Ūʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ߤƤȡबʸˡȤΤϤĤɤ㤬гμ¤ʸˡȸڤ뤫Ȥ˽Ф魯롥ʸˡϷǤƱ˰̣Ǥ⤢뤬̣ϸԤԹ褯ɤ߹פȤǤƤޤäơ֤ʸǤʸˡǤƤפȼĥ뤿ˤϡʤ٤ѤӤơҴŪ˳ǧǤϤΤŪɬפ롥ä˷Ūʴ鼨ȥ٥ȤǤ롥
㤨С one ϤĤ괧 (indefinite article) ʸˡΤȤͤƤߤ롥ŪˤϸűѸ ān ޤä an a ȤʤäȤȹͤʤ뤬ѸˤϸϢʤ one ޤᡤ¿¿ͤʶƤꡤ줾줬Ȥ괧ȤǤ㤬ꡤ夬Ĥʤ1200ǯ˽줿Ƥ The Owl and the Nightingale ll. 3--4 "Iherde ich holde grete tale / An hule and one niȝtingale." ʤɤȤ줿
Ūʴˡꤽɸ an one man Τ褦ˡ2Ĥ "one" ¤Ǹ륱ξ硤1Ĥ an 괧ǡ2Ĥ one Ǥ롤ȷŤΤϼǤϤʤԤϡֽС¸ߡפɸʸˡŪʵǽôäƤΤФԤϡ1͡Ŀ͡פ̣ȤƵǽƤȤƲǤ롥ϲͶζǤϤʤMustanoja Ѹ Gower ºߤɽǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ (291)
For thei be manye, and he [i.e., the king] is on; And rathere schal an one man With fals conseil, for oght he can, From his wisdom be maad to falle (Gower CA vii 4161)
ѸǤϡ괧 a + one + ̾פȤϵʤѸˤϤ줬ߤ줿ʤäȤ⡤ˤޤäȤ Mustanoja (291) Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬ˡʤߤˡ괧 the + one + ̾פϸѸǤ on the one hand, the one thing, the one exception ʤɤ̤ˤߤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
29ڡˤī㡼ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯãɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿ŪưˤɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơפȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄ƤƤ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥եбư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾѸ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻĤ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ
1116ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥˤ#387. ѸˤϤʤ줬Ρܸˤϴ줬ʤѸδȻƤΤܸΤޤơޤִ (article) ȤʪäǤ礦ޤǤ褯İƤޤīλǻİ1ĶƤꡤȯǤ
(the, a/an) ϱѸؽԤˤȤäƱʱβǤȤΤʤܸȤԤˤȤäơȤ櫓ܤǤ⡤ʤѸˤϤΤ褦ʤΤΤȤäȻפäƤޤפˡϺŪ䤤ʤΤǤ
ʤ줬Τ䤤ϡѸˤδɳƤߤȡޤä٤¤Ϥޤޤ괧 the ǤϡѸޤ¿Υ衼åѸˤơɬǽ餫¸ߤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤˤǡŪˤʤäƤѤ褦ˤʤäֿԡפʤΤǤ
űѸλˤ⡤the ϳΤ¸ߤޤϸŪʳΩˡʻȤƻȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤ٤¸ߤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤȡ֤ס֤פȤạ̈ɽ魯ؼ (demonstrative) äΤˤλؼϤñ˴ΤΤΤǤ뤳ȤɸʸˡŪǤؤѲƤä̤Ȥޤ줿ΤǤΤ褦ʡȤȤΰ̣ޤꡤʸˡŪʵǽĤ褦ˤʤѲʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȸƤǤޤϱѸˤˤ˽פʥơޤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥޤ
ŪʷаޤΤȡǽѤʵ֤ʤ줬Τפϡ֤ʤѸϡ虜虜ؼʸˡɬפäΤפȤ꿼䤤ؤȾڤޤʤʤ顤ΤʤܸüԤϡΤʤؤȤϴƤʤǤ
䤤Ф1ĤθȤʤΤܸν֤פȡ֤ϡפǤưǤϡΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬѸδȻƤ¦̤뤳ȤŦ¤ (information_structure) δŸޤ
κǤŪϡäʹδ֤ǤǤ˶ͭƤʡˤǤʤʿˤ̤뤳ȤˤޤεǽϡܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפôȸ˥ѥʤΤǤܤäˤȤäƤߤޤ礦
ΡȤˡʡῷˤȤФʡῷˤޤʵˤϻؼǴˡФʡˤ˹Ԥޤ
Ѹˤȡ1ʸǤ괧줬2ʸǤ괧줬ѤϤǤ줾ܸν֤ס֤ϡפбޤ
ܸΡ֤ס֤ϡפλȤʬˤߤ뿷ζ̤Ȥˡϡ춦ƱΤˤȤäŪʤΤǤΥˡμʤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤǽˤޤܸϤǤȯãƤȤӡѸϤޤˤäؼʸˡȤƻȤ櫓Ǥ
λ¤ϡѸδν˶ϫ䤿ˡƶͿƤޤѸδλȤʬˤϡطʤˤή졤ʤ¤ɬפ롤ȤȤǤѸδδФϡܸüԤ̵ռΤˡ֤ס֤ϡפȤʬƤ롤δФȷҤäƤΤǤ
ϡüԤΥߥ˥ΥˡȡλѲǽʸʣ߹äƷƤޤ̣Ǥϼ¤˿ʹ֤ʪʤΤǤҤεưǤ⤪餤
YouTube ŸƤ֤Τۤإͥκǿ97ˤۿޤ#369. you guys ʤɤ guy ϤȤȡä--ճˡꤷѸѤ guy Ȥñζä٤Ūطʤȡ߿ʹѲˤĤƸޤưλƤ˼ԤŻ߲ΤߤۿȤʤäƤޤޤäƤ˽Ǥ뤫餫ʡˡϿӤƤ褦ǤϡۿƤ hellog ȤƺƹҲ𤷤ޤ
Ѹθǡä˥ꥫѸˤ Hey, you guys! Τ褦ˡʣ˸ƤӤݤ˻Ȥ guys guy ϡȤȡ֤ġˡפ̣뤴դ줿ñȤǧƤޤθ츻̤ȡ˾οʪ˹Ԥ夭ޤ17ƬΥɤǵŻ (the Gunpowder Plot) μ¹Ȥ1͡Guy Fawkes (1570--1606) Ǥ
1605ǯ115ॺ1ȵIJμץСäƥ̤郎ޤˤֲŻפǤηײ̤ȯФGuy Fawkes ޤඦżԤ館졤跺ޤϡɼҲλ郎ð줿ȤˤḺ́˺뤳ȤΤʤ褦ǯ115ʲФʲƽˤȤ夷ޤ줬ߤޤ³ Guy Fawkes Night λϤޤǤ
ν˺פǤϡξħǤ Guy Fawkes οͷꡤdz䤹Ȥޤޤ顤guy ȤñϤޤGuy Fawkes οͷפؤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬ơ֤ߤܤ餷뤤ϴ̯ʳʹˡפؤỌ̇̄ޤηŪʥ˥奢ȼäƤ櫓Ǥ
19ˤʤȡñϤ˰̣̲ñˡˡġ (a fellow, a chap) ؤ̾ؤѲޤäˤΰ̣ϡΤϤäꥫǹޤޤǤǤ⽽ʬ˷Ūʰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ƻΤȤޤ
guy ʪϤǽޤ20ʹߡä you guys ηǡʣοͤؤ2;̾ (personal_pronoun) ʣΤ褦ʿϤޤνĤؤƤΤ̤ζ̤ʤ˽νĤΤߤνĤФƤȤ褦ˤʤޤĤޤꡤguys Ūʴްդñˡֿ͡ (people) ۤɤΰ̣礤ˤޤǴΤǤ
ơѲϺʳؿʤߤĤĤ褦˸ޤyou guys Ȥɽˤơguys ʬϸŪʰ̣ۤȤɼyou ʣǤ뤳ȤʸˡŪʥޡʤʣ -s ˶ᤤǽô褦ˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤΩƤǤ⤷βСguy ϸͭ̾줫̾ءƤˤʸˡŪʵǽķǤؤѲ롤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βˤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
Ѹˤˤơ2;̾ thou ye ζ̤ you ˰ܲƤȤ礭Ѳиޤñʣζ̤ʤΤؤʤᡤǤ you guysy'allyouse ʤɡ͡ʷʣɸ빩פޤƤޤǤͭϸ you guys Ⱦʬޤ Guy Fawkes Ȥ̾ͳ褹ȤϡѲΥʥߥˤϤޤ
̾̾첽 (eponym) Ͼʤޤʸˡƻ϶ˤȤǤ礦guy κα̿ܤΥޤ
Ϣ hellog Ȥơ#1767. ͭ̾좪̾좪;̾ΰѲƤ guy ([2014-02-27-1])#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1]) ⤴Ȥ
ʤߤΤۤ Fawkes θ츻ϡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ٤ˤСŹϥɥĸ Falco "falcon" ͳ褷ťե Faukes ͳѸäƤΤǤ
ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ҡ2011ǯ
823ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ5ʲƴȤƤ2ˤȤʤguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1539. 823īֺ --- guy ̣臘Ѹˡۿޤ
5ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
μ6ϡ927ڡˤˡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС

ī㡼ɶǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ƤޤΥڡǿʹΤΥǤϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñȤơޤǤƤޤˤθߤä줺Ĥạ̈襤رѸ츻ŵʸҡοǤ꤬ˡդ⤿餹äȯäƤޤ
٤823ιֺ¤ϲƴ2ܤޤޤ츫ʿޤ guy Ȥ˾ʤꡤξñ줬ɤäƤŪʰ̣εפɤ뤳ȤäϤޤή줫;̾ (personal_pronoun) ꡤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ꡤƸͭ̾ͳ褹eponymλޤǡϼߤ˹äƤޤ1ñ줫鸫ƤѸˤΥʥߥȸѲ̯̣¸ʬˤڤߤ
ˡϿɶǤľܼ֡饤äΤ줫Ӥޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤴ѰդƤޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤä߾ܺ٤īڡǤǧޤ
ʤιֺ¤θɤˤĤƤ heldio #1539. 823īֺ --- guy ̣臘ѸˡȤƤäƤޤ⤢碌ƤİйǤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
but ϿñΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓¿ʻǤ͡ˡ֤դ¿Ǥ롥رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å but ιܤȡޤƬ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
ܡˤĤǤʤСˡİʳˡĤƤϡˤۤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǥϳƹܤ˥åԡͿƤ뤬but դƤΤϡ֤֡פȡ֡İʳˡפפǤ롥
츻ȤƤϸűѸƬ be- utan "out" Ȥ߹碌ȹͤ졤about Ȥط롥űѸ줫餹Ǥ¿ͤʰ̣ˡŸƤꡤȯãνΤǤϤʤΤ褦ʤΤäȿ¬롥
ޤΩ鼨褦ˡʪŪˡ֡ʡĤΡ˳¦ˡפȤ̣졦ֻä줬ֻŪΰ˳ĥ֡İʳˡפȤ̣ǻȤ褦ˤʤäʢեˡޤֻˡˤơ̾Ǥʤ that ³褦ˤʤꡤ֡ĤȤ֡γ¦ǤϡĤǤʤСפȤ̣ɽ褦ˤʤäߺǤפ³ȤƤˡʡ֤סˤϡΡ֡ĤǤʤСפĥȯŸˡȹͤ롥ʤ, but ³ˡϸűѸǤǧ뤬Ѹ줫ȤˡǤ롥űѸǤ ac Ȥ줬Ūʵܤ³ä֤ۤΡפȤˡϡǶޤ ѸʹߤǧƤʤäȤ⤢ꡤnothing but ...ʡİʳβʪǤʤĤ˲ʤˤΤ褦ɽˤξάϤޤäȹͤƤǶϸűѸǤ⤳ˡǧƤ뤳Ȥ顤ɬ⤽Τ褦ȯãǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ȯãϩˤСѸǺǤ̤ˡǤ³Ρ֤פϡճȸ夫ȯãäȤˤʤ롥ۤñˤ⡤ǤϹԤʤˤƤ롥
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Visser (§2148) ˤȡ'He has been crying' 'He had been crying' ΥפδλʹԷϡѸ Cursor Mundi ˽㤬ǧ롥
13.. Curs, M. 5256 he three dais had fastand bene. | Ibid. 10305, fastand had he lang noght bene. | Ibid. 14240, mari and martha had been wepand þar four dais. | Ibid. 26292, if þi parischen In sin lang has ligand bene. | Ibid. 28176, Oft haue i bene ouer mistrauand. | Ibid. 28941, þin almus agh þou for to bede, And namli til him þat has bene Hauand ..., And falles in-to state o nede plight-less.
θ Chaucer ޤѸΥƥȤ㤬³Ǥᤤ㤬ѸˤĤǧ뤫Ȥäơɬ⸽ѸοdzΩƤ褦1ĤλȤơǤˤѤƤȤȤǤϤʤºݡԤΤʤˤϡγΩ϶ѸʹߤǤ롤ˤäƤϸѸǤȽҤ٤ƤΤ⤢롥Visser ȤϾ嵭ƱˤơΤ褦⤤Ƥ롥
These types, traditionally called the 'perfect progressive' or 'expanded perfect' and the 'pluperfect progressive' or 'expanded pluperfect', are not represented in Old English. They appear for the first time on paper in the 14th century, and it took them about a century to develop into a well-established and not infrequently used idiom. In the subjoined list all the 14th, 15th, 16th and 17the century instances available are mentioned (and it is therefore not a selection like the rest), in order to show the erroneousness of various statements concerning date of earliest appearance and the incidence in earlier English (often called 'rare').. Thus Åkerlund (1911 p. 85) states: "These tenses do not occur in Old English, nor in the earlier part of the subsequent period. Later on, they creep slowly into existence---even as late as Shakespeare there are strikingly scarce; but they are not employed frequently enough." Kisbye (An Historical Outline of Eng. Syntax I 1971 p. 47) observes: "The expanded pluperfect was instance only once [italics added] in Northern ME ...---This compound tense ... being uncommon till the 19th century [italics added]." In Barbara Strang's The History of English (1970 pp. 207--8) it is averred that the periphrastic perfect did not become fully current till the 18th century, and that the periphrastic pluperfect showed its full maturity fro the time of the Restoration. (But see e.g. the quotations from Lord Berners below). As to her statement that a pluperfect progressive arose "a little earlier [than a perfect progressive] in the 14th century", see earliest examples of the perfect progressive is from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1386).
Դ֤ˤäªäȤȤϡ٤˺ꡤ¤ͭƤʤäȤȤǡλʹԷνиΤۤߴλʹԷΩäƤȤ¤϶̣
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

ݺƻͺءˤ Voicy heldio ˤʸˡˤޤĤ̤2ˤ錄äƤϤޤҤ2014ǯ˽Ǥ줿ʸˡѸȤʤ顤ѸˤˤʸˡζŪʻˤĤơԤ˲⤷ƤȤʴǤ2ۿʲ˵Ƥޤ
#1290. ʸˡ --- ݺȤ̡2024ǯ1210ۿ
#1293. ư do ʸˡ --- ݺȤ̡2024ǯ1213ۿ
Ѹ˾塤ƽפʸˡ2Ĥλ㡤ȯ do ˡȯŸˤĤǫ˲⤷Ƥޤ˴ؿäϡܥ֥ article do-periphrasis Υդ줿ɤǤФȻפޤ
嵭ۿǤƤޤݺȤʸˡᤰ heldio ̲ϡˤ1ۿƤޤܥ֥#5674. ݺƻͺȤ --- ʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˤ ([2024-11-08-1]) 뤤ľ heldio #1245. ݺƻͺȤΡʸˡ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פȤ
ޤȤơݺȤ̤ˤä#1298. ݺȤΥեȡǥ֤2024ǯ1218ۿˤϿƤޤϸζŤʤ٤ǤΤǡҤİС
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

ɸγҤοܤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ҤˤֺǿѸءإפ20Ȥ֤Ťǡʸˡ߱ѸˡפκǿŪθޤȤƤޤ300ǤۤɤǡŪˤܳɤǤѸѲŪ˹ͻԡˤȤäơɬȤλͽǤ
ʲܼФƤߤޤ礦̥Ūȹ٤Ѹ줬¤Ǥޤ
I ʸˡˤѲ
1 ʸˡŪȤߤȸѲ
1. ϤˡѸˤλʬ
2. ʸˡŪȤ
3. ʸˡѲȤƤθѲ
2 ѲΥ
1. ʬϤȥѥѲ
2. ʸˡɸ to Ȥ
3. Ѳ
4. ¤ѲưȤ
II Ѹṽ¤Ѳ
3 Ѹṽ¤ưưξü
1. Ϥ
2. űѸ졦Ѹδܸ
3. űѸ졦Ѹṽ¤
4. ưư˭ʰפβ
5. ܼοưưξü
6. ʸˡˤư줫ưؤѲ
7. ޤȤ
4 ֤ȳƼﹽʸѲ
1. Ϥ
2. 칽ʸ
3. ֳʷиԼ칽ʸ
4. ¾ưʸ
5. that
6. ޤȤ
III Ѹ̾ι¤ʬ
5 ¤ʤξüȳʤˤ̾ǧˡѲ
1. Ϥ
2. ʤ˴ؤиŪ¤Ū
3. Ϳ̾ȤʤʸŪ
4. Ϳ̾ǧĤǧˡѲ
5. ޤȤ
6 ̻ʬۤͷΥǽ̻Ū
1. Ϥ
2. Ѹˤ̻ʬ
3. Ū
4. ͷΥ̻ʬۤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲ
5. ̾ȿ̻θ
6. ޤȤ
ܽˤĤƤϡ1211 Voicy heldio ˤ#1291. Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯˡۿǤ⤴Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤܵȹ碌ƤİС
ܽȴϢơҤΡֺǿѸءإפ21 ջҡ δˡʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2022ǯɤꤤפޤ
Ƿ ͵ ʸˡȸѲ١ҡ2024ǯ

98ˤ khelfʷѸ˥ե˼Ťdz줿ֱѸ˥饤20241åȤơʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯԤǤݺƻͺضˤȽ heldio ̤¸ޤ
ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥʤ벻ƥĤȤʤäƤޤФǤʤݺθѲ˴Ѥİ뵮ŤʵȤʤäƤޤ̤κݡμϿԽʬäˡʬϿǤʤäȤ˺ΥߥȤƤޤޤΤȤƤϰӤƥĤȤʤäƤޤҤİФȻפޤ#1245. ݺƻͺȤΡʸˡ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פǤԤ20ʬǤˡ
2ץǤϡѲˤʸˡΰ֤ŤӱŪ do (do-periphrasis) ʸˡΥȥˤĤƤäƤޤ³3ץǤϡλ (perfect) ʸˡƳƤޤʼϿ˼ԤƤޤä do ˤĤޤƤϡݺˤäꤪäȻפäƤޤ
̤ǤҲ𤷤ʸˡѸ䡤ǰƤġʸˡλˤĤƤϡޤǤ hellog heldio ͡˼夲Ƥޤʸˡ˴ؤȤ櫓פʥƥĤʲ˰Ƥޤ
ڡhellog
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1])
#2146. ѸˤѲϡ¤εǽ¤ؤγŬǤ ([2015-03-13-1])
#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1])
#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1])
#2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#3669. ߤΥ롼Τμóݤ ([2019-05-14-1])
#5124. Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
#5132. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- ʸˡפȤѤʵ ([2023-05-16-1])
#5411. heldio ǡʸˡפƳ륷Ϥޤ ([2024-02-19-1])
#5420. ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯ --- Ѹʸˡ ([2024-02-28-1])
ڡheldio ƥġ
#988. 夦夦ñȤñ --- Ƹȵǽ
#989. ƸȵǽΤ줾ħӤ
#990. ʸˡȤϲ
#991. while ʸˡ
#992. while ʸˡ³ˡ
#1001. ѸʸˡˤĤΤꤿʤ --- ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˡ
#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
ѸˤλʸˡȤơݺʸˡѸ䤷ޤ
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
μͭӥ Mond ˤ5αѸ˴ؤ˲ޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤ̻ͷΥǤΤˡͭʤͷΥǤʤΡ
ŪˤϿ̻ (QP) ȸ (DP) ΰ㤤ˤΤǤǤǤϹԤޤŪˤСűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ̻ͷΥϾ¸ߤƤޤȤȤ¤ʤäƤƤȤ¤ޤܤϿ Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯȤ
(2) have got to got ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
have got ֳȤפȤߴλΰ̣Ǥ16ֻäƤפȤñʰ̣žޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βФơ have ѤȤ夷Ƥޤ#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1])#5658. Ū have got ȯã (2) ([2024-10-23-1]) ȡ
(3) ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦
1פ¾ο٤ä˴ŪǽפʿǤ뤿ȹͤޤűѸˤп⤢ޤѸʹߤñʣ2ʬȤʤޤθǤϺ5ʬޤǻĤΤ⤢ޤ#5660. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-25-1]) ȡ
(4) λϤʤưη³ɽǤΤǤ礦
λνˡζϡָߤȤδͿפǤ³ΰ̣ϼ˾ưǸ졤ưưǤϴλΰ̣ɽФޤޤֻŪפⴰλνפħȹͤޤ#5651. Ф븽ߴλΰ̣ŪħϡפǤ ([2024-10-16-1]) ȡ
(5) subjunctive mood ʲˡ³ˡˤθߴλˤĤ
ˡߴλ¸߲ǽǼ⸫ޤŪޤǤˡηϤϡָߡλפ3ȤߤȤΤǡǴλ꤬ɬפʾ˸ߴλѤ롤Ȳ᤹ΤϤǤ礦
ʾǤ11 Mond ˤƱѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵդƤޤˤʤ䤤
ε#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1]) ˰³ǤŪȤʤäαŪɽˤĤơ
Rissanen (220) ѸƤʸˤơƱɽȯˤĤƸڤƤ롥
The perfect have got, which is almost a rule, instead of the present tense have, in colloquial present-day British English, is attested from the end of the sixteenth century. The periphrastic form here is possibly due to a tendency to increase the weight of the verbal group, particularly in sentence-final position. The association of have with the auxiliaries may have supported the development of the two-verb structure.
