hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

danish - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-07-21 Mon

#5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ [but][preposition][conjunction][case][german][danish][prescriptive_grammar]

ε#5928. ¿ but ([2025-07-20-1]) ³butbut ˤϡ~ơפֻ̣줪³ˡ롥ֻǤи³ΤϾŪʤǤꡤ³ǤС줬ƳǤ˱Ƴʤꤵ롤ȤΤǤ롥ϤޤˤȤɤޤꡤɬ⸽¤λȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СʸΤʤ׵ᤵƤʤǤ졤no one but meno one but I ⤢롥ϲʤΤ
Jespersen "Preposition and Conjunction" ꤹܤҤ (§6.3) ʲˡεҤκǽʬ1Ѥ롥

   6.31. A good deal of confusion arises from some words being both prepositions and conjunctions. A characteristic example is but; cf NED with examples, especially under the heads C. 3 and 4. It should, however, be noted that the confusion in the use of but is not, as said in NED, a consequence of the want of distinct case-endings in the nouns and the use of the obl. case instead of the nom. in other connexions. In my opinion, on the contrary, the existence of such two-sided words as but, etc, is one of the primary causes of mistakes of me for I or vice versa, and careless uses of the cases generally. Even in such a language as German, where the cases are generally kept neatly apart, we find such combinations as "niemand kommt mir entgegen ausser ein unverschämter" (Lessing); "wo ist ein gott ohne der herr" (Luther); "kein gott ist ohne ich," etc. See Pau, Principien4 372; In Danish similar examples abound (ingen uden jeg, etc).
   If we use in one place the term preposition and in another conjunction in speaking of such words, the real meaning is that in one case the word concerned is definitely felt as part of the (main) sentence (no one but me),


ѸȾˤ褦ˡȺϡѸˤ̤̾ʶˤγʤζ̤Ūʤ褦ˤʤäȤ򤬤롥Jespersen ϤषդιͤƤƤ롥but ֻǤ⤢³Ǥ⤢Ȥ2Ū򼨤椨ˡŪʳʤκƱĹ줿ΤȤΤϤƷܤ褫褫

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-09-02 Sun

#1224. Ѹ졤ǥޡ졤եꥫ󥹸˶̤Ƥߤܿθ [germanic][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][contact][danish][afrikaans][bilingualism]

[2011-11-10-1]ε#927. ޥζޤοءפǡO'Neil 򻲾ȤĤġѸ줬ťΥɸܿƶޤñΤƱͤˡΦ󥸥ʥӥ줬ϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) ܿեꥫ󥹸 (Afrikaans) (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ܿơޤñȤ˿줿
ƱݤθڤGörlach (340) ǡ¾θȤǤʤƤǥޡ (Danish) ϡ13--15˶ޤʬ򼺤äλϡǡͤǥޡϥɥĸ2ѼԤȤʤäƤǤ롥ơ2ϡѸȸťΥɸδطäϳͶ̤ޤ礭ۤʤȤطˤä
եꥫ󥹸ˤĤƤϡ1700--1750ǯλˡѸǥޡƱͤʿCape Province ο̱Ԥ35%ϥϡ35%ϥɥķϤǡ͡͡ʶޤκۤ򼨤ʤ⡤ȤʬŪʤ˰¸ưջ̤ޤäƤȤߤ롥
ξˤ⡤Ʊ°2ܿؤäƤꡤξΤΤʼҲŪ岼طΤʤȤ̤Ƥ롥ɸΥޥ3ʿԴطˤ϶ʾΤΤȹͤƤ褵
ʤ쥪ϡѸΤߤʤ餺եꥫ󥹸ˤĤƤ⾧Ƥ褦ơޥ󥹽ˤ⡥Görlach References 򻲾ȡ

O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.
Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-04-17-1] [2013-12-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-11-10 Thu

#927. ޥζޤο [germanic][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][contact][geography][map][dutch][german][faroese][icelandic][danish][afrikaans]

Map of Germanic Europe

ΥޥɤüԤʬۤϿޤ˼ȡü Continental Scandinavianü High Germanü Englishü Icelandic ˤĻշ롥Ͽޤ붽̣ϡĤǼ English Continental Scandinavia Ū˶ޤ㤷פƤޥǤꡤ֤Ǽ Icelandic High German Ū˶ޤǤ褯ĤƤޥǤȤ¤ơ׿Ū졦üݼŪü˰Ϥޤ줿ФǼշ˴ޤޤ Faroese, Dutch, Frisian, Low German ϡޤ򤢤٤פƤ뤬٤ݻƤȤŪʤ򼨤ȸѲشطϸΤΤ뤤ϼ¼ŪʤΤ
ˤĤƹŸƤΤO'Neil Ǥ롥

