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pronunciation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-11 Sat

#6193. Ť l θ [l][consonant][phonetics][pronunciation][vowel][rp][etymological_respelling]

Ϣ /l/ ˤĤˤƤ롥RP Ǥ /l/ ΰ۲1ġְŤ [ɫ]פϡѸ˾塤Ԥ첻ФƼ˼ŪʱƶͿ³ƤޤΤ褦첻˱ƶͿˡ [ɫ] 첻ƾäƤȤʤäˤϸ RP Estuary English Ǥ¿쾯ʤƤǤ⤢롥Cruttenden (203) ꡤŤ [ɫ] 첻ؤαƶȡ켫Ȥ첻üˤĤƤβսѤ롥

The velarization of [ɫ] often has the effect of retracting and lowering slightly the articulation of a preceding front vowel, e.g. feel, fill, fell, canal; in the case of /iː/+[ɫ], a central glide between the vowel and [ɫ] is often noticeable, and the [ɪ] element of [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ] tends to be obscured, e.g. in pail, pile, oil. /uː/ before [ɫ] tends to be more monophthongal and nearer to C[u].


Variations in the quality of the back vowel resonance associated with [ɫ] are, however, to be found among RP


Ϣϡ#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ޤ#3947. Ҳˤ l æ ([2020-02-16-1]) Ȥ碌ơl ϼϤβˤƶͿ뤷ʬȤü䤹ȤħǡѸ˾βѲΥץ졼䡼ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ롥

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-10 Fri

#6192. ¦ /l/ μפʥ [l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][oe][consonant]

ε#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l ([2026-04-09-1]) ˰³¦ /l/ ˴ؤꡥѸˤˤ /l/ Υ롼ġ뤤ϼʥˤĤơCruttenden (204) Ѥ롥

Chief sources---PresE /l/ derives from OE [l,ll] (land, climb, all, tell, apple), from OE [hl], [xl] or [l̥] (loaf, ladder)---since OE front vowels tended to be diphthongized before /l/, it seems likely that /l/ in such a position was velarized in OE as it is today; from OF [l] (lamp, close, colour, veal, able). In many cases pre-consonantal [ɫ], especially after back or open vowels, was vocalized to [ʊ] (walk, talk, half, folk) in the early fifteenth century, such a pronunciation being commonly shown by the seventeenth-century grammarians; but in some cases (halt, salt, malt), it has been retained; in others, an /l/ has been re-introduced in spelling and pronunciation (fault, falcon, emerald, soldier, realm) or merely in the spelling (calm, palm, balm). The loss of /l/ in could, should, would occurred in eModE.


űѸˡʤȤ⤢ĶǤϰŤ [ɫ] ԤʤƤŪڵ򤬤ȤȤ뤤 [l] ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤŤ RP Τ褦ʬۤǡ뤤 [l] ¸ƤΤ뤤ϱѸˤ椫餢Ѽˤ۲ȤʬۤϤ᤿Τե󥹸 /l/ Ū뤤 [l] Ǥ뤳Ȥͤ碌ȡݥ饤ȤĴȤƤ뤤 [l] ѸƳ줿ȤȤϹͤʤΤ/l/ ĴҤȤĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤⤷ѸˤǤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-09 Thu

#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l [rp][l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][minimal_pair][variety][consonant]

RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥߤ롥

뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵໤θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful

ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФ򼨤üԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤󥰥Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵򤷤ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-10-1]

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2026-03-13 Fri

#6164. -ought -aught ȯ [gh][spelling][pronunciation][vowel][orthography][onomastics][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ

O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
  Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.


³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦

A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
  Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
  Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.


ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2026-03-12 Thu

#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ [gh][verb][spelling][pronunciation][vowel][orthography][voicy][heldio][hel_education][gradation][i-mutation][analogy][spelling_pronunciation_gap]



