#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1]) ǡtwo ȯ˴ޤޤȾ첻 /w/ ĤɤΤ褦æˤĤƴñ˿줿15?16æȤ뤬ֻdzǧ¤ǤϡˤäƤϤäѸæƤȤڵ롥
ޤѸˤĤơLALME Dot Map 548--57 two ΰ֤ʬۤƤ롥פʰ֤ˤĤƳ⤹Сtwa (Dot Map 548) ˸ꤵƤΤФơǤ̤ two (Dot Map 550) ޤ।ˤޤ٤ʤڤ롥 <w> ֻޤޤʤ to(o) (Dot Map 557) ϡ˸졤Ȥ櫓 East Anglia South-West Midland ǻʬۤƤ롥Τ褦ˡѸǤϡǤ w ֤ȾʤäȤ狼롥
ǤϡѸǤϤɤäLAEME Ĵ٤ƤߤTO 뤤 TO- ֻ "two" Ф̡̤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤä
| C12b | C13a | C13b | C14a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1 | |||
| NEM | 1 | |||
| NWM | ||||
| SEM | 28 | 6 | ||
| SWM | 1 | 1 | ||
| SW | 4 | 20 | ||
| SE |
ˤݼ (conservative) ȳ (innovative) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤȤƱѸαƺä (ame_bre) Ȥ櫓ǶΡ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) colonial_lag ˴ؤ뵭ǿƤۤˡܥ֥ݼ פǸȡĤε롥εɮʤ顤ݼȤϰβʤΤȹͤƤǤ롥
Ȥơgarage ȯαƺͤƤߤ褦LPD ˤȡθȯζ֤ϡꥫѸǤ2ᡤꥹѸǤ94%1֤롥

ʬۤˤĤơɤ餬ݼŪǤɤ餬ŪȤ1Ĥθʤ餯̾θˤˤСθϥե garer "shelter" ˴ŤǤꡤեŪ2ؤζܤˤȹͤΤǡΰ֤ݤäƤ륢ꥫѸȯݼŪǤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Romance Stress Rule) ̤θˤС1ΤȯѸ첽ʥޥ첽ˤƤڵǤꡤꥹѸȯѸŪʶ֤ηθƤȤ̤ȤݼŪǤ롤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Germanic Stress Rule)
ޤ̤θˤСŪ˸ŪʵϤ餹뷹ˡݼŪɽ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ꥫѸŪ˵Ͻ٤ȸ뤬㤨С[2011-10-11-1]ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯפȡˡΰ̣ǤݼŪȤ⤤ΤǤ롥ȤϤƤǤΤΤϡŪ˳ŪäȤƤǤ롥
˽Ҥ٤3ݼϡ줾줢̣ǤݼŪǤϤ뤬ߤˤɤƤ롥θ̷ϡִפˤ롥ݼפֵŤ¸褦Ȥ뤳ȡסʡع6ǡ١ˤ硤ǤֵפؤΤˤʤСݼ餽ΤΤλؼƤۣˤʤ롥ȤϡˤƵϤȤƼƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤԤʤƤˡؤθˡʳθˡѤΤǤΤѲΤǤΤʤ
եŪȯ֤Сgarage 2˶֤ꥫѸȯݼŪȤߤʤ뤬ޥĸ֤С1˶֤ꥹѸȯݼŪǤ롥ޤ쵬ϤΩɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ졤夹дȤƵǽΤǡʸ夽餹Ĭ³СϤ٤ݼŪȤ롥Ĥޤꡤɤ֤ˤäơݼλؼƤ礭ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥ɤ֤ΤȽǤҴŪʻɸϤʤ
Τ褦ˡݼʤƤȿոǤˤȤŪѸˤʤˤݼˤϡʤȤⲿȤƤΤʤ̵̣
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ư will û̷ won't Ȱۤʤ첻ȤˤĤƤϡ#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) Ǽ夲ϡѸ桦θ첻 wol ʤɤͳ褹Ȥ롥û̷ woln't ʤɤȤʤäϤ l δĶǾṳ̈ȤƸߤޤǤ /woʊnt/ Ϥ줿
Jespersen (10.452) ˤСl n ³Ķ l üϤۤˤ⤢롥shall shan't ⤽walnut l 18ˤ̵äϿ롥ߤ l ȯϡ֤ȯˤLancashire ̾ Colne /koʊn/ ⻲ȡ
첻ѲˤĤƤϡ (262) Τ褦ʸƤ롥
PE won't ϰ̤ ME *wolnt (Pt wolde ˴ŤˤȯãȤ뤬wol [ɔ] Ǥʤ wl ʸ̮ˤ /ɪ/ > /ʊ/ ä LME *wulnt > ɔ > ɔʊ > PE wount ȯãϩäȲΤǤ
ʤBloomfield (183) ˤȡ/oʊnt/ ȯΤϡѸǤ won't don't 2ΤߤǤ롥Ȥ2줫ʤ礬뤳ȤˤäβȤȤǤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻ΤϤʤ
do ȤζѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦
The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)
The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)
岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿưľưǤϤʤľưʿưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.
