ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED βäɤǤ
Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.
űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ
Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.
Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌ӵɽ路ĺǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵȡ
ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ
1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)
superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .
2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)
The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.
3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)
§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.
4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)
§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:
hearde, severely heardor heardost
ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost
-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯äOED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥
c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]
first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤȡ
1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս
Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.
ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ
ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ
4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤcf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦
There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:
(6.33) A. */-iz-, -ist-/ Positive Comparative Superlative Go alþ-eis 'old' alþ-iz-a alþ-ist-s OE eald ield-ra ield-est B. */-o:z-, -o:st-/ Positive Comparative Superlative Go arm-s 'poor' arm-ōz-a arm-ōst-s OE earm earm-ra earm-ost/-ast
Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.
Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

9Ϥޤޤ814ε#5588. Mond 5Ѥʵ˲ޤ ([2024-08-14-1]) θ塤8Ⱦμͭӥ Mond ˤ3Ѥʵ (sobokunagimon) 夲ޤǶΤΤ̤äƥĥޤ
(1) ǾѤɽǡamong Ǿפone of ǾפޤȤŬڤɽɤ٤Ǥ礦
(2) disprove dis- ϤɤΤ褦ʰ̣Ǥ礦
(3) 衼åѤθˤ̾̾ʤɤޤ̾뤳ȤϡؾɤΤ褦ʥåȤΤǤ礦
ⶽ̣Ǥޤ (1) ˤĤơܸǤϡֺǤʡפϸ§Ȥ1Ĥʤ뤿ᡤѸΡֺǤʤΤ1ġפȤɽ̣ʤ褯ƤĴˤǤɤͤФ褤ΤȤ䤤Ǥ⤫ĤȤΤǤΤǡ̤äƤߤޤ
(2) Ƭ dis- ¿ǤǽŪˤϡȿСפפȤäƤ͡Ǥ͡ȤʤΤǤԤ¡ʤռ졤⥿ޤ⤷Ȼפޤ
(3) ˤĤƤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) ˴ؤǡMond Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤夲ƤȥԥåǤμϡָŪʵǽϲפȤƧ߹ΤäΤDzƻͤƤߤޤ
ּפΥϤϤ٤ʤΤʤȡ´ޤԤ٤ΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפԤƤޤ
Ѹηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤԵ§ʤΤĤ롥good -- better -- best bad -- worse --worst ʤɤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ΤΤƤ뤬ϸűѸˤ¸ߤषűѸǤϸ¿Ե§ӵ顦Ǿ餬äSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (19--20) ꡤդ٤Τ롥
Ρi-mutation ޤƻӵ顦Ǿ顡
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "old" | eald | ieldra | ieldest |
| "young" | ġeong | ġingra | ġingest |
| "long" | lang | lengra | lengest |
| "strong" | strang | strengra | strengest |
| "high" | hēah | hīerra | hīehst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gōd | betera, betra | betst |
| sēlra | sēlest | ||
| "bad" | yfel | wiersa | wier(re)st |
| "great" | miċel | māra | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳtel | lǣssa | lǣst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "formerly" | (ǣr) | ǣrra | ǣrest |
| "far" | (feorr) | fierra | fierrest |
| "before" | (fore) | forma, fyrmest, fyr(e)st | |
| "near" | (nēah) | nēarra | nīehst |
| "outside" | (ūte) | ūterra | ūt(e)mest |
| ȳterra | ȳt(e)mest |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "well" | wel | bet | bet(e)st |
| sēl | sēlest | ||
| "badly" | yfle | wiers | wier(re)st |
| "much" | micle | mā | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳt | lǣs | lǣst |
ؤäΤȤꡥ
Fertig (34) ˤȡɸ̤ꡤƻ졦κǾɸ -est ϡӵ -er ˤȯŸǤȤȤ餷
The superlative suffix -est, for example, is historically a combination of the ancestor of the -er comparative suffix (*-ôz-/*-iz- in proto-Germanic) followed by an originally separate *-to-.
ȤȤ *-ôz-/*-iz- *-to- ̡̡̤ä줬蘆뵡¿äΤǡ蘆ä̤η1ĤοȤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ
Ϥ礦ɸѸ -ist -ic ̡ȤߤʤƤ뤬蘆ä -istic 1ĤΩȤȤ館٤롥㤨 cannibalistic ˤơڤФ٤ -ist -ic 2ĤʬϤ⡤-istic 1ĤʬϤۤºŪȤΤϡ*cannibalist ȤñϤʤ
ȤСӵ -er -ist ˡǾ -est -istic ȤȤˤʤʬ䤹褦ʬˤ褦ʡ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴ϢޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
ѸޥˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬եƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬Ƥ (96)
a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .
Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
ε#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ ([2021-12-29-1]) ǡѸεʸˡǤϵƤʤ2ӵ顦Ǿ餬 Shakespeare ˤäƻȤƤ
Ȥϰۤʤ륿פǤ more, most ֤뱪ѤȤ Shakespeare Ǥ -er, -est դѤƤ䡤εդλѻ롥ˤϡǤӵǾˤʤʤŪפʰ̣ķƻ졦줬Shakespeare ǤϤθ¤ǤϤʤäȤ⤢롥 Shakespeare ˤ400ǯλ뤳ȤͤСΤ褦ʰ̣ŪѲäȤƤä٤ȤǤϤʤ
Shakespeare ȸθˡǰۤʤΤ Crystal and Crystal (88--90) 褦
[ ѸǤϱˡShakespeare Ǥ϶ˡ ]
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------- |
| more honest | honester | Cor IV.v.50 |
| more horrid | horrider | Cym IV.ii.331 |
| more loath | loather | 2H6 III.ii.355 |
| more often | oftener | MM IV.ii.48 |
| more quickly | quicklier | AW I.i.122 |
| more perfect | perfecter | Cor II.i.76 |
| more wayward | waywarder | AY IV.i.150 |
| Modern superlative | Shakespearian superlative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| most ancient | ancient'st | WT Iv.i10 |
| most certain | certain'st | TNK V.iv.21 |
| most civil | civilest | 2H6 IV.vii.56 |
| most condemned | contemned'st | KL II.ii.141 |
| most covert | covert'st | R3 III.v.33 |
| most daring | daring'st | H8 II.iv.215 |
| most deformed | deformed'st | Sonn 113.10 |
| most easily | easil'est | Cym IV.ii.206 |
| most exact | exactest | Tim II.ii.161 |
| most extreme | extremest | KL V.iii.134 |
| most faithful | faithfull'st | TN V.i.112 |
| most foul-mouthed | foul mouthed'st | 2H4 II.iv.70 |
| most honest | honestest | AW III.v.73 |
| most loathsome | loathsomest | TC II.i.28 |
| most lying | lyingest | 2H6 II.i.124 |
| most maidenly | maidenliest | KL I.ii.131 |
| most pained | pained'st | Per IV.vi.161 |
| most perfect | perfectest | Mac I.v.2 |
| most ragged | ragged'st | 2H4 I.i.151 |
| most rascally | rascalliest | 1H4 I.ii.80 |
| most sovereign | sovereignest | 1H4 I.iii.56 |
| most unhopeful | unhopefullest | MA II.i.349 |
| most welcome | welcomest | 1H6 II.ii.56 |
| most wholesome | wholesom'st | MM IV.ii.70 |
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| greater | more great | 1H4 IV.i77 |
| longer | more long | Cor V.ii.63 |
| nearer | more near | AW I.iii.102 |
| Modern word | Shakespearian comparison | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| chief | chiefest | 1H6 I.i.177 |
| due | duer | 2H4 III.ii.296 |
| just | justest | AC II.i.2 |
| less | lesser | R2 II.i.95 |
| like | liker | KJ II.i.126 |
| little | littlest [cf. smallest] | Ham III.ii.181 |
| rather | ratherest | LL IV.ii.18 |
| very | veriest | 1H4 II.ii.23 |
| worse | worser [cf. less bad] | Ham III.iv.158 |
ܥ֥ΰʲεǽƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪƤƤΤǡƸ
[ Double comparatives ]
more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)
[ Double superlatives ]
most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)
Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.
ŪʱѸ˵ҤˤȡűѸϡ5ȾФ˥͡͡塼ȿͤʤޥζƽ̱²ߤ˾ۤʤäȤƥ֥ƥϤäƤȤϤޤ롥ΡֱѸפϡ̱²ȤνҤäΤΤƤ褤θ塤űѸ˳Ϥ줾Ϥ˺դĤȯỴ̈Ǥϸˤޤ³ɽۤ
嵭θϡ5Ⱦа衤ߤˡʤޤäȤϤ鷺ȤˤۤɸäƤʤäȤȤƤ롥#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡűѸϤ⤽ܿ (dialect_contact) (dialect_mixture) λʪǤϤʤȤ⤢롥8θűѸˤϤޤʤθŪ¿ѻ뤬ϸŤ̤ܿƿؤޤѤݤŵŪˤߤ븽ݤȤΤǤϤʤ
Trudgill (2045--46) Nielsen ȤĤġ˵ȤߤűѸθŪ¿ζ3Ƥ롥
1) Old English had a remarkable number of different, alternative forms corresponding to Modern English 'first', and, crucially, more than any other continental Germanic language. This variability, moreover, would appear to be linked, although in some way that is not entirely clear, to variability and differentiation on the European mainland: ærest (cf. Old High German eristo); forma (cf. Old Frisian forma); formest (cf. Gothic frumists); and fyrst (cf. Old Norse fyrst).
2) Similarly, OE had two different paradigms for the present tense of the verb to be, one derived from Indo-European *-es- and apparently related to Old Norse and Gothic; and the other deriving from Indo-European *bheu and relating to Old Saxon and Old High German. The relevant singular forms in Table 130.1
Table 130.1: Singular forms of the present tense of the verb to be (Nielsen 1998: 80)
Gothic Old Norse Old English I Old English II Old Saxon Old High German 1SG im em eom beom bium bim 2SG is es eart bist bist bist 3SG ist es is bið is(t) ist
3) Old English also exhibited variability, in all regions, in the form of the interrogative pronoun meaning 'which of two'. This alternated between hwæðer which relates to Gothic hvaóar and W. Norse hvaðarr, on the other hand, and hweder which corresponds to O. Saxon hweðar, on the other.
嵭 1) "first" ηŪ¿ˤĤƤϡѸǤϤ뤬#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ط롥2) be ư줬Ū佼ˡ (suppletion) ˤĤƤϡεˤ뤫⤷ʤȤƶϱԤ̤佼ˡλͻݤΥҥȤˤʤ
űѸˤϡʸŪˤʾ̤ʤȤͳѶŪˤΤͿΤΤȤƼƤޤȤ¿ʸΩĻˡפΤۤ¿ܿ礬äǽꤷƤߤȡʻƤ褦˻פ롥
ܿΰŪʲϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ɤ
Trudgill, Peter. "Varieties of English: Dialect Contact." Chapter 130 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2044--59.
Nielsen, Hans Frede. The Continental Backgrounds of English and its Insular Development until 1154. Odense: Odense UP, 1998.
֤ˤĤơֺǸΡǸˡפ̣ƻ졦 last ȡ֤ˤĤơַ³פ̣ư last ϡϢƤ褦ʡϢƤʤ褦ʷϵ⤷Ƥޤ츻ŪˤϤɤʤΤǤ礦ơˤĤƤĤʸƤޤ礦
ƻ졦 last ]
We caught the last train home.
When did you see her last?
He's the last person I'd trust with my keys.
ư last ]
The meeting only lasted for a few minutes.
How long does the play last?
This bad weather won't last.
ϤϢƤ褦ʡƤʤ褦ʡǤϡβ餫ɤ
ƻ졦 last ϡ츻ȤƤ late κǾη֤ǤűѸ læt (slow) κǾȤ latost Ȥ֤ѤƤޤ latost o ʬæ latst Ȥʤꡤǽ t ü last ȤʤޤʤβѲϡ*bet (good) κǾ best ˤʤäΤƱϩǤˡĤޤ -st ʬϺǾθȤ櫓Ǥʤlatest Ȥ֤ϸ˺Ʒ줿ǾǤ
ư last ǤϸűѸǡָ³פ̣ư lǣstan ̤ޤư -st ϲ餫θǤϤʤޤǸ촴ΰȤƤ -st ȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤƻ졦 last Ȥϸ츻Ūˤϱ椫⤢ޤ¤ϡޤΤƤʤñǤַפ̣̾ȤƤ last ȤΤѸˤꡤ츻ŪˤϤȴϢȤޤcf. űѸ lāst ססˡűѸư lǣstan ѸˤƸ -an üŪ last Ȥ夭ޤ
ȤȤǡϡξԤϤȤ˥ޥϤθȤϤޤä̸츻פȤȤˤʤޤѲη̡椫ʤä2Ĥθ줬ޤƱˤʤäƤޤä櫓ǤƱƱ֡˰۵ (homonym) ɽȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
last Τ褦Ʊ۵ (homonymy) ȤμդˤĤƤϡ#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy ([2010-02-07-1]) εޤ##286,3616,3622εåɤ
#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡʸˡȤͼ Robert Lowth ˤ1762ǯʸˡˤ͡ʸˡζػ߾बߤ뤬Ϣ夲ƤƻӤˤĤƤ⡤2ӵ (double_comparative) ȡ̣Ū˲ʺǾؤΥФʤƤ롥Lowth (34--35) ϢսȴФ
[4] Double Comparatives and Superlatives are improper.
