˥塼ɱѸȥȥꥢѸδطˤĤƤϡ̻Ū˶Ūˤ͡ʵꡤͻ٤꤬¿ä˥˥塼ɱѸΤۤϡȥꥢѸˤɤۤɰ¸ƤΤ뤤ϤषΩƤΤȤˤơǥƥƥȴؤäƤΤǡǮʤ䤹Τξδ֤˲륿ޥ (the Tasman Sea) ϡξɤαѸѼӤĤƤ붶Τ뤤ϳ֤ƤƤɤʤΤ
εȴϢợ¤롥̾仳ʤɤμξɤϿ͡αˤߤ䤹ᡤ춭Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ櫓ñ졦ˡʬۤǹͤʤС (isogloss) ξɤۤƤȤϤޤʤȸäƤ褤ޥΤ褦Ū餫礭ϡȥꥢѸȥ˥塼ɱѸ֤Ƥ뼫ξɤȤʤϤ
Ȥ⤷Ȥˡġñ졦ˡˤäϰۤʤΤΡξѼˤƤξɤۤƤ㤬롥˥塼¦鸫СˤϤʤޥϤäȥꥢ¦ˤ롤Ȥ̯ʸݤäƤ롥
Bauer εƤƤߤ褦 (413)
Interestingly enough, some of the isoglosses distinguishing New Zealand English regional dialects cross the Tasman into Australia. Turner . . . comments that the construction boy of O'Brien is also found in Newcastle, New South Wales. Crib is also found meaning 'lunch' in Australia. Small red-skinned sausages are called cheerios in New Zealand, as they are in Queensland, but not elsewhere in Australia . . . . Polony, mentioned above as an Auckland word, is also found in Western Australia . . . . Slater, which is a widespread New Zealand English word, though originally from the South Island, is also found in New South Wales . . . . Blood nose 'nose bleed' is normal in New Zealand, but restricted to Victoria and South Australia in Australia . . . . New Zealand can thus be seen as part of a larger Australasian dialect area in more ways than just sharing vocabulary with Australia.
ʤߤ˰ˤ polony ϡֹäפ꤭סslater ϡ֥եʥॷ饸ॷפ̣롥ʪưʪʤɤϰ̤Ф䤹Ǿ嵭ؤΰŪʷƤȤˡӱۤƤ̣ͤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥ŪʥϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ

ǯ١ʳäɤƤϢܤޤط YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸ο٤ˤơ֤ȤФѲĤޤפꤷƼɮƤ륷ǤѲ (language_change) ȤȤ⤹ŪǷɱ줬ʥơޤ˸ơθԤؤΥӥ塼̤Ƥγ˿ȤŪʴǤǯ٤ܻȯԤˤȤĤƤޤޤ
Ϣ3Ȥʤǿ6ǤϡȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹפꤷơѲΤʤǤä˺ŪȤ벻Ѳ (sound_change) Ƥޤ伫ȡѸ˸ΤʤDz֤Ѳ礿եɤȤƤˡΥơޤˤϤȤ櫓ؿޤƴԤ˰鷺εϿ˿ɤΤޤ
ѲϸѲˤΥߥƥǤ롤ȻϹͤƤޤäʸˡѲƤƤ⤷ΤǤưδפȤʤֲפʤɤΤ褦ˤѤΤȤ䤤ϡǤª̥ŪʤΤǤȤǤ˵礹뤳Ȥ¿ˡؤʿãؤΥӥ塼̤ƥäƤޤι⤤ȥԥåۤʬ䤹ƳƤʸϤϤޤɤȤޤ
ϡ֤ʤȯѤΤפȤѤʵ䤫Ϥޤޤʿϡμפư1ĤĴﴱΥࡼʱưפؤߵᡤʤȯڤˤȤüԤԹ˵ޤϸؤǡֺǾϤθ§ (The Principle of Least Effort) ȤƤΤǤ䤿̵ռΤˡȯڤؤѲƤ롤Ȥ櫓Ǥ
⤷θ§ŪʤС٤ƤȯϤɤɤά졤㤨첻Ϥ٤ۣ첻˼̤ƤޤǤ礦ȡߥ˥ƻȤƵǽ˴٤äƤޤϤǤ¤ϤʤäƤʤޤˡֻߤפȤʤϤƯƤ뤫Ǥ
ˤĤơʿϼΤ褦˻ŦƤޤ (p. 171) ָȤΤϲ櫓ǤϤޤñʸˡʤɡۤηϤ̩ܤˤäƤޤ顤Ȥη礤ǡˤϿʤޤʤȤ𤬤ޤ
Τ˲ϸäʸˡȤäηϤ¾ιǤȸǤӤĤƤޤơʿϲѲܼΤ褦˳ˤޤ (p. 172) ֤ĤޤȯѲϡĴԹǥ饯Ȥưȡ¾ιǤΤǶĥطݤʤ鵯櫓Ǥ
