¿ but ˤĤƤϡ͡ˡŦƤ롥Partridge Usage and Abusage ˤСbut 䤽ޤե졼˴ϢơʤȤ11ջबФȤΩƤƤ롥¿ǤǤ뤬椨ܤޤΤ
only ̣ȤƤ but θѤˤĤƤϡonly 켫Τ˴Ƥѻ˽ऺcf. #1923. only ΰ̣ but ([2014-08-02-1])ˡֻ but ˤĤƤϡ³γʤȤʤcf. #5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ ([2025-07-21-1])ˡۤ˥ޥʡ˴ؤŦ¿ΤǤϥ㡼ʡ֤פ̣̾³ȤƤˡ˴ؤѤܤPartridge (56) Ѥ롥
but (conunction) is wrongly used in the following, quoted by C. C. Boyd (Grammar for Grown-Ups) from a newspaper: 'A gale swept the roads, and his (Mr Cobham's) machine was unprotected. At midnight he attached a second anchor, but the machine weatherd the gale undamaged.' This is what is called a non sequitur. But must be used instead of and; the sentence should read: '. . . his machine was unprotected, but weathered the gale . . . because he had attached a second anchor.'
The conjunction but is also incorrect in the following: 'He will certainly say of Mallet that as a detective he was remarkable not so much for the questions he put but for those he avoided putting' (John Ferguson); not so much . . . as is correct, but the sentence might also read: '. . . not for the questions he put, but for those . . .'.
J. B. Priestley, in English Humour, falls into the same error: 'He [Munden] was not so much a comic actor, consciously presenting an amusing part, but a real comedian . . .': here but should be as.
ȾϡֵܡפʤΤ̩˸Ƥ줺ȯФ줿ʸ˴ؤָѡפǡܤ but ˤϤ褯ܸǤƱͤϸ䤿ʤ
Ⱦϡnot so much A as B not A but B Ȥιʸκ (contamination) Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡƱǤϽܤ and ˤĤƤˡ12⤢롥Ǥ롥
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ε#5928. ¿ but ([2025-07-20-1]) ³but ꡥbut ˤϡ~ơפֻ̣줪³ˡ롥ֻǤи³ΤϾŪʤǤꡤ³ǤС줬ƳǤ˱Ƴʤꤵ롤ȤΤǤ롥ϤޤˤȤɤޤꡤɬ⸽¤λȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СʸΤʤᤵƤʤǤ졤no one but me ⤢ no one but I ⤢롥ϲʤΤ
Jespersen "Preposition and Conjunction" ꤹܤҤ (§6.3) ʲˡεҤκǽʬ1Ѥ롥
6.31. A good deal of confusion arises from some words being both prepositions and conjunctions. A characteristic example is but; cf NED with examples, especially under the heads C. 3 and 4. It should, however, be noted that the confusion in the use of but is not, as said in NED, a consequence of the want of distinct case-endings in the nouns and the use of the obl. case instead of the nom. in other connexions. In my opinion, on the contrary, the existence of such two-sided words as but, etc, is one of the primary causes of mistakes of me for I or vice versa, and careless uses of the cases generally. Even in such a language as German, where the cases are generally kept neatly apart, we find such combinations as "niemand kommt mir entgegen ausser ein unverschämter" (Lessing); "wo ist ein gott ohne der herr" (Luther); "kein gott ist ohne ich," etc. See Pau, Principien4 372; In Danish similar examples abound (ingen uden jeg, etc).