37 heldio ˤ #1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơۿޤѸ춵˷Ȥ4Ԥˤ̲Ǥ
夲ϡѸ˸ȤˤȤäƤ礭ʾ׷ǤȯüϡعDZѸ򶵤ƤΥ饹Ρ̤ˤȯǤ
Ѹؽˤơ -ought Ե§ѲưϳؽԤǺߤμǤthink --- thoughtbuy --- bought, bring --- brought, fight -- fought ʤɡ¿ o ޤֻȤʤޤteach --- taught catch --- caught Τ褦ˡa ޤ -aught ֻˤʤΤ⤢ޤۤȤɤαѸؽԤϡ֤ΤפȤƴݰŵƤȤǤ礦ޤ̤4ԤƱͤǤ
ȤϥΡȤǡμݤζä٤Ŧ򤷤ΤǤ teach a ޤޤƤ뤫顤 taught o ǤϤʤ a ˤʤΤǤϤʤȡ
λŦðŪʤΤϡñʤϤ碌䵭ѤμĶơѸֻ˸˻񤹤ǽˤޤѸˤδ餳 -aught ƸƤƤߤȡä٤¤⤭Ħˤʤޤtaught caught ʤɤθ¸ưǤʤˤβǵ§Ƥư򷡤굯ƤߤȡΡteach ˡ§פƤϤޤ㤬ĤĤΤǤ
ȤСߤϵ§ѲưȤʤäƤ reach ǤĤƤԵ§Ѳ raught Ȥ֤äƤޤ⸶ a ޤߡ -aught Ǥޤlatch ˤ⤫Ĥ laught Ȥ¸ߤޤ
ˡreck ȤưФƤ raught Ȥޤ a ޤޤƤޤ󤬡e a Ʊ첻ǤϤޤˡ§򾯤ơָ ae ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught ȤʤפȤл­ޤ
ŪˤߤСֻκϡĸ첻 (gradation) 䡤ޥΥ饦 (i-mutation)θ (analogy) ʣ߹ä̤ȹͤޤμ⤿ʤʴѻˤäƤΡˡ§פ򸫽ФȤϡƶä٤ȤǤ
ζ۵̤ǤϡλŦ˿ѸֻȤˤο¤ʹӤƤǽ뤫ޤޤǡͤΤۤ˶ʳ礭ʥͥ륮뤳ȤǤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤȤơĹǯȻפǸᤴƤ­ˡۤɤޤǤ䤫ˡ§ƤȤ˲Фޤʾˡĥեåʻº˵դ졤˲Ǥ餢ޤteach ˡ§פŪ΢դˤĤƤϡ夵ʤĴɬפǤƥ󥰤ʻߤˤʤȻפޤ
ѸؽԤγ󡤿ȶʱѸΡ֤ʤפñʤŵǺѤޤʬʤβΩƤƴѻƤߤƤˤϡȤäˡ§Ƥ뤫⤷ޤ
ʳ̤ƤϡҾ嵭 Voicy 󥯤ꤪİ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-13-1]

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2026-02-15 Sun

#6138. Rome 첻ŪѲ [latin][french][italian][pronunciation][vowel][mond]

#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ΥꥹȤǿ줿μͭץåȥե mond ˤƼμ򤤤

Ѹ Rome o 첻 [ou] äƤޤűѸĹ첻oϸ [u:] ˤʤϤʤΤǡθϸűѸ줫ȯ줿ΤǤϤʤѸʹߤκ٤μѸʤΤǤ礦

ɤߤʬȤꡤʤʤä𤬤롥β뤿˼դĴ١ĤƤΤǡ򤳤˻ĤƤ
ޤ Rome ȯ /rəʊm || roʊm/ LPD3 Ǥ "Formerly also /ruːm/" ȤäޤOED ˤȡΤ褦ˤä

This pronunciation [= /ruːm/] survived in regional speech into the 20th cent. (compare quots. 1873, 1909 at sense 2a; Sc. National Dict. (at Room) records the pronunciation /rum/ as still in use in Banffshire in 1968). It shows the regular reflex of Middle English long close ō, in turn reflecting Old English ō. By contrast, the modern standard pronunciation was influenced by the pronunciation of the Latin and Italian forms of the place name.


ơǤϤۤʹʤ /ruːm/ ϡĤѤƤΤWalker μ1827ǯǤǤϡθȯ /ruːm/ ȤƼĤġεҤͿƤ롥

The o in this word is irrevocably fixed in the English sound of that letter in move, prove, &c. Pope, indeed, rhymes it with dome,
"Thus when we view some well-proprition'd dome,
"The word's just wonder, and ev'n thine, O Rome!"
But, as Mr. Nares observes, it is most probable that he pronounced this word as if written doom, as he rhymes Rome with doom afterwards in the same poem.
"From the same foes at last both felt their doom;
"And the same age saw learning fall and Rome."
                              Essay on Criticism, v. 685.
The truth is, nothing certain can be concluded from the rhyming of poets. It may serve to confirm an established usage, but can never direct us where usage is various and uncertain. But the pun which Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Cassius in Julius Cæsar decidedly shows what was the pronunciation of this word in his time:
  "Now it is Rome, indeed, and rom enough,
  "When there is in it but one only man."
And the Grammar in Queen Anne's time, recommended by Steele, says the city Rome is pronounced like Room; and Dr. Jones, in his Spelling Dictionary, 1704, gives it the same sound.


Dobson μƤڵȡ˴Ť̯ (Vol. 2, §154)

A special case of this variation is Rome, from OE Rōm reinforced by OF Rome. In this word [u:] is normal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as in Bullokar, Robinson (see further below), Willis, Price (contrast his 'homophone' list; see below), Poole, Lye (following Price), WSC-RS, Brown's 'phonetically spelt' list, and the 'homophone' lists from Butler's onwards, including those of Hodges, Coles's Schoolmaster, and Cooper (which are the best), but with two exceptions (see below). The word has [o:] only in Hart, Price's 'homophone' list (paired with roam; contrast his text, which gives [u:]), and Coles's least selective list, that of the Engl.-Lati. Dict. Cooper in 'editing' the material of earlier 'homophone' lists removes the pairing of Rome with roam to a list of words which are pronounced 'differently' (and not even 'near alike'). Robinson, though he gives [u:] in transcribing Rome in an English text, gives [o:] in Romam in his Latin poem; this important evidence shows that the usual view, that the [o] pronunciation (whence PresE [ou]) in Rome is due to French or Italian influence, is inexact; it is more immediately derived from the English pronunciation of Latin, in which [o] in Roma may show ME substitution of ǭ for ō even in the neighbourhood of a labial, but is more likely to be due to the 'reformed pronunciation', which was based to some extent on foreign models.


mond βǤҤ٤ȤꡤDobson Τ 'reformed pronunciation' ʲȯˤؤΤϻˤʬʤΤǡŬڤɾ뤳ȤǤʤ̾Ի̾ᤰȯˤĤơΤ褦Ǯ蘆Ƥ뤳ȤΤ뤳ȤǤ

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: 1827.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2026-01-27 Tue

#6119. falcon l ȯ뤫ʤ [sobokunagimon][notice][l][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][french][latin][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][pronunciation]

ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) Ǥϡsalmon ʺˤۻ l طʤˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 夲ޤϡδϢǡ褯аޤ򤿤ɤʤ⸽Ǥϰۤʤ̤ȤʤäƤ falcon ʥϥ֥ˤˤĤä򤷤ޤ礦
falcon salmon Ʊ͡ƥ (falcōnem) ͳ褷ťե󥹸 (faucon) ν֤ФѸäƤޤäơϱѸǤ l ʸȯ⤢ޤǤȤ16˥ƥֻ򻲾Ȥ <l> ֻͰŪޤޤǤ salmon ȤޤäƱƻڤǤ
ѸɸŪȯˤơsalmon <l> ۻǤΤФfalcon l /ˈfælkən/ /ˈfɔːlkən/ Τ褦ˡֻ̤ /l/ ȯΤ̤ǤϡֻȯϤȤʤäȯΤΤѲȤʤޤ
Ȥ֤ϤñǤϤޤ󡥸ȯ֤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤLPD3 ˷ǺܤƤ롤ƤΰüԤоݤȤ Preference Poll η̤򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦


falcon_LPD.png



Ū¿ /l/ ȯƤޤƤȤ3%ۤɤüԤϡߤǤ /l/ ʤ /ˈfɔːkən/ ʤɤθŤפȯѤƤ뤳Ȥǧޤξ <l> ۻȤʤޤ˶̣ΤϡCEPD17 εҤǤμˤϡΥߥ˥ƥˤ봷ѤˤĤƤ᤬ޤ

Note: /ˈfɔː-/ is the usual British pronunciation among people who practise the sport of falconry, with /ˈfɔː-/ and /ˈfɔːl-/ most usual among them in the US.


뾢δ֤ǤϡꥹǤ /l/ ȯʤ̤ǤꡤꥫǤ⤽ηȤΤǤȤδ֤ǤϡŪȯֶȳѸפΤ褦˲вƻĤäƤȤΤ϶̣ݤǤ
ǤϡŪ˸Ƥ <l> ֻϤĺ夷ΤǤ礦Hotta and Iyeiri ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ѤơѸˤ falcon ֻѰۤܺ٤ĴޤĴˤСñʣޤơʲΤ褦37̤ΰ۷ǧޤ (147) <l> ̵ͭܤƤ

falcon, falcons, faulcon, faucon, fawcons, faucons, fawcon, faulcons, falkon, falcone, faukon, faulcone, faukons, falkons, faulcones, faulkon, faulkons, falcones, faulken, fawlcon, fawkon, faucoun, fauken, fawcoun, fawken, falken, fawkons, fawlkon, falcoun, faucone, faulcens, faulkens, faulkone, fawcones, fawkone, fawlcons, fawlkons


ޤɴǤʬϤΤʷƤޤʸǤϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤޤ (152)

FALCON is one of the most helpful items for us in that it occurs frequently enough both in non-etymological spellings without <l> and etymological spellings with <l>. The critical point in time for the item was apparently the middle of the sixteenth century. Until the 1550s and 1560s, the non-etymological type (e.g., <faucon> and <fawcon>) was by far the more common form, whereas in the following decades the etymological type (e.g., <faulcon> and <falcon>) displaced its non-etymological counterpart so quickly that it would be the only spelling in effect at the end of the century.


Ĥޤꡤ16ȾС1550ǯ~1560ǯˤžǤޤǤ faucon Τ褦ŪֻͥǤθ塤® falcon ʤɤθ츻ŪֻäꡤˤϤܴ֤ۤäΤǤ
salmon falconƱƱ褦ư l ʤ顤ۻȤʤꡤ¾ϡȤСۤܡȯ褦ˤʤäѸˤϡͽ¬ԲǽʸġñΥɥޤƤޤ
falcon ˤĤƿƤ¾ε⤴Ȥ

#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#488. ȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1])
#2099. fault l ([2015-01-25-1])
#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1])

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

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2026-01-26 Mon

#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ [mond][sobokunagimon][notice][l][silent_letter][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][french][latin][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][pronunciation]

salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ


μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μ򤤤ޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥ󥹴γؼԤθŵ󵢤ؤƴ줬񸽲ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥե󥹸ͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե󥹸 l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸ򸫤Сsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե󥹸첽ơ¤äֻ츻Ǥƥη򻲾ȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤ޼Ĥ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤ򥰥դǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤ󤬡ñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤ⿨Ƥޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ


mond_20260117.png



Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-31-1] [2026-01-27-1]

