ε#4355. friend ֻȯ ([2021-03-30-1]) ǡ<friend> /frɛnd/ Ե§ˤĤŪܤäƻȤŵƤޤ Jespersen (4.312) 顥
The short [e] now found in friend OE frēond must be due to the analogy of friendship, friendly, in which /e/ is the usual shortening; in friend we have early /iˑ/ (< /eˑ/) in B 1633, while D 1640, J 1764, W 1775, 1791 etc.. have short /e/, and G 1621 and others a short /i/ due to a shortening subsequent on the transition of /eˑ/ > /iˑ/. Cf. fiend OE fēond, which kept its vowel because no derived words were found to influence it.
ϢơJespersen (3.241) give, live ʤɤ⤫ĤƤĹ첻äƤȤ˿Ƥ롥
Upward and Davidson (178) ꡥ
In late Old English, short vowels were lengthened before consonant sequences such as /mb/, /nd/, /ld/ and /rd/. This lengthening was lost again in many cases by the end of the Middle English period. With the action of the GVS, one sees modern reflexes of the remaining long vowels in words such as climb, bind, mild, yield, old, etc. However, in some words there was a subsequent shortening of the vowel, leading to pairs of words similar or identical in spelling in Modern English but with different pronunciations: wind (verb, with /aɪ/) but wind (noun, with /ɪ/), fiend and friend, etc.
ˡDobson (Vol. 2, 9) ⻲Ȥ
Shortening of OE ē to ĕ occurs in a number of words beside forms that preserve the long vowel. The shortening is normal in bless and brethren, but for both of these Hart shows [i:] < ME ę̄. The comparative liefer (OE lēofra) has ĕ four times beside ę̄ once in Bullokar. In friend the shortening is probably due to derivatives (friendly, friendship) in which the vowel occurs before a group of three consonants in words which (in the case of friendly in oblique forms) were trisyllabic and had a secondary stress; but it might also tend to occur in oblique cases of the simplex in which the n and d were separated by the syllable-division. ME ĕ is recorded by Levins and eleven later sources (including Robinson, Hodges, and Cooper); but ę̄ is retained by Salesbury, Cheke, Laneham, Bullokar, Wharton (followed by J. Smith), and Price (followed by Lye and The Protestant Tutor). Fiend is not recorded with ME ĕ.
Dobson (Vol. 2, 11) ⤦1ġ
Friend has ĭ in the Welsh Hymn, Mulcaster, Gil, Wallis, Lloyd, Poole, Coles, Lye (beside ę̄), WSC (beside ĕ), Price's 'homophone' list (though elsewhere he records [i:]), the rhymes of Poole and Coles, and perhaps in Ray . . . . Fiends has ĭ in the Welsh Hymn and the 'homophone' lists of Hodges ('near alike'), Price, Coles (Eng.-Lat. Dict.), and WSC (the pairing is with fins); it has [i:] in Wallis. Bullokar rhymes field on ĭ (cf., probably, Chaucer's hild 'held' and fil 'fell' < earlier hę̄ld, fę̄ll).
friend ȯֻ˴ؤѤʵΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲѰۤεϸ¤ʤ̤Ǥ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
ܸʤ⡤ֻȯбȤ餹ȡȤƤĤʤԵ§Ǥ롥<friend> Ȥֻ /frɛnd/ ȯȤʤΤϡ̤ǤǤʤۤ <ie> /ɛ/ ȤʤΤϡꥹѸˤ lieutenant /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ 餤 (cf. #4176. ʤ lieutenant ȯ /f/ ФΤ ([2020-10-02-1])ˡ
ˤΤܤäƤߤ褦űѸ frēond ̣ͧˤˤƤϡ첻ֻ̤ /eːo/ äеǤ fēond Ũ> PDE fiend /fiːnd/ˤƱͤǡĹ2첻 /eːo/ ƤǤϡξƱαθȯãⶦ̤ȤʤϤäθ frēond fēond ϰۤʤƻڤɤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
frēond ߤƤߤ褦Ĺ2첻 /ēo/ ѸˤƳ경Ĺ첻 /eː/ ȤʤäĹ첻ϡ frēondscipe (> PDE friendship) ʤɤˤ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening = trish) Ф /e/ Ȥʤäȯ (analogy) δפȤʤꡤΤ friend ΤΤ첻û /e/ Ȥʤä餷줬û첻 /frɛnd/ εǤ롥
Ĺ첻 /eː/ ˤȯޤǻĤä褦ǡ줬첻 (gvs) Ф /iː/ ȤʤäޤûСǤ /i/ ⸽줿Ĥޤ friend 첻ϡѸʹ /eː/, /e/, /iː/, /i/ 4ĤѰۤƤȤȤǤ롥
ǡе fēond (cf. PDE fiend /fiːnd/) ܤƤߤ褦 friend ȥ롼ĤϤۤƱŪʲѲɤäĹ2첻 /eːo/ Ĺ2첻경 /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬첻ܤǾ夲Ф /iː/ ȤʤꡤѸȯ /fiːnd/ ˻롥
ȯηаޤϰʾ̤friend, fiend ֻ <ie> ˤĤƤϴñǤϤʤܤϡ#4082. chief, piece, believe ʤɤˤߤ <ie> /i:/ ([2020-06-30-1]) ɤǤ嵭 /iː/ ʳֻ <ie> ȷӤĤ줿ΤޤǻĤäƤȹͤФ褤
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Ϣε Ritt ˰͵ʤ顤űѸ줫ѸˤϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ˾ƤƤŪˤϡ첻Ĺû˴ؤʲ4ĤѲǤ롥
ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)
