hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

centralisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-12-03 Sat

#4968. put, butcher, full, cuckoo, Beowulf [vowel][pronunciation][spelling][centralisation][phoneme]

첻 <u> ֻû첻 /ʊ/ ȯбΤϰ츫ľѸǤû첻˴ؤ¤ <u> /ʌ/ бΤ̤ۤǤ (ex. but, hundred, much, run, sung)
ǤϡɤǤ <u> /ʊ/ 򼨤ˤϤɤΤ褦ñ줬ΤǤɸ˵󤲤ΤޤơĶȤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ñˤäƤ /ʊ/ ʳ첻ȯ⤢ˡCarney (145--46) 򻲾Ȥ롥

/ʃ/ ֡push, bush, cushion, bushel, ambush, cushy
/tʃ/ ֡butcher
/s/ ֡pussy, brusque
/z/ ֡hussar
/f/ ֡buffet
/l/ ֡full (and suffix -ful), pull, bull, bullet, bulletin, bully, pulley, pullet, bullion

Ķ̤ˤơ¾ put, cuckoo, pudding ʤɤ롥ޤŤ뤤ϳθͭ̾Ǥ Beowulf, Ethelwulf; Bruckner, Budda, Gluck, Grundig, Innsbruck, Irkutsk, Kuwait, Krupp, Lund, Mogul, Muslim, Mustapha, Uppsala ʤɤǤ /ʊ/ 򼨤ʤ뤤ϼˡ
ʤߤ˺ˤʤäƤû첻 /ʊ/ ϸɸѸˤƺǤ٤㤤ǤǤ뤳ȤդäƤsee #1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1])ˡû첻˴ؤȤơε⻲ȡ

#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤס ([2019-10-14-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2021-09-19 Sun

#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][h][r][rhotic][vowel][centralisation][phonology][phonetics][phoneme][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][cockney]

ꥹΤΤʤ濴ŪʱѸȤС֥ƥΥ󥰥ɤΥɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ɸѸΤȤؤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʳΥ󥰥ɤ䡤륺åȥɡɡ¾ʤɤޤȤƼϰȸƤ֤ȤˤȡμϰαѸѼˤϤФиŤħ (relic features) ѻ롥ŪħȤơCorrigan (355) 3Ĥͭ̾ʻ󤲤Ƥ

(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
Ū /ʊ/ 濴ϰ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ ʬѲ򤵤17岽 (centralisation) ȸƤФǡˤ첻Ǥ1Ȥˤʤ롥ϰǤʬϵäƤʤ foot strut Ѥ餺 /ʊt/ ǵӱƧࡥ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ򼨤褦ˡʬ̵ͭʬۤΤǤ롥

(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
ܥ֥Ǥ rhotic ¿εˤƤ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǺܤƤ뤬Ǥ첻֤ʤŪ r ¸³Ƥ뤬濴Ǥϼ¸ʤåȥɤ䥢ɤ rhotic Ǥʤ륺Ǥϰ non-rhotic Ǥˡ

(3) "h-dropping"
Cockney ȯȤƤ褯ΤƤ h æ븽ݡ¤ Cockney ˸¤餺Ѹʹߡ濴ϰǹԤʤƤh-dropping ϰѼȤƤħǤϤʤҲѼȤƤħȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϰѼǤϤޤ긫ʤȤ¤⤢ꡤȤñǤϤʤȷϤδؤıѸѼǤϰŪ˸Ƭ h ݻƤ롥

Τ褦˼ϰϸŤħݻƤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʴʬۤǽʬʤΤϰϡŪʰ̣ǼդǤǤʤȷϸ졦ؤˤıѸѼ郎ԤʤƤϰȤ̱²Ūʰ̣ǤդǤ롥Corrigan Ͼ嵭ħȸزˤΤȶĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򼨺ǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

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2020-11-19 Thu

#4224. blood, flood Ǥʤ soot [vowel][pronunciation][centralisation][spelling][ame_bre]

Ρ#4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפβǿ줿褦ˡ<oo> ֻǤʤ첻 /ʌ/ 򼨤ñȤ blood flood 2Ĥ󤲤2Ǥ¤Ϥ⤦1ĤθȤ soot Ȥ⤢롥ȤϤޥʡʸȸ虜ʤ
LPD ˤȡθȯϥꥹѸǤϡû첻򼨤 /sʊt/ ¾ͣȯǤꡤbook, good, look, stood ƱפȤäƤ褤ȤꥫѸǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥89ȤŪΨĹ첻 /suːt/ ͥǤꡤû첻 /sʊt/ 10%ˤȤɤޤ롥˶̣Ȥˡ鷺1%ۤɤʤ /sʌt/ 򼨤ΤǤ롥