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2025-11-08 Sat

#6039. New Zealand English ˤޥѸȯᤰҲ [sociolinguistics][new_zealand_english][maori][borrowing][loan_word][pronunciation][orthography][language_planning][writing][standardisation]

NZE ˤϡޥ줫μѸ줬¿äƤ롥̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾Ϥ󡤰̸¿ήƤ롥Ѹʸ̮ǥޥѸɤΤ褦ȯ뤫ȤˤĤơBauer (398--99) ̣򼨤Ƥ롥

The proper pronunciation of Maori is currently a controversial issue in New Zealand, and it is a subject on which feelings run high. The issue is at heart a political rather than a linguistic one, since it is clear linguistically that there is no good reason to expect native-like Maori pronunciation in words which are being used in English. None the less, it has the linguistic consequence that there is a good deal of variation in the way in which Maori loanwords are pronounced in English, with variants close to native Maori norms at the formal end of the spectrum, and much more Anglicised versions --- sometimes irregularly Anglicised versions --- at the other. To give some idea of the variation this can lead to, I present below a few place-names with a Maori pronunciation and one extreme English pronunciation. Variants are heard anywhere on the continuum between these two extremes.


ʸϤθ˶㤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ȤХޥǥ˥塼ɤɽ魯 Aotearoa Ĺ򤤱ϡˤϡޥȯǤ /aːɔtɛːaɾɔa/ ȤʤꡤȯѸüԤ⤤С鴰˱Ѹ첽 /eɪətiəˈɹəʊə/ ȤȯԤ⤤롥ޤ2ĤξˤȤơŪȯ¿ȤΤ顤ɤη㤷롥
ɤطʤˤϡѸȥޥβηϤκۡޥΥƥ饷ǥ󥹤ؤθޥؤΩ֤פ졤ײ衦Ωʤɡ͡ʸŪƤʤ󤺤ҲŪװѤƤΤȯ1ĤȤäƤ⡤üԤ٤Ω줬ǻȿǤƤǽȤȤ
ʤޥ޻ɽݤֻϡ1830ǯȾ1840ǯޤǤˤɸಽƤȤ (Bauer 398) ճᤫäΤʡȤݤ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2025-11-07 Fri

#6038. New Zealand English ˤ2ȯ known, thrown, grown [new_zealand_english][vowel][syllable][pronunciation][sound_change][oe]

ε#6307. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ ([2025-11-06-1]) ³New Zealand English ʹħȯˤĤƼ夲롥Bauer (391) ˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥

There is a small set of words such as known, thrown, which are regularly pronounced with two syllables, allowing distinctions between such pairs as groan/grown.


LPD äƤߤȡ줾ɸŪñȯμˡ§/ˈnəʊ ən/, §/ˈθrəʊ ən/, §/ˈgrəʊ ən/ 2ȯǺܤƤ롤LPD ˤ § ˤĤƤϡ"Pronunciations which are widespread among educated speakers of British English but which are not, however, considered to belong to RP (Received Pronunciation) are marked with the symbol §." (xix) ȤΤǡꥹѸǤRPȯȤƤϹʹΤΤ褦
2ȯ˻פ鷺ӹäƤޤΤϡ줬餯űѸŪȯͳѤǤ뤫űѸǤϾ嵭ưϤ⶯Ѳ7°ʬϤ줾 knāwen, þrōwen, grōwen Ȥʤ롥MED ѸθΤȡ2ܤ첻򼨺첻ĤäƤΤ⤢СĤäƤʤΤ⤢롥ʤȤѸʹߡñȯ2ȯ variants ȤƤԤʤƤȤʬ롥
űѸ줫1ǯλ֤ή졤΢¦ϤäƤ븽 NZE ˤơħŪ2ȯĤäƤȤΤϴ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2025-11-06 Thu

#6037. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ [new_zealand_english][article][glottal_stop][consonant][vowel][phonetics][allomorph][phonetics][pronunciation]

(article) 괧괧ˤμ¸ϡѸѼˤäƤ⡤üԸĿͤˤäƤ⡤ˤäƤ͡Ǥ롥ŵŪʵǽȤƶȼ variants äƤȤ⤢ꡤϤޤޤʣȤʤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])ˡˡ³줬ҲǻϤޤ뤫첻ǻϤޤ뤫ˤäƤѰۤΤǡ
Ȥ櫓괧μ¸ˤĤƤϡ#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ơϰѼˤäƤ¸ϤޤޤΤ褦New Zealand English ξ򸫤Ƥߤ褦Bauer (391) ˤȡ³ˤ餺괧 /ðə/ 괧 /ə/ ȯ뷹Ȥ첻³ˤϤƤĺĤʤȤ롥

As in South African English . . . , the and a do not always have the same range of allomorphs in New Zealand English that they have in standard English. Rather, they are realised as /ðə/ and /ə/ independent of the following sound. Where the following sound is a vowel, a [ʔ] is usually inserted.


ܲ˥塼ں NZE 򼪤ˤƤ뤬⤽ⴧϼ夯ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ɤѼǤ variants ¿뤳ȤȤƤäƤΤǡۤɥޡƤʤäϰռʹΩƤƤ
LPD the ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

the strong form ðiː, weak forms ði, ðə --- The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding [ʔ]), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.