(173) Some have got twenty four pieces of ivory cut in the shape of dice, . . . and with these they have played at vacant hours with a childe ([HC] Hoole 7)
(174) Bon. What will your Worship please to have for Supper?
Aim. What have you got?
Bon. Sir, we have a delicate piece of Beef in the Pot . . .
Aim. Have you got any fish or Wildfowl? ([HC] Farquhar I.i)
νиطʤȤƹͤ2Ƥ롥1ĤϡʣưȤ뤳ȤDZΧŪʡֽŤߡפϤ褯ʤȤȤȤ櫓ʸˤưʲʬˤ got ȸǤϹΧˤʤȤȤϤɤޤǼ¾ڤΤˤʤȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡhave ưȤƿ褦ˤʤäƤˡ got Τ褦̤ư줬³2ʣưȤƵǽ뤳ȤϡŪ˼ʤȤȤƶǤ롥have + ʬפߴλɽ魯ȤΤϡǤѸ̤ΤȤäȤ櫓 have got αȯãƤϤʤѶŪ褦ƶǤϤʤ
17ʰʹߡˤθˤʸ̮ܤĴƤɬפ롥
Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.

μͭӥ Mond ˴ƤֱŪ have gotפ˴ؤѤʵˡޤꤪɤߤϤäȾܤĴ٤ʤФʤʤǡϤȤꤢβäΤǤ˹ͤϤƤߤȻפޤ
ǽΰϡĤǤ OED ǤŪ have got ϡOED get (v.) IV ιˡλüˡȤƵҤޤ
IV. Specialized uses of the perfect.
In this use, the perfect and past perfect of get (have got, has got, had got) function as a present and past tense verb, which, owing to its formation, does not enter into further compound forms (perfect and past perfect, progressive, passive, or periphrastic expressions with to do), or have an imperative or infinitive.
In colloquial, regional, and nonstandard use, omission of auxiliary have is frequent in the uses at this branch (e.g. I got some, you got to): see examples in etymology section. An inflected form gots is also sometimes found in similar use (e.g. I gots some, he gots to), especially in African American usage: see further examples in etymology section.
IV.i. In senses equivalent to those of the present and past tenses of have.
Often, especially in early use, difficult to distinguish from the dynamic use 'have obtained or acquired'.
IV.i.33.a. transitive. To hold as property, be in possession of, own; to possess as a part, attribute, or characteristic; = have v. I.i
[1600 What a beard hast thou got; thou hast got more haire on thy chinne, then Dobbin my philhorse hase on his taile.
W. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice]
1611 The care of conseruing and increasing the goods they haue got, and the feare of loosing that which they enioy.
J. Maxwell, translation of Treasure of Tranquillity xvii. 144
a1616 Fie, th'art a churle, ye'haue got a humour there Does not become a man.
W. Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1623) i.ii.25
c1635 My lady has got a cast of her eye.
H. Glapthorne, Lady Mother (1959) ii.i.22
1670 They have got..such a peculiar Method of Text-dividing.
J. Eachard, Grounds Contempt of Clergy 113
. . . .
have got ưŪʰ̣ɽ魯ΤξŪʰ̣ɽ魯Τä˽ˤĤƤȽ̤ˤȽҤ٤ƤϤޤ17٤ƤäȤ EEBO corpus Ĵ٤¤ְ㤤ʤǤʤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤɽ졤ŪˤʤäƤäΤꤷƤɬפޤ

10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ
(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ
(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ưפͳΰĤǤָߴλΤʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ
(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
桦 h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ
(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤ѲƤޤ
(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲ޤ
(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ
(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ
(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ
(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ
ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ

¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1ϤܼޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ
ǤϤ
Ϥ
1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)
2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò
ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6
2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8
3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5
4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5
5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6
6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5
7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8
8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5
9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10
10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5
11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5
12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4
13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6
ʸ
̾
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Ѹˤ be to do ʸȤΤ롥be ưθ to 줬³ʸǡͽꡤ̳̿̿ᡤǽջ֤ʤ͡ʰ̣ѸؽԵ㤫ιܤǤ롥ʸˡˤĤƤϡ#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1]) Ǿ줿
Ǥϡbe to do ʸˤϤˡ¤˸Ť餢ꡤűѸǤ⤹Ǥ˾ʤȤֹʸμפȤƳǧ롥űѸǤϹ٤櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤǤ٤Ūʡֹʸפ餷ΤؤĹƤѸˤƤϡ¾ιʸȥȤۤɤ˰褦ˤʤäĹˤ錄ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤäƤ褤
ԸϾʤʤǤ Denison (317--18) βĹˤ錄ȯãûˤޤȤƤ롥
11.3.9.3 BE of necessity, obligation, or future
This verb too is a marginal modal, patterning with a to-infinitive to express meanings otherwise often expressed by modals. For Old English see Mitchell (1985: §§934--49), and more generally Visser (1963--73: §§1372--83). One complication is that the syntagm BEON + to-infinitive is used both personally [158] and impersonally [159]:
[158] Mt(WSCp) 11.3
. . . & cwað eart þu þe to cumenne eart . . .
. . . and said are(2 SG) you(2 SG) that (REL) to come are(2 SG)
Lat. . . . ait illi tu es qui uenturus es
'. . . and said: "Are you he that is to come?"'
[159] ÆLS I 10.133
us nys to cweðenne þæt ge unclæne syndon
us(DAT) not-is to say that you unclean are
'It is not for us to say that you are unclean.'
In Middle and Modern English this BE had a full paradigm:
[160] 1660 Pepys, Diary I 193.7 (5 Jul)
. . . the King and Parliament being to be intertained by the City today with great pomp.
[161] 1667 Pepys, Diary VIII 452.6 (27 Sep)
Nay, several grandees, having been to marry a daughter, . . . have wrote letters . . .
[162] 1816 Austen, Mansfield Part I.xiv.135.30
You will be to visit me in prison with a basket of provisions;
Visser states that syntagms with infinitive be are 'still current' (1963--73: §2135), but although there are a few relevant examples later than Jane Austen (1963--73: §§1378, 2135, 2142), most are of the fixed idiom BE to come, as in:
[163] But they may yet be to come.
ޤȤȡbe to do ʸϸűѸ줫餽˨꤬ߤ졤Ѹ줫ѸˤƤȯã¾ιʸȤȤŪˤƤϤषŪˤñΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ˻롥
Denison, David. English Historical Syntax. Longman: Harlow, 1993.

Ѹʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤӻϤȤˡɸᤷޤܤˤĤƤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ夲ޤ#1001. ѸʸˡˤĤΤꤿʤ --- ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˡǤҤİ
īۿ heldio Ǥ#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩ꤷơܽȤʤ¸߹ʸˤĤƤΤäϤƤޤǶ heldio Ǥ¾ˤʸˡˤޤĤۿƤޤΤǡ#5411. heldio ǡʸˡפƳ륷Ϥޤ ([2024-02-19-1]) Υ⤴Ȥ
ơʸˡѸ٤Ǽ夲ƤѸ˾ʸˡλϤؤ˭٤ǤפʸˡܤФǤʲ˷ǤܼФ狼뤫Ȼפޤ
Ϥ
1ϡʸˡȱѸ
1. Ϥ
2. ʸˡȤϲ
3. Ѹι¤
4. Ѹ
5. ʸˡưָ
2ϡʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. 괧
3. 괧
4. νиʸˡ
3ϡ¸߹ʸˤ there ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. There ʸȯã
3. there νиʸˡ
4ϡͭʤɸ -'s ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. ͭʤɸ -'s ʸˡ
3. of °ʤȯã
5ϡ³ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. ¤齾°¤
2.1. űѸˤ뽾°¤ȯã
2.2. ¿ͤ³ȯã
3. ³ʸˡ
6ϡط̾ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. űѸδط̾
3. ط̾ that ʸˡ
4. WH ط̾ȯã
7ϡƵ̾ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. űѸκƵ̾
3. Ƶ̾ʸˡ
8ϡư DO ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. űѸεʸʸ
3. DO ʸˡ
9ϡˡưʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. Ѹˡư
3. ˡưʸˡ
10ϡɸ to ʸˡȽưȯã
1. Ϥ
2. ɸ to ʸˡ
3. for + ̾ + to ȯã
4. ưʸˡ
4.1. be going to ʸˡ
4.2. have to ʸˡ
11ϡʹԷʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. űѸοʹɽ
3. ʹԷʸˡ
12ϡλʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. űѸδλɽ
2.1. HAVE λ
2.2. BE λ
3. λʸˡ
13ϡư֤ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. ư֤ȯã
3. ư֤ʸˡ
4. Ū칽ʸμư֤ˤĤ
14ϡ it ʸˡ
1. Ϥ
2. ;ιʸο
3. it ʸˡ
15ϡʸˡȸʲ
1. Ϥ
2. Ѹ¿ͤʸˡ
3. ʸˡȹ¤Ѳ
4. ξʲ
5. Ѹγʤȸ
6.
άɽ
ʸ
ʤ븦Τ
ܽϡ hellog Ǥⲿ٤ȤƤޤʲε⤴ФȻפޤˤʸˡѸ٤ϱѸˤλʸˡȤƥǤ
#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1])
#2146. ѸˤѲϡ¤εǽ¤ؤγŬǤ ([2015-03-13-1])
#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1])
#3669. ߤΥ롼Τμóݤ ([2019-05-14-1])
#5132. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- ʸˡפȤѤʵ ([2023-05-16-1])
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
ī6ˡܥ֥λǤȤ⤤벻֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿƤޤ2024ǯ heldio ΥơޤѲ (language_change) Ǥ礭ʥơޤʤΤǼ夲Ƥ¿ˤ錄ޤ̤ʤΤ1Ĥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ޤܥ֥Ǥ#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1]) ϤȤơ¿εܤƤޤ
轵heldio ˤ5Ϣ³ʸˡĶȤʤϤޤŪʸˡƳȤʤޤ˥ޤȤƤޤ
#988. 夦夦ñȤñ --- Ƹȵǽ
#989. ƸȵǽΤ줾ħӤ
#990. ʸˡȤϲ
#991. while ʸˡ
#992. while ʸˡ³ˡ
ʰʲ嵭
#1001. ѸʸˡˤĤΤꤿʤ --- ݺƻͺˡʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˡ
#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
ʸ嵭ޤǡ
5äϥࡼˤĤʤäƤΤǡİƤȤ褤ȻפޤüİȤϡ濴Ȥʤ#990. ʸˡȤϲǤ⥷ȤϤĤȻפޤ
äܳŪʸˡؤӤȤϡܥ֥ grammaticalisation γƵä˽פʵĤƤޤ
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1])
#2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124. Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
ɸϲ褷褦ΤʤǤϤ뤬ػ (history_of_linguistics) ˤƤϸε (origin_of_language) ᤰΤʤǻڤƤ䤤Ǥ롥
Mufwene (22) Ȥơ2ͤԤȤθҲ𤷤ɥĤůؼ Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744--1803) ȥꥫθؼ William Dwight Whitney (1827--94) Ǥ롥
Herder also speculated that language started with the practice of naming. He claimed that predicates, which denote activities and conditions, were the first names; nouns were derived from them . . . . He thus partly anticipated Heine and Kuteva (2007), who argue that grammar emerged gradually, through the grammaticization of nouns and verbs into grammatical markers, including complementizers, which make it possible to form complex sentences. An issue arising from Herder's position is whether nouns and verbs could not have emerged concurrently. . . .
On the other hand, as hypothesized by William Dwight Whitney . . . , the original naming practice need not have entailed the distinction between nouns and verbs and the capacity to predicate. At the same time, naming may have amounted to pointing with (pre-)linguistic signs; predication may have started only after hominins were capable of describing states of affairs compositionally, combining word-size units in this case, rather than holophrastically.
Herder ϸ̾դ (naming) μϤޤäȹͤȤ̾դη̤ȤƤΡ̾פǽ̾ǤϤʤҸưäȤդϰճȯۤǶ̣Herder ϡ̾ϸư줫ΤǤȹͤϸʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ǤȤʸˡƤȯȤͤ˶ᤤ⤷ʤ
Whitney ϡư̾ζ̤Τʤʳǰɽ (holophrasis) ȯΤǤꡤޤǸˤʤäƤ餽ʸˡƤȯãȹͤ
쵯ʸˡϤΤ褦ˤƴطŤΤȴ补
Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.
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