ε#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ˰³ֻȯꡥѸֻȯЪΥΤʤǤ⡤äۻ (silent_letter) ȸƤФΤΤ롥̵ֻб륱debt <b> island <s> ϡ츻ʸԤϸä츻ˤȤ줿ۻ (etymological_respelling) ¿ۻϡɸŪֻޤ꤫Ƥ뤤ޤäˡб벻üȤˤΤǤ롥Schmitt and Marsden (137) ˡȤƲüˤۻ˰ƤΤǡʲˤޤȤ
| Silent letter | Examples | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| k before n | knight, knee | k ceased to be pronounced during C17 (17th century); see [2009-08-27-1], [2012-04-26-1]. |
| g before n | gnat, gnaw | g ceased to be pronounced during C16 |
| m before n | mnemonic | Greek spelling; m never pronounced in English |
| p before n | pneumonia | Greek spelling; p never pronounced in English |
| p before s | psyche, psychology | Greek spelling; p pronounced by learned people probably until C18 |
| w before r | wrist, wrong | w probably no longer pronounced after C16m (mid-16th century) |
| w after s | sword | w probably no longer pronounced after C17m |
| l after a and before f or v | calf, half | l probably not pronounced after ME |
| l after a and before k | talk, chalk | l probably not pronounced after ME |
| l after a and before m | calm, palm | l probably not pronounced after ME |
| l in modal verbs | should, could | l ceased to be pronounced soon after ME in should; never pronounced in could (added to spelling by analogy with should) |
| g after a vowel and before m or n | sign, paradigm | g reflects French/Latin original spellings but was probably never pronounced in English |
| word-final b after m | bomb, thumb | b in some words never pronounced (crumb), in others it ceased to be pronounced quite early (thumb), in still others in EModE (dumb); see [2009-06-01-1], [2011-04-21-1]. |
| word-final n after m | autumn, column | n reflects original French spelling but never pronounced in English |
| t after s or f and before -en | listen, soften | t ceased to be pronounced in EModE; see [2010-05-11-1]. |
| word-initial h | honest, hour | The loanwords are French, where h not pronounced; English usually follows this, but sometimes not (e.g., host) |
ѸˤμȤʤɤ첻 (Great Vowel Shift) ȡΤ褦ʼ䤬뤳Ȥ롥name lake ʤɤ <a> 첻ܤˤ /eɪ/ ȤʤäȤʬä <e> ȯʤΤϤʤ
ϡ "magic <e>" ȸƤФˡľ뤹롥"magic <e>" ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) (4) Ǽ夲ǤŵŪˤ <첻ܻҲe> ֻϢ³ˤƺǽ첻Ĺ첻פȯ졤<e> ΤΤ̵ȤʤȤ§Ǥ롥㤨Сtake, mete, side, rose, cube ˤƤ줾1첻ϡ/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ Τ褦ʡû첻פǤϤʤ/eɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/, /oʊ/, /juː/ Τ褦ʡĹ첻פȯ롥
嵭 "magic <e>" ħϡ첻βĹΰ㤤ɸΤˡλҲۤȤˤ <e> ̵ͭʤ <e> Τ̵ˤȤ츫ԼʼʤѤƤˤ롥̾ȯۤǤС첻ΤΤѲꡤȯʹ (diacritical mark) դꤹΤʥեΥɥĸΥ饦ȤʤɤˡʤѸǤϡۻ <e> ˤפȤŪʡ꤯ɤ첻褦ˤʤäƤΤ
¤ϡֻ§ϡǽ餫餳Τ褦˲꤯ɤä櫓ǤϤʤȤȤϤҤͤʤɤʤäΤǤꡤ<e> ۻǤϤʤȤۣ첻 /ə/ ǤϤä첻ȤƤβݻƤΤǤ롥䤤ŪˤϡʤȤűѸˤޤ̤ʤФʤʤ#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) ƱͤˡϴñǤϤʤʲάߤ褦
űѸǤϸ˸첻Ϥ줾촰ʲݤäƤꡤб첻ɽƤѸˤơ첻ϼۣ첻 /ə/ ؤȿʿƤäοʿ첻бʸȤƤϡ <e> ѤƤοʿ˰³ʿ첻æȤѲ /ə/ ˾äƤäֻȤƤϸ <e> ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ơ /ə/ ̵ͭϲŪˤϺ٤ʤȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ṽ¤δǤ롥Ȥơ"name" ɽ魯űѸ nama /nama/ "take" ɽ魯ư niman 1 nam /nam/ ͤ褦ξԤΰ㤤ϸ첻̵ͭΤߤǤϤ뤬βȯãͤȡ줬ŷϤۤɤΰ㤤߽Фnama ϸ첻ʿʳޤǤϡ2αޤäƤꡤ촴ɽ魯1 na 첻ǽ볫Ǥ롥Ȥ첻æȡθ1ȤʤꡤҲ m ǽIJȤʤ롥nam Ϥδ椺äIJ1ΤޤޤǤ롥ΤޤޤǤϡξϲŪͻ礷ƤޤΤ褦ºݤˤϤʤʤäȤΤ⡤ӡѸˤ Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȤѲƤǤ롥ˤäƤʹԤζ礬ۤʤäƤŪˤäơβѲˤ곫첻Ĺ
嵭νѸʹߤΰϢβѲˤꡤűѸ nama /nama/ ϼΤ褦ȯã뤲ޤ첻οʿˤ /namə/ ؤѲˡMEOSL ˤ /naːmə/ ءƸ첻æˤ /naːm/ ؤѲߤδϢˤĤƤϽ⤢ˡơ줬θ˳Ϥ첻ܤϤȤʤꡤѸ /nɛːm/ ƸѸ /neɪm/ Ϥ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾޤȤСѸ <e> 첻űѸˤ¸ߤ餳Ѹ MEOSL ѤƸ촴첻ĹΤǤꡤĹ餳첻ܤؤǤΤǤ롥̤θСѸֻǸ <e> ȤȤϡҲޤäȤˤ첻첻ܤФȤڵʤΤǤ롥"magic <e>" ϡβ꤯ɤϤ뤬Ĺˤδ֤ʣƤֻȯδطŪˡȤƸˡȤ
ñʸˡֻ§Ȥɬؤֻ1Ĥˡɸֻ§롥dig digging, hop hopping, run running, swim swimming ϤʤȤѤʵ䤬줿Τǡά⤹롥
դƤΤϡ -ing ˤơֻǤҲŤͤΤΡȯˤƤҲʣ (geminate) Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤܸȤƤϡ֥˥פ /n/ Ťͤȯ뤬ѸǤϤޤǴΤȯ -ing ȯä /rʌnɪng/ Ǥ롥ѸζˤƤϡȯȤƤλҲʣ¸ߤʤȹͤƤ褤űѸǤñҲȽŻҲΩʤҲ̡ĹˤΩŪ¸ߤѸŻҲ (degemination) ʹԤʹߡҲ̤Ωä줿Ǥ롥äȤ⡤penknife /pɛnnaɪf/ ʤɤʣʤɤǤϷǴ֤ޤäƤλҲʣϤΤǡѸ˻Ҳʣ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ǤϡѸˤϲŪñҲȽŻҲΩʤˤ⤫餺ˡ <running> Τ褦֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤϤʤŪˤϡΤ褦ʽŻҲϡҲΤΤĹǤϤʤľ첻βǽ̤ƤȤ롥<running> Τ褦 <n> Ťͤ뤳Ȥˤäơ*/nn/ ɽ路ƤΤǤϤʤľβĹ첻 /uː/ ǤϤʤû첻 /ʌ/ Ǥ뤳ȤƤȤΤǤ롥⤷Ĺ첻ɽ路ΤǤСդ <n> Ťͤ *<runing> ȤФ褤ʼȤơ<hoping> <hopping> Ωʤɤ뤬Ϥ Magic <e> ֻ§ȤϢˡΤ褦ˡѸˡǤϡҲŤͤ뤫ݤˤäơľ첻βʴǤϤʤˤ褽ꤵȤȤߤˤʤäƤ롥
λȤΤɤΤ褦ȯΤŪõȤС˽Ҥ٤ŻҲλˤ벻ηϡṽ¤ֻμɬפȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓 Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), loss of schwa, degemination ʤɡߤ˴ϢϢβѲ礫ʤΰϢβˤŪ¿äϹäƤ롥ñƧ߹ʤΰʤΤǡ̤εפळȤˤǤϴϢǶʸȤ Britton ˤȤɤƤ
Britton, Derek. "Degemination in English, with Special Reference to the Middle English Period." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 232--43.
Wednesday ȯֻδطϰ̾⤤ǽ <d> ȯ줺/wˈenzdeɪ/ ȤʤΤѸؼԤɬĤޤ¿¿Ƥ褤ΤϡɤǤϤֻ¤ /wˈednzdeɪ/ ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥ/d/ ȯʤɸŪȯ15ˤΤܤꡤҲϢ³ /-dnz-/ δĶˤæȤ롥c1300 Layamon μܤ wendesdei Ȥž (metathesis) η֤졤14--17ˤ Wensday(e) 뤳Ȥ顤ҲϢ³ /-ndz-/ δĶˤæȹͤۤ
ȯˤĤƤ⤦1դ٤ϡ-day ̤ƤϤޤ뤳Ȥ첻ˤ /-deɪ/ ʶˤ /-di/ ʼˤ2ȯ뤳ȤRP (Received Pronunciation) Ǥ GA (General American) Ǥ⡤̤˼ޤȤ뤬ºݤˤ See you on Monday. ʤɤʸ֤Ǥ϶Monday morning ʤɤʣɽ1ȤƤϼФ뤳Ȥ¿
Τμ˸θ츻Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥礭ʬơ֤ǿ붵 (ecclesiastical) ȿ̾Ѥ (astronomical) 뤬ѸŵŪʸԤǤ롥ƥ diēs Mercuriī ʥޡ[]ˤΤʤȤơ¿ΥޥǤ Woden's day ʥǥˤƤ줿Woden ϥäμǤꡤ̲äμ Odin 롥ƱСűѸ WōdnesdæġťΥɸ óðinsdagr woensdag ʤɤǤ롥ޥΤʤǤ㳰ϡɥĸ Mittwoch ǡ϶ƥ media hebdomas ʽˤΤʤǤꡤΰȤ롥
ơΤ褦 Wednesday θ츻Ϥ褯狼äƤΤϡ1첻츻Ū o ǤϤʤe ȤƸƤ뤳Ȥe ķϸűѸǤʸڤƤ餺Ѹǽ Wedenesdei ʤɤ롥űѸΰ۷Ȥ *Wōðinas ꤷi-mutation ˤ /o/ > /e/ ȤʤäȤ⤢뤬Ϥ礯ޤťեꥸ Wernis-dei Ӥ롤ȤƤ⤢롥̾ǤϡStaffordshire Wednesbury, Wednesfield Derbyshire Wensley ⻲Ȥ롥
ֻ <gh> Фȯ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϡ#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) #210. ֻȯЪΥˤ ([2009-11-23-1]) Ǽˤ /f/ бϾʤʤ[2012-06-29-1]ε#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database SearchפθȤƵchough, clough, cough, enough, laugh, rough, shough, slough, sough, tough, trough ʤɤҥåȤʤΤΤĤϰۤʤȯΤ⤢ˡHough Brough ʤɤθͭ̾ˤ /f/ 롥ΰǡborough, bough, dough, plough, though, through ʤɡ̵ΤΤ⾯ʤʤޤ/t/ ³ĶǤ̵¿ (ex. aught, bought, daughter, naught, ought, slaughter, sought, thought, tought)
¿ͲˤΤ뤿ˡ<gh> βˤĴ٤Ƥߤ (443--44) ˤС/x/ > /f/ ѲϡĶˤäưۤʤ뤬14ѻ롥 /rx/ 뤤 /lx/ ȤҲϢ³Ȥʤˤϡ14 /rf/, /lf/ ؤȤ줾ѲűѸ dweorh ϡѸ dwerh Ф dwerf "dwarf" ϤθˤĤƤϡ̤Ȥɽ줿ȯ˹碌 <f> ֤äΤǡ <gh> ľܤˤϴطʤ
ˡ餯15˻Ϥޤäꤵ뤬/uː/ /aʊ/ ԤĶ /x/ /f/ ؤѲ첻ȤƱˤ /x/ /xw/ ؤȿ /f/ ؤѲȹͤ롥줬 enough laugh ΥǤ롥ͳǤ뤬δԤѲʤäbough, through Ǥ롥
/t/ ³ sought, daughter ʤɤˤĤƤϡ/x/ ϰ /f/ ؤѲ17ˤ /f/ Τ¿ä˺줿Ω餯ˤꡤ/f/ ݤ줿 laughter draught ⤢ꡤñǤϤʤ
plough ˤĤư<plough> ϡűѸ plōh ͳ褹뤬ѸǤʣ plōwes ˴Ť <plow> ¤Ωä17ʹߡꥹѸǤ <plough> 졤ꥫѸǤ <plow> 졤ߤʬۤ˻äƤ롥<enough> ȸŷ <enow> Ʊ͡Ǥ롥<gh> ˤޤĤ뤽¾ξܺ٤ϡUpward and Davidson (182--84) ȡ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ֻǤϤʤȯǰŻҡ˼ϤĤ뤬ȯĸˤʤɤŪˤϡҤȤĻȤ꤬äˡܳŪʥꥹȤȤϡڤñʤɤŪŪˤϡäȴؤ˻Ȥ븡ġ뤬ߤǡGrady Ward's Moby ɤǤ Moby Pronunciator ΰ̥ե˴ޤޤƤ롤̵̵¤Ѳǽȯǡ١ The Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary ߤˤȯġΥǡ١110935ĤΥȥʤ륢ꥫѸȯǤ3MBʾ夢ǡեˡ
| Phoneme | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| AA | odd | AA D |
| AE | at | AE T |
| AH | hut | HH AH T |
| AO | ought | AO T |
| AW | cow | K AW |
| AY | hide | HH AY D |
| B | be | B IY |
| CH | cheese | CH IY Z |
| D | dee | D IY |
| DH | thee | DH IY |
| EH | Ed | EH D |
| ER | hurt | HH ER T |
| EY | ate | EY T |
| F | fee | F IY |
| G | green | G R IY N |
| HH | he | HH IY |
| IH | it | IH T |
| IY | eat | IY T |
| JH | gee | JH IY |
| K | key | K IY |
| L | lee | L IY |
| M | me | M IY |
| N | knee | N IY |
| NG | ping | P IY NG |
| OW | oat | OW T |
| OY | toy | T OY |
| P | pee | P IY |
| R | read | R IY D |
| S | sea | S IY |
| SH | she | SH IY |
| T | tea | T IY |
| TH | theta | TH EY T AH |
| UH | hood | HH UH D |
| UW | two | T UW |
| V | vee | V IY |
| W | we | W IY |
| Y | yield | Y IY L D |
| Z | zee | Z IY |
| ZH | seizure | S IY ZH ER |
Carney (38) ˤȡgross ϡ<oss> ֻ /əʊs/ ȯͣαñǤȤºݤˤϡ츻Ʊ engross /əʊs/ äƤ뤬Ȥ⤫¾ <oss> ĸȰ褹뤳ȤϳΤacross, boss, cross, doss, dross, emboss, floss, gloss, goss, kaross, loss, moss, poss, toss ʤɤθϡ⥤ꥹɸȯ /ɒs/ ġ
ޤ gross θ츻Ĵ٤ƤߤȡŵƥˤϤʤäΥƥ grossum "thick, great" ʸڤ롥ťե gros 뤤 grosse ȤƸ졤η֤14˱ѸؼѤ줿ΰ̣ϡ礭פäѸǤϰ̣ȯã15ˤϡŪʡפܤʡפƤ롥
ˡֻȯˤäĴ٤Ƥߤߤüʴط˻äаޤϤ褯ʬʤäMED Ǥϡgros (adj.) ΰ֤Ȥ grosse groce äȵƤꡤOED ǤƱͤεҤ롥groce ֻĹ첻뤬줬 Carney (38) νҤ٤ƤȤ "a common medieval spelling" äɤϡξ˴ŤȽǤˡ路֤¸ߤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ롥<oss> ֻĤۤȤɤθǤϡ첻û夤gross ˸¤äƤϤɤ櫓Ĺ첻졤첻ȤȤ
Ѹ Gross! ȴòС֤ҤɤǰפȤ¯ŪɽȤʤ뤬ѸǤ gross θ촶ƤäݤפȤŪɾȼΤä褦ʤ鴶𤿤äפȯ Gross! 첻Ĺ̤ˤʤ䤹Ȥ𤬡ĤƤ⤢äΤǤϤʤȹͤΤ speculation ˤʤ
ʤߤˡ̾ȤƤ Gross ϡCEPD17 ˤС/grɒs, grəʊs/ 2बȤԤȯϡĤƤ첻ĹûɤȿǤƤΤ뤤ϡͭ̾ȤƤ spelling pronunciation ȹͤ٤
Carney, Edward. "English Spelling is Kattastroffik." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 32--40.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Ѹֻȯδطˤ11ʤ¿¿б㤬̵ˤ뤬<o> ֻ [u] 첻ɽ魯ϤʤΤȤ䤬Ф줿ξǤ˻פĤϤʤäϻפĤԤĤȤϡͤ٤Ĵ٤٤Ǥ롥ͤ٤ȤΤϡʤߤˡĤꤽޤѸDZ첻 /ʊ/ ϺǤ٤㤤û첻Ǥ[2012-02-13-1]εȡˡǡȤʤñпϾʤȤͽ¬Ωġ
ˡ첻ñפ⤫٤Ƥߤ롥˵äƤΤ push, put, pull ʤɤ <u> ĥ롼פȡbook, foot, look ʤɤ <oo> ĥ롼פǤ롥ԤϸűѸ /ʊ/ = <u> δطѸޤϢʤȷѾƤǤ롥첻ϰŪˤ1600ǯ餤ޤǤ岽ФơѸ³ /ʌ/ Ϥ˿ /l/ /ʃ/ ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡΤ褦岽Фʤäֿ˸³ĶפҥȤˡɸμб褦㳰ʤȹͤƤߤȡ1ĻפĤȤǤűѸ wulf ͳ褹 wolf 첻ʻˤǤ롥Ԥϡֻǽ (minim) Ϣ³Ķ뤿 <u> <o> ؽȤѸΰŪֻǤޤǤ롥w <uu> ֤Ǥϡwolf <uuulf> ȤƼ¸ƤޤҤɤɤߤˤǡ <uuolf> Ȥʶ路ȤȤǤ (Upward and Davidson 59) <u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-06-1]ε#223. woman ȯֻפ[2009-07-27-1]ε#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽפǤ夲Ȥޤǽơwoman 1첻ʻˤɸμФ⤦1ĤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
³ơ<oo> ĥ롼פͤƤߤ褦Υ롼פ벻ˤϡ/oː/ 첻ܡ /uː/ û /ʊ/ ȤѲǤ롥βѲɤʤֻΤۤŵŪ <oo> 夫<o> äƤ褦õФ褤Ȥˤʤ뤬űѸ bōsm ͳ褹 bosom 1첻ʻˤp. 111ˡ2첻ˤΤ1첻Ѳ <oo> Υ롼פˤȤˤƤ롥
¾ˤϡto μ岽ȯ1ĤȤ /tʊ/ 롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Ѹ either ȯˤĤƤϡAmE /ˈiːðə/, BrE /ˈaɪðɚ/ ̤ȸ롥ºݤΤȤLPD3 Preference polls ǤϡAmE Ǥ18% /ˈaɪðɚ/ ѤBrE Ǥ13% /ˈiːðə/ ѤȤ1첻βκϡѼħŤƤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤŤƤȤϸʤ褦neither ˤĤƤƱͤ
Ѹ첻ѰۤˤĤƤ⡤͡ʸڤ롥OED Ƥߤ褦
The pronunciation (ˈaɪðə(r)), though not in accordance with the analogies of standard Eng., is in London somewhat more prevalent in educated speech than (ˈiːðə(r)). The orthoepists of 17th c. seem to give (ˈɛːðər, ˈeːðər); Jones 1701 has (ˈeːðər) and (ˈaɪðər), Buchanan (1766) has (ˈaɪðə(r)) without alternative (see Ellis, ''Early Eng. Pron.'' ix, x.). Walker (1791) says that (ˈiːðə(r)) and (ˈaɪðə(r)) are both very common, but gives the preference to the former on the ground of analogy and the authority of Garrick. Smart (1849) says that 'here is little in point of good usage to choose' between the two pronunciations, though in the body of his dictionary he, like earlier orthoepists, gives (ˈiːðə(r)) without alternative.
Jespersen ϡ/ˈiːðɚ/ ȯϥåȥǤϤʤȤҲ𤷤ʤ⡤20ȾФˤƤϡȯϤषɤ¿Ǥ /ˈaɪðɚ/ ¿ȤҤ٤Ƥ (68) 첻ŪȯãʬۤˤĤƤϡ狼ʤȤ¿
θθűѸη֤ ǣȝhwæðer (ǣȝ "always" + hwæðer "whether") Ǥꡤ"each of two" ̣14ƬŪ "one or the other of two" ΰ̣ȯãϡỤ̄äƤʤűѸθ āhwæðer (ā "ever" + hwæðer "whether") ȤκƱη̤űѸ ā "ever" ϡevery each θƬˤ⤽κפĤƤ[2011-08-07-1]ε#832. every eachפȡˡ
Ϣơsays 첻ˤˤĤƤϡ[2010-10-20-1], [2010-10-22-1]εȡ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
1019ˡؤѹ David Warren ˤֱ줿Υ饷ˡ1952ǯɥޤ Warren ιֱǤϡAsia(n) Ȥ줬ѽФ/eiʃə(n)/ ȯƤȯϻʹ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ߤǤϳ /eiʒə(n)/ ȯΤǧƤΤǡȤȯˤĤAsia ϡ[2010-08-28-1]ε#488. ȯɤΰפˤޤޤƤꡤȯɤŵΤ褦ʤΤǡĴ٤Ƥߤ
LDP3 ˤСAmE ǤϤۤ /eiʒə/ BrE Ǥɤ줬㤷ȤPreference Poll η̤ϡ̤ꡥ

ޤ1942ǯޤ줿͡ϡͭҲ 32%̵Ҳ 68% Ȥפ⼨ƤWarren ϾҤ̤1952ǯޤǤϤ뤬ΥꥹѸüԤǤϤޤ /eiʃə/ ϤʤȤȤͽۤ롥
[2011-10-28-1]ε#914. BNC ˤä庹ĴפǤ줿ǤȯǯĴ٤뤳ȤǡŪ˲ǯ̻ŪѲѻ뤳ȤǤ롥Ԥ "apparent time"Ԥ "real time" ȸƤФ졤ŪѰ (synchronic variation) ̻ŪѲ (diachronic change) ӤĤˡǯμҲ˸ؤdzΩƤξԤƱǤ櫓ǤϤʤŤ˰С̻ŪѲŪ˴ѻˡȤͭǤ롥
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ε#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1]) ³Ȥơä첻εŪȯ [ði] ˤĤդäεƤȤˤޤɤǤ Foster ˡüԤľ˴Ťͤˤʤڤä
When the ensuing word begins with a vowel, as 'the apple'. (This seems to be something which has deliberately to be instilled into schoolchildren, who left to themselves will happily pronounce 'th' apple' in Shakespearean fashion.) . . . An odd belief of many naïve speakers is that 'thee' is somehow more easily understood than 'the', so that it is especially favoured when carefully enunciating a name or address, thus producing 'Thee Pines' or 'Thee Mount', to the bewilderment of at least one listener [the author himself]. (259)
ѸѸޤǤ첻 the Ȥ첻Ȥܼ (proclitic) ȤѤƤȤˤĤƤϺˤϼʲȯãΤ褦˻פ롥ȤŪˤĺ餫꤫ǤϤʤ褽Ѹ顤ȿ褦 [ði] ǧ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ȿ褦ήȤС֤Ƥ̤ȯȤ spelling pronunciation Ĭή˻פ⤫֤֡ߤʤֻ̤˲άȯޤ礦Ǥ<the apple> ȯ [ðæpl] ǤϤʤ [ði ˈæpl] ǤפȤʥꥫΡ˾عζʤΤʤи⤷ζۤˤ줬ȤСߤ첻 the ȯ⡤¿ʸˡܤƱͤˡѸˤ뵬ŪʱѸѤν껺ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Foster, Brian. The Changing English Language. London: Macmillan, 1968. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
ѸεŪȯǤϡthe ˤ3ȯ̤롥Ҳ˸Ȥ [ðə]첻˸Ȥ [ði]ĶȤ̵ط˶ȤƤ [ðiː] Ǥ롥ʤΤ褦ʬۤˤʤäƤΤŪʵǤۤŪĴͤ롥ϡˤϻäƤʤĴ٤줿ϰϤǷаޤ𤷤
Dobson (457) ˤȡthe ˤϽѸ줫ȯ줿褦Ǥ롥κ[ðe] ŪʼäȤƤ [ðiː] ϤۤɰŪǤϤʤäԤĹƺ줿 [ðeː] 䡤Ԥûƺ줿 [ði] ⸽ƤĶˤƷʬۤˤĤƤ Dobson ϸڤƤʤȤƤ [ðe] 첻岽Ƹߤ [ðə] ȹͤ뤬줬ĺΤȤäΤϤ褯ʬʤμ嶯Ω礹ʤǡǽŪ˸ߤʬۤ夤ȤȤʤΤ
첻 [ði] ˤĤƤܤаޤǤ롥Ѹ첻 the 첻æ (elision) 뷹äȤ𤵤Ƥ롥ϡѸˤ̤˸줿 proclitic ʸݤǤ[2011-06-22-1]ε#786. ܸܸפȡˡJespersen (187--88) ꡤϢʬѤ褦
6.13 A final e was soon lost before a word beginning with a vowel . . . . A special case of this is the loss . . . in the, e.g. th' array, th' angel, th' engyn (Ch.), þarrke (Orrm). The elision in the was very frequent in early ModE; it occurs constantly in Hart's phonetically written prose texts (see H.'s Pron. p. 112, 122), and is shown on any page of Elizabethan poetry, where it is more frequently indicated in the original editions than in most modern ones. D 1640 speaks of the elision as used especially by lawyers. It is curious that Milton elided the chiefly before stressed vowels, and Pope chiefly before unstressed ones (Abbott, Concordance to Pope XIV); the reason lies perhaps in the growing tendency to a full pronunciation of the before a vowel in natural prose, though E 1765 recognizes th' Omnipotent as less stiff than 'thyomnipotent' used by some (thy = [ðj]). Now the elided form is sometimes used archaically in poetry, but not in colloquial language, except perhaps vulgarly; the Cockney stories "Thenks awf'ly" have th'air, th'ether (other), th'id (head), etc.