ʤǤ <oo> ֻäƤʤŪ /uː/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ βѲФƤȤơblood, flood Τۤ soot ä뤫⤷ʤȤŸ
ֻ <oo> ǤϤʤŪƱѲФȤǤСۤˤ⾯ʤ餺ǧ롥#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǿ줿 does, done, must, other, mother, Monday, nothing, none ⤽#4098. û첻б <ou> ˤĤ --- country, double, touch ([2020-07-16-1]) ǵ󤲤췲⤽Ǥ롥but, us äϢơ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-20-1]

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2020-11-18 Wed

#4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][vowel][pronunciation][sound_change][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][centralisation][spelling]

<oo> Ȥֻ book, good, look, stood ϡû첻 /ʊ/ ȯޤƱ <oo> ֤ޤfood, pool, tooth, doom ǤĹ첻 /uː/ ȤʤäƤޤûĹɤ첻ˤʤΤñˤäƷޤäƤꡤŵ뤷ޤ󡥤ʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤΤǤ礦İ



Ūˤ <oo> ֤줿嵭ñϡȤȤϤ٤Ĺ /uː/ ȯƤޤΰ book, good, look, stood ɤ櫓û첻뤳Ȥˤʤޤˡû첻ñΤʤǡФ줷2 --- blood flood --- ɤ櫓岽 (centralisation) ޤ2ˤĤƤ -lood Ȥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤȤäơʤ2ĤФ줿ΤɬƤޤ󡥲ѲȤΤϡΤ褦˵ޤʤȤޤ
room /ruːm/ ǤϤʤ /rʊm/ û첻ĤĤˤ⿨ޤ⺣奦åƤȤǤ͡
˴Ϣ뵭Ȥơ##547,1353,2293,2290εå

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-20-1]

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2020-08-13 Thu

#4126. NURSE Merger ν [sound_change][phonetics][centralisation][vowel][merger][assimilation][rhotic][r][walker]

#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1])#4068. Ѹ -ir, -er, -ur ͻβŪᥫ˥ ([2020-06-16-1]) εǡr ֤첻Ūͻ礷ƤܤѸβѲȤǤ Dobson (724) "No consonant exercises greater or more varied influence on the development of the words in ME and ModE than r." ȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ˾夭ƱƶϤ礭ʲѲǤ롥
βѲˤĤ Hickey ʸɤൡ񤬤äޤȤƤͭפʤΤǡβսѤ褦 (99--100)

The BIRD-TERM-NURSE merger

For his discussion of short vowel centralisation before /r/ Dobson discusses /ɛ/, /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ separately and in that order. However, he sees the development of all three vowels as similar and as having taken place in the early seventeenth century, in "Standard English", though earlier "in the dialects" (Dobson 1968, 746). The centralisation took place "because of the influence of the following r to the central vowel [ə]". He continues to state that "[t]he reason for the retraction was to anticipate the pronunciation of the r, for [ə] is a vowel closely allied to the ModE [r]". Lass (2006, 91) sees the centralisation for all three ME vowels as having taken place somewhat later and mentions Nares (1794) as the first writer to say that "vergin, virgin and vurgin would be pronounced alike".
   Dobson (1968, 746) states that the schwa vowel "must have been of approximately the same quality as PresE [ə] which later develops from it when the r is vocalized to [ə]". There is an important conclusion from these remarks, namely that centralisation presupposes the existence of a following /r/ so that the loss of rhoticity must be dated after the centralisation. Confirmation of this is found from prescriptive authors of the eighteenth century. For instance, John Walker in his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of 1791 has 'bu2rd' for bird, his u2 represents schwa (in his principle 172 he states that the vowel value is the same as that in done, son). Walker also transcribes bird with "r" but we know that he favoured the retention of non-prevocalic /r/ even though he recognised that it was rapidly losing ground during his lifetime.


NURSE Merger ΥΥˤĤƲƥݥȤȴФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) ͻ礬ϡ1718ޤǤȽ֤
(2) ɸѸǤɸѸ٤ä
(3) ޤ첻ɤ岽ͻ礷θ˸첻ͻ礷
(4) 첻ͻ /r/ ξü

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
Hickey, Raymond. "Vowels before /r/ in the History of English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 95--110.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 43--108.
Nares, Robert. Elements of Orthoepy. 1794. Reprint. Menston: Scolar P, 1968.