If we use in one place the term preposition and in another conjunction in speaking of such words, the real meaning is that in one case the word concerned is definitely felt as part of the (main) sentence (no one but me),
ѸȾˤ褦ˡȺϡѸˤ̤̾ʶˤγʤζ̤Ūʤ褦ˤʤäȤ롥Jespersen ϤषդιͤƤƤ롥but ֻǤ⤢³Ǥ⤢Ȥ2Ū椨ˡŪʳʤκƱĹ줿ΤȤΤϤƷܤ褫褫
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
ε˰³530ʶˤ YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥǸ줿Ѹ˥ȡθԡ26ʬۤɡˤҲ𤷤ޤȥ֡ڤ䤳Ѹ줬ŪˤʤޤǡʸˡΩΤϤä250ǯan appleanϡȯ䤹뤿פǤϤʤäʤʣsФʤΤø""ḢϡǤʲưѤ֤ʤΤˡʸϤȤƤǺܤޤ
ԤǤϡƧ߹ǡʸˡѲ䡤Ѹ줬ΡפȤƤϰ̤ۤ˻äطʤʤɡ礭ʥơޤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ޤʸˡѲˤĤƤǤѸ礭ħΰĤˡ礬ʤޤäƤޤּưŪ (SVO) ȤܤǤꡤʸΰ̣̤ʤʤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤷޤ1000ǯθűѸλ̤ȡϤäȼͳǤ̾γѲ˭äᡤؤƤʸιʤˤäΤǤǤϡܸӤǤ륿פäΤǤ
ѸΤ褦ʸʸˡΩΤϡŪˤߤŪǶΤȤǤ18ȾС뵬ʸˡλˡСȡ饦 (Robert Lowth) ʤɤʸˡؼԤױѸΥ롼ᡤ줬̤ƼҲ˹ޤäƤޤϡߤ˰̣̤ФǤ褤Ȥ褦ʡ꼫ȯŪήưŪʸˡήäΤǤ
ˡ̾ʣˤⶽ̣ơޤǤѸǤϡ̾ʣ99% -s Ĥ뤳ȤǺޤ˵§ŪǡؽԤˤȤäƤϤ꤬⤷ޤޤˤλʪǤűѸǤϡʣκϰͤǤϤʤɥĸΤ褦ˡ̾Ѳμˤä͡ʥѥޤ
̾ĤѸԵ§ʣȤĤäƤñ췲Ǥ㤨Сox/oxen Τ褦 -n ʣ륿סfoot/feet man/men Τ褦˸촴첻Ѳ륿ס child/children Τ褦˸űѸ̾ʣ -ru ͳ褹 -r- ޤॿפʤɤǤñ줬ʤޤԵ§ʤޤĤäƤΤȤȡƴŪäǤꡤ٤⤫äˡ-s ĤȤ§Ȥ˰߹ޤ줺Ǥ
ȡǤϡ괧 a/an λȤʬˤĤƤ⡤عʸˡǽȤϵդˤ餫ˤޤ䤿ϡּˤñ줬첻ǻϤޤȤˤϡȯص an ȤפȳؤӤޤˤο¤ϤεդǤȤ괧ϡ one ޤä an ȤޤǤĤޤꡤan apple ǥեȤηäΤǤơan book Τ褦˼˻Ҳ³ˡ/n/ /b/ ȤҲϢ³ȯˤˡn Τۤæ a book Ȥޤ줿ΤǤޤܤڤ褦ʻ¤ǤϤޤ
ƺǸˡǤ礭䤤֤ʤѸˤʤäΤפˤĤƤäޤ䤤Фϡ줽ΤΤ --- ȤʸˡñȤä˭٤Ȥ --- ȤϡۤȤ̵طǤ줬Ūϰ̤뤫ɤϡҤȤˡθä͡μҲĤġϡסʤϡϡкϡϤȤäѥ˰¸ޤ
Ѹξ硤18ʹߤΥꥹŸȡ20ʹߤΥꥫ罰ΰŪʹϤθز븶ưϤȤʤޤ˾塤ʸݸ줿餷Ϥ䡤ƥ衼åѤθѸȤϤȡޤäƱǤαƶϤϡ˼ҲŪϤθۤ˱äơ夫鲼ؤήΤǤ
Τ褦ˡѸˤؤ֤ȤϡñʤŵǤϤʤѸλѤظˤʥߥåѲβȡطʤˤ͡μҲʸĤߤǤָդפò⡤ĹˤΥǸС줬ƤڤȤƤμѲ1ޤ˲ʤȤƤޤ
ȡԤȹ碌ƤȤǡѸȤΩŪʻѤƤ뤳ȤȻפޤ
ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥʤ뤤εåȡˡ
#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1])
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])
#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])
#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1])
#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" ([2022-12-16-1])
ʬΥϡѸȾФ˰ٲФȤʤäƤ1819ˤƽ̤ƤȤϤɬ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ⤷19--20ˤƾ٤Ƥǽ⤢ä⤷ʤβǽϵʸˡȤȽˤ٤ƤޤäΤǤ롥19ηаޤˤĤ Visser (Vol. 2, 1936--37) βѤ褦
When, towards the end of the eighteenth century, the usage was resuscitated in the written language, it soon spread with a remarkable rapidity, and in the nineteenth century it was to be found in the works of writers of every standing including several of great name. The usage, however, was of an occasional character so that one had to read hundreds of pages before finding an example. It is worth notice that one type of splitting, common in Middle English, was not revived, namely that with a (pro)noun between to and the infinitive, e.g. 'to hine finde', 'to þee defend', 'to temple go'.
The usage might have become general and more habitual instead of occasional in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries but for the adverse judgment on it by grammarians. According to 1882 Fitzedw. Hall (On the Separation by a Word and Words of 'to' and the Infinitive) the earliest objection to this usage appeared in print in 1840), when Richard Taylor expressed his dissatisfaction with the idiom in the following words: "Some writers of the present day have a disagreeable affectation of putting an adverb between to' and the infinitive." In 1864 Dean Alford (The Queen's English p. 171) observes: "'To scientifically illustrate'. But surely this is a practice entirely unknown to English speakers and writers. It seems to me, that we ever regard the to of the infinitive as inseparable from its verb." In 1867 the idiom is also categorically condemned by Mason (English Grammar p. 181): "The to of an infinitive mood should never be separated from its verb by an adverb. Such phrases as, 'To rightly use', 'To really understand' are improper." It is noticeable that these early censurers, and many others with them for that matter, did not know of (or ignored?) the occurrence of the idiom in earlier English. The result of the disapproval so strongly expressed was that splitting the infinitives became one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher, and that minor writers, or those that yet had to win themselves a name, afraid of running the risk of being censured for being ignorant of linguistic conventions, avoided it. Newspaper tradition used to be strong against splitting and sub-editors and correctors of the press were seduously (sic) watching for trespasses of this kind.
ѸȾ "one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher" Ȥ̤ꡤʬΥϡ19衤Ѹ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ǤŵŪθʸˡܤȤʤäΤǤ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ε#5274. 19ΥɱѸ椹յ ([2023-10-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ѹˤ Görlach ˤ19ɱѸƬˤϡ19ȤѸ˾ζڤˤϡä˼ҲŪŪʺ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ (DeKeyser) ˤСϼ1ĤΥԡǤ1795ǯ Murray ˤʸˡȡ⤦1ĤΥԡǤ1906ǯ Fowler ˤ King's English ˶ޤ줿ȤŤƤϤ褦ղε̣Ϥ (Görlach 5)
ȤϤGörlach Ȥ⡤19ΥɱѸ椹ݤǰƬˤƤ٤̶ʬƤ뤷ϢҲʸŪʽŦƤ롥̶ʬȤơĹ19פ4ʬƤ (6)
1776--1800 William Pitt's coalitions; the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution; the separation of the United States; the colonization of Australia and occupation of Ceylon and Malta; the start of the Romantic Movement; th end of Irish independence; 1800--1830 The final phase of the Hanoverian reign, predating the great reforms; Napoleonic wars and the Regency; Romantic poetry; 1830--1870 The great reforms; the Chartist movements; the heyday of capitalist industrialism; the expansion of literacy and printed matter; increased mobility as a consequence of railways; 1870--1914 Late Victorian imperialism and the last phase of global 'stability'; general education; modern communication.
嵭β̶ʬȤ̤ˡ19˵äҲŪʴްդΤάǯɽηǼƤ (6) ⻲ͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
1824 the repeal of the Combination Acts; 1828 the emancipation of the Nonconformists; 1832 the First Reform Bill, which can be seen as a triumph of the middle class; 1833 the first important Factory Act restricting child work; 1834 the abolition of slavery; 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act; 1838--48 the Chartist movement; publication of the People's Charter; 1846 the repeal of the Corn Laws; 1855 the final repeal of the Stamp Act of 1712 (making cheap newspapers available); 1867 the Second Reform Bill (1 million new voters) and Factory Acts; 1870 the Elementary Education Act (establishing compulsory education in the 1870s); 1884--5 the Third Reform Bill (2 million new voters)
Τ褦άǯɽį19ɤϼͳȤȤƤ褯ʬ롥λϡѸȤ줬Ū˳礷ƤǤȤȤˡǤ罰ŸƤäȤȤ館Ƥ褤
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
ε#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡȯ䤵줿ܤҲ𤷤ޤƱˤĤƤϡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפκǿǤ夲Ƥޤ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---Ǥɤ
YouTube ǤϡƱ4ϡ18ʸˡŪʸŪѲסʻܻҤɮ줿ϡˤθȾεҤ˥ԥ졼ơʤʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ҤƤϵϼ (prescriptivism)18Ȥߥ夬äΤˤĤƤäƤޤºݤˤ͡װΤǤƱϤ˴ŤȤ櫓ȳ̿ (industrial_revolution) ȤȼҲѲܤƤޤܤϡܽɤǤФȻפޤ
4ϤμɮԤǤ뻳ܻҤĻرءˤϡܽνǤˤµޤѸ˳ưhelˤμԤˤơϤԤıԤǤ⤢ޤǯνա2022ǯ46ˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤб餤ޤ#310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤİܻҤαѸ˸ؤΤ˿դĤġꤴ̽ʡꤤޤ
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
ε#5057. because θ츻Ūˡ ([2023-03-02-1]) ǡŪ³Ū˷겼ȤȤƳ that λ٤ɬפǤꡤbecause that ȤѤ줿14ޤǤˤ that ά졤 because ñΤ³ȤѤФƤθѸޤ because that ¹ԤƤȤդפ롥
ơbecause ϰ̣ǽȤƤϡͳפɽ魯ȲƤ뤬Ūפɽ魯ŪˤϤäεκǸˡbecause + to פι¤˿줿ΰ̣ǽϡŪפäͳŪϰ̣Ū˴Ϣ㤨ֻ for ξɽ魯ȤǤ櫓ʤΤǡbecause ξˡ뤳ȼΤϤۤɶä٤ȤǤϤʤbecause ξˤϡǽäŪˡˤβѤ줿Ȥ̣ʤˤϻĤäƤˡ
OED ˤȡbecause, adv., conj., n. ³ȤƤ2βˡѤȤʤäŪɽ魯15--17ʸ4ĵƤ롥
2. With the purpose that, to the end that, in order that, so that, that. Obsolete. (Common dialect.)
1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 31 Tolde to hys fader..by cause he shold..doo that, whyche he wold requyre hym.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xii. f. xvv They axed hym..because [other versions 'that'] they myght acuse him.
1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) iii. ii. iii. 482 Annointing the doores and hinges with oile, because they shall not creake.
1656 H. More Antidote Atheism (1712) ii. ix. 67 The reason why Birds are Oviparous is because there might be more plenty of them.
because ˤϤˡư줬ѤƤꡤŪɤߤ¥Ƥ뤳Ȥʬ롥
˻ because ͳΤߤɽ魯ȤˤʤꡤŪ¾ˡ㤨 (so) that ʤɤɽ蘆뤳ȤŪȤʤäƬǽҤ٤褦ˡȤȷȤƤ because that ϤޤäȤȡthat because ͳòbecause that ŪòȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤߤ18εʸˡ Lowth Ūˡ because λѤդ¥Ƥ롥#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ȡ
衤2 (double_negative) ޤ¿ϡ18εϼλ stigma դ졤ζϤʱƶޤ³ƤȸƤǯθοŸˤꡤºݤˤϤäᤤʳɸŪˤʤäƤꡤ18εʸˡϤǤ˹ԤϤäƤ촷ˤդͿˤʤȲᤵ褦ˤʤäƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) ǿ줿
¿깽ʸ̣ȤˤʤΤˤʤΤۣȤʤΤǤСߥ˥پ褿ºݤäˤƤʸ̮䱤Χν⤢ꡤۤɸ櫓Ǥʤʤ٤ۣ椵ӽäξפǡġֽաפä顤ɤŵˡΧʸǤ롥Rissanen (125) Ѥ롥
In the development of negative expressions legal texts may have offered an early model that resulted in the avoidance of multiple or universal negation in Late Middle and Early Modern English.