ֶĥطפȤˡѲΥʥߥबŽ̤Ƥޤ͡˰ĥϤȡ˹⤦ϡɹΤʤǡϾɤưѤѤƤޤεϡʣʥץ¸ߤȤǤʤɼԤˤ´ƤޤҳˤεľɤǤФȻפޤ
Ҳ𤷤 heldio Ǥ#1459. ѲΥߥƥ --- إ饸οΡϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤİС
ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹס١ҡ2025ǯ6桥2025ǯ168--75ǡ
ܥ֥ǤĤεǸڤƤ (linguistic geography or geolinguistics) Ȥʬ롥ָءءפȤпˡء (dialectology) פ⤫֤ؤϤȤϰۤʤ롥ξʬϴϢؿΰŤʤΤϻ¤ǤϤ롥ܸظŵ٤ָءפɤǤߤ褦
ʤ꤬ˡڲؤȤ⤤ȼʸŪĶȤδϢͻѲȤŤװŪʬ۹¤餫ˤʳء츽ݤŪʤΤʬ줾ŪѰˤĤƤιͻȯ롥äȤƼΤ褦꤬롥(1) θ츽 A Ϣ³Ūΰľ硤ΰγθ츽ݤˤϡŪʴϢäȹͤAʬۡˡ(2) Ω츽 AB ΰ褬ŪܤƤˤϡܿƮ褬ꡤŪ˰¾Ƥ礬¿ȹͤABʬۡˡ(3) A ΰδ֤ˡA ΰʬǤ B ΰ褬ǧϡ㳰ơ쵭βỌ̇̄ηӤĤ̵«θˤäơB ΰξüǡ̵طƱ A ȤϹͤʤȤŪˡŤι A ΰȯ B ʬǤƸ줿ȹͤABAʬۡˡʸ濴ǿɽ줬ϤȡޤǤѸ줬¦˲롥μβ٤ȡȤԻԤ濴ˡΥ˱ƴĤΤդ뤤ȤϰؤǤŤۤ濴˸롥ݤ뤿ĹˤϡפȤҸ̥ޥޡͤѤ(3) δŤˤŤʤäΤȤǤ롥ʾϡФȤФŪŪʬۤƤƤȤǤ롥оϰΤΤʤɤñ̤ȤΤޤǡ롥оݤϡŪݤ֤Ȥ¿ޤǤʤʸˡݤ¾ˤڤ֡Ūʸˡˤ뤳Ȥ顤ָϿޤκפ칩Ȥ롥ϿǤ츽ݤʬΰγϤפȤǰϤޤ줿ϰˡΩ̸ݤ¸ߤʤȤΤǤϤʤϰ褬뤫Ǥ롥оݤȤ뤳Ȥ顤¨ؤȤͤ뤬ϡؤȸؤ̤ƣͿϡؤηϤΰؤ֤Ť롥İɧϸŪݤϤָءפФơФˡפŬѤ롥
ؤϡʸϤȴΤǤС֤ȤФŪŪʬۤƤƤפ˿ԤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ̻ŪǸء뤤ư֤δѻؤܼȡϤߤƤ롥
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
ε#5838. Ϥޤ --- ˤ٤Ϣܤ ([2025-04-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡפȤѸΤäؼԡϺˤȡȤϡ֤줬¸θβ˰Ѳ븽ݡ (p. 175) Ǥ롥
ζ˵ƤΤٻ̤˴Ӥήǡַμ¡פ̣ϿޤǤϡ֥ΥߡפбȤƤȤȡ֥ĥޥפäꤵƤ롥ʥĥХˤȤ¸θȯ˰ơʤˤ֥ĥХפ줬ϰ˼ºݤʬۤƤ롥άˤ귬μ¤̣֥ĥХפޤ졤̤ϰ˼ºݤʬۤƤ (pp. 174--75)
ϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) 亮 (contamination) ˤ̤롥Ѹˤ¿㤬줽ľбѸѸϲʹˤΤʤܸؤھܸǺФ줿ѸȻפ뤬ȤƤǤ롥
ˤäѸǽ줿äƤߤ̡ǤᤤȻפѸɽϡFertig (61--62) "confusion of similar-sounding words" Ǥ롥ѸȤϡ4줫ʤŪʶȤäۤ褤Τ
Confusion of similar-sounding words
Folk etymology is usually understood to involve the identification of historically distinct elements in a particular context, such as within a (perceived) compound or an idiomatic expression. It also happens, however, that speakers simply confuse similar-sounding words independent of context. Whether or not this should be regarded as a type of analogical change is perhaps debatable --- to some extent it depends on whether we look at the developments from an onomasiological or a semasiological perspective --- but it bears some resemblance to both folk etymology and contamination, and when textbooks discuss it at all, they usually do so in this context . . . .