Ҳû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters; shocc)
3û (Trisyllabic Shortening; trish)
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl)
褳첻ѲϤ줾ΩݤȤƲᤵƤε#3961. 3ûλ ([2020-03-01-1]) κǸǤ줿̤ꡤ¤䴰Ūʴطˤꡤ1Ĥζή (drift) ȤȤ館ФƤƤ롥Ritt Ϥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment ȸƤǤ롥
2ĤĹˤĤƤϡ#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ ([2020-02-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1ĤδؿȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ƤθǤƤ
2ĤûˤĤƤΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ûĹϸ䴰ŪǤꡤû¥ʤĶǤĹ졤εդޤǤ롥ȡûθϡĹθžФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Ritt (95--96) εƤûθϼ̤ꡥ
The probability of vowel shortening was proportional to
a. its height
b. syllable weight
c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot
and inversely proportional to
a. the (degree of) stress on it
b. its backness
c. coda sonority
ޤСĹûθȤ߹碌ơ礭1Ĥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θΩƤ뤳ȤǤ (Ritt 96)
Ritt βοĺϡΤ褦˲ĶȲѲδطΨȤư츫ߤΩѲӤĤƤߤˤ롥
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
V [-long]/__C(C)σσ
Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ롥
| heafodu PL | 'head' |
| cicenu PL | 'chicken' |
| linenes GEN | 'linen' |
| æniȝe PL | 'any' |
| ærende | 'errand' |
| æmette | 'ant' |
| suþerne | 'southern' |
| westenne DAT | 'waste (desert)' |
| deorlingas PL | 'darling' |
| feorþinȝas PL | 'farthing' |
| feowertiȝ | 'forty' |
| freondscipe | 'friendship' |
| haliȝdaȝ | 'holiday' |
| alderman | 'alderman' |
| heringes PL | 'herring' |
| stiropes PL | 'stirrup' |
| Monenday | 'Monday' |
| Thuresday | 'Thursday' |
| seliness | 'silliness' |
| redili | 'readily' |
| bretheren PL | 'brethren' |
| evere | 'ever' |
| othere ACC | 'other'' |
| redeles PL | 'riddle' |
| boseme ACC | 'bosom' |
| wepenes PL | 'weapon' |
ε#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡʣ1ǤŪˤĤŤޤȤϡѸˤǤ⤷ФƤ롥
Skeat (490) εƤ벻§ˤС"When a word (commonly a monosyllable) containing a medial long accented vowel is in any way lengthened, whether by the addition of a termination, or, what is perhaps more common, by the adjunction of a second word (which may be of one or two syllables), then the long vowel (provided it still retains the accent, as is usually the case) is very apt to become shortened." ȤĤޤꡤΤդ̤μͳǤ³ʣˤơ1ǤȤʤȤδΤĹ첻첻ûʤȤȤ졤ʣ졤¾ξʬơSkeat (492--94) ꡤĤƤߤ褦
ޤϡ㡥Ҳ³ȡΤĹ첻첻û䤹
heather < heath
rummage < room
throttle < throat
harrier < hare
children < child (cf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]))
breadth < broad (cf. #16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ ([2009-05-14-1]))
width < wide (cf. #1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]))
bliss < blithe
gosling < goose
led (pa., pp.) < lead (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
fed (pa., pp.) < feed
read (pa., pp.) < read (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
hid (pa., pp.) < hide
heard (pa., pp.) < hear
ˡʣ㡥2Ҳ³ȡȤ櫓Τ첻û
bonfire < bone (cf. #1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]))
breakfast < break (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
cranberry < crane
futtocks < foot (+ hooks)
husband, hustings, hussif, hussy < house (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
Lammas < loaf (+ mass)
leman < lief (+ man)
mermaid < mere (cf. #115. ˤο͵ϤʤΤ ([2009-08-20-1]))
nostril < nose
sheriff < shire (+ reeve)
starboard < steer
Whitby, Whitchurch, whitster, whitleather, Whitsunday < white
Essex < East
Sussex, Suffolk < South
¾ΥȤơ³ҲˤΤǤϤʤ˵Ȥߤ㤬롥
cushat < cow (+ shot)
forehead < fore (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
halyard < hale
heifer < high
knowledge < know
shepherd < sheep
stirrup < sty (+ rope)
tuppence < two (+ pence)
thrippence < three (+ pence)
fippence < five (+ pence)
holiday, halibut, hollihock < holy (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
Skeat, Walter W. Principles of English Etymology. 1st ser. 2nd Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.
ε#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1]) ǡAitchison "language bonfire" βҲ𤷤 bonfire ʲСˤȤθ郎̣ΤǿƤ̣ȷ֤ξˤơѲ뤲ƤǤ롥
θνФ15̤ꡤbonnefyre, banefyre ʤɤֻǸ롥츻ȤƤŪñǡbone + fire ʣǤ롥ʸ̤DzФʲ餯ꥹȶ̤ԻؤƤ褦ǡֽŪŵޤʤɤΤŷʲ礫Сפ̣ ¤εԤιΤ褦Ѥdz䤹ФΤȤǤ⤢ꡤФ֤ηʲѤФΤȤǤ⤢äOnians (268fn) ˤȡ̿μȹͤƤꡤdz䤹Ȥ˭¿ȿƤȤ⤤ƥ ignis ossiumե feu d'os ʤɤб礬롥ϡMED bōn-fīr ȡ
161ĤŤޤä bonfire ֻڤˤĤ bone θ˺褦ˤʤꡤ̲ʲСס֥ʲפƤ롥åȥɤǤϡOED bonfire, n. θ츻ˤ褦ˡֻȸ1800ǯޤݤƤ褦 ("In Scotland with the form bane-fire, the memory of the original sense was retained longer; for the annual midsummer 'banefire' or 'bonfire' in the burgh of Hawick, old bones were regularly collected and stored up, down to c1800.") ۤˤǤĹ첻ֻĤäƤ (see "bonefire" in EDD Online)
1Ǥ bon ɽΤˤʤäƤȡָ̱츻βԤ褦ˤʤꡤ1755ǯˤ Johnson μǤ鼡Τ褦ʲ
BO'NFIRE. n. s. [from bon, good, Fr. and fire.] A fire made for some publick cause of triumph or exultation.
ʣ1ǤΤ褦ṳ̂ΤȤǤϤʤȤȤĹ첻ʣˤΤĹʤ뤳ȤؤȤơû첻Ȥϡgospell (< God + spell), holiday (< holy + day), knowledge (< know + -ledge), Monday (< moon + day) ʤɤ̤˸롥
bonfire ȤСꥹǤ115˹Ԥֹ̱Ի Bonfire Night 뤤 Guy Fawkes Night ͭ̾Ǥ롥1605ǯ115ȥå̤IJˤ James I Ż⤯Ż (Gunpowder Plot) ¹Ԥͽäײ褬Ϫ¹ԼԤȤ Guy Fawkes (1570--1606) ᤵ줿衤ŤϪȹ̵ˤ٤Ƭ礭ʤФdz䤷Guy Fawkes ɤäͷdz䤷ֲФ뽬¯ԤƤ
Onians, Richard Broxton. The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1954.
do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻ΤϤʤ
do ȤζѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦
The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)
The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)
岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿưľưǤϤʤľưʿưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.
ʤޤˤȤ̯ѸϡΤϹǤäΤѲǤθΩʤɤǹ¤Ƥˤʤꡤ졦ñˡפʤäΡʡؿѸؼŵ p. 236lˡdisguised compound ¾ˤ ex-compound ִסobscured compound ۣסamalgamated compound ͻסverdunkelte Zusammensetzung ʤɤθƤ̾롥ˤϡߤΤᤤ
abed < LOE on bedde "on bed"
about < OE onbūtan < on + bi "by" + ūtan "out"
as < OE ealswā "all so"
Christmas < LOE Crīstes mæsse "Christ's mass"
daisy < OE dæġes-ēage "day's eye"
gossip < LOE godsibb < "God relationship"
holiday < OE hāliġdæġ "holy day"
hussy < ModE housewife
lady < OE hlǣfdiġe "loaf kneader" (see [2009-05-21-1])
lord < OE hlāford "loaf ward"
window < ME windoȝe < ON vindauga "wind eye"
¾breakfast ([2009-12-04-1]) ֻǤߤ¤ break + fast ȹƩ٤⤤ȯ /ˈbrɛkfəst/ 졤Dzû岽ƤꡤΤȤƷ֤ѷƤȤǤϵȸƤ٤뤫⤷ʤspelling-pronunciation ֤ȯ ([2009-11-24-1]) ǤϤʤŪȯȤƤ cupboard, forehead ʤɤƱͤǤ롥
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
ס ׯҡرѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ207ǡ
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