NZE ˸¤餺¾ѼˤƤ¸¿ͤȹͤƤ褤ޤĤʤĺ⡤ٰŪȤäƤ褵

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-11-07-1]

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2025-05-30 Fri

#5877. ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˤ٤Ϣܤ [yurugengogakuradio][notice][language_change][dialect][dialectology][stress][pronunciation][sound_change][japanese][phonetics][heldio]

2025ǯ7



ǯ١ʳäɤƤϢܤޤط YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸ο󤬡٤ˤơ֤ȤФѲĤޤפꤷƼɮƤ륷꡼ǤѲ (language_change) ȤȤ⤹ŪǷɱ󤵤줬ʥơޤ˸ơθԤؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤Ƥγ˿ȤŪʴǤǯ٤ܻȯԤˤȤĤƤޤޤ
Ϣ3Ȥʤǿ6ǤϡȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹפꤷơѲΤʤǤä˺ŪȤ벻Ѳ (sound_change) Ƥޤ伫ȡѸ˸ΤʤDz֤Ѳ礿եɤȤƤˡΥơޤˤϤȤ櫓ؿޤƴԤ˰鷺εϿ˿ɤΤޤ
ѲϸѲˤΥߥƥ꡼Ǥ롤ȻϹͤƤޤäʸˡѲƤƤ⤷ΤǤưδפȤʤֲפʤɤΤ褦ˤѤΤȤ䤤ϡǤª̥ŪʤΤǤȤǤ˵礹뤳Ȥ¿ˡؤʿãؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤ƥäƤޤι⤤ȥԥå򤳤ۤʬ䤹ƳƤʸϤ򡤻ϤޤɤȤޤ
ϡ֤ʤȯѤΤפȤѤʵ䤫Ϥޤޤʿϡμפư1ĤĴﴱΥࡼʱưפؤߵᡤʤȯڤˤȤüԤԹ˵ޤϸؤǡֺǾϤθ§ (The Principle of Least Effort) ȤƤΤǤ䤿̵ռΤˡȯڤؤѲƤ롤Ȥ櫓Ǥ
⤷θ§ŪʤС٤ƤȯϤɤɤά졤㤨첻Ϥ٤ۣ첻˼̤ƤޤǤ礦ȡߥ˥ƻȤƵǽ˴٤äƤޤϤǤ¤ϤʤäƤʤޤ󡥤ˡֻߤפȤʤϤƯƤ뤫Ǥ
ˤĤơʿϼΤ褦˻ŦƤޤ (p. 171) ָȤΤϲ櫓ǤϤޤñʸˡʤɡۤηϤ̩ܤˤäƤޤ顤Ȥη͹礤ǡˤϿʤޤʤȤ𤬤ޤ
Τ˲ϸäʸˡȤäηϤ¾ιǤȸǤӤĤƤޤơʿϲѲܼ򼡤Τ褦˳ˤޤ (p. 172) ֤ĤޤȯѲϡĴԹǥ饯Ȥưȡ¾ιǤΤǶĥطݤʤ鵯櫓Ǥ
ֶĥطפȤˡѲΥʥߥबŽ̤Ƥޤ͡˰ĥϤȡ˹⤦ϡɹΤʤǡϾɤưѤѤƤޤεϡʣʥץ¸ߤȤǤʤɼԤˤ´ƤޤҳˤεľɤǤФȻפޤ
󤴾Ҳ𤷤 heldio Ǥ#1459. ѲΥߥƥ꡼ --- إ饸οΡϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤİС



ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹס١ҡ2025ǯ6桥2025ǯ168--75ǡ

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2025-04-01 Tue

#5818. /k/ ɽ魯 <ch> [spelling][digraph][pronunciation][consonant][etymological_respelling][greek][latin][loan_word]

<ch>/k/ ɽ魯ϡ̤˥ꥷ줫μѸˤߤȤ롥Ѹʤɤ <c> ʤɤǼޤ줿ΤѸˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) θˤäơꥷ <ch> ֤ľ줿⾯ʤʤΤȻפ롥Carney (219--20) ˼򷹤褦

Distribution of <ch>

The <ch> spelling of /k/ is restricted almost entirely to §Greek words: archaeology, archaism, archangel, architect, archive, bronchial, catechism, chaos, character, charisma, chasm, chemist, chiropody, chlorine, choir, cholesterol, chord, chorus, christian, chromium, chronic, cochlea, echo, epoch, eunuch, hierarchy, lichen, malachite, matriarch, mechanic, monarch, ochre, oligarch, orchestra, orchid, pachyderm, patriarch, psyche, schematic, stochastic, stomach, strychnite, technical, trachea, triptych, etc. This is by no means a compete list, but it serves to show the problems of using subsystems in deterministic procedures. Some words with <ch>/k/ have been in common use in English for centuries (anchor, school) and came by way of Latin rather than directly from Greek. Lachrymose and sepulchre are strictly Latin in origin, but were mistakenly thought in antiquity to have a Greek connection. Many words with <ch>/k/ are highly technical complex words used by scientists for whom the constituent §Greek morphemes, such as {pachy} or {derm}, have a separate semantic identity. In some cases the Greek meanings are irrelevant to the technical use of the words since they involve obscure metaphors. One does not normally need to know that orchids have anything to do with testicles --- it's actually the shape of the roots. There appear to be no explicit phonological markers of §Greek-ness in the words listed above. The morphological criterion of word-formation potential is the best marker, but this works best with the technical end of the range. We can hardly cue the <ch> in school by calling up scholastic.


̣Τ lachrymose sepulchre ʤɤϥƥͳʤΤäƥꥷͳȴ㤤 <ch> ֤Ƥ롤ȤƥˤƤ顤ꥷ˴Ť츻Ūֻä餷ȤȤˤʤ롥ֻˤƤ餤ϰҿˤ䤫ꤿȤפϡ¿θʸˤƶ̤ƤΤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2025-01-27 Mon

#5754. divers vs diverse [variant][pronunciation][latin][french][doublet][stress][spelling][adjective][polysemy][pronoun][doublet]

ƹǤϥȥ2.0ȯ­ͽ¬ǽΥơäƤƤ롥οǤϡDEI (= diversity, equity, and inclusion) ǰΥæޤƤȤ롥1Ĥ diversity ϡ¿פ̣륭ɤǤꡤѸˤϥƥ줫ե󥹸Ф14ȾФ˼ѤƤ
̾δΤϥƥηƻ dīversum Ǥꡤ켫Τư dīvertere ʤ來ؤ餹žˤ̤롥ž̡̼Ρ¿ͤʡĤΡפŸȤˤʤ롥
ȤǡѸ켭ˤ divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ Ȥ̡ΩवƤ롥ֻϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ꡤȯ϶벻ᤪӸҲ̵ͭ㤬롥̣ˡȤƤϡԤϸʸŪʶäơ̼ΡĤΡפѤ졤Ԥϼˡ¿ͤʡפθѤ롥ȤȤξԤϸߤ˰۷ˤѸʹߤθˤѤƤ1700ǯ˸̣ˤʬƤ
divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ ϡֿġ͡פ̣̾졦̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäᤫθҲϡ̾ʣ -s ȿǤ뤫Τ褦 /z/ ؤžޤdiverse /daɪˈvəːs/ ȯֻϡƥͳ adverse, inverse ʤɤȴϢŤ夷ΤȻפ롥
OED Ǥξ̡ΩवƤ뤬Diverse, Adj. & Adv. ιˤξη֤ȯˤܺ٤˲⤵Ƥ롥

Form and pronunciation history
The stress was originally on the second syllable, but was at an early date shifted to the first, although both pronunciations long coexisted, especially in verse. In early modern English divers (with stress on the first syllable) is the dominant form (overwhelmingly so in the 17th cent.), especially in the very common sense 'several, sundry, various' (see divers adj.) in which the word always occurs with a plural noun (the final -s coming to be pronounced /z/ after the plural ending -s, making the word homophonous with the plural of diver n.).
By the 18th cent. the senses of the word had come to be distinguished in form, with divers typically used to express the notions of variety and (especially) indefinite number (see divers adj. & n.) and diverse (probably by more immediate association with Latin diversus) the notion of difference (as in senses A.1 and A.3); thus Johnson (1755), Sheridan (1780), and Walker (1791), all of whom have two parallel entries. Both forms were typically stressed on the first syllable, and differed only in the pronunciation of the final consonant (respectively /z/ and /s/ ). The same formal and semantic distinction is reflected in 19th-cent. dictionaries, including Smart (1836), Worcester (1846), Knowles (1851), Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), and New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897). The latter notes at divers adj. (in sense 'various, sundry, several') that it is 'now somewhat archaic, but well known in legal and scriptural phraseology'; in this form the word is now chiefly archaic and used mainly in literary or legal contexts.
In the second half of the 19th cent. (as divers adj. was gradually becoming more restricted in use), the dictionaries begin to note an alternative pronunciation for diverse adj. with stress on the second syllable. This pronunciation probably continues the original one that had never entirely disappeared for this form, as is shown by examples from verse (compare e.g. quots. a1618, 1837 at sense A.1a, 1754 at sense A.3a). Knowles (1851) is one of the first dictionaries to note this pronunciation of diverse adj. (which, interestingly, he gives as the sole pronunciation); more commonly the two alternatives are given, as e.g. Craig (1882), who puts the pronunciation with initial stress first, and Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897), who give priority to the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable; this has since become by far the more common pronunciation of the word.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-01-28-1]

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2024-07-08 Mon

#5551. Ѹֻ˴ؿʤ顤ޤ Cook The English Writing System (2004) [review][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][writing][orthography][punctuation][toc][typography]

ܥ֥ǤϱѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ¿夲Ƥΰ1ĤȤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ܤαѸؽԤؿ䤹ȥԥåȤȤиΤäƤ뤫Ǥ⤢롥
ѸֻȤˤᤰäƤϡޤޤʸ̽񤬽ǤƤǶΩäȤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.إڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯȤƻ伫ȤȤƽǤƤаޤ⤢롥
ϡɤߤ䤹ѽȤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ѡȤƤ Vivian Cook ˤ The English Writing System (Hodder Education, 2004) Ҳ𤷤񤭸̤꤫⤭Ѹֻˡˡˡֻؽˤ꤬ڤ֡㼨ꡤ§ɽɡʸƤꡤɤ߼ͥʲܼ򼨤


Cook, Vivian. ''The English Writing System.'' London: Hodder Education, 2004.





1 Ways of writing
1.1 Meaning-based and sound-based writing
1.2 Two ways of processing written language

2 The multi-dimensions of spoken and written English
2.1 Differences between the visual and acoustic media
2.2 Special features of written English

3 Approaches to English spelling
3.1 Basic rules for English
3.2 Venezky: correspondence rules and markers
3.3 Albrow: three systems of English spelling
3.4 Noam and Carol Chomsky: lexical representation

4 Punctuation and typography
4.1 Grammatical and correspondence punctuation
4.2 The typography of English

5 Learning the English writing system
5.1 English-speaking children's acquisition of spelling
5.2 Acquisition of English spelling by speakers of other languages

6 Historical changes
6.1 Before English
6.2 Old English
6.3 Middle English
6.4 From Early Modern English to Modern English

7 Variation in the English writing system
7.1 Differences of region: 'British' and 'American' spelling styles
7.2 Novel spellings of pop groups and business names
7.3 Adapting English to modern means of communication

References

IPA transcription of English phonemes

Index




ѸֻθѤܤǤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

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2024-04-03 Wed

#5455. ڹȤ heldio ȡȡѤθβư [voicy][heldio][helwa][phonetics][pronunciation][japanese][do-periphrasis][emode][sociolinguistics][name_project][vowel][helkatsu]

Ѹ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرءˤȤ񤤤뵡񤬤ޤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ¾ΥץȥСΤ͡޽ءˤϽʾءˤ⤴Ǥ
Ǽˡ̾פᤰ Voicy heldio/helwa ϤϿꤷޤʲ3ܤ򥢡ۿƤޤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤ⤪İС

(1) heldio #1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ59ʬ
(2) helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #113ۡ̾ȱѸˡΥեȡʢβΤͭΥץߥۿǤ60ʬ
(3) heldio #1038. do 󵯤뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ20ʬ

θ塤ȤΥ֥ˤơ嵭μϿȴϢƤε2ܽ񤫤ƤޤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤ

3α4
Ѥθβư

2ĤΡѤθβưפϡ嵭 (2) helwa ˡ̾ε礭졤ȯΥȡ˲֤餤ޤӤǤȡˡܸȱѸǤϸλȤ첻Ĵˤۤʤ뤳ȤռƤȽҤ١줬ͯޤѸǸβư褬ۤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޤ򤪻ȤȤҤ٤졤θꥹʡ֤οޤߤפȤ˾Ф줿ΤΤӥ֥ǶͭƤǤ󡤤ұѸȯ˳褫ƤС
ʤߤˡˤĤƤäȾܤΤꤿϡkhelf ȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ67줾3̤ΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפˤơ2ˤ錄Υ󥿥ӥ塼ǺܤƤޤ
͡ʡhel (helkatsu) ꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-03-21 Thu

#5442. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ͽ֤ĤŤȯ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap]lexicography][dictionary][lighthouse7][yod-dropping][vowel][diphthong][elt][phonetics]

#5438. μ̥ --- 򽩽ǤΡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤ ([2024-03-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤򽩽Ǥ줿Ϸޱ¼ŵοǤˤĤƺƤӼ夲ޤ
ƱδϿ¤ƤޤϿƥĤΥȥåפΤ֤ĤŤȯ (pp. 1666--77) ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؿΤϡҽɤƤߤȯ¿Ȼפޤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blownꤷơblew /bluː/ ֻȯδطˤĤƤäޤ֥֥塼פȯdzФƤ⤤뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ϡyod-dropping ƤΤǡ blue Ʊ֥֥롼פȯǤdrew, flew, grew, slew, threw Ʊͤǡ/juː/ ǤϤʤ /uː/ 첻򼨤ޤ



Ǥϡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ρ֤ĤŤȯפꡤblew ȯˤϢ ι (p. 1668) Ƥߤޤ礦

15

ܸΡ֥פ꿰򾮤ݤͤФ褦ˤơ֥פĹȯ롥
§ŪʤĤŤ
(ōō): boot /búːt/ Ĺfood /fúːd/ ʪ
s, ch, j, l, r θ
(ü): super /súːpɚ | -pə/ Ф餷June /ʤúːn/ 6blue /blúː/ Ĥrule /rúːl/ §
ew (=ü): chew /ʧúː/ 褯ࡤJew /ʤúː/ ͡blew /blúː/ blow βcrew /krúː/ Ȱ
դ٤ĤŤ
(ui): suit /súːt/ ʰΡˤҤȤjuice /ʤúːs/ fruit /frúːt/ ʪ
ou (=ōō): group /grúːp/ 졤soup /súːp/