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2020-07-27 Mon

#4109. boil, loin, point --- Ѹ ui ֻȯ [diphthong][vowel][centralisation][phoneme][french][anglo-norman][spelling_pronunciation]

ε#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪʡ ([2020-07-26-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ2첻 /ɔɪ/ Ūܤ٤طʤͭƤ롥ˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤ
Ѹ /ɔɪ/ ϢʤѸǤμ¸ϡ [oi] 뤤 [ui] ä餬Ū˸ /ɔɪ/ ذܲƤä櫓äѸ [ui] ˤĤƤϥڥ󥰤ȤδطǤⶽ̣Ūطʤ롥Minkova (269--70) Ѥ褦

The original [ui] has an unusual history in that, like the more recent history of /h-/ . . . , it is one of the rare well-documented instances of a sound change in progress inhibited and partially reversed by the influence of spelling. Many of the words with PDE <oi> --- loin, boil, coy, oil, join, point, choice, poison --- had variant pronunciations with [oi] and [ui], the latter commonly from Anglo-Norman. The 'normal' development of [ui], involving lowering and centralisation of the first element of the diphthong . . . , was towards [əi], which in the seventeenth and into the eighteenth century was also a possible realisation of historical [iː]. That the two etymologically distinct entities were treated as identical is shown by rhymes like loin: line, boil: bile, point: pint as late as the second half of the eighteenth century. In spelling the [ui] > [əi] words alternated between <ui> and <oi>. Eventually the centralised pronunciation [əi] for historical [ui] was abandoned in favour of [ɔi], no doubt supported by the spelling and pronunciation of the majority of the loanwords in that group.


Ѹ [ui] ̾βѲΥ롼Ȥ˾äƤСǤ [əi] ȤʤäƤϤǤꡤºݤˤʤäƤΤʹߡֻ <oi> ȤݤƤȡ <oi> [ɔi] ¿ñˤƳΩƤȤ顤οͰŪ [əi] > [ɔi] ȤѲ߽Ф줿Ȥפˡֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ǥ롥

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2020-06-16 Tue

#4068. Ѹ -ir, -er, -ur ͻβŪᥫ˥ [rhotic][r][vowel][sound_change][emode][phonetics][centralisation][merger][assimilation]

ɸβѲϡܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˰ä褦ˡ#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1]) ȸƤФƤ롥βŪᥫ˥ˤĤ Minkova (277--78) βʹƤߤ褦

A coda /-r/ is a neutralising environment. For the short vowels neutralisation of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ] results in merger into the featurally neutral schwa outcome. The phonetic rationale behind this is the coarticulation of the short vowel + /-r/ which affects both segments: it lowers and centralises the vowel, while the adjacent sonorant coda becomes more schwa-like; its further weakening can eliminate the consonantal cues, leading to complete loss of the consonantal properties of /r/. The difficulty of perceiving the distinctive features of pre-/r/ vowels is attributed to the acoustic similarity of the first two formants of [ɹ], [ɻ], and [ə ? ɨ] . . . .


(coda) /r/ ϡľ첻岽ʤۣ첻ˤˤ /r/ ȤҲŪ򸺤첻˶Ť̤Ȥơ/r/ ϻҲ˼Ȥˤʤꡤľû첻ȹήбĹ첻Ȥʤ롤ȤſϸͭβŪݻƤ2ߤƱ (assimilation) Ĥˤдˤä [əː] ؤȽ뤷Ȥʤ褦ʡ餷ʤ褦ʷ̤줬ñθˤϰƤΤʤ
Ϣơ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) εɤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-13-1]

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2020-05-27 Wed

#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹ [vowel][me_dialect][dialectology][centralisation]

ѸؤǤϡ褯Τ줿첻Ѱۤ롥űѸ쥦ȥ <y> ֤줿첻ʸűѸǤ [y(ː)]Ǥ [i(ː)] ȤˤѸǤбŵŪǤ <i> = [i(ː)] ȤơǤ <u> = [y(ː)] ȤơǤ <e> = [e(ː)] ȤƸȤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡʲεˤƤ

#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])
#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])
#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])
#1341. Ѹʬ8ĤŪʷ֡ ([2012-12-28-1])
#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1])

첻ѰۤϡѸ礭3ʬƤʬ䤹ɸȤƽƤˤ <u> = [y(ː)] äû첻ˤˤĤƤϡط췲Τ٤ƤŪʶʬˡǤ줤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤȤȤŦƤ롥Lass and Laing θ򻲾Ȥ Minkova (194--95) ˤС <u> = [y] ɬϳ餵̸Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤ褦
[y] ϡβˤС䤬߿Ʊͤ [i] ȯãȤ롥ºݤˤ߿ष岽 [u] ȤʤäȤܤ줬ѻ롥θ岽 [u] ϡ˸ζѸ岽ФƸɸѸ [ʌ] ˤʤäᡤɸѸ <u> = [ʌ] бǹͤʬ䤹ŪˤСblush, church, churn, clutch, crutch, cudgel, dung, furze, hurdle, much, shut, shuttle, such, sundry, thrush, thud, trust Ǥ롥θˤ [ʌ] ϡűѸѸ [y] ϤȤ餯Ѹ˸岽 [u] ȤʤäΤ˶Ѹ岽Τȹͤۤʤ
ꤵƤѸθ岽û첻 [y] ˵ꤳ졤§ȤĹ첻 [y(ː)] ˤϵäƤʤΤǤ롥ʤȤѸ줫ḽѸˤͽۤ [yː] [uː] [əʊ] ȯã򼨤¸ߤʤ
ɸθϤŪˤ¿ͳ褹첻ޤǤΤǤ롥
첻岽ˤĤƤϡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ȡ#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1]) ε򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Are Front Rounded Vowels Retained in West Midlands Middle English?" Rethinking Middle English: Linguistic and Literary Approaches. Ed. Nikolaus Ritt and Herbert Schendl. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005. 280--90.
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-03-1] [2020-05-30-1]

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2020-02-11 Tue

#3942. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤμפ첻Ѳ [vowel][indo-european][germanic][sound_change][centralisation]

ɸϡĸη֤ñθ츻ƳȤǽפμǤ롥Ԥϡ츻 OED θ츻ɤǡΤäƤǤͭѡMinkova (68--69) ꡥ

a PIE *al- 'grow', Lat. aliment, Gmc *alda 'old'
 a 
o PIE *ghos-ti- 'guest', Lat. hostis, Goth. gasts
    
ā PIE *māter, Lat. māter, OE mōder 'mother'
 ō 
ō PIE *plōrare 'weep', OE flōd 'flood'
    
i PIE *tit/kit 'tickle', Lat. titillate, ME kittle
 i 
e Lat. ventus, OE wind 'wind', Lat. sedeo, Gmc *sitjan 'sit'


ȤСĸ *māter "mother" ā Ĺ첻äƤ줬ޥĸޤǤ ō ˲Ƥ뤳ȤաºݡűѸǤ mōdor ȤƸƤ롥Ĺ첻 o ؤû˰ʾ夬ä u ȤʤꡤǽŪ岽˻äƸ /ʌ/ ˤɤĤѸ첻ϡ56ǯΤ顤͵§Ѳ³ƸԤΤΤˤʤäƤΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2018-12-03 Mon

#3507. NURSE Merger [sound_change][phonetics][centralisation][vowel][merger][ame_bre]

herd, heard, stir, word, nurse, myrrh ʤɤ <Vr> ֻñˤơб벻Ϥ /əː(r)/ Ȥʤ롥ȯֻδط1¿פȤʤѸؽˤƤʸݤʤΤ϶Ѹ NURSE Merger 岽 (centralisation) ȤˤȤѲη̤Ǥ롥ѸޤǤϡθϤ褽ֻ˼̤첻äƤꡤȯߤ˶̤ƤȤͻ (merger) ٤Ʊ첻˵ƤޤäֻϤĤƤ첻бޤ޸ꤷƤޤäΤǤ롥
ͻ礬Ϥޤäϡ/ɪr/, /ɛr/, /ʌr/ γơˤäƤˤäƤۤʤäƤ/ɪr/, /ɛr/ ˤĤƤ15ᤫ³ǻϤޤäƤꡤ16ˤϥɥ¯ˤߤ줿ɸѸǤ16ȾФϤޤäƤ褦/ʌr/ ͻ٤17ȾФϤޤꡤĿͤˤäƤ18ޤǶ̤ݤäԤ⤢äShakespeare ϶̤ƤˡΤȤƤСɸѸˤ3Ԥͻ18ޤǤ˴λƤȤߤƤ褤p. 304--07ˡ
ʤ/ɛr/ ˤĤƤϡѸ˲Ф /ar/ Ȥδ֤ɤ줬ߤ졤ɤ줬ߤޤǼѤ줿̤Ȥơclerk Υꥹȯ /ˈklɑ:k/ ȥꥫȯ /ˈklə:rk/ ʤɤκޤƤ¾Ȥ Derby, Berkeley, sergeant, person/parson, vermin/varmin(t), university/varsity ʤɤˡˤĤƤϡ#211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1])#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ε򻲾ȡ
NURSE Merger ˤĤơǤϤ줬Ƥ餺ޤѸ첻ζ̤ݤƤ륱¿ȤդäƤȤХåȥɱѸǤ stirred /stɪrd/, heard /hɛrd/, word /wʌrd/ ʤɤȯߤǤ (Gramley 381) 饹αؤƤϡֻ̤ȯǤ狼䤹פȴưΤǤ롥ŪˤϥåȥɱѸ줬ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ѤƤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ŪˤϥåȥɱѸ줬ŲݻƤˤʤ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-13-1] [2020-06-16-1]