餿ơܸؤˤפϡФ餷ѸȻפ
ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧Ϥޤ --- ؼԡϺʹס١ҡ2025ǯ5桥2025ǯ172--79ǡ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

ǯ١ط YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸ο٤ˤơ֤ȤФѲĤޤפϢܤƤޤԤؤΥӥ塼̤ơѲ (language_change) ˤĤƻƤδǤָѲ߿פʤơˤȤäƿΡָѲפޤǥե㡼ʸݻʤɡǤ礦줬ɤ櫓ˤΤǤγڤߤǤǯ٤ϹɤȤǤ
ϢܤνȤʤ4ϡֺ֡۲פư --- ҲؼԡʼʹפꤷƸΥꥨޤҲ𤹤ǿ5ǤϡϤޤ --- ؼԡϺʹפꤷơѲȸؤ꤬夲Ƥޤ
ءʤȴźʤѸʤΤǤ礦ѸǤ "geography of language" Ȥ "geolinguistics" ȤƤФޤ伫Ȥ業ꥢȤƱѸˤΤʤǤѸ (dialectology) ˿ƤǤƤꡤΰʰʾˤͤùǤаޤΤǡؤȤˤϲؤޤ
8ڡˤ錄뵭ɤȤȤϻۤɤΤǤǮʶ줷ˤʤꤽʤΤǹ˹ԤȻפޤŪˡޤϾФǤޤ
ȤФϰ躹ϤʤޤΤ
Ωפ
Ʊ
äѲʸˡѲ
ȴդι
Ըʲ֡
ǺǹࡤܸθϿ
ˬͤ줿ԤܸؤϺǤܸؤ꤬ŸƤޤٻΡַμ¡ᤰϿޤʤɤ졤ư֤Ƥޤ
夲٤꤬˭٤Τǡ hellog Ϥ٤ǤȤɤƤȻפޤϢܡѲ˴ؿΤ볧˶ᤷޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/05/05(Mon)
Ҳ𤷤 heldio Ǥ#1436. ؤȤϡ --- إ饸οΡϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ
ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧Ϥޤ --- ؼԡϺʹס١ҡ2025ǯ5桥2025ǯ172--79ǡ
ε#5665. ηȸĬή ([2024-10-30-1]) (typology) γػˤ֤äϢ
ؤǤϡźνȶõߤʤƤ˸ؤؤϡȤ櫓ʬ˴ؿΤǡܤǤ롥븦ϡ塤õ롥̣Ǥϡ֤ˤäƽ֤ȶۤŪŪ뤤ϳΨŪõȤΤȤ⤤롥3ԤδطˤĤơCrystal (84) üŪʲɤǤߤ褦
The languages of the world present us with a vast array of structural similarities and differences. Why should this be so? One way of answering this question is to adopt a historical perspective, investigating the origins of language, and pointing to the importance of linguistic change . . . . An alternative approach is to make a detailed description of the similarities or differences, regardless of their historical antecedents, and proceed from there to generalize about the structure and function of human language.
There are two main ways of approaching this latter task. We might look for the structural features that all or most language have in common; or we might focus our attention on the features that differentiate them. In the former case, we are searching for language universals; in the latter case, we are involving ourselves in language typology. In principle, the two approaches are complementary, but sometimes they are associated with different theoretical conceptions of the nature of linguistic enquiry.
ɡȤΥȥͥۤʤ鷡ʤƤȤ㤤ˤʤΩ֤ΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ߤθήϤΤȻפ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
褯ΤƤ褦ˡ奮ꥷͤϥꥷʳθ졦̱²ˤĤƤϡ֥ХХפλ뤹ꥷˤĤƤϤɤΤ褦˸ƤΤRobins (15) ˡ奮ꥷ¾Ф٤䥮ꥷνؤδ㺹⤷Ƥս꤬롥ä˸ԤäƤսѤ褦
. . . . the Greek designation of alien speakers as bárbaroi (βάρβαροι, whence our word barbarian), i.e. people who speak a language other than Greek, is probably indicative of their attitude.
Quite different was the Greek awareness of their own dialectal divisions. The Greek language in Antiquity was more markedly divided into fairly sharply differentiated dialects than many other languages were. This was due both to the settlement of the Greek-speaking areas by successive waves of invaders, and to the separation into relatively small and independent communities that the mountainous configuration of much of the Greek mainland and the scattered islands of the adjoining seas forced on them. But that these dialects were dialects of a single language and that the possession of this language united the Greeks as a whole people, despite the almost incessant wars waged between the different 'city states' of the Greek world, is attested by at least one historian: Herodotus, in his account of the major achievement of a temporarily united Greece against the invading Persians at the beginning of the fifth century B.C., puts into the mouths of the Greek delegates a statement that among the bonds of unity among the Greeks in resisting the barbarians was 'the whole Greek community, being of one blood and one tongue'.