th' Omnipotent 'thyomnipotent' ӤƤȤȤϡ첻Ǥ [ði] ̤ʹƤȤξںȤʤºݤˤϡ첻 [i] ǤϤʤȾ첻 [j] ȯ줿ȤСelision Ʊ̡ʤΤ1ᾯʤȤ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥θ̤ϡ[i] ι첻ΤǤꡤ첻 [ðə] ʤդˡ첻 [ði] ޤ줿ͳΤǤϤʤ
ƲνиȯãʬۤˤĤƤϡŪˤʬʤȤ¿˸ߤʬۤ夯˻äȤ櫓ָߤʬۡפȤϡֵŪʸߤʬۡפˤʤҼǤ椯ΤǤСѸΩ֤뤤Ω֤ϡѸˤѤƤȸ롥LPD3 εҤȤ줿
The English as a foreign language learner is advised to use ðə before a consonant sound (the boy, the house), ði before a vowel sound (the egg, the hour). Native speakers, however, sometimes ignore this distribution, in particular by using ðə before a vowel (which in turn is usually reinforced by a preceding ʔ), or by using ðiː in any environment, though especially before a hesitation pause. Furthermore, some speakers use stressed ðə as a strong form, rather than the usual ðiː.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500-1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ȯβǽʣñϿ¿¸ߤ롥[2010-08-28-1]εȯɤΰפ䡤ä˵ΤΤȤƤ[2011-06-05-1]εȯɤΰ (2) פ̤Ǥ롥ɸ gaseous ۤȯ variants ¿ϡ¾ˤʤΤǤϤʤ2ĤΥꥹȯ CEPD17 LPD3 ȤdzǧȤꥫȯޤɸŪȯ8ढä
CEPD17: /ˈgæs.i.əs/, /ˈgeɪ.si.əs/, /ˈgeɪ.ʃəs/; /ˈgæʃ.əs/ (US /ˈgæs.i.əs/, /ˈgæʃ.i.əs/; /ˈgæʃ.əs/)
LPD3: /ˈgæs iəs/, /ˈgeɪs iəs/, /ˈgeɪz iəs/ (US /ˈgæʃ əs/)
ƬҲ /g/ ȸҲ /s/ Ѥ첻ȻҲˤϰʲ variants Ƥ롥
<a> ɽ蘆1첻ϡ/æ/ or /eɪ/ 2̤βǽ
<s> ɽ蘆Ҳϡ/s/ or /ʃ/ or /z/ 3̤βǽ
<eou> ɽ蘆2첻ϡ/i.ə/ or /iə/ or /ə/ 3̤βǽ/ə/ βǽԻҲ /ʃ/ ξ˸¤롥
ξǤȤ߹碌18̤ꤢ뤬ºݤˤϤȾ8ۤɤ¿쾯ʤɸȯȤʹȤȤˤʤ롥䡤8ढнʬޤ
Fowler's Modern English Usage ˤϼΤ褦ʵҤä
The dominant pronunciation now in standard English is /ˈgæsɪəs/. Daniel Jones (1917) recommended /ˈgeɪzɪəs/ (which is now defunct), and gave /ˈgeɪsɪəs/ as a variant, but the pronunciation with initial /ˈgeɪs-/ is now not often heard.
θȯޤ¿Ͳϡspelling pronunciation ŬѤǤ롥ֻäȯФݤˡֻȯδطаǤʤˡ͡ȯβǽƤޤä̾spelling pronunciation θ̤Ϥͤ줿ֻȯδطˤΤgaseous ξˤϡʤȤ˺ƤޤäֵΤΡפȤǹͤƤ⡤θϼȤܤθǤ OED ˤ1799ǯΰػˡֻԤǡ夫ȯĤƤθˤƤϡΤ褦ʤȤȤȤBarber (67) Ƥ nausea ʤɤ⡤Ǥ롥
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Barber, Charles. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1964.
̾ smoke ˤϼפʸȤơֱפȡֵʱפ2Ĥ롥The air was thick with cigarette smoke. ǤԤθAre you coming outside for a smoke? ǤϸԤθѤƤ롥ξ̩ܤǤꡤδطϴ (metonymy) ˤäưפǤ롥äơñ̾ smoke ΰ̣γդƤޤǤ롥
ȤBradley ϡŪˤ2Ťʻž (conversion) ǤǸƤ롥ʤۤɤǼ
Occasionally it happens that a noun in this way gives rise to a verb, which in its turn gives rise to another noun, all three words being exactly alike in sound and spelling. Thus, in the following examples: (1) 'The smoke of a pipe,' (2) 'To smoke a pipe,' (3) 'To have a smoke,' the noun of (1) is not, strictly speaking, the same word as the noun of (3). It is true that in cases like this our dictionaries usually treat the secondary noun as merely a special sense of the primary noun; and, indeed, very often, this treatment is unavoidable, because the difference of meaning between the two is so slight that in some contexts it disappears altogether. Still, it ought not to be forgotten that from the historical point of view the two nouns are really distinct: if English had retained its original grammatical system this would probably have been shown by a difference of termination, gender, or declension. (93--94)
ѸˤˤʻžˤĤƤ[2009-11-03-1]ۤ conversion γƵǰäƤεϸűѸ˻Ϥޤäοʿݤ̤롥űѸˤ̾ưʤɥƥȤ˰ۤʤͿäοʿˤꥫƥ֤ηṲ̄ȡƱ֤ƥޤǼͳ˱ǤϤäBradley ϡsmoke ̾ȤƤξϡαˤޤ줿ΤȤƤ롥̣ΤϡѤκǸˤ褦ˡűѸηߤǤȲꤹСֱפȡֵʱפϰۤʤŪħʷ֤ΤΡޥפʤɡˤİۤʤ̾Ȥ¸ߤƤȤȤǤ롥
smoke ˤĤƤϤޤDzäºݤ˸űѸηŪħݤäޤƤ㤬롥㤨Сbath ϡ(1) 'take a bath,' (2) 'bathe in the sea,' (3) 'take a bathe in the sea' Τ褦ȯŸƤƤꡤ(1) (3) smoke ξȰ㤤ۤʤ֤Ƥ롥ϡűѸ <th> 촴βǤĶ˱̵ [θ] ͭ [ð] ȤƸ벻ǤäȤͳ褹뺹ۤǡ[2011-03-30-1]ε-ths ȯפǿ줿褦 breathe, clothe ˤⶦ̤롥
Τ褦 bath bathe ˤ餫ȡsmoke 2ŤʻžȹͤϤĤ褦˻פ롥
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
30ʬפ half an hour ɽ뤬äƸƻǽĶǤ a (good) half hour ȤѤ롥˿̷ƻ줬֤ϡ¾ˤ all the boys, both the books, many a time ʤɤ궦̤ŪħƤ롥ŪħظˤϡΧŪװƯƤ褦˻פ롥嵭Τ⡤θ뤳ȤǶ ( trochee ) ȤʤꡤѸΰŪʥꥺˤ褯Ŭ礹롥Τ褦˸ꡤ̣ŪɬפΤʤʤɤ̵β뤳ȤˤäƱΧȤϡѸǤϾʤʤ
Bolinger (151--53) ϱΧԹˤä줦عʸڥʤʸޤˤǷǤƤ롥¦걤ΧŪɽǤ롥
an aloof person vs. an aloof kind of person It's a compact book. vs. It's a compact little book. a half hour vs. half an hour without doubt vs. without a doubt mother mine vs. pal o' mine Outside these I have no preference. vs. Outside of these I have no preference. Beware the Ides of March vs. Beware of Brutus a little bread vs. a bit of bread a dozen eggs vs. a gross of eggs a morsel bread vs. a piece of bread I dare not tell her. vs. We dare to judge. He dared adventure himself. vs. The players dared to satirise. the lessons these things have taught us vs. the lessons these things have taught to all of us He's gone fishing. vs. He's gone a-fishing. Why did you have to go tell her? vs. Why did you have to go and tell her? Who was it that told you? vs. Who was it told you? a quite long report vs. quite a long report *very a long report vs. a very long report *a so pretty girl vs. so pretty a girl so pretty a girl vs. such a pretty girl *a that pretty girl vs. that pretty a girl *a too remote place vs. too remote a place *an enough good reason vs. a good enough reason a good enough reason vs. a reason good enough
[2011-04-09-1]εΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2)פ[2011-06-12-1]εֲʬƻ -ed ᲽפʤɤǤ줿褦ˡΧ¿ξ硤ѶŪ˸ѹ¥װȤϡ̤װˤäưƤŪѲ¿ʤȤȤ⤹оäƤǽΤŪʸݻװȤƺѤƤȹͤ롥Χˤϡ㳰¿ֵ§פȸƤ֤ˤϼ夹뤬餯Ѹ˸¤餺Ū˺ѤƤȹͤۤɤ˱ϰϤַװʾϤͭƤΤǤϤʤ
a Jàpanese stúdent ʤɤˤ붯 back shifting 䡤Amelia's love makes the burning sand grow green beneath him and the stunted shrubs to blossom. ˤǸɸ to ʤɡΧδؤܤϿ¿
Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.
[2010-08-28-1]εȯɤΰפǡLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ˼夲ƤɤꥹȤ 1981ǯ BBC ȯɡ Robert Burchfield ԡˤǼ夲ƤȤȯɤΰ Crystal (62) ˷ǺܤƤΤäƤˡBBC 侩ȯˡȯ˼LPD Preference Poll η̤ͿƤˤĤƤϥꥹȯǤλΨѡȤǼ
| Word | BBC recommended | Variant |
|---|---|---|
| adversary | /ˈædvəsəri/ | /ədˈvəːsəri/ |
| apartheid | /əˈpɑːtheɪt/ | /əˈpɑːthaɪt/ |
| apparatus | /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/ | /ˌæpəˈrɑːtəs/ |
| applicable | /ˈæplɪkəbl/ (15%) | /əˈplɪkəbl/ (85%) |
| ate | /ɛt/ (55%) | /eɪt/ (45%) |
| centenary | /ˌsɛnˈtiːnəri/ | /ˌsɛnˈtɛnəri/ |
| centrifugal | /ˌsɛnˈtrɪfjʊgəl/ | /ˌsɛntrɪˈfjuːgəl/ |
| comparable | /ˈkɒmpərəbl/ | /kəmˈpærəbl/ |
| contribute | /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ (41%) | /ˈkɑntrɪbjuːt/ (59%) |
| controversy | /ˈkɒntrəvəːsi/ (40%) | /kənˈtrɒvəsi/ (60%) |
| deity | /ˈdiːəti/ (20%) | /ˈdeɪəti/ (80%) |
| derisive | /diˈraɪsɪv/ | /diˈraɪzɪv/ |
| dilemma | /dɪˈlɛmə/ | /daɪˈlɛmə/ |
| diphtheria | /dɪfˈθɪəriə/ | /dɪpˈθɪəriə/ |
| dispute | /dɪsˈpjuːt/ (62%) | /ˈdɪspjuːt/ (38%) |
| economic | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ (62%) or /ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪk/ (38%) | <- both accepted |
| envelope | /ˈɛnvələup/ (78%) | /ˈɒnvələup/ (22%) |
| furore | /fjuˈrɔːri/ | /ˈfjʊərɔː/ |
| homosexual | /ˌhɒməˈsɛksjuəl/ (59%) | /ˌhəʊməˈsɛksjuəl/ (41%) |
| inherent | /ɪnˈhɪərənt/ (34%) | /ɪnˈhɛrənt/ (66%) |
| kilometre | /ˈkɪləˌmiːtə/ | /kɪˈlɒmɪtə/ |
| longitude | /ˈlɒnʤɪtjuːd/ (15%) | /ˈlɒŋgɪtjuːd/ (85%) |
| medicine | /ˈmɛdsən/ | /ˈmɛdɪsən/ |
| migraine | /ˈmiːgreɪn/ (61%) | /ˈmaɪgreɪn/ (39%) |
| pejorative | /pɪˈʤɒrətɪv/ | /ˈpiːʤərətɪv/ |
| plastic | /ˈplæstɪk/ (91%) | /ˈplɑːstɪk/ (9%) |
| primarily | /ˈpraɪmərəri/ (49%) | /praɪˈmɛrəli/ (51%) |
| privacy | /ˈprɪvəsi/ (88%) | /ˈpraɪvəsi/ (12%) |
| sheikh | /ʃeɪk/ | /ʃiːk/ |
| Soviet | /ˈsɒviɛt/ (27%) | /ˈsəʊviɛt/ (73%) |
| status | /ˈsteɪtəs/ | /ˈstætəs/ |
| subsidence | /səbˈsaɪdəns/ (47%) | /ˈsʌbsɪdəns/ (53%) |
| trait | /treɪ/ | /treɪt/ |
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