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2015-01-02 Fri

#2076. us ȯ [personal_pronoun][phonetics][centralisation][verners_law][compensatory_lengthening]

Ѹ1;ʣ̾Ūʤη֤ us Ǥ롥ȯϡLDP ˤȶ /ʌs, ʌz/ /əs, əz/ ǤʸҲ /z/ 򼨤Τ "BrE non-RP"ˡűѸǤĹ첻 ūs ǤꡤĹ첻û³岽 (centralisation) ΤζǤꡤۣ첻ΤμǤ롥ȡޤǤñ˹ͤƤȯŸεפڤȤƤϴְäƤʤȻפ뤬ľŪˤȤ館ƤǽȵŤ
;̾Τ褦ʸϡǽ塤˶ȼ夤碌Ƥ̾ʸ̮ǤϵôȤ̵ȤñΤѤ줿Ū˻ȤʤɶĴ뵡⤢뤫鿷ޤ뤳Ȥ⤢С鿷Ф뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤΤӤ˼㴳ۤʤ벻Ƥ㤨С#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡűѸ1;ñ̾ʷ ic I ȯŸΤ⡤ҲæȤ³Ĺ (compensatory_lengthening) η̤ǤϤʤǽˤФи붯ȼȤζȿǤƤǽ⤤βˤĤƤϡ (66) OE iċ ϡME ˤʤäơstress ʤ /ʧ/ æ /i/ Ȥʤꡤμ鶯 /íː/ ȹͤפȤθ򼨤Ƥ롥
(67) ³1;ʣ̾гʡͿʷ֤ȯˤڤǤ롥űѸ ūs ˤƸѸ us ȯؤȯãˤĤơic I ʿŪʹͤ󼨤Ƥ롥

OE ūs ϡME ˤʤäƶ /ús/ 줬 Mod E /ʌ́s/ ˤʤäΤǤME /uːs/ ϡʲѲéСGreat Vowel Shift ˤä /áus/ ˤʤϤΤΤǤ롥¡ME /üːr/ ModE /áuə/ ȤʤäƤ롥


ޤ /uːs/ û첻 us ۣ첻ʤ /əs/ ޤ줿û첻 us Ϥ餯ȤƸ줿Τ鶯򤪤ӤƤʤϤǤꡤΤޤޤǤ̾βѲΥ롼Ȥ˾ä /ʌs/ ȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤϤǤ롥ȤΤϡ/u/ > /ʌ/ 岽϶ͭˤΤǤ롥դˤСѸ /ʌs/ 뤿ˤϡΤϤȤƶ /ús/ ԤƤʤФʤʤϡ岽ä /əs/ դη֤ƶΤȹͤΤ
äơűѸ ūs 鸽Ѹζ /əs/ ؤȯŸϡľŪʤΤǤϤʤ¿;ޤФΤȹͤʤѸɸ /ʌz, əz/ ͭҲ /z/ 򼨤ͭⲻŪʼ岽θ (cf. #858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]))
OED ˵󤲤Ƥ us ΰ۷ְįС͡ʷ֤Ѹ˾˹ԤƤȤ褯Ǥ롥

α. OE-16 vs, OE- us, eME uss (Ormulum), ME oos, ME os, ME ows, ME vsse, ME vus, ME ws, ME wus, ME-15 ous, 16 vss; Eng. regional 18 as (Yorks.), 18 ehz (Yorks.), 18 ust (Norfolk), 18- az (Yorks.), 18- es (chiefly south-west.), 18- ess (Devon), 18- ez (Yorks. and south-west.), 18- uz (chiefly north. and north midl.), 19 is (north-east.), 19 ous (Yorks.); Sc. pre-17 os, pre-17 us, pre-17 uss, pre-17 usz, pre-17 vs, pre-17 ws, pre-17 wsz, pre-17 17 ous, 17 ows, 18 wes (Orkney), 18 wez (Orkney), 18 wus (Orkney), 18- 'is, 18- iz, 18- wis (Shetland), 18- wiz (Shetland), 19- is, 19- 'iz, 19- oos, 19- uz; Irish English 17 yus (north.), 18 ouse (Wexford), 18- iz (north.); N.E.D. (1926) also records a form 18 ous (regional).

β. eME hous, ME hus, ME husse, ME hvse, ME hws, 15 huse; Eng. regional 18- hess (Devon), 18- hiz (Cumberland), 18- hus (Northumberland), 18- huz (north. and midl.); Sc. 15 18- his, 17-18 hus, 18 hooz (south.), 18 huzz, 18- hiz, 18- huss, 18- huz, 19- hes, 19- hez; Irish English (north.) 18- hiz, 19- his, 19- hus, 19- huz.

γ. Enclitic (chiefly in let's: cf. LET v.1 14a) 15- -s (now regional and nonstandard), 16- -'s, 18- -'z (chiefly Sc.), 19- -z (chiefly Sc.).



ͺرѸˡ3ǡ̿2013ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-12-03 Wed

#2046. <pronunciation> vs <pronounciation> [pronunciation][spelling][emode][lmode][eebo][clmet][centralisation]

#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) εθȾǡư <pronounce> Ф̾ <pronunciation> ֤ͳ˿줿ḽѸֻϤɽŪʤΤˤɽַǡŪˤηϤؤȯŸƤŪɽ¿ʬ˻ĤäƤꡤΤ褦 <ou> = /aʊ/, <u> = /ʌ/ δطƤ륱롥
طˤư̾θ촴ʬ˰ۤʤ첻ۤʤ첻ȤΤʤȤˤϰ㤤ʤǡ԰פ褦Ȥߵᡤ뤤ϰѤ뤳ȤϼԤǤ롥̾ <pronounciation> ֤äꡤ/prəˌnaʊnsiˈeɪʃən/ ȯߤԤƤλߤϤФеϼԤѤȥåƥŽƤդˤСۤɤ褯Ѥ뤳ȤȤȤHorobin (247) ˤ⡤"commonly misspelled pronounciation" ȤƸڤ롥OED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The forms pronouncyacyon, pronounciacion, pronountiation, pronounciation show the influence of PRONOUNCE v. This influence is also seen in the pronunciation Brit. /prəˌnaʊnsɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S. /prəˌnaʊnsiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/, which has frequently been criticized in usage guides.


̾ˤ /aʊ/ ȯϡWeb3 Ǥ "substandard" ȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤꡤLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ǤդƤ롥
̾첻ɽ魯ֻˤĤƤϡθ줬ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿Ѹ <u> ̤äOED ˤ <ou> İ֤꤬15ԤƤȤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ˴Ťƥȡǡ١Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ16--17ˤϳΤ˥ѥѥ <ou> 㤬󤬤롥¿ΰ۷ޤƸ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

Period (subcorpus size)<pronunciation> etc.<pronounciation> etc.
1451--1500 (244,602 words)0 wpm (0 times)0 wpm (0 times)
1501--1550 (328,7691 words)9.73 (32)0.30 (1)
1551--1600 (13,166,673 words)1.14 (15)0.30 (4)
1601--1650 (48,784,537 words)1.35 (66)0.12 (6)
1651--1700 (83,777,910 words)1.38 (116)0.19 (16)
1701--1750 (90,945 words)0 (0)0 (0)


³18ʸˤĤƤϡCLMET3.0 Ĵ٤ƤߤѸǤ <pronouciation> ɸֻȤƤ褽ϲä褦Ǥ롥

Period (subcorpus size)<pronunciation> etc.<pronounciation> etc.
1710--1780 (10,480,431 words)312
1780--1850 (11,285,587)430
1850--1920 (12,620,207)640


Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-07-1] [2017-10-07-1]

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2014-11-30 Sun

#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ [spelling][grammatology][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography][morphology][centralisation]

#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡḽѸֻηϤϤ֤ɽŪ (logographic) Ǥ롥ɽʸɸ֤륢ե٥åȤѤƤʾ塤ɽŪȤȤϤꤨʤΩѸΤɽŪֻηϤӤСɽŪʤ򼨤ƤȤȤϤǤ롥
ɽָŪȽҤ٤ƤΤˤɽַǡŪ ("morphographic"?) ɽ٤1ĤηǤˤޤäʸ򤢤Ƥδط򤤤ĤǤɤǤݻȤΤɽַǡܼǤ롥ϡʸˡȤǷ򸦵椹ԤˤȤäƤϤ꤬ŪŪʴ̤˻ѤƤŪˡֻȤ褽פ뤫
Carney (18) ϡѸֻɽַǡˤĤơ첻ȻҲ줾󤲤ʤŪΤͿƤ롥

2.4 LEXICAL SPELLING
Keeping the spelling of a morpheme constant
The English writing system is not simply concerned with mapping phonemes on to letters. To a large extent it tries to offer the reader a constant spelling for a morpheme in spite of the varying pronunciation of the morpheme in different contexts. Children are taught both a long and a short phonemic value for the simple vowel letters. In spite of the very considerable present-day phonetic differences in pronunciation, the pairs /eɪ/ -- /æ/ (sane, sanity), /aɪ/ -- /ɪ/ (mime, mimic), /əʊ/ -- /ɒ/ (cone, conical, /iː/ -- /e/ (diabetes, diabetic) have a constant vowel letter. Only in the pair /aʊ/ -- /ʌ/ (pronounce, pronunciation) do the vowel letters used in the spelling (<ou> -- <u>) sometimes vary to reflect the surface difference. But even here there are long-short differences such as South, Southern where the morpheme keeps its spelling identity. Similarly the different correspondences /s/ <c>, /k/ <c>, and /ʃ/ <c> allow a constant morphemic spelling in words such as electricity, electrical, electrician. The past tense and participle morpheme {-ed} in regular verbs (ignoring forms such as spelt, spent, dreamt) has a constant <-ed> spelling in spite of the phonemic variation /ɪd/ (waited), /d/ (warned) and /t/ (watched).