ѺǸΥإɥȥ (8.114.2) ؤθڤ̣餯奮ꥷͤΤʬƤꥷ¸ߤߤǧƤơۤʤȤªƤϤۤʤȤªƤʤäʤ륮ꥷϡꥷ̱²ʥڥ륷йơˤޤȤ夲̤ƤȤȤ
ͤƤߤСꥷ dialect Ȥñ߽ФΤǤꡤ֤ʿಽ̸ (koine) ؤäǤ⤢äϢơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1])
#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1])
#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
ɸಽ (standardisation) ϡ1ĤѼˤҲŪ˰ҿΤѼȤߤʤơθҲ˹ƤǤ롥ȡ¾Τ٤ƤѼϡŪ˼ҲŪͤ㤯ʤꡤϰϤޤäƤȤˤʤ꤬̤ȤơɸѼϻ˻뤳Ȥ⤢
嵭θɸಽλδطɬŪʤΤǤϤʤɸಽʹԤƤĤ³뤳ȤϤ뤷ºݤ˱Ѹˤܸˤʬ̤ꡤĤäƤ롥ޤɸಽȤΩơǤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȤϤɸಽλδ֤˲餫ΰ̴ط륱¿˰㤤ʤJones and Singh (100) ξԤ̯ʴطˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
It should be pointed out, of course, that the standardisation of a language does not automatically entail the loss of its associated dialects: English dialects are still spoken today, many centuries after the emergence of standard English. However, we will see that the rise of a standard is mainly the result of sociopolitical and cultural factors and that its purpose is to unite the speech community, through knowledge of a codified, uniform variety. The rise of a standard is therefore likely to have a hand in dialect death for although the elevation on one variety to the standard leaves the other dialects intact, the fact that the standard language is the only one deemed appropriate for 'official' functions such as the media, education and government and is ultimately regarded as a symbol of loyalty for the whole community means that its associated dialects are often felt to be 'inferior' by their speakers and come to be reserved for non-official functions, such as for use with family and friends. As upward mobility comes to be attached to the standard language, dialects cease to be transmitted to the next generation and eventually stop being spoken.
ϢƼε⻲Ȥ줿
#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])
#3457. ܤξǴ졦 ([2018-10-14-1])
#3666. ΤƤɸѤΤΤƱ ([2019-05-11-1])
#4256. ָλפεåȡ ([2020-12-21-1])
Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
褽2ָäƤޤ2023ǯ34ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ4ʺǽ˹ֺ¡21αѸΤ椯פ֤ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǡֺ¤ͽԤȤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİ#630. Ѹ ENL, ESL, EFL ǥϤ⤦Ť --- 34ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ뤷ޤǤ
34ιֵϡǤ̤ӥ饤ˤϥ֥åɤιֵȤʤޤ֤ϡꥢ륿֤Τۤ1ָǹֵưİǤޤΤǡԹΤ褤ˡǤλäƤ
ΤޤȤβȤ֤ŤǤϤޤºݤˤϳƲΩƤޤޤǤβ֤Ƥʤˤ⡤ʤ֤ƤޤΤǤ¿ֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤθڡꤪꤤפޤ
ֺ¤γפϡڡΰѤȤʤޤʲ̤Ǥ
21αѸΤ椯
Υߥ˥ޤޤ21ѸȤƤ˴ԤϤǰۤʤαѸ줬ޤ³ƤޤῴϤȱϤȤ˺ѤѸ뤳ʣʾˤĤơѸˤδäޤޤѸҤ뤤ĤΥǥҲ𤷤ʤ World Englishes ȤϤʤ븽ݤʤΤͻαѸΤ椯ꤤޤ
13ޤǤιֺ¤ȴϢϡhellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ4˸ͽȤʤޤΤǡʲΥХåʥСͤޤǤˤɤʤǯ٤ϡƱī㡼ɶˤƱѸˤ˴ؤ뿷ϤͽǤ
Ρ1Ѹ硡2022ǯ611ˡ
hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ
Ρ2ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ2022ǯ86ˡ
hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס
Ρ3ƤαѸ2022ǯ101ˡ
hellog #4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ ([2022-09-01-1])
heldio #454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸס
2023ǯ34ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ4ֺ¡21αѸΤ椯פ֤ޤǽǤ饤ƱŤǡ֤줿ϸ1ָΥưİǤޤΤǡԹ˹礦ˡǤäΤǤϤޤƲΩƤޤΤǡ13ޤǤιֺ¤֤Ƥʤ¿Ƥäޤֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ
ֺ¤ΤΤ4ʤΤǤ1118ʶˤīʹͼ4̤ˤưʲΤ褦˾Ҳ𤵤ޤΤǡhellog Ǥ⤳ΥߥǤ1ơˤޤ

ֺ¤γפϡڡΰѤȤʤޤʲ̤Ǥ
21αѸΤ椯
Υߥ˥ޤޤ21ѸȤƤ˴ԤϤǰۤʤαѸ줬ޤ³ƤޤῴϤȱϤȤ˺ѤѸ뤳ʣʾˤĤơѸˤδäޤޤѸҤ뤤ĤΥǥҲ𤷤ʤ World Englishes ȤϤʤ븽ݤʤΤͻαѸΤ椯ꤤޤ
13ޤǤιֺ¤ȴϢϡhellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ4˸ͽȤʤޤΤǡʲΥХåʥС⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ
Ρ1Ѹ硡2022ǯ611ˡ
hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ
Ρ2ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ2022ǯ86ˡ
hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס
Ρ3ƤαѸ2022ǯ101ˡ
hellog #4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ ([2022-09-01-1])
heldio #454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸס
Ѹ (World Englishes) ˤĤƹͻꤹ뵡¿ʤäƤϱѸˤΩ줫顤Ѹ츽ݤŪƽαĹˤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥ʿСѸϱѸȤơޤ1ĤǤꡤǤϱѸ˾Υꥹ䥢ꥫȰۤʤʤȤΩñŸ椬Ȥ֤Ȥ֤˳礷ǼŪʰ㤤ϤʤȤߤƤ롥
ϸǤ뤷٤ƤǤ롥Ѹ¿ȡ㤨ХꥹѸ¿٤ȤƤȤϤ䤹
1. ѸˤäƤϡŸΤǤꡤ֥ƥΤߤȤϤ櫓㤦
2. ѸˤäƤϡˤȯãƤˡϩ餫¿ͤǤ롥
3. ѸˤäƤϡܿβ̤䤬ʰ㤤礭
4. ѸˤäƤϡΤߤʤ餺θɬפ롥
5. Ѹ20Ⱦ21ˤƤθŪǤ롥
5Τߵ¾ˤ⤤ȻŦ뤳ȤǤ嵭5Ϥ줾춽̣ǤϤ뤬۵Ĥʤ뤤ϾʤȤκƹͤ¥ˤȤƱ餤ưפǤ롥
1'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡŸϥ֥ƥΤǤꡤɤΤߤȤϤ櫓㤦
2'. ꥹˤäƤϡˤȯãƤˡϩ餫¿ͤǤ롥ʸűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǥɽȯãä̤꤬ѤƤ롥ȯãˡϩϽʬʣ¿ͤǤ롥
3'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡܿβ̤䤬礭Ѹˤܿβ̤䤬ˡʰ㤤ˡ礭ɤϿŤʵפ롥ȤΤϡ⤽ѸˤϸܿˤȤäƤ褤ۤɤ
4'. ꥹѸˤäƤϡΤߤʤ餺θɬפ롥ʥ륺䥢ɤαѸϡȤƻϤޤȯŸƤ
5'. ꥹѸ20Ⱦ21ˤƤθŪǡ֤פ롥ʤǤ⤢ä
2ĤڤʬɬפʤȼĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤڤʬ˵뤳ȤǤȤȤѸˤΩ줫Ҥ٤Ƥ补
礦1ΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ101ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ3ֺ¡ֱƤαѸפ֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡһäƤֺ¤ǤϤޤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ12˻äƤʤ⤴¿ܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ3ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ
ΡѸפ뤵ޤޤѼϡѸνȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤºݡѸˤˤϾ¿ͤʷ¸ߤ³ƤƤꡤ褷ƸͭθݤǤϤޤꥫѸˤ¿ꥹѸˤϤ¿ޤ⤢ޤĤޤѸפϡŪʱѸαĹˤ븽ݤʤΤǤӽжˤˤɸˤܤޤ
21Ѹ (World Englishes) ⡤Ѹˤ̤¸ߤ³ƤѸ⡤͡ʱѸνΤȤǤѤꤢޤ¿Ÿ椳֥ƥ礫鹭ϵؤȳȤäƤޤܼŪ˿ȤƤ櫓ǤϤޤDZѸƤϡŪˤɬ̤ʤΤǤϤʤΤǤ
ȤϤ٤ƤƱ櫓Ǥ⤢ޤΤ褦ʰƱͤ뤳ȤǡѸ츽ݤü⤭ĦˤƤȻפޤĤƤαѸ¿֤äơ2ѸǤƤν˾Ƥޤ
3ֺ¤ˤĤƤ⤦ܤΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤#454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸסۿƤޤΤǡİ
ֺ¤12ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ
hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ (2022/05/22)
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ (2022/06/13)
hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס (2022/06/28)
(dialectology) ʹСνϰˤĤĴ줾ħƼʬʤΤȻפϻ¤ʤΤǤϤʤޤפˤϰ (regional dialect) ǤϤʤҲ (social dialect) ȤΤ⤢롥ޤ伫ȤΤ褦˸ؤδߤؤϡ˻֤ȤưŪʥѥθ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ŪˤäƱѸˤؤݤ碌ȹͤʤСʤȤ֡֡ҲȤ3ĤΥѥͿΤ
ˤĤơ#4168. λʬʬϥեǤ ([2020-09-24-1]) ǰѤ Laing and Lass ͤɤߤʤäĹѤ٤äȸä"On Dialectology" (417) ȤƬ1嵭λ𤬤ޤɽƤ롥
There are no such things as dialects. Or rather, "a dialect" does not exist as a discrete entity. Attempts to delimit a dialect by topographical, political or administrative boundaries ignore the obvious fact that within any such boundaries there will be variation for some features, while other variants will cross the borders. Similar oversimplification arises from those purely linguistic definitions that adopt a single feature to characterize a large regional complex, e.g. [f] for <wh-> in present day Northeast Scotland or [e(:)] in "Old Kentish" for what elsewhere in Old English was represented as [y(:)]. Such definitions merely reify taxonomic conventions. A dialect atlas in fact displays a continuum of overlapping distributions in which the "isoglosses" delimiting dialectal features vary from map to map and "the areal transition between one dialect type and another is graded, not discrete" (Benskin 1994: 169--73).