Now from the point of view of their inflectional systems, it is in the languages of the extreme southwest and northeast areas, among the Scandinavians and the English, that things are farthest from the state of the old languages, where --- in fact --- the old inflectional system has become so simplified that the languages can barely be said to be inflected at all. It is in the other two areas, in the northwest in Iceland and in the southeast among the High Germans (but most especially in Iceland) that an older inflectional system is best preserved. Between these two extremes and their associated corners or areas and languages, lie other Germanic languages (Faroese, Frisian, Dutch, etc.) of neither extreme characteristic: i.e. not stripped (essentially) of their inflections, nor heavily inflected like the older languages. (250)


ľܤ˸Ѳ˱ƶڤܤȤȤϤʤüԤŪΩ˱ƶڤܤŪΩ줬ˤ˱ƶڤܤˤȯŸ˱ƶڤܤȤŪʴطꤹ뤳Ȥϲǽ
ޤ礤ñ㲽Ѹξ硤ťΥɸ (Old Norse) Ȥܿñ㲽ηŪʰȤʤäȤϡǤϹƤ[2009-06-26-1]ε#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյ򶵤äפ򻲾ȡˡǡɸ (Icelandic) Ū˸ΩƤ뤬椨ˡŤޤޤǤ褯ĤƤȤȤ褯[2010-07-01-1]ε#430. Ѳ˳װפ򻲾ȡˡŪ˷иƤܿ٤ȤδؿȤƤ뤬θܿˤȤؾװˤä礤˾դƤΤǤ롥ǤϸѲŪˤŪưŤƤȤ
ǤϡѸ䥢ɸʳΥޥˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤǽO'Neil ϡΦ󥸥ʥӥζޤñ㲽ѸΤʿŪʴطˤȼĥ롥ξ硤Φ󥸥ʥӥ줬ܿΤϥɥĸ (Middle Low German) Ǥ롥

It is clear then that Continental Scandinavian is inflectionally simple like English, with --- however --- its idiosyncratic sense of simplicity. The reasons for its simplicity seem to be exactly those that led to the development of the neutralized northern Middle English inflectional system: language contact between Middle Low German and Danish in the countryside and between Middle Low German and all Continental Scandinavian languages in the centers of trade. (267)


ˡѸΦ󥸥ʥӥƱ褦ñ㲽ޤĥեꥫ󥹸 (Afrikaans) ˤĤƤ⡤ƱͤεΩġǤϡ (Dutch) ϥޥ (Low German) ȤܿͿƤ롥

. . . the original population that settled Capetown and then the Cape was not a homogeneous Dutch-speaking population. The group of people that arrived in Capetown in 1652 was first of all predominantly German (Low German mercenaries) and the Dutch part of it was of mixed Dutch dialects. Thus just the right conditions for the neutralization of inflections existed in Capetown at the time of its settlement. (268--69)


¾ˤ⡤եꥸ (Frisian) ȥ (Dutch) ȤԻǸܿи̤ȤƤ "Town Frisian" (268) 󤲤롥
ȿФˡʣʶޤŪ褯ݤäƤȤơɸ¾˵󤲤ƤΤϥɥĸ (High German) Ǥ롥Ǥ O'Neil ϡϥɥĸ⥢ɤۤɤǤϤʤŪ˸ƳΥƤƤ롥

. . . High German has not been so completely isolated as Icelandic. But then neither is its inflectional system as conservative. Yet in fact the area of High German has been generally isolated from other Germanic contact --- the sort of contact that would lend to neutralization, for the general motion of High German has always been away from the Germanic area and onto its periphery among non-Germanic peoples. (277)


ǸˡϿ޾λշǼޤŪʶ٤򼨤췲ˤĤƤ O'Neil ŪشطǧƤΤǡŦƤʲϡե (Faroese) ζޤŪħŤƤʬΰѤǤ롥

. . . the Faroese fished and worked among the Icelanders and still do, at the same time being administered, educated, and exploited by continental Scandinavians. Thus for centuries was Faroese exposed to the simplified inflectional systems of continental Scandinavia while in constant contact with the conservative system of Icelandic. Unless this conflict was resolved Faroese could neither move toward Continental Scandinavian, say, nor remain essentially where it began like Icelandic: neither completely neutralize its inflections, nor simplify them trivially. The conflict was not resolved and as a consequence Faroese moved in a middle state inflectionally. (280)


O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow