֤פΰ̣ǵܤ³ȤŪѤ but ϡűѸ³ butan ̤롥űѸ butan ϴŪˤ "except" 뽾°³ȤѤΤ̤äA butan B Τ褦ʸˤơʸ̮ˤäƤ "A except B" Τߤʤ餺 "A but B" Τ褦ˤǤ륱äˡʬ (reanalysis) ˤ긽Ϣʤܤ³ˡΤȤ롥
OED ˤȡűѸǤεܤ³ȤƤˡϵȤĤĤ⡤¸ߤǧƤ롥
III. In a compound sentence, connecting the two coordinate clauses; or introducing an independent sentence connected in sense, though not in form, with the preceding sentence.
In a compound sentence the second clause may be contracted so as to omit constituents also occurring in the main clause, e.g. Thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God = 'Thou hast not lied unto men, but thou hast lied unto God'; John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could = 'John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could come to see me'.
Rare in Old English; attestations are often interpreted as transitional from uses in sense C.II.7 (see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §). In Old English coordinate clauses are usually connected by ac ac conj.
ȤƤ Mitchell OES (§3500) ˬƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
§3500. Quirk (pp. 62--3) discusses a number of examples in which butan 'was not autonomously concessive but occasionally concessive-equivalent, combining its exception function with a concessive one'.
They include Bo 40. 8 . . . ne ic ealles forswiðe ne girnde þisses eorðlican rices, buton tola ic wilnode þeah . . . and (after a form of nytan) Bo 70. 26 ic nat humeta, buton we witon ꝥ hit unmennischlic dæd wæs and (Holthausen's 1894 text)
Pha 4 Nat ic hit be whihte, butan ic wene þus,
þæt þær screoda wære gescyred rime
siex hundred godra searohæbbendra,
for which J. R. R. Tolkien was wont to offer the translation 'I don't really know, but I rather guess . . .'. On such examples, see further §§3626 and 1773.
°³ except ³ but ΤȤᤷ㤬뤿ˡ"transitional" "concessive-equivalent" ȤɽѤƤΤ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
¿ but ˤĤƤϡ͡ˡŦƤ롥Partridge Usage and Abusage ˤСbut 䤽ޤե졼˴ϢơʤȤ11ջबФȤΩƤƤ롥¿ǤǤ뤬椨ܤޤΤ
only ̣ȤƤ but θѤˤĤƤϡonly 켫Τ˴Ƥѻ˽ऺcf. #1923. only ΰ̣ but ([2014-08-02-1])ˡֻ but ˤĤƤϡ³γʤȤʤcf. #5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ ([2025-07-21-1])ˡۤ˥ޥʡ˴ؤŦ¿ΤǤϥ㡼ʡ֤פ̣̾³ȤƤˡ˴ؤѤܤPartridge (56) Ѥ롥
but (conunction) is wrongly used in the following, quoted by C. C. Boyd (Grammar for Grown-Ups) from a newspaper: 'A gale swept the roads, and his (Mr Cobham's) machine was unprotected. At midnight he attached a second anchor, but the machine weatherd the gale undamaged.' This is what is called a non sequitur. But must be used instead of and; the sentence should read: '. . . his machine was unprotected, but weathered the gale . . . because he had attached a second anchor.'
The conjunction but is also incorrect in the following: 'He will certainly say of Mallet that as a detective he was remarkable not so much for the questions he put but for those he avoided putting' (John Ferguson); not so much . . . as is correct, but the sentence might also read: '. . . not for the questions he put, but for those . . .'.
J. B. Priestley, in English Humour, falls into the same error: 'He [Munden] was not so much a comic actor, consciously presenting an amusing part, but a real comedian . . .': here but should be as.
ȾϡֵܡפʤΤ̩˸Ƥ줺ȯФ줿ʸ˴ؤָѡפǡܤ but ˤϤ褯ܸǤƱͤϸ䤿ʤ
Ⱦϡnot so much A as B not A but B Ȥιʸκ (contamination) Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡƱǤϽܤ and ˤĤƤˡ12⤢롥Ǥ롥
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) ӡ#5932. but ͡ˡɤɾ뤫 --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-24-1]) ǿ줿but ˤ but what Ȥ̯ˡ롥but that ȤƤ⡤뤤 but ñΤȤƤǧˡɤ櫓 but what ȤƤ⸽롥Ūˤ that . . . not ΰդɽ路ްդ뽾°ƳˡPoutsma (793) ˲⤬롥
In good colloquial language, and even in ordinary Standard English, but what often takes the place of but that; thus in:
- I don't say but what he's as free as ever. Dick., Bleak House, Ch. XLIX, 410.
- Who knew but what he might yet be lingering in the neighbourhood? Mrs. Gask., Cranf., Ch. X, 187.
It is difficult to find a grammatical explanation of this construction. Possibly it is due to the influence of but what, often found at the head of attributive adnominal clauses, although also here there is a serious grammatical anomaly, viz. the use of what when the reference is to persons (Ch. XVI, 12), as in:
- He had no visible friends, but what had been acquired at Highbury. Jane Austen, Emma, Ch. III, 22.
- There's no Tulliver but what's honest. G. Eliot, Mill, III, Ch. IX, 243.
According to the O. E. D. (s.v. but, 30), "but what often occurs for but that in various senses and is still dial. and colloq."
what ʸˡŪ˲᤹ΤʤС°ƳεǽǵȤߤʤƤ褤Ϣơ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) ⻲ȡ
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, II. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1926.
ܸΡ֤ꡤѸ but ꡤܤ³ ((adversative) conjunction) ȸƤФ뤬⤽ܤȤϲϱѸ but Ѥɽܤ뤬㤨 A but B ȤȤA B δطܤǤȤϡ̣Τ
Ǥñ˹ͤСA B ̣ŪȿդξˡδطϵܤȤ뤫⤷ʤ̣Ū˸̩ȿդξˤϡbut ΩȤȤ߹蘆줿ɽϡܤȤ̷⡤뤤Ƶˡ (oxymoron) ȤʤäƤޤShe is rich but poor. Τ褦
äơ¿ξ硤but ˤܤɽϡ̣Ū˸̩ȿդȤŪʥȤ٤ʤΤ⤷ʤA 뤿ɬפ (presupposition) B ǤѤʤȤ A Ԥ뤳Ȥ B ΩʤȤŪʴ顤ܴطȤߤʤΤǤϤʤ
դĤĤȹͤƤԿʤʤΤǡQuirk et al. §13.32ˤäƤߤ
The use of but 13.32
But expresses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by and followed by yet. The contrast may be in the unexpectedness of what is said in the second conjoin in view of the content of the first conjoin:
John is poor, but he is happy. ['. . . and yet he is happy']
This sentence implies that his happiness is unexpected in view of his poverty. The unexpectedness depends on our presuppositions and our experience of the world. It would be reasonable to say:
John is rich, but he is happy.
if we considered wealth a source of misery.
The contrast expressed by but may also be a repudiation in positive terms of what has been said or implied by negation in the first conjoin (cf 13.42):
Jane did not waste her time before the exam, but studied hard every evening. [1]
In such cases the force of but can be emphasized by the conjunct rather or on the contrary (cf 8.137):
I am not objecting to his morals, but rather to his manners. [2]
With this meaning, but normally does not link two clauses, but two smaller constituents; for example, the conjoins are two predicates in [1] and two prepositional phrases in [2]. The conjoins cannot be regarded as formed simply by ellipsis from two full clauses, since the not in the first clause conjoin is repudiated in the second. Thus the expansion of [2] into two full clauses must be as follows:
I am not objecting to his morals, but (rather) I am objecting to his manners.
ɤߡnot A but B ɽˤƤʤ but Ѥ뤫ʬäƤA ŪǡB ϹŪǤȤȿиǤ뤳Ȥܤ³ but ɽ路Ƥ롤ȤȤʤΤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ but ͡ˡ֤δطˤĤơKruisinga ϷȤʤ1ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (II. 2, p. 433)
1514. In dealing with the meanings of the conjunction as an attempt has been made to show most of its uses as a development of its comparative sense. No such attempt has been made in the case of but because its various meanings are not connected but isolated. The result of this isolation (indeed its cause as well) is that but is not so strong and live an element of present-day English, and several of its uses tend to be restricted to literary English, i.e. they are on the road that will ultimately lead to their disappearance. This may be said of the uses in 1509, 1 and 3; 1510, 2; the use of but what may be considered dialectal by some, although it is not corrected away by editors and writers.
but ¿ͤˡ as ΤӤƤ뤬ԤϤ٤ŪǤΤΡԤϤ줬̵ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ۤ but ¿Ǥ롥Ūʴʪ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
Ϣ but ܤƤ롥ñ͡ˡˤĤơKruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) 5ˤ錄Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ط̾ŪˡˤƳˡΰ夲Ƥ롥
1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
(1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
(2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
(3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.
1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
(1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
- Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
- Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
- There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
- Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
(2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
- Justice was never done but someone complained.
- Who knows but he may hear of it?
1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)
1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
(1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
- Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
(2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
- He is not such a fool but that he can see that.
- I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.
1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
- Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
- Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
- Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)
Τ褦 but ¿ͤˡӤ丶ϤΤˡˤƤŪʸ̮ѤƤΤħŪȤ뤬̤ˤС̤ħФΤưפǤϤʤ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
ε#5928. ¿ but ([2025-07-20-1]) ³but ꡥbut ˤϡ~ơפֻ̣줪³ˡ롥ֻǤи³ΤϾŪʤǤꡤ³ǤС줬ƳǤ˱Ƴʤꤵ롤ȤΤǤ롥ϤޤˤȤɤޤꡤɬ⸽¤λȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СʸΤʤᤵƤʤǤ졤no one but me ⤢ no one but I ⤢롥ϲʤΤ
Jespersen "Preposition and Conjunction" ꤹܤҤ (§6.3) ʲˡεҤκǽʬ1Ѥ롥
6.31. A good deal of confusion arises from some words being both prepositions and conjunctions. A characteristic example is but; cf NED with examples, especially under the heads C. 3 and 4. It should, however, be noted that the confusion in the use of but is not, as said in NED, a consequence of the want of distinct case-endings in the nouns and the use of the obl. case instead of the nom. in other connexions. In my opinion, on the contrary, the existence of such two-sided words as but, etc, is one of the primary causes of mistakes of me for I or vice versa, and careless uses of the cases generally. Even in such a language as German, where the cases are generally kept neatly apart, we find such combinations as "niemand kommt mir entgegen ausser ein unverschämter" (Lessing); "wo ist ein gott ohne der herr" (Luther); "kein gott ist ohne ich," etc. See Pau, Principien4 372; In Danish similar examples abound (ingen uden jeg, etc).
If we use in one place the term preposition and in another conjunction in speaking of such words, the real meaning is that in one case the word concerned is definitely felt as part of the (main) sentence (no one but me),
ѸȾˤ褦ˡȺϡѸˤ̤̾ʶˤγʤζ̤Ūʤ褦ˤʤäȤ롥Jespersen ϤषդιͤƤƤ롥but ֻǤ⤢³Ǥ⤢Ȥ2Ū椨ˡŪʳʤκƱĹ줿ΤȤΤϤƷܤ褫褫
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
but ϿñΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓¿ʻǤ͡ˡ֤դ¿Ǥ롥رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å but ιܤȡޤƬ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
ܡˤĤǤʤСˡİʳˡĤƤϡˤۤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǥϳƹܤ˥åԡͿƤ뤬but դƤΤϡ֤֡פȡ֡İʳˡפפǤ롥
츻ȤƤϸűѸƬ be- utan "out" Ȥ߹碌ȹͤ졤about Ȥط롥űѸ줫餹Ǥ¿ͤʰ̣ˡŸƤꡤȯãνΤǤϤʤΤ褦ʤΤäȿ¬롥
ޤΩ鼨褦ˡʪŪˡ֡ʡĤΡ˳¦ˡפȤ̣졦ֻä줬ֻŪΰ˳ĥ֡İʳˡפȤ̣ǻȤ褦ˤʤäʢեˡޤֻˡˤơ̾Ǥʤ that ³褦ˤʤꡤ֡ĤȤ֡γ¦ǤϡĤǤʤСפȤ̣ɽ褦ˤʤäߺǤפ³ȤƤˡʡ֤סˤϡΡ֡ĤǤʤСפĥȯŸˡȹͤ롥ʤ, but ³ˡϸűѸǤǧ뤬Ѹ줫ȤˡǤ롥űѸǤ ac Ȥ줬Ūʵܤ³ä֤ۤΡפȤˡϡǶޤ ѸʹߤǧƤʤäȤ⤢ꡤnothing but ...ʡİʳβʪǤʤĤ˲ʤˤΤ褦ɽˤξάϤޤäȹͤƤǶϸűѸǤ⤳ˡǧƤ뤳Ȥ顤ɬ⤽Τ褦ȯãǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ȯãϩˤСѸǺǤ̤ˡǤ³Ρ֤פϡճȸ夫ȯãäȤˤʤ롥ۤñˤ⡤ǤϹԤʤˤƤ롥
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
̾ưʤ¿θϳǰŪͭƤ롥Τʤˤϼ³ŪĤΤ롥¼ (192) ˤСԤϼΤ褦̤
ȯäʹ꤬ɤΤ褦ʲλФΤؼɽ롥Τ褦ʻؼȯä˴ޤޤƤȡʹϡ;פϫϤȤ鷺ȯäΰ̣᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ϫϤʤ뤳ȤˤäȯäδϢã˹ΤǤ롥Τ褦ɽ³ŪɽȤ
Ȥ but μ³ŪˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦ʲ2ʸϿƱ̣ȤƤϲ餫ΰ㤤褦˴롥
(1) She is a linguist, but she is quite intelligent.
(2) She is a linguist, and she is quite intelligent.
(1) but ȤƤ뤿ˡȾȸȾΥȥ饹ȤտޤƤ뤬(2) ˤϤΤ褦ʰտޤϤʤ(1) ʹϡbut ˤ륳ȥ饹ȤΩĤ褦ˡä (assumption) "All linguists are unintelligent." Ǥ뤳ȤФ⤷꤬ she ˤĤƳ뵢 "she is unintelligent" ꤵϤºݤϤषդ she is quite intelligent ƤΤĤޤꡤ꤬ǤäƤ롥
ʹˤΤ褦ʲ褦˻ؼƤΤbut μ³Ūȹͤ롥¼ (194) ˤС֤Τ褦ʾʹͿȡ;ʬʽϫϤȤ鷺äΰտޤˤɤ夯ȤǤ롥³ŪɽϡʹνϫϤ餹ȤˤäơȯäδϢ˹ƤΤǤס
¾˼³ŪĸȤƤϡso, therefore, nevertheless, after all ʤɤɸ (discourse_marker) 䡤oh, well ʤɤδ (interjection) 롥˴ؤƤ⡤Ϣ (relevance_theory) Ω줫鶽̣ʬϤƤ롥
¼ ҡ4ϡǽŪʸסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
913դǷǼĤɸμ䤬줿Jane does nothing but watch TV. He does something more than just put things together. Τ褦ʸ˸2ܤư watch put ϸäƤ뤬ϸȹͤ٤ʤΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϡ (bare infinitive) 礭ʬ4δĶǸ롥1ĤϡưγưʤɤŪ˸³ΤǡThey made her pay for the damage. The crow saw Gray score two magnificent goals. तǤ롥ҤȤĤϡʬʸ䤽˽ऺ빽ʸˤ What the plan does is ensure a fair pension for all. Turn off the tap was all I did. ʤɤʸ˸롥ˡI had said he would come down and come down he did. Τ褦ʷ֤ʸʤɤˤ⸫롥Ǹˡɽ魯ֻ (but, except) ˸³ She did everything but make her bed. Τ褦Ѥ (Quirk et al. 15.15; Biber et al. 11.2.2.3)
ɸμ˴ϢΤϡκǸˡΤȤǤ롥but, except ֻ³Ȥ¾ˤüʿɤΤ褦ʬϤ٤Ͻפ̡Ūˤϸ줬³üֻȤƤ⤦1Ĥ (more) than ѤʸˤĤƤ⡤ֽ̣פǤϤʤbut, except ʿŪˤȤ館줬³ֻ˶ᤤΤȹͤƤI would rather [sooner] die than disgrace myself. Τ褦ʸ⻲ȡˡˡϢ I intend to build the boat as well as plan it. ʤɤ碌ƹθ
but, except ˤĤƤϡֻ̾Τ褦˿ȤǤ㤨 He does everything in the house but [except] putting the children to bed. Τ褦˸ư̾뤳ȤǤ롥ޤĤto ⤢ꡤNothing remains but to die. I have no choice [alternative] but to agree. ʤɤ⤢Τǡ䤳
θ˴ؤ뿶üϡbut, except ֻŪˤ³ˤѤ뤳ȤȴϢ˰㤤ʤŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤΤ褦ʹ¤ƤΤܤĴ٤Ƥʤʸ contamination ƤΤǤϤʤ롥#737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ˵ (4) ʤɤ⻲ȡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
Ѹ but ¿1ĤǤ롥ˡ¿ʻߤƤ³졤ֻ졤̾졤졤̾졤ưޤǤϰϤΤʤȤƤˡܤʸˤ only ΰ̣Ѥ but 롥ʸ褦
He is but a child.
There is but one answer to your question.
There were a lot of famous people there: Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, to name but two.
I heard it but now.
I don't think we'll manage it. Still, we can but try.
but Τΰ̣ˡŪˤϤɤ褿ΤͤƤߤСHe is but a child. Ȥʸ He is nothing but a child. Ȥ롥ԤǤ but ϡ?ơפΰդֻʬϤΤȤƤ깽¤Ȥʤ뤬Ԥι깽¤Ȼ¾ƱȤʤΤϰ츫ԻĤǤ롥Ūˤ only ΰ̣ but ϡޤ nothing but Τ褦깽¤꼭æ뤳ȤˤäΤǤ롥ṳ̂뤤ϾάλǤ롥Stern (264) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In English, an original ne--butan has been shortened to but: we nabbað her buton fif hlafas and twegen fiscas > we have here but five loafs and two fishes (Horn, Sprachkörper 90), he nis but a child > he is but a child (NED but 6). The immediate cause of the omission of the negation is not quite certain. It is not impossible that influence from other uses of but may have intervened.
OED but, prep., adv., conj., n.3, adj., and pron. θ6aˤƱݤεҤ롥
By the omission of the negative accompanying the preceding verb . . ., but passes into the adverbial sense of: Nought but, no more than, only, merely. (Thus the earlier 'he nis but a child' is now 'he is but a child'; here north. dialects use nobbut prep., conj., and adv. = nought but, not but, 'he is nobbut a child'.)
ʤOED ǤLangland (1393) ˡνȤʤäƤ뤬MED but (conj. (also quasi adj., adv., and prep.)) 2a ˤС13 The Owl and the Nightingale 㤬롥
û̡άݤȤƤϡne butan > but Ѳϡ"negative cycle" Ȥͭ̾ʥե ne . . . pas > pas ѲȤ롥pas ְ (pace) ۤɤΰ̣ǡľܤΰ̣ôƤ ne ȶƯƤne ޤäƼ줿̡pas 켫Τΰ̣ƤޤäΤǤʸˤ Ce n'est pas possible. > C'est pas possible. Ѳȡˡ pas ηФѲϡΰ̣ΰ̣ȤѲǤ뤫顤#1586. ʬβ̶ʬ ([2013-08-30-1]) Ǽ Croft νѸǤ "metanalysis" Ȥ
ΤˡȤȶƤ꼭æǡΰ̣ȤǤ϶̤ƤꡤŪû̡άǤˡ̣δϰ̣ž (meaning transfer) Ȥ (contagion) ȤƤ֤ȤǤbut pas ΥǤϡˤư㤤롥 (115) Ѥ褦ʸʸηϡǤˤƤˡ
ne + pas Ǥϡ꼭 ne ΰ̣ pas ΰ̣ҰӤȴ֤줿ΤФơ but ȯãǤϡbutan ΰ̣ϤΤޤݻ졤Τ ne ΰ̣žƤ롥˴ؤƶ̣Τϡ꼭 ne ϲŪ˾äƤޤäΤˡ̣ʤ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ but ˡǤϡά줿Ǥΰ̣žƤ֤but ¾ˡ٤ựʣˤʤäƤ롥
äơbut ηФѲϡCroft Τ "metanalysis" ˤϸ̩ƤϤޤʤ褦˸롥Ĥϡbut ηФѲ (contagion) ǤϤʤûŪ (contractive contagion) ɽpas ѲȤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʤStern ϤΥ̣ѲΤʤ Shortening ʤ٤ ClippingˤȤƵƤʡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ȡˡ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ְ̣Ѳסذ̣١ԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ106--33ǡ
[2011-11-30-1]ε#947. Ѹֻפǡmarginal preposition ȤƵѸֻ1Ĥ save 롥Υ졼٥ȤƤʸ줢뤤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿?ơפΰդǡʸϤȵ롥
They knew nothing about her save her name.
Answer the last question save one.
Every man she had ever loved, save her father, was now dead.
No one, save perhaps his wife, knows where he is.
All that remained to England in France, save Calais, was lost.
ֻϡָ̱츻Ūư save ȴϢŤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤˤϸťե sauf, sauve 1300ǯμѤǤʤäȤ⡤ư save ȸ츻Ū˴Ϣ뤳ȤϳΤǤˡθťեñ "keeping safe or intact" ۤɤΰդηƻǡ켫Ȥϥƥƻ salvus ñåʷ salvō 뤤 salvā ؤΤܤ롥salvus "unharmed, sound; safe, saved" ΰդǤꡤ㤨 salvo iure ȤС"law being unharmed" ˡ˰ȿˤۤɤɽ路åʹʸǤꡤѸǤΩʬ칽ʸ롥
ֻ save ϤΤ褦ͳǤ뤫顤衤³̾Ϸƻ save ƱʤǤ롥ΤȤ顤̾礬гʤǤϤʤʤǸ뤳ȤǤٹ (270--71) ˤСShakespeare ޤǤϼʸ³Τ̤ۤä褦 (ex. I do entreat you, not a man depart, / Save I alone, till Antony have spoke. (Julius Cæsar, III. ii. 65--66.) ʹߤϡŪʤֻ᤹̾Ȥưռ褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
save ˤϡ餫³ȤƤˡ⤢ꡤߤǤ save that Ȥ Little is known about his early life, save that he had a brother. Τ褦㤬롥ɬ that ȼʤŤˡǤϡľ˸֤;̾줬ʤгʤˤäơ³줫ֻ줫̤줿櫓ǤꡤξʻǤ as, but, except, than ʤɤ롥ٹ (271) ϡֺǤ save ϤμгʤȼʤФʤʤĥκϤʤפȤƤ롥
ѸˤĤƤ MED "sauf (prep.)" ڤ "sauf (adj.)", 7 ȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
and ϸѸǺѤ³Ǥ롥BNC ٥ꥹȤˤȡ桤Ʋ4̤٤ؤ (Frequency Sorter) ߤǤϤäѤ³ (coordinate conjunction) ȤƵǽ뤬ŤѸǤϽ°³ (subordinate conjunction) ȤơŪˤ if Ʊξ³ ȤѤƤȤϡޤΤƤʤ㤨Сand it please you ȸ if you please ̣
OED Ǥϡand, conj.1 C ιǡˡꤢƤ롥MED Ǥ and (conj. (& adv.)) 5 ǰƤ롥and if ( = if ) and but if ( = but if ) Ȥ߹碌Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ (Mustanoja, p. 469) an 1600ǯ˸롥
and ΤˡεԾܤǤ롥Middle High German unde Old Norse enda бˡ뤬ѸΤΤϤθ줫αƶȤΩȯãȹͤۤʤ褦űѸ줢뤤ϽѸѤƤߤѤȤʤäƤ롥ѸϾ嵭 MED ΥڡȤƤ餦Ȥ褤Kyng Alisaunder 齦㤬äʬ䤹ȻפäΤǡʲ2ȤѤSmithers ǤꡥֻϰѼԡˡBƥȤLƥȤȤǥӤǤand θˡʬ䤹
He wolde al Perce habbe yȝiue
And he miȝth haue had his lyue. (B 4645--46)
Y wolde Y hadde al Perce y ȝeue
Wiþ þat Y myȝte haue þy lif (L 4614--15)
And þou dude hym ouȝth bot good,
He wolde sen þine herte blood, (B 7754--55)
Hadestow don him ouȝt bote gode
He wolde seo þyn heorte blode (L 6475--76)
2Ȥ⡤BƥȤǤ And ѤƤ뤬LƥȤǤ̤³줢뤤֤ˤɽ路Ƥ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Smithers, G. V. ed. Kyng Alisaunder. 2 vols. EETS os 227 and 237. 1952--57.
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