To the non-dialectologist, the term "dialectology" usually suggests static displays of dots on regional maps, indicating the distribution of phonological, morphological, or lexical features. The dialectology considered here will, of course, include such items; but this is just a small part of our subject matter. Space is only one dimension of dialectology. Spatial distribution is normally a function of change over time projected on a geographical landscape. But change over time involves operations within speech communities; this introduces a third dimension --- human interactions and the intricacies of language use. Dialectology therefore operates on three planes: space, time, and social milieu.
˼ҲŪʴߤ뤳Ȥ˴ƤǤԤˤȤäƤϡؤϥääƤ롥̻ѲߤǤưŪؤȤȤǤ롥
Laing, M. and R. Lass. "Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects." Handbook of the History of English. Ed. A. van Kemenade and Los B. L. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 417--51.
Benskin, M. "Descriptions of Dialect and Areal Distributions." Speaking in Our tongues: Medieval Dialectology and Related Disciplines. Ed. M. Laing and K. Williamson. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994. 169--87.
Ѹ˸ǤϡѸȤ櫓18ɸŪȯƱȿƤ18ȤСλפǤꡤˤĤƤФޤ˵ϼ (prescriptivism) λǤ롥#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ɽȤơɸŪǵŪȯ뼭ȽǤ줿äɸŪϰҲϿ;ϤʤɤʤȿƤ
ͤƤߤСϼθȤΤϡ֡ȤȯˡѤ٤פȤǤϤʤ֢ȤȯˡѤ٤餺פ⤯Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤػߤ٤Ȥ֢פɸŪʸɽ路ƤΤȲǤΤǤ롥äΤ뤳ȤϡʤΰŪʸ촷뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥ʸؾξڵ (evidence) ɥȤưΤɤǤ֤ȤäƤ褤Beal ʸϡޤˤΤɤǤ֤ϪƤƤ롥Beal (345--46) ηѤ褦
I hope that I have demonstrated that, even though the authors of these works [= prescriptive works] were prescribing what they viewed as 'correct' pronunciation, a proto-RP used by educated, higher-class speakers in London, they were often acute observers of the variants which were proscribed. In telling their readers which pronunciations to avoid, they provide us with a record of precisely those non-standard features that were most salient at the time. Such evidence can fill in the gaps in the histories of dialects, provide answers to puzzles such as those surrounding the reversal of mergers, and, perhaps most importantly, can provide time-depth to the 'apparent-time' studies so prevalent in current variationist work.
ʸؤˤƤϾڵ꤬ǽפǤ뤳ȤƹͤƤ롥
Beal, Joan C. "Marks of Disgrace: Attitudes to Non-Standard Pronunciation in 18th-Century English Pronouncing Dictionaries. Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Ed. Marina Dossena and Roger Lass. Bern: Peter Lang,2003. 329--49.
Ϣ World Englishes ʱѸѼˤεƤ뤬ѤƤ͡ʱѸνѼȤϰ̤ѸǤбѸνˤۤʤʤ (dialect) ΤȤѼ (variety) ȸƤؤƤΤϡ¿ʤȤмDz¤ʼҲؤδȤ٤ΤǡؽŪʸʬ뤳ȤĤĻѤƤ뤬ƤξϡפΤۤʬ䤹ϻפäƤ롥
ǤϡWorld Englishes θϱѸΡء (dialectology) ȤߤƤ褤ΤȤȡ Yes No ȤȤؽѸξ "dialectology" ȤѸ⡤ˤäƼ깤ĤƤ롥"English dialectology" Ȥˤϡꥹ䥢ꥫνθؤΤŵŪǤꡤȤХɱѸ䥸ޥѸθؤ "English dialectology" ȤϸʤؽѤ⤢äƤʤȤ⤢Τ濴ѸȤäƤ褤
Τ褦ʼ깤ơϰˤäѰۤ͡ʱѸפΤȤ "dialect(s)" ȤߤʤΩСɱѸ䥸ޥѸơ1Ĥ "dialect" ˰㤤ʤ椹뤳Ȥ "English dialectology" ˹뤳Ȥˤʤߡɤ餽Τ褦ʸϴǤ롥ɱѸ䥸ޥѸθ "World Englishes" θȤƸڤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʸƤؤˡѸؤΡְǡפָ롤ȤäƤ褤⤷ʤENL Ѽ ESL Ѽ͡ǰۤʤΤȤȤ⡤Ϥ̤ο¤ޤǤ褦ˤפΤǡˤĤƤʾεϹƤ
嵭ƧޤĤĤϡŪ "English dialectology" ȡȤߤ٤Ƥ "World Englishes" θϡä᤹ܶ٤ȹͤƤ롥Υꥹ䥢ꥫǺʬƤ䡤ꥹˤƸűѸ줫鸽Ѹޤ¿ͤ¸ߤƤŪʽˤߤ˭٤ѰۤWorld Englishes ֤ˤߤ˭٤Ѱۤ٤ơˤƤ̤ˤƤäƤȤϻפʤǤ롥ŪʵϤǤСΰѤˤʤꥹ䥢ꥫαѸζʬۤѸȤ٤뤳Ȥϡֳʰ㤤פΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤݡѸ줬顤㤨Х֥ƥǰƬˤƤ⡤ŪѰۤϻפΤۤ˭äΤǤ롥
嵭λιͤȤ褽Ʊݤ Anderwald (265) θѤ롥
Perhaps most importantly, the recent dialectological and sociolinguistic study of non-standard varieties has shown the enormous breadth of variation that English in Britain and the United States already demonstrates. Whenever we find patterns in World Englishes that diverge from standard British or American English, it is of the utmost importance to take this internal variability into consideration. Bearing in mind Chambers's idea of vernacular universals, comparing constructions in Englishes worldwide with just the codified standard(s) is comparing apples with oranges, or, worse, with just one orange. We might find that what looks like an exotic feature of a variety of English in the southern, eastern or other hemisphere, is perhaps mirrored in an isolated dialect area in the Scottish Highlands, in a village in Ireland, or in an undocumented variety of the English Midlands. The call thus is for researchers of World Englishes to take note of the extensive dialectological work that is currently underway on varieties in non-standard 'homeland' varieties, to avoid this kind of mismatch, and ultimately misanalysis.
αѸ˸ˤ濴ŪʥơޤѸؤˤΤ츫ȤΥƤ褦ˤߤ븽 World Englishes ˴ؿƤΤϡΤ褦ͳǤ롥
Anderwald, Lieselotte. "World Englishes and Dialectology." Chapter 13 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 252--71.
ŪʱѸ˵ҤˤȡűѸϡ5ȾФ˥͡͡塼ȿͤʤޥζƽ̱²ߤ˾ۤʤäȤƥ֥ƥϤäƤȤϤޤ롥ΡֱѸפϡ̱²ȤνҤäΤΤƤ褤θ塤űѸ˳Ϥ줾Ϥ˺դĤȯỴ̈Ǥϸˤޤ³ɽۤ
嵭θϡ5Ⱦа衤ߤˡʤޤäȤϤ鷺ȤˤۤɸäƤʤäȤȤƤ롥#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡűѸϤ⤽ܿ (dialect_contact) (dialect_mixture) λʪǤϤʤȤ⤢롥8θűѸˤϤޤʤθŪ¿ѻ뤬ϸŤ̤ܿƿؤޤѤݤŵŪˤߤ븽ݤȤΤǤϤʤ
Trudgill (2045--46) Nielsen ȤĤġ˵ȤߤűѸθŪ¿ζ3Ƥ롥
1) Old English had a remarkable number of different, alternative forms corresponding to Modern English 'first', and, crucially, more than any other continental Germanic language. This variability, moreover, would appear to be linked, although in some way that is not entirely clear, to variability and differentiation on the European mainland: ærest (cf. Old High German eristo); forma (cf. Old Frisian forma); formest (cf. Gothic frumists); and fyrst (cf. Old Norse fyrst).
2) Similarly, OE had two different paradigms for the present tense of the verb to be, one derived from Indo-European *-es- and apparently related to Old Norse and Gothic; and the other deriving from Indo-European *bheu and relating to Old Saxon and Old High German. The relevant singular forms in Table 130.1
Table 130.1: Singular forms of the present tense of the verb to be (Nielsen 1998: 80)
Gothic Old Norse Old English I Old English II Old Saxon Old High German 1SG im em eom beom bium bim 2SG is es eart bist bist bist 3SG ist es is bið is(t) ist
3) Old English also exhibited variability, in all regions, in the form of the interrogative pronoun meaning 'which of two'. This alternated between hwæðer which relates to Gothic hvaóar and W. Norse hvaðarr, on the other hand, and hweder which corresponds to O. Saxon hweðar, on the other.
嵭 1) "first" ηŪ¿ˤĤƤϡѸǤϤ뤬#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ط롥2) be ư줬Ū佼ˡ (suppletion) ˤĤƤϡεˤ뤫⤷ʤȤƶϱԤ̤佼ˡλͻݤΥҥȤˤʤ
űѸˤϡʸŪˤʾ̤ʤȤͳѶŪˤΤͿΤΤȤƼƤޤȤ¿ʸΩĻˡפΤۤ¿ܿ礬äǽꤷƤߤȡʻƤ褦˻פ롥
ܿΰŪʲϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ɤ
Trudgill, Peter. "Varieties of English: Dialect Contact." Chapter 130 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2044--59.
Nielsen, Hans Frede. The Continental Backgrounds of English and its Insular Development until 1154. Odense: Odense UP, 1998.
ѸˤγɤǤȡָűѸסѸסֶѸפʤɤ̾ΤĤʬȤ˸롥ޤ֥ס֥åȥס֥˥塼פʤɤ̾դ줿ʬ褯ФƤ롥Τ褦ʶʬ̾Τޤ˼ˤѤ뤿ˡѸ˴ؤơ֤֤ΤʤǶڤ줿Τ褦 --- Ѽ (variety) --- ºݤ¸ߤȻפǤޤȤ¿
ѼȤΤϾ˥եǤ롥ѸեѸ줽켫ΤեǤ롥ơܸꡥϢươʬʬޤեˤʤ
ˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1])#4123. ΰؾμŪʹʪǤ ([2020-08-10-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
˴ؤ뤢뤳ȤեʹȡѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʤ褦ʵ뤫⤷ʤݥȤϴñѼˤϻŪˤ⾯Ѳ뤷Ūˤ⾯ѰۤϢ³ΤǤꡤ̾ΤĤΤɤϤޤǡɤ꤫Τ˻غ뤳ȤǤʤȻغȤ1뤤1ߥˤȤäơϤޤȤƤϤʤʤΤȤȤҴŪ˼ȤǤʤΤǤ롥
ѸλʬʬˤĤƹͻ Laing and Lass ˤĤƴʷ˲⤷Ƥ롥ޤϻʬˤĤơ
The 'early'/'late' division is largely . . . a matter of convenience. The language of the 12th century and that of the 15th are different enough to justify separate identifying names. But language differences in time, like those in space, form continua: there are no sharp temporal boundaries. With respect to 'archaism' and 'modernness' Middle English before 1300 is certainly 'early' and that after 1350 'late'; the language written between is perhaps 'transitional', but this property exists only by virtue of the strong differences at both ends. (418--19)
ʬˤĤơ
There are no such things as dialects. Or rather, 'a dialect' does not exist as a discrete entity. Attempts to delimit a dialect by topographical, political or administrative boundaries ignore the obvious fact that within any such boundaries there will be variation for some features, while other variants will cross the borders. (417)
ָϥեǤפȤȤɬŪʴޤߤ櫓ǤϤʤϿʹ֤ˤȤäʥե餯ԲķʥեǤ⤢षˤѶŪ¦̤餢롥#2265. ѼȤϸѲηϩꤷեǤ ([2015-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥեΤΤθ¤ѤƤޤȤ⤢Τ顥
Laing, M. and R. Lass. "Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects." Handbook of the History of English. Ed. A. van Kemenade and Los B. L. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 417--51.
ɸؾνפƶǤ롥ؤǤϡΰ (dialect area) ʬΤ (isogloss) ϿȤ¿⡤ˤäƶʬ줿ΰ⡤ؽѾΥեˤʤ
ȤμդˤĤƤϡ#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1])#4114. äѸˤɤȤ館뤫 ([2020-08-01-1])#4119. isogloss ʤ heterogloss ([2020-08-06-1])#4120. isogloss heterogloss δط ([2020-08-07-1]) ʤɤεǤ⼨Ƥ
ϡϢƥꥫѸˤĤƹͻ Kretzschmer ʸɤǤߤμݤϼ¤Ǥ롥ΰϡɤΤȤؼԤμŪȽǤ˴ŤƤˤʤȤȤ
. . . through most of the twentieth century maps also commonly employed the interpretive device of the "isogloss," which added a theoretical dimension to the models underlying them which actually (in my view) undercut the validity of the maps. As I have written elsewhere . . . , an isogloss is supposed to be the "limit of occurrence" for a given linguistic feature, but there are problems in deciding what that means. Most often, isogloss users have drawn lines where they thought they ought to go, often when there were "isolated occurrences" of the feature on the wrong side of the line, or even when there was just a change in frequency of occurrence across the line, or when the line was generalized or smoothed in other ways.
Kretzschmer ˤСΰϼΤȤ¸ߤΤǤϤʤޤؾιʪȤȤˤʤ롥Kretzschmer ΰβͤꤷƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ褦ʳǰѤƤؼԤ¤ҴŪ "describe" ƤΤǤϤʤŪ "interpret" ƤΤƤСäϤʤȤ
夲ƶϰˤĤƤΰ⤤¾θѼˤĤƤŪƤϤޤ٤ƤθѼϥեʤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1]) ȡ
Kretzschmer, William A., Jr. "Mapping Southern English," American Speech 2 (2003): 130--49.
ε#4119. isogloss ʤ heterogloss ([2020-08-06-1]) ǡisogloss Ф heterogloss ȤؾγǰѸƳФȤʤ륭ɤˤĤƤϡŪ˹ͤƤ٤Ȥꤽ
Chambers and Trudgill (104--05) ˤȡξԤϸߤǽǤꡤʬ˴ؤۤʤɡ줬ͥ줿ȤǤϤʤȵƤ롥μݤ⤹ȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ܤƤ2Ĥΰ۷ꡤȤơ¾ȤϿ˥ץåȤ뤳Ȥͤ롥¤ʬۤܤˤơؼԤʬΤ˶Ȥ뤬κݤ2̤ΰǽǤ롥1ĤϡκޤΤ褦˰۷2ΰδ֤ζ֡ʡӶ֡פȸƤǤˤ1⤦1Ĥϡơΰ۷ΰβ¤Ⱦ¤δѻǤ2ܤǤ롥Ԥ isoglossԤ heterogloss ιͤȤȤˤʤ롥
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