"The Duke of Milan, / And his more braver Daughter could controul thee." "After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee." Shakespeare, Tempest. Acts xxvi. 5. So likewise Adjectives, that have in themselves a Superlative signification, admit not properly the Superlative form superadded: "Whosoever of you will be chiefest, shall be servant of all." Mark x. 44. "One of the first and chiefest instances of prudence." Atterbury, Serm. IV. "While the extremest parts of the earth were meditating a submission." Ibid. I. 4.
"But first and chiefest with thee bring
Him, that you soars on golden wing,
Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne,
The Cherub Contemplation." Milton, Il Penseroso.
"That on the sea's extremest border stood." Addison, Travels.
But poetry is in possession of these two improper Superlatives, and may be indulged in the use of them.
. . . .
[5] "Lesser, says Mr. Johnson, is a barbarous corruption of Less, formed by the vulgar from the habit of terminating comparisons in er."
"Attend to what a lesser Muse indites." Addison.
Worser sounds much more barbarous, only because it has not been so frequently used:
"Chang'd to a worser shape thou canst not be." Shakespeare, 1 Hen. VI.
"A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far / Than arms, a sullen interval of war." Dryden.
ƤΤ more braver, lesser, worser Τ褦2ӵ顤most straitest Τ褦2źǾ顤 chiefest, extremest Τ褦ˤȤȺǾ̣äƤƻ˺Ǿ鲽ǾǤ롥⡤̤ˤäƤΤ Shakespeare, Milton, Addison, Dryden ʤɤʪ·ɤ߱ʤά Lowth ξʤǤˡʤlesser ϸߤǤ̤ѤƤ뤳Ȥա
Shakespeare worser ѤˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ȥ줿ޤDryden Ϥ worser λѤ椨 Lowth ˤäǺᤵƤ뤬#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ¤ Dryden Ȥ2ӤƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ2ӤˤĤƤϡ#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ȡ
Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ
1755ǯ Johnson μνʸ "Grammar of the English Tongue" ꤹʸˡҤξϤ롥ǷƻӤˤĤƤ⥹ڡ䤫Ƥ뤬-er/-est Ӥ more/most ӤȤȤʬϡ§ȤΤä褦Johnson ʤλƤߤ褦
The Comparison of Adjectives.
The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet, sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher, highest.
Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer, next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more for moer), most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most, as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations, and are only compared by more and most, as benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest, or most fair.
In adjectives that admit a regular comparison, the comparative more is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and being much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
Monosyllables are commonly compared.
Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables, are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most, as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
Disyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful, dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous; in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id, as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent; in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody; in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my, as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy; in ry, as hoary.
Johnson ϤΤ褦ǡʤε§˱ʤȤơMilton Ben Jonson μƤ롥
Ǥ˰ѤҤˤϡ̣¿ޤޤƤ롥ȤС֡Ѥɽ魯Ǥ most ȤղäȤΤϸ츻Ūˤ⤷ (ex. nethermost, outmost, undermost, uppermost, foremost) outer ˤĤƤϡ#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) ȡޤforemost ˤĤƤϡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ȡ
äơӤƻˤĤ most ѤǾ more ѤӵΤۤ٤ȤΤⶽ̣ŦӵȺǾǤϤ⤽ⷹۤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤϡ٤ࡥ
Milton λˤϵ줿 virtuousest, famousest, pow'rfullest ʤɤ Johnson ʤλˤǤϵƤʤʤäƤȤ⸫ƨʤJohnson Ǥ˸ŪʴФäƤȤˤʤ뤫ȤʬκСJohnson λޤǤ˸ʬۤȤϤǤäƤȹͤƤ褵
Τ褦ʡֺפ1ˤĤơLass ŦƤ뤳Ȥ⼨ŪǤ롥Lass (157) ϡJohnson ǤϵƤƤʤ woody, puffy, rocky, roomy ʤɤζӤߤǤϵƤƤ¤ͤȡ鸽ޤǤ˶ӤŬϰϤ礷ƤǽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥⤷ʤСθóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
18εʸˡɤľϡѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤθѲΡȯפ¥Ƥ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Ѹˤɸ䤤ϡޤΤĤƤʤǤ롥ѸŪˤ⡤ȯã丽ˤĤñ˵Ҥ뤳Ȥޤʤ椬ʤƤ롥ӤȶӤζŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])#3614. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤΤǡ
ϡɸѸˤӵ顦Ǿξפηˡʬۤ˴ؤơLass ˤ복 (156) äƤ
(i) Monosyllabic bases take suffixes: bigg-er, bigg-est, etc. Periphrasis is usually not available (**more big), though there are exceptions, e.g. when two adjectives are predicated of a single head (more dead than alive). Suffixed participles must take periphrasis (**smashed-er).
(ii) Disyllables preferentially take suffixes, though periphrasis is available for many (hairy, hairi-er/more hairy). Some suffix(oid)s however require periphrasis: e.g. -ish (**greenish-er), -est (**honest-er), -ous (**grievous-er), -id (**rigid-er), as well as -less, -ful, and some others. Participles cannot be suffixed (**hidden-er). This may be a function of the somewhat ambiguous status of the comparative and superlative endings, somewhere between inflections proper and derivational affixes. (The former are normally terminal in the word: care-less-ness-es.)
(iii) Trisyllabic and longer forms take periphrasis (**beautiful-er, **religiously-er); hence the comic effect of Alice's 'curiouser and curiouser'. But suffixation of longer forms is available for special stylistic purposes . . . .
Τ褦˴ΤβǾʬƤơ㳰ȯƤޤ(ii) ȤƵƤ褦ˡ-er/-est ϶ܼʤΤܼʤΤȤ䤤⡤Ū˽פǤ (cf. #456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])) ѸؤˤȤäƤѸˤˤȤäƤ⡤ӡӤʤΤǤ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥
It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):
(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)
b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)
θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))
Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.
αѸޥη Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ǡФεΤо줹 (ll. 135--56) ǡɸΡone the + ǾפɽʰѤ Andrew and Waldron Ǥˡ
Þer hales in at þe halle dor an aghlich mayster,
On þe most on þe molde on mesure hyghe;
On þe most ϡ"the very biggest (one)" ۤɤζĴ줿̣"one of the very biggest (ones)" Ȥ϶̤뤳Ȥդ줿ǾƯ one ˡǤ롥ѸǤˤ˸ˡǡMED Ǥ ōn (pron.) θ 7b ΤȤˡ¿㤬Ƥ롥OED Ǥϡone, adj., n., and pron. θФȤΤȤ C. pron. 3a ˡεҤ롥
Mustanoja (297) ˤȡthe + Ǿפˡthe + פȤ㤬 Trin. Hom. 185 1ĤȤ
þat is þat bihotene lond, þar is on þe wunsume bureh and on þe hevenliche wunienge þar alle englen inne wunien
the + ǾפΤ̤ۤǤꡤˡ11ʸڤ롥ane þa mæstan synne, on þe fairest toun, oon the grettest remedye, oon the unworthieste, oon the beste knyght, on þe sellokest swyn ʤˤȤޤʤˡ16ˤϤޤȤʤꡤSpenser Shakespeare ۤܺǸλѼԤȤʤ롥ޤˡѸ˲ڡ餤ƻäդɽäȤ롥
Middle High German, Early Modern High German, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, Old NorseSwedish ʤ¾Υޥˤбɽʸڤ졤ꥷ μóνος ƥ unus ζĴˡˤ̤Ȥꡤޤե une dame la plus belle ˤӤΤǡѸ one the most ηˤϤδͿΤǤϤʤȵ⤢뤬Mustanoja (298--99) ϱѸȼȯãȸƤ롥
There is every reason to look upon the types one the good man and one the best man as natural outgrowths of the organic structural pattern of native linguistic usage. They offer striking parallels to the common OE type min se leofa (leofesta) freond. The characteristic feature in constructions of this kind is the isolation of an attribute or other defining word from the noun or noun-group by means of an intervening element (called a Gelenkspartikel and particule d'articulation by German and French Romance scholars). This isolation has the effect of bringing out into relief the idea expressed by the attribute, i.e., of making this word and the whole group more emphatic.
one the + ǾȤΥ뤳ȤˤäŪڤӰ̣Ū˺ΩȤ˴ؤơMustanoja (299) ϼΤ褦ɽȤδϢŦƤ롥
This peculiar rhythmic arrangement, which probably has counterparts in most languages of the world, is responsible for such common types as all the world, both the(se) boys, half a bottle, too long a story, what a night, etc.
half a bottle Τ褦ɽθˤĤƤϡ#788. half an hour ([2011-06-24-1]) DZΧŪװMustanoja Τ褦˰̣ŪǽŪװθɬפ
one the most ηѸ˺餤ƻäɽȤȤǤСλޤ̻ŪĴɬפȤʤ롥
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2012-11-24-1]ε#1307. most mestפǼ夲ѸκǾ most ΰ۷֤ˤĤơѸˤ첻̤ʬۤ LAEME ѤĴϿ˰֤ŤƥȤФ most ΰ۷֤249㤢ꡤ촴첻˽äʬ̤Τ HelMapperUK ήɤ߹ޤǡեޡ礭٤㤹롥

<mast> ʤ <a> ΤϼȤʬۤ<mest>, <meast>,
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