäƤΤ
Malmkjær (532) "Ergativity" ιΰѤ롥

Complementary to the transitive model of the grammar is the ergative model, an additional property of the system of transivitity, which foregrounds the role of Agency in providing a 'generalised representational structure common to every English clause' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 281). This system is simultaneous with those of process type and circumstance . . . . Here the key variable is not a model of extension, as in transitivity, but of causation: 'The question at issue is: is the process brought about from within, or from outside?' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 287). Every process must have one participant central to the actualisation of the process; 'without which there would be no process at all' (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 288). This is the Medium and along with the process forms the nucleus of the clause. The Medium is obligatory and is the only necessary participant, if the process is represented as being self-engendering. If the process is engendered from outside, then there is an additional participant, the Agent. Options in the ergative model of transitivity define the voice, or agency, of the clause. A clause with no feature of 'agency' is neither active nor passive but middle (for example, Europeans arrives). One with agency is non-middle, or effective, in agency (for example, Europeans invaded Australia). An effective clause is then either operative or receptive in voice. In an operative clause, the Subject is the Agent and the process is realised by an active verbal group; in a receptive clause the Subject is the Medium and the process is realised by a passive verbal group (Australia was invaded by Europeans) (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 297).


⿨줿褦ˡνˤгʸ (accusative language) ǽʸ (ergative language) Ȥ2祿פ롥ơ transitivity Żθ ergativity ŻθȸƤ褤ʸˡѤ礭ۤʤ륿פǤϤ뤬°¾ȯۤįƤߤȡƶ롥ɤΤȤʹ֤ɽȤɽˡˤϾΥѥ󤷤ʤɽŪˤϰۤʤäƤ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ϥɲˡ򾯤㤨Ƥˤʤɾ뤳ȤǤ

Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I.M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-13-1]

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2021-01-20 Wed

#4286. пư򤤤äڤǤäκˡ [dual][middle_voice][number][voice][dual][category][greek]

ѸγؽԤˤȤäߤΤʤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) Ҳ𤷤Υƥ꡼ˤп (ξȤ⡨dual number) ֤Υƥ꡼ˤư (ưȤ⡨middle_voice)
Ť˸ΤǡºݡűѸˤ;̾ˤпߤ줿 (cf. #180. űѸο;̾о ([2009-10-24-1])ˡǤ˷ƤϤưѤ hātan "be called" ʤư⤢äѸǤϤϷŪˤϴ˼ƤޤäƤ뤬ǽŪˤбΤϤ롥пˤ you two, a pair of . . ., a couple ʤɤɽб뤷ưˤϼưֹʸƵư칽ʸʤɤб롥
Ѹ줫ϷŪ˼ƤޤäпưξեѤƤ줬奮ꥷǤ롥ůؼԤοˤơˤĤơޤߤˤĤƤȤƤʬ䤹ȯŪʥåäκˡפ񤤤Ƥ (46--47)

ܸϡ̾Ρñפȡʣפζ̤ΤǤʤΤǡѸؤֻ괧 a ĤΤĤʤΤ s ĤΤĤʤΤ¤Ȥˤʤ뤬ꥷˤϡñפȡʣפΤˡˡпפȤΤ롥פˡĤǤҤȤΤΤޤȤ᤿ɽǡ˹碌ưѲ̤ˤ롥ܤ­⤽줾ĤʤΤǡȤȹͤСƱȤʤ롥
Ʊưǽư֡ư֤Ϥ狼䤹ܸΥꥷ춵Ǥϡɤ櫓ȸƤ֡ˡưפȤΤϡǽưȤưȤʤΤǡȤмʬΤȤϤƼʬäƤΤƤΤˡưפȤ롥
¤ϤΡпפȡưפŤʤäƤΤ롥ϡáפǤ롥äϡͤοʹ֤ԤΤǤꡤʣοʹ֤ΤǹԤˤƤ⡤١ͤĤǹԤ롥ơäפȤưϡͤäƤʥǥ쥲ȥˡפΤ褦ˡޤˡпưפѤ롥ĤޤꡤñˡäפΤǤϤʤƱˡäפȤŪʳưʤΤǤ롥
Ƕ޼ƤפʤΤ뤬ϤߤŪˡäפǡäϤäȴƤ褦ʵ롥ơߤʤϡäƤޤ


󡤼ˤؤμȤ⥪饤ǥߥ˥󤬰̹ԤȤʤ뷹Ƥꡤǥ쥲ȥǤƤʤ롥
ʾ塤пư꤬äڤǤ빥Ǥ

ˡäκˡסؿΥ쥷ԡůؤθ١ȽŹ2020ǯ46--47ǡ

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2020-11-06 Fri

#4211. ϡֽ̤פֹ԰ټԤꤹפ [indo-european][person][verb][voice][impersonal_verb][middle_voice][passive][fetishism]

ϢεǡԢʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤εҲ𤷤Ƥcf. #4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ ([2020-10-31-1])#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1])#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1])#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ ([2020-11-05-1])ˡǶᡤưˤĤƹƤȤäΤǡư򿼤Τˤ˻ͤȤƤäƤ롥
Ԣʬ (175--76) ϡưΤȤ顤ΡˤޤĹˤɸΤ褦󼨤Ƥ롥礭ʲǧθŪʴߤƤ⤭Ƽ٤ʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ

԰ټԤä

ϰǯʾ˵ڤ֤⤷Ĺˤפ
Ǥϡ̴ֶפλξ֤Ϥޤ륤ɡ衼åѸѲˤ򡤰ʾΤ褦ư줪֤ѲȤį᤿Ȥ˸ФȤϲΤʤ䤤ˤƤߤ褦
Ѳˤΰ¦̤̤԰ټԤꤹؤΰʹߤˤȤФ褦˻פ롥
̾Ūʸλ塤ưñʤȤ줿ޤ줿ư⡤;η֤ˤꡤưι԰ټԤǤϤʤƽΤΤ򵭽ҤƤ
ưϸ˿;Τˤäơư줬԰٤֤˷ӤĤȯۤδäޤ롥ȤϤư줬θ֤Ȥ֤⡤ưȹ԰ټԤȤδطĤƤϡưץ¦˹԰ټԤΤȤ⤽γ¦ˤΤޤޤαޤäƤˤäΤǽưưζʬä
θ塤ưϤ궯̣ǹ԰٤԰ټԤ˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ǽưȼưζ̤ˤäơ԰ټԤʬǤäΤɤ褦ˤʤ뤫


βˤȡϡưɽ魯ưΤΤܤ줫顤ưμïʤΤ˰۾ʴؿ򼨤ؤȲȤˤʤ롥Ԣʬ (178) ϾΰѤθǡԤ夤θֽͭפȤƤǤ롥
Ѹ˾Ȥ餷ƤСŪ졤ư¾ư졤ǽư֤ȼư֤ʤɡŪۤ˿мʸȤʤäƤ뤬ϡưι԰ټԤꤵեפθȤȤˤʤ

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-05-1]

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2020-11-05 Thu

#4210. ;Τνи3;Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ12;ΤؤŸ [person][verb][voice][impersonal_verb][middle_voice][indo-european][category][latin][terminology]

Ρ#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) ȡ#4208. It rains. Ϲ԰ټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1]) ε˰³Ԣʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤˰͵򤷤Ĥġư (voice) ꤫; (person) ؤȵŸ
εǤߤ褦ˡĸꤵ̤äʳǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸưŪʹʸˤꥸʥư칽ʸȿǤƤȤǽ롥ˤʤС;ιʸϤ2ŪʹʸȤȤˤʤ
ưˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ;ΤȤϲȤˤ⿷ʸꤲ롥;ŪưŪʹʸư칽ʸȤȡ˿;ΤȤȯۤ;ϤϤʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ꡼ (category) ȤƤ븽λ䤿餹С⤷֤θ鹽ʸο;ΤϲפΤǤСȤꤢǤ1;ΤǤ2;ΤǤʤȤ̣ǡ˾öŪˡ3;Ρפ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ꡼̤ʬäȤܤĸΤβŪʸηϤ顤Ʊ褦ȤȡȤ˵礹ΤǤ롥
䤬ƤΤ褦̤ʬξ֤顤ΤȤƤΡֻפȡνפäǤ֤ʤפʲˬ졤줾줬;ΤȤʸˡƥ꡼פʸѸǤ1;Ρפȡ2;ΡסˤȤʤäλˤ̾ΤǤä¿ʬ˾öŪưŤǡ3;Ρפ̾Ť뤳Ȥˤʤä123;ΤȤʬǤꡤߤ˻롥ȡʥȡ꡼뤫⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ (171) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷ƤʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ

˲פֻ䤬פ

ϤĤޤꡤưˤΤʤǿ;ΤγǰϤ֤ȸˤʤäȯΤȤȤǤ⤢롥
ȤСֻ䤬βפȽҤ٤Ȥƥˤ;ΤưѤ "me paenitet culpae meae" Ȥɽ뤬ʸ̤ˤϡֻβ˴ؤơ˲פǤΤǤϤʤΤ顤ϡֲפʤΤɽ뤦Ǽ¤ŪΤʸȸͤФʤʤˡ
Τ褦ʸ󤷤Ͽ;ΤȯãȤȤưγѤ˼äƤƱư;Τ˳Ѥ paeniteo ʻ䤬ˤȤ֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥
Τ褦ʿ;ΤˤϤ̾Τ⤿餹򤤤Ƥ롥ư;η֤ˡֻ;ΡפȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ֤б뤳Ȥͤȡ;Ρʻˤ;ΡʤʤˤγǰưˤˤơˤʤäƤ鸽ƤΤȤȤˤʤ롥
ֻפˡ;ΡפȤ̾ΤͿƤ뤫Ȥäơ;ΤֻפϤޤä櫓ǤϤʤֻסʰ;Ρˤ֤ʤס;Ρˤؤȸˤ顤Ժߤμԡʻ;ΡˤؤȹäƤȤ᡼Ϥ̾Τ⤿餷Ǥ롥


ˤơޤ̤ˤơ;ΤȤϲȤκƹͤ¥ŦǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]) Ϥ person γƵ򻲾ȡ

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-05-1] [2020-11-06-1]

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2020-11-02 Mon

#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 [indo-european][verb][voice][impersonal_verb][syntax][sobokunagimon][middle_voice]

#4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ ([2020-10-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ˡĸʳǤϡޤ̾Ūʸꡤ夫ưŪʸȤҲ𤷤Ƥʬ (165--66)

ư֤ǽư֤Ȥä֤γǰϡޤǤʤư˷ӤĤƤ롥ưϺΤ륤ɡ衼åѽˤơʸôΤ˸롥Ĥޤꡤư줬ʤ뤳Ȥ񤷤
¤ưϸΤʤˤ֤٤ƤǤǤ뤳ȤʬäƤ롥ե󥹤θŵؼԥ󡦥顼ϡإƥʸˡ٤ΤʤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ưϤˤʸŪǤǤ褦ˤߤ뤬줬ΤäƤ褦ʷǤΤϡ¤ʸˡƤΤʤ٤ƤΤʤΤǤ롥ưŪӹʸˤƤϡ̾ŪӹʸäΤǤꡤΤʤưǤϤʤư̾Ǥäס
Ǥϡư줬٤ǤǤäȤ顤ϤĺΤʤΤ
Τǯꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤƱԡͭĽ᤬Ŧ褦ˡɡ衼åѽζ̤εȤꤵƤ̴ֶפϤǤưäƤȹͤΤǡǥ顼뤬ڤƤΤϤλθȤȤˤʤ롥


Τ褦ʴΩĤȡ̾ŪʸȤܤưŪʸˤλϡΤʤ˻Ȥ˸ĤʢǽưŪˡָĤפȤ褦ȻפäưŪˡָĤפȤƤˡ;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸɽʤȤиѸ It seems to me . . . It rains. ȤȤˤưŪʰ̣礤¿ʬ˴ޤߤĤĤ⤢ޤ̾ŪʸǤäĤäƤȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ȸƤФߡ It ϡκۤ뤿ź줿ʸ̤ΤǤꡤιʸ seems rains 񤹤̾Ūʡֳѡפֹ߱פˤۤʤʤ
ζ繽¤ʬϤˤƤϡư¸ߤȤƤ롥ơư괬褦¾ǡʹˤ֤ȤƶŪǤ롥嵭˾Ȥ餻СϸŪȤŪ˼ΤǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

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2020-10-31 Sat

#4205. ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء [philosophy_of_language][voice][middle_voice][passive][review]

ԢʬϺˡư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء٤λư֡ (middle_voice) 뤤ϡ֡פȤƤФ롤Ťϰ²˹ߤ줿 (voice) ˴ؤůŪͻǤ롥
ͤ¿ˤߤ֤Ǥ뤬奮ꥷǤϰŪˤ褯ߤ졤ΰˤⲿ餫ηǻ褬ĤäƤ롥ޤܸΡּȯפɽ魯ưɽʤɤ⡤ư֤ΰȤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#232. Ѹˤλʬ (1) ([2009-12-15-1])#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥ̾ΤˤϿ줿ΤΡޤȤ˼夲ȤϤʤäǤ롥
ܽʬ䤹󤹤뤳ȤϻζȤԤκμĥϡ䤿Τ褦ˤߤʤƤǽư֤ȼư֤Ω򵿤äƤߤ褦ȤƤӤǤ롥ǽư֤ȼư֤Ω˴줭äƤȡư֤ϡʸ̤ŪʡΩ֤Τ褯ʬʤɤäĤ¸ߤǤ褦ˤߤ롥ΩμƤ뤫ǤϤʤΩ٤ϡǽư֤ȼư֤碌1Ĥ֤ȡư֤Ȥ⤦1Ĥ֤ʤΤǤϤʤư֤ϲ֤ʤΤǤϤʤषǽư֤ȱԤΩ֤ʤΤǤϤʤܽǤϡȾ餳Τ褦ܤڤ褦ʵŸ롥pp. 82--83 ԤμĥѤ褦ʰʲǤϸʸηǼƤˡ

ư֤뤿ˤϡ줬Τʤ˿äƤޤäǽưмưȤѡڥƥٳ̤줿ǡĤư֤֤ƤѡڥƥʤФʤʤΤäŪ˸СκȤϡư֤򤽤ñȤȤƤǤϤʤơǽư֤ȤΩˤ뤳Ȥ̣롥
Ȥˤ⤦̤β꤬롥
ư֤ǽư֤ȤΩˤƤΰ̣ꤷƤΤʤСޤäƱ褦ˡǽư֤ޤư֤ȤΩˤƤΰ̣ꤷƤϤǤ롥Ȥ顤ư֤ΩƤȤǽư֤򡤸ߤΥѡڥƥˤǽư֤Ʊ뤷ƤϤʤʤȤˤʤ롥ư뤿ˤϡư֤ΩƤǽư֤ľʤФʤʤϤ
줬Τʤ˿äƤѡڥƥ̤ȤϡΤ褦ʤȤ̣롥ư֤䤦ˤϡ줬̵ռ˺ѤƤȤ켫ȤꤷƤͤФʤʤΤ


Τ褦˽֤θžݤ褦ƶܽκǸޤ³ΤʤˤϡǤư칽ʸ̾칽ʸäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢Сư֤֤äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥餿Ƹˤ֤ȤϲʤΤ鷺ˤϤʤʤͤǤ롥

Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥι͸ųء١ؽ񱡡2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-06-1] [2020-11-02-1]

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2020-09-16 Wed

#4160. ʤ th ˤϡ֥פΡ֥פ2ĤȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][voice][th][verners_law][stress][assimilation][phonetics]

hellog 饸ǤǤϡ#4156. ʤѸˤ s ̯˰ۤʤ th Τ褦ȯˤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-09-12-1]) ȤѤʵ夲ޤ³ th-sound ˴ؤǤth ֻбȯˤϡ /θ/ ä /ð/ 2बޤʲؤǤϳơ̵ͭȸƤǤޤˡǤϡɤΤ褦ʤȤ̵ȤʤꡤͭȤʤΤǤ礦ñ줴Ȥ1ĤҤȤİŵʤФʤʤΤǤ礦
ǰʤ顤̵ͭʬۤͽ¬ֵ§פȤΤ¸ߤޤ󤬡ʤͭʡַפϻŦǤޤŪʴ2ĤηҲ𤷤ȻפޤǤϡʲβɤ



ʾ塤2ĤηҲ𤷤ޤñ˸ th ̵ͭϡΰֻ̣顤٤Ͽ䤷̤뤳ȤǤȤȤʬäǤ礦ơơηˤϿɴǯǯʾˤȤȤפʥݥȤǤΤȯΡ֥פȯΤʤ˻ĤäƤȻפԻ׵Ĥʴޤ͡
ѤʵȤμդˤĤơ##842,858,3713,1365,702,3298,4069εåɤߤ

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2020-09-12 Sat

#4156. ʤѸˤ s ̯˰ۤʤ th Τ褦ȯˤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][pronunciation][consonant][voice][th][digraph][phonetics]

Ѹˤ th-sound ȸƤФѤȯޤܸˤϤʤȯʤΤǡ䤿ϤŪᤤ /s/ /z/ ʹꡤԲԲDz봷˽äƤޤѤȯפȤΤܸüԤˤȤäƤǤʤ¿ѸüԤˤȤäƤƱͤǡޤ괷ʤǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ̣ǡth-sound ȤƤαѸΡֶ̤פȤäƤ褤⤷ޤ󡥤Ǥϡβİ



th-sound θΤʤǤŪޤʲȤȤǤޤΤ餳β³ƤѸǹͤȡȤ櫓ͭ /ð/ ϡthe, this, that, then, there, though, with ʤɡ٤ι⤤˸뤿ˡ¤ϥ᥸㡼ʲȤäƤ褤ΤǤȤ /θ/, /ð/ /s/, /z/ ȶ̤ƽƤʤФʤʤʤǤ
ѤʵȴϢơ##842,1022,1329εå

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-16-1]

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2020-07-22 Wed

#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][voice][infinitive]

hellog 饸9ܤǤbe to blame ϼѸǤϡդ餦٤Ǥ롤Ǥ롤פΰդǽϸȤưŵ뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǡ̤ϿͤʤȻפޤ褯ͤѤǤ He ï񤵤ͤǤäơï񤹤ͤǤϤʤǤѸ interesting interested Τ褦ʬƻˤƤ⤽Ǥưΰ̣ˤĤǽưȼư򸷤̤ȤΤǤϤʤäΤǤ礦
ϢƤ䤳ΤϡϤѸǰŵ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ be to do ȤϸȤδطǤͽסֱ̿סֵ̳̿סֲǽסְջ֡פʤɤѸǼˡޤνϸǤϡˡˤƤ⡤Τʸμ줬 do Ȥ֡ (voice) δطʤΤǤ

ͽˡ The concert is to be held this evening.
ֱ̿ˡ He was never to see his family again.
ֵ̳̿ˡ You are not to smoke in this room.
ֲǽˡ The camera was not to be found.
ְջ֡ˡ If we are to get there by noon, we had better hurry.

ȤȤϡդ餦٤פϡϤ He is to be blamed. ΤۤŬڤǡHe is to blame. ϤȤȤˤʤꤽǤ
ŪˤߤСԤΤǤѸǽư֤ư֤ʤɡ֡פˤ뤵ȽҤ٤ޤŤѸǤϡä˺Τ褦ʤư̾ˤ˴ؤ뤫ꡤ֤ΰռϤäȴˤäΤǤǤϡβɤ



ϸȤΤϤƤŤ경Ƥ귿Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ be to blame ⡤֡פ˴ˤäŤɤ̾Ĥä櫓ǤҴϢʲε⤴##3611,3604,3605εåˡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-26-1] [2024-05-24-1]

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2019-10-15 Tue

#3823. show θΰ̣ϡָפǤϤʤָ [verb][semantic_change][causative][passive][voice]

show 濴Ūʸϡָ롤פűѸǤϴŪˡָ ̣Hall θűѸ켭 scēawian ߤȡ"look, gaze, see, behold, observe; inspect, examine, scrutinize; have respect to,look favourably on; look out, look for, choose; decree, grant" ʤɤ줬ͿƤ롥Ǹ "decree, grant" ˤϸθε̣ⴶ뤬űѸμ礿̣ϡָפä
줬ѸˤơָפָפʤɡưŪʸ (passive) Ūʸ (causative) ȯŸƤָ͡סָ͡סָʪפȤưΰ̣˴ؤ뻲Ϳ (participants) 3ԤȤ (voice) 괬ѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʤΤ褦ȯŸ뤳ȤˤʤäΤϤ褯ʬäƤʤ캬ϰĸˤΤܤꡤޥǤ⤹٤ơָפ̣ƤΤǡѸǤȯŸȼΤΤǤ롥OED show, v. ˡηˤĤƲ⤬롥

In all the continental West Germanic languages the verb has the meaning 'to look at' (compare sense 1), and the complex sense development shown in English, in particular the development of the causative sense 'to cause to be seen' (which may be considered the core meaning of all the later sense branches), is unparalleled. Evidence for this development in Old English is comparatively late (none of the later sense branches is attested before the first half of the 12th cent.); however, similar uses are attested earlier (albeit rarely) for the Old English prefixed form gescēawian, especially in the phrase āre gescēawian to show respect or favour (compare quot. OE at sense 26a(a)), but also in senses 'to present, exhibit' (one isolated and disputed attestation; compare sense 3a) and 'to grant, award' (compare sense 18). The details of the semantic development are not entirely clear; perhaps from 'to look at' to 'to cause to be looked at or seen' (compare branch II.), 'to present, exhibit, display' (compare branches II. and IV.), 'to make known formally', 'to grant, award' (compare branch III.), although all of the latter senses could alternatively show a development via sense 2 ('to look for, seek out, to choose, select'). Compare also quot. OE at showing n. 2a, but it is uncertain whether this can be taken as implying earlier currency of sense 24.


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤűѸˤָ롨Ϳפϳ̵ǤϤʤOED 餤ĤäƤߤȡǡǤ롥

[OE Genesis A (1931) 1581 Þær he freondlice on his agenum fæder are ne wolde gesceawian.]
lOE Extracts from Gospels: John (Vesp. D.xiv) xiv. 9 in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 77 Se mann þe me gesicð, he gesicð eac minne Fæder. Hwu segst þu, Sceawe us þone Fæder?
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Þa..sceawede him mann v nihta grið ut of lande to farenne.


ѸˤʤȡMED sheuen v.(1) ̤ꡤΡָפθĤĤġָפθ⹭äƤ롥Ѹ줫ϵ󤬤äƤ褦
˽פưʤˡ̣ѲθΤꤿȤǤ롥ʤߤˡshow ϡ̣Ǥʤڥ󥰡ȯѤˤĤƤŪ˶̣ѲФƤưʲε򻲾ȡ

#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1])
#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1])
#1716. shew show (3) ([2014-01-07-1])
#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])
#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])

Hall, John R. C. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Rev. ed. by Herbert T. Merritt. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. 1896.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-17 Sun

#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ [infinitive][syntax][passive][voice][construction][sobokunagimon]

ɸ He is to blame. ϡդ٤ˤǤפȤ̣Υե졼̩ (voice) θСפϡդΩǤ뤫 He is to be blamed. Ȥˤʤ٤Ȼפ뤫⤷ʤºݡԤǤ̣̤뤷ʸˡŪʤΤŪʥե졼ȤƤԤѤ롥ʤ
ϡư̾ˤĤƲ⤷#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1]) ȡ#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1]) Ȥط롥ư̾Ʊͤ (infinitive) ư̾첽ȤǽäƤ롥ư̾ˤư줬̾첽ȡȤȤư줬äƤ֤Ω¤ǽưưζ̤ʤѤ褦ˤʤ롥to blame ϡäƤηǽưŪˡ񤹤٤פȤʤ뤷ưŪˡ񤵤٤פȤʤΤǤ롥̤¤ƤȤȤϡʸ̮ˤꤤˤᤷȤȤǤ⤢롥He is to blame. ξˤϡ̣塤ȤȤƲᤵȤ櫓There is a house to let. I have something to say. Τ褦ʡַƻŪˡפ⡤֤¤Ȥȯۤͳ褹硤p. 238ˡ
ʤư̾ˤ֤¤ϡޤǤ줬̾ݤäƤħǤ롥ʹߡʤư̾ˤϤषưŪʤ򶯤ƤƤꡤ¤Ƥ֤Ω褷ƤƤ롥η̡ŪǤϤʤȤϤ He is to be blamed. ʸˡŪ˵Ƥ褦ˤʤäɸΤ褦ʹʸϡŤħФΤ褦¸ߤʤΤǤ롥

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-11 Mon

#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ [gerund][participle][passive][voice][construction]

ε#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1]) ȴϢ빽ʸꡥɸΤ褦ˡneed ư̾ǽư֡ˤ򽾤빽ʸ롥Ū˹ͤ This explain ٤оݤǤ뤫顤ư̾μư being explained ѤƤ٤Ȥ̤ˤɸ̤Ǥ褤ϡҤ٤褦ˡư̾ˤäƤϡȤưˤäƤ (voice) Ω¤Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥Ĥޤꡤư explain ư̾ explaining ȤʤäȤˤꡤפȡפΰ̣ŪΩޤꡤ̾ explanation ˤƱ褦ˡ֤ˤĤ̵ؿȤʤäƤȹͤФ褤
need Τۤ want, require, deserve, bear, escape ʤɤư䡤ƻ worth ư̾򽾤빽ʸȤ硤p. 232ˡ󤲤褦

This machine wants repairing.
The fence requires painting.
A person who steals deserves punishing.
It doesn't bear thinking about.
Use every man after his desert, and who should 'scape whipping? --- Hamlet, II. ii. 555--6
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.

ơư̾μư֤ѤƤ⡤Ϥǰ̣ŪˤŪˤŬʤǤϤ뤬ֹʸȤƤζפȤ٤ΤϼΤ⤷ʤˤ˥åĤäƤʸǤ롥

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2019-03-10 Sun

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ [syntax][gerund][participle][passive][voice][category][construction][sobokunagimon]

ɸʸϸɽǤϤ뤬ߤǤȤ뤳Ȥ롥ֲȤƤƤȤפȤưŪʰ̣бˤϡưʹԷѤ The house is being built. Ȥʤ٤ǤϤʤΤȵ˻פ뤫⤷ʤεϤäȤǤꡤΤ˸ԤμưʹԷιʸɸŪǤϤ롥Ǥʤɸ The house is building. ϲǽŪˤϤष̤äǽư֤ȼư֤Ȥ (voice) ζ̤ˤ뤵ϤαѸǡʤɸʸΤ
ŪˤϡThe house is building. building ϸʬǤϤʤư̾Ǥ롥Ʊ -ing ʤΤʶ路ξԤϵǽޤäۤʤ롥The house is building. ʳˤ The house is a-building. Ȥʸꡤˤʳˤ The house is on building. ȤʸäĤޤꡤbuilding build ư̾Ǥꡤ줬ֻ on ŪȤʤäƤȤ칽¤ʤΤǤ롥̣ŪˤϤޤˡַפȤȤˤʤ롥ֻ on 岽ƬŪ a- Ȥʤꡤ줬˼岽ǽŪˤϾüƤޤäˡ⸽߿ʹԷʸΤ褦ʸɤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ롥
ư̾ưͳǤ뤫ưŪǻĤƤȤϤȤƤ̾Ǥ롥֤ȤܼŪưˤʸˡƤǤꡤ̾ˤϴͿʤäơư̾פȤƤ building ǤϡַƤפȡַƤפ֤Ω¤Ƥ롥ޤܸΡַۡפԤä꤯褦ʰ̣äƤΤֻ on ȼäơַפΰդȤʤΤϼ
Τ褦ʹʸϡȤϤߤǤѤ뤳Ȥ뤷Ѹޤ̤Ф褯ߤ줿Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥ硤pp. 229--30ˡ

The whilst this play is playing --- Hamlet, III. ii. 93.
While grace is saying -- Merch. V., II. ii. 202
What's doing here?
The dinner is cooking.
The book is printing.
The tea is drawing.
The history which is making about us.

ɸ䤤 the house ȡbuilding Τʤ˼ޤäƤȤȤư build ȤϡŪˤľŪطˤ櫓ǤϤʤ򤫤Сbuild the house ȤưȤʸǤϤʤȤȤɸŪ The house is being built. ϡưȤʸǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ2ĤιʸϵޤäۤʤäƤꡤ٤ƹäƤ⤷ʤʪʤΤǤ롥
ʬư̾줬ޤäۤʤ뵡ǽʤ⡤Ʊ -ing ȤʤäƤŪаޤˤĤƤϡ#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2018-06-10 Sun

#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ [indo-european][germanic][category][voice][mood][tense][aspect][number][person][exaptation][sanskrit][gothic]

Lass (151--53) ˤȡSanskrit ŵŪưˤϡ;ΡΥƥ꡼˱126롥ޥΤʤǺǤʣʶޤ򼨤 Gothic Ǥϡ22ζ޷롥ޥΤʤǤ⤪褽ŵŪȤäƤ褤űѸϡ8Ĥζ޷򼨤ʤѸǤϺǤ3Ĥλ¤ϡŪФ뤴ȤˡޤμबäƤƤΤǤ롥
ĸǤϡ̤Ƥʸˡƥ꡼Ȥ̣ϰʲ̤ꡥ

(voice) ǽư (active) ư (middle)
ˡ (mood) ľˡ (indicative) ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˡ (optative) ̿ˡ (imperative)
ꡦ (aspect/tense) (present) ̵ (aorist) λ (perfect)
(number) ñ (singular) ξ (dual) ʣ (plural)
; (person) 1; (first) 2; (second) 3; (third)

Υƥ꡼ˤĤơĸ줫饲ޥĸؤκͻҤάҤ褦
֤Υƥ꡼ˤĤƤϡĸǽư vs ư֤ζ̤ϡޥĸǤϡǽư֡ vs ʼư֤ȺƵ֡ˤȤǤ⤤٤̤˺줿
ˡΥƥ꡼˴ؤƤϡĸ4Ĥζʬϡ̡ޥɤǤϡľˡ³ˡ̿ˡ3ʬ뤤Ϥͻ礬ʤߡűѸǤľˡ³ˡ2ʬؤȺ줿
ĸλΥƥ꡼ϡŪˤ˴ŤΤȹͤƤ롥Ϥ褦ȤưĸΡִλפޥĸˤֲפ˺줿褦̤ȤơޥĸǤϡοֲפȡߤޤפȤΡ˴Ť2ʬˡΩ롥
Υƥ꡼ϡűѸǤξ;̾ˤ鷺˻¸ƤΤΡŪˤСñʣ2ʬ˺줿κˤĤƤϡ#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥ꡼Ȥؤ ([2015-03-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Ǹˡ;ΤΥƥ꡼ˤĤƤϡѸΡ3ñ -sפˤħ褦ˡ褽3ʬˡޤǼѤƤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2016-11-18 Fri

#2762. plankton [etymology][greek][grimms_law][voice]

ץ󥯥ȥ (plankton) ȤϡɴʻŵˤȡֿǤäƤʪͷʪȤƤФ롥ʤɤοǡޤäưʤ鷺˱ưʤ顤äƤ롥Ԥʤʪץ󥯥ȥȡ򿩤٤ưʪץ󥯥ȥȤʬ롥Τ礭ϤޤޤǡʪƱ餤ξʤΤ顤饲Τ褦1m餤ΤΤޤǤס
Τˡ֥ץ󥯥ȥפΥ᡼ϥߥɥॷߥ󥳤ʤɤξʪ礭̵طȤȤǤ롥˾0.02m2m緿饲ޤǤޤߡӡˡˡʥޥˤưʪץ󥯥ȥȤ餷Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤץ󥯥ȥȤϡưη֤ˤʪʬȤȤΤ褦
plankton ȤñϡɥĤؼ Viktor Hensen (1835--1924) ꥷǤѤ¤äΤѸ줬ѤΤǡOED ˤȽФ1889ǯǤ롥ꥷưư plázesthaí (to wander) θʬ plagktós plagktón ͳ褹롥ưθ촴ϡŪˤϰĸ *plāk- (to strike) ̤롥̣Ūˤϡáפ֤Ҥä֤פФơư֤Ρֲžס֥֥֥餹פϲפؤѲΤȻפ롥
θ캬ıñȤƤϡꥷ줫 apoplexy ʷΰС, paraplegia , plectrum ʥΤĤ, -plegia ˤꡤƥ줫 complain 򤤤, plague ʱ¡, plaint ʹʾ, plangent Ǥ󤻤ˤ롥ťΥɸͳ flaw , fling ꤲĤˤǤϡҲ p ˡ§Ф f ȤʤäƤ롥
Ʊˤθ캬̤ȤϤplague Ǥ to strike ǽưŪǹŪʴްդޤΤФplankton Ǥ to wander ưưŪʥեեﴶʿ¤Ǥ롥²ۤ羮͡ʥץ󥯥ȥɺѤį䤵줿Τǡʵ񤤤Ƥߤޤ

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2015-05-13 Wed

#2207. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο (3) [reflexive_pronoun][verb][personal_pronoun][passive][voice]

#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1]) ȡ#2206. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο (2) ([2015-05-12-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸʹߡƵ̾ȼưɽषƤƤ롥θݤϢɽȤζȤĴˡ (118--48) 롥ϡcontent oneself with ʤɤΡưܺƵֻ̾פȤѥȤδϢɽŪʤäơOED 1700ǯʹߤ줾ʬۤä
content oneself with ǤСΥѥϸѸǤϸƤƤꡤäƳƼζȤ櫓 be content to V be content with NP ƤƤȤbe contented with NP be contented to V Ȥ٤ʤѤƤꡤΤȤƺƵ̾ѤɽϳƼζޤޤΩʤʤäƤƤȤcontent oneself with Τۤˤ⤤ĤɽƤꡤ㤨 apply oneself to Ϥ¤˸ƤƤꡤäƼưˡ apply to NP ư֤ be applied to NP ƤƤ褦8ưˤĤ󤲤̤ϡʲ̤Ǥʽp. 134) ̤ǤϤʤҤä᤿ͤƵɽǤϤʤŪͥǤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥

  reflexivepassiveintransitiveother rival forms
(1)content oneself with10830 136
(2)avail oneself of144  
(3)devote oneself to70191  
(4)apply oneself to42653548 
(5)attach oneself to93100171 
(6)address oneself to6220711 
(7)confine oneself to69592  
(8)concern oneself with/about/in69822  


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Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-01-1]

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