ä <ew> /uː/ δطСƤΤǤ͡


إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ



ֿ ԡˡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2023-11-07 Tue

#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][name_project][onomastics][toponymy][spelling_pronunciation][palatalisation][phonetics][dative][h]

ꥹԻ Birmingham ȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ Ǥ롥ꥹ̾ˤ褯뤳ȤĹˤΤʤȯû岽Ƥ̤Ǥ롥̾ξ -ham ƬҲæƤޤäƤ롥
Ʊ̾ΥꥫԻԤǤϡ h ¸Ƥ /ˈbɚːmɪŋhæm/ ȯ롥/h/ ¸ƤȤϡषֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ褵줿ȤۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ơꥹԻԤˤĤƤϡ⤦1Ū罰ŪȯȤ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ȤΤǤ롥ȤμդˤĤơClark (476) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Further complications arise from a sporadic palatalisation and assibilation of -ing(-) > [ɪnʤ] that affects suffix and infix alike: e.g. Lockinge, Wantage < OE Waneting (also originally a stream-name --- PN Berks.: 17--18, 481--2), and also the traditional, now vulgar, /brʌməʤm̩/ for Birmingham (PN Warks.: 34--6). Explanations have ranged from variant development of gen. pl. -inga- . . . to fossilised survival of a PrOE locative in *ingi, assumed to have dominated development of the names in question in the way that dative forms not uncommonly do . . . .


⤬Ȥȡ -ing εȤʤ޸첻ξʰ㤤ˤäơȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ 罰Ūȯ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ʬƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ơΰ۷֤ɤ줬ˤäƤ1500ǯۤɤˤͭ뤫⤷ʤȤȤˤʤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-08-1]

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2023-06-07 Wed

#5154. ʤ height ϤֻǤȯʤΡ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][sobokunagimon][gvs][analogy][vowel][consonant][spelling][pronunciation]

ƻ high ̾ height ϡ줾 /haɪ/, /haɪt/ ȯޤֻȯδطˤĤơԤϵ§̤ȹͤޤԤ㳰ŪǤϤʤǤ礦
ޤ high ֻȯȯã򿶤֤äƤߤޤ礦űѸ hēah Ѹˤ hēh > hēih > heih/hīh ȯãޤǸʳǰ۷2ĸޤԤ hīh 첻ܤФƸѸ high /haɪ/ ˻ޤԤ heih ѸǤϤषͭϤǤ high ˼ʤϤޤ
ʤߤˡűѸ nēah "near" ޤäƱȯã뤲ƤޤѸˤ nēh > nēih > neih/nīh Ѳޤǽʳΰ۷ΤԤ neighbour 1Ǥ˸ƤꡤԤ nigh Ϣʤޤ
ơ̾ height θűѸη֤ hēhþu ǤϷƻ hēah Ĵ·ѸˤƸȯãƤhēhþ > hēihþ > heiht ˵夷ޤƻȰۤʤꡤǸʳͽۤ۷ *hīht ϤޤǤ̾˴ޤޤ þ ³ĶǤϡƻˤѲ޻ߤ줿Ǥ
ơֻ̾ˤĤƤϡθֻμ㴳ѲФĤĤ height 夭ޤȤȯΤۤϷƻ˰Ĥ褦ˤ /haɪt/ 夷ޤȯֻʣȯãѤη̡ height /haɪt/ ȤϤʴطˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ʾ塤Prins (97) 򻲾ȤƼɮޤϢơheldio #595. heah/hih/high --- ֤إ饸פӽФ̻Ūѥ򤴻Ȥ

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2022-12-03 Sat

#4968. put, butcher, full, cuckoo, Beowulf [vowel][pronunciation][spelling][centralisation][phoneme]

첻 <u> ֻû첻 /ʊ/ ȯбΤϰ츫ľѸǤû첻˴ؤ¤ <u> /ʌ/ бΤ̤ۤǤ (ex. but, hundred, much, run, sung)
ǤϡɤǤ <u> /ʊ/ 򼨤ˤϤɤΤ褦ñ줬ΤǤɸ˵󤲤ΤޤơĶȤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ñˤäƤ /ʊ/ ʳ첻ȯ⤢ˡCarney (145--46) 򻲾Ȥ롥

/ʃ/ ֡push, bush, cushion, bushel, ambush, cushy
/tʃ/ ֡butcher
/s/ ֡pussy, brusque
/z/ ֡hussar
/f/ ֡buffet
/l/ ֡full (and suffix -ful), pull, bull, bullet, bulletin, bully, pulley, pullet, bullion

Ķ̤ˤơ¾ put, cuckoo, pudding ʤɤ롥ޤŤ뤤ϳθͭ̾Ǥ Beowulf, Ethelwulf; Bruckner, Budda, Gluck, Grundig, Innsbruck, Irkutsk, Kuwait, Krupp, Lund, Mogul, Muslim, Mustapha, Uppsala ʤɤǤ /ʊ/ 򼨤ʤ뤤ϼˡ
ʤߤ˺ˤʤäƤû첻 /ʊ/ ϸɸѸˤƺǤ٤㤤ǤǤ뤳ȤդäƤsee #1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1])ˡû첻˴ؤȤơε⻲ȡ

#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤס ([2019-10-14-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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