ΰѤܤΤϡ<pronounce> <pronunciation> ɽַǡ㳰ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ뤳ȤȤdzʤư̾ΥڥˤƤ첻ۤʤäƤΤȤƤŪĴ٤ƤߤͤϤ Carney ˴Ť뤳ȤǤ<south> /saʊθ/ <southern> /sʌðən/ Ǥϡ첻ϰۤʤ뤬ƱǤֻɽ綠Ȥɽַǡθ§ˤꡤ̤ <ou> ֤롥줬ѸֻΤȤƤˤǤ롥/aʊ/ /ʌ/ θؤ˴ؤƤϡ㳰ŪɽѤ <pronounce> vs <pronunciation> Τ褦ʤΤ롥Carney ϤΥڥͣΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬<denounce> vs <denunciation>, <renounce> vs <renunciation>, <abound> vs <abundance>, <redound> vs <redundancy> Τ褦⤢롥
Τ褦ʼ䤬ФȤȤϡ<pronounce> vs <pronunciation> ˼ɽѸֻȤƤ㳰ȤľȤȤդˤС<south> vs <southern> μɽΤۤ§ȤľƯƤΤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2014-06-06 Fri

#1866. put but [vowel][pronunciation][scottish_english][scots][centralisation]

(299--301) ˤС[ʊ] > [ʌ] βϡ᤯15ᤫϤޤꡤ17ȾФˤϳΩϰŪˤ Wash ¦˸¤졤̤ǤƤʤʡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ򻲾ȡˡβ˻ߤ줿Τϡ(1) [uː] > [ʊ] β٤줿ù (ex. stood, foot, good) ޤ (2) [w, p, b, f] ԤƤù (ex. wolf, put, bush, full) ˤƤǤ롥(2) ˤĤƤϡ17ˤƤʤ [ʊ] ? [ʌ] ɤ줬㤷줫ؤȸꤷʤäùܤ¿äơĹɤ٤줿경ˤꡤĶȤƤϤۤƱǤ put but ۤʤ첻򼨤̤Ȥʤäȹͤ롥put vs but Τ褦첻첻ο㤤ڥʲ˵󤲤褦p. 301ˡ

[wʊ]: wool, wolf, wood, woman, worsted, Worcester, Woolwich, Wolseley, Wolsey, Wolstan, Wolverley
[wʌ]: won, wonder, worry

[pʊ]: pull, push, put, pulpit, pullet, pudding, puss, pulley, Pulborough, Pulman
[pʌ]: puttee, pulse Puck, pug, pun, puff, pulp, punish, impulse, pulmonary

[bʊ]: bull, bush, bullet, bushel, bullock, bullion, butcher, ambush, bully, bulwark, bulrush, bullace, bulletin, Bulwer, Boleyn, Bolingbroke
[bʌ]: bulb, but, bus, butter, bulk, buffet, bud, budget

[fʊ]: full, Fulham, Fulton, fulsome
[fʌ]: fulminate, fulgent, fulvous, fun, vulture


put 岽ˤĤƤϡܤä롥űѸ˽Ф put θϡֲͤɤǤġפǤꡤ̣ơ֤פȤʤää٤18ˤʤȥåȥǥѸȤƤΡ֥ѥåȡʷǡˡפޤ̾ȤƸ졤³19ư줬줿put ѷȤ뤬ֻ <putt> ʰ֤ <put> ⤢ˤȤʤꡤȯ岽 /pʌt/ 򼨤ȤΤ⤷åȥɤǤϾҤ岽βƤʤΤǡ/pʌt/ 첻ϼȯãǤϤʤռŪʤʤˤѷ
Ϣơ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1])#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) ⻲ȡʤ#1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1]) dzǧ褦ˡ/ʊ/ ϸɸѸǤϡǤ٤㤤û첻ǤǤ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-11-14 Wed

#1297. does, done [phonetics][gvs][vowel][pronunciation][map][dialect][centralisation][trish][centralisation]

do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻򼨤ΤϤʤ
do Ȥζ޷ѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿޸ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦

The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)

The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)


岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿ԰ưľưǤϤʤľưʿ԰ưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥ󥰥ˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤򼨤

Chambers and Trudgill's Map of Centralisation of /u/

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-11-14 Wed

#1297. does, done [phonetics][gvs][vowel][pronunciation][map][dialect][centralisation][trish][centralisation]

do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻򼨤ΤϤʤ
do Ȥζ޷ѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿޸ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦

The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)

The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)


岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿ԰ưľưǤϤʤľưʿ԰ưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥ󥰥ˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤򼨤

Chambers and Trudgill's Map of Centralisation of /u/

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.

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2012-04-25 Wed

#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][scribe][paleography][centralisation][minim]

Ѹֻȯδطˤ11ʤ¿¿б㤬̵ˤ뤬<o> ֻ [u] 첻ɽ魯ϤʤΤȤ䤬Ф줿ξǤ˻פĤϤʤäϻפĤԤĤȤϡͤ٤Ĵ٤٤Ǥ롥ͤ٤ȤΤϡʤߤ򤫤ˡĤꤽޤѸDZ첻 /ʊ/ ϺǤ٤㤤û첻Ǥ[2012-02-13-1]ε򻲾ȡˡǡȤʤñпϾʤȤͽ¬Ωġ
ˡ첻ñפ⤫٤Ƥߤ롥˵󤬤äƤΤ push, put, pull ʤɤ <u> ĥ롼פȡbook, foot, look ʤɤ <oo> ĥ롼פǤ롥ԤϸűѸ /ʊ/ = <u> δطѸޤϢʤȷѾƤǤ롥첻ϰŪˤ1600ǯ餤ޤǤ岽ФơѸ³ /ʌ/ Ϥ˿ /l/ /ʃ/ ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡΤ褦岽Фʤäֿ˸³ĶפҥȤˡɸμб褦㳰ʤȹͤƤߤȡ1ĻפĤȤǤűѸ wulf ͳ褹 wolf 첻ʻˤǤ롥Ԥϡֻǽ (minim) Ϣ³Ķ򤱤뤿 <u> <o> ؽ񤭴ȤѸΰŪֻǤޤǤ롥w <uu> ֤񵭽Ǥϡwolf <uuulf> ȤƼ¸ƤޤҤɤɤߤˤǡ <uuolf> Ȥʶ路򸺤ȤȤǤ (Upward and Davidson 59) <u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ[2009-12-06-1]ε#223. woman ȯֻפ[2009-07-27-1]ε#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤פǤ夲Ȥޤǽ񤤤ơwoman 1첻ʻˤɸμФ⤦1ĤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
³ơ<oo> ĥ롼פͤƤߤ褦Υ롼פ벻ˤϡ/oː/ 첻ܡ /uː/ û /ʊ/ ȤѲǤ롥βѲ򤿤ɤʤֻΤۤŵŪ <oo> 夫<o> äƤ褦õФ褤Ȥˤʤ뤬űѸ bōsm ͳ褹 bosom 1첻ʻˤp. 111ˡ2첻ˤΤ1첻Ѳ <oo> Υ롼פˤȤˤƤ롥
¾ˤϡto μ岽ȯ1ĤȤ /tʊ/ 롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2010-10-26 Tue

#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ [gvs][vowel][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][centralisation]

Ѹ <oo> ֻɽ蘆ȯˤϡ3ब뤳ȤΤƤ롥

/uː/: doom, food, pool, tooth, soot
/ʊ/: book, good, hood, look, stood
/ʌ/: blood, flood

ֻȯ¿ǤŵŪ3̤ȯΤϡѸۤʤʣβѲ缡 <oo> ɽ魯ФƺѤǤ롥ޤϡ15ʹߤ ( Great Vowel Shift ) Ǥ ( see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ѹˤ <oo> /oː/ Ȥȯб첻ܤˤΧ˾夲 ( raising ) Ф /uː/ Ѳ
ˡ/uː/ Ȥʤä <oo> ΰ /k, t, d/ ³Τΰˡʢ 嵭/k/ ϻǤϤޤǤ2010/10/26(Tue)ˤ16?17û ( shortening ) 򵯤 /ʊ/ Ȥʤä /ʊ/ ؤѲ췲Τ˾ʬ礬٤16Ⱦаʹߤ岽 ( centralisation ) 򵯤 /ʌ/ ȤʤäʰʾޤȤ᤿ޤ򻲾ȡˡ

Sound Changes to <oo>

Τ褦ˡۤʤ벻Ѳ <oo> ĸʬ硤ˤʬФƯˡѸζŪʻߤ <oo> Ф3ȯб뤳Ȥˤʤä
<oo> <oa> δطˤĤƤ[2010-07-06-1]ε򻲾ȡ

ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ

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