In Late Middle English, multiple negation was still accepted and universal negation was only gradually becoming obsolete, possibly with the loss of ne. In the fifteenth century, the not . . . no construction . . . was still the rule . . . , but in the Helsinki Corpus samples of legal texts this combination does not occur even once, while the combination not . . . any . . . , can be found no less than eight times. In other contexts . . . multiple negation occurs even in the statutes, but the user of any is more common than in the other genres.
. . . .
The same trend can be seen in sixteenth-century texts: the not . . . no type is avoided in the statutes while it is still an accepted minority variant in other text types. This is not surprising, since the tendency towards disambiguation and clarity of expression probably resulted in the avoidance of double negation in legal texts well before the normative grammarians started arguing about two negatives making one affirmative.
ۣ椵ӽ٤ˡΧʸˤƿ侩줿ˡ˰̤Υ쥸ˤĥȤŸϡʬˤꤽǤ롥⤷ָդˡפȤ٤ĬήѸʹߤθոħŤƤΤȤСҲͿƶϻפΤۤ礭ȤȤˤʤꤽ
Rissanen Ʊʸ#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Rissanen, Matti. "Standardisation and the Language of Early Statutes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 117--30.
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳƤơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥
§20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).
ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
ε#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤơJespersen Τ褦ƳͿƤ롥 "split" ǤϤʤȡ20Ⱦ Jespersen λˤäƤʬΥؤϴ¤ƤƤ뤳ȡ14ߤ뤬äΤ19ȾФǤ뤳ȤʤɤƤ롥
§20.41. The term 'split infinitive' is generally accepted for the insertion of some word or words between to and an infinitive---which thus is not really 'split', but only separated from the particle that usually comes immediately before it.
While the phenomenon was formerly blamed by grammarians ("barbarous practice" Skeat in Ch MP 355) and rigorously persecuted in schools, it is now looked upon with more lenient eyes ("We will split infinitives sooner than be ambiguous or artificial" Fowler MEU 560), and even regarded as an improvement (Curme). It is as old as the 14th c. and is found sporadically in many writers of repute, especially after the middle of the 19th c.; examples abound in modern novels and in serious writings, not perhaps so often in newspapers, as journalists are warned against it by their editors in chief and are often under the influence of what they have learned as 'correct' at school. Curme is right in saying that it has never been characteristic of popular speech.
ʬΥˤ to ư츶δ֤˳äǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ʶˤѸ줫νˤĤƤϡưŪȤʤ̾ʶˤ֤to + Ū + ưפȤʤΤäȤդ Jespersen ꤤĤߤƤߤ褦θ϶ḽǤϤˤߤʤ
§20.44. In ME we sometimes find an object between to and the infinitive: Ch MP 6.128 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighten yow offende in any tyme | Nut-Brown Maid in Specimens III. x. 180 Moche more ought they to god obey, and serue but hym alone.
This seems never to be found in ModE, but we sometimes find an apposition to the subject inserted: Aumonier Q 194 Then they seemed to all stop suddenly.
ʬΥȤäƤ⡤ѸŪˤߤȽ꤬äƤ⤷
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ
infinitive-splitting n.
1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.
infinitive-splitter n.
1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.
ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ
Ĥߤγȡ֥鹽ʸפȯͤˤĤƵˤʤäΤȤϡĴ٤Ƥߤͤ͡⤷͡äƤ⤽֥鹽ʸפȤϡˤܤαѸ춵ʼѸȳˤͭ jargon ݤʳưϰ̤ΤʤȻפäƤΤƳΤϺƣϺ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 餷ƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ p. 112 ˼Τ褦ˤäʸ̮碌ưѤ롥
ĤŤƻˤƤ⡤Ȥߤ§Ƨ줿ǡ˴ޤޤɽΰ̣Ż뤵줿㤨Сפɽ certain some, any ΰ㤤Τۤ(a) few (a) little ˡˤ every, each, all, ever, always, since, ago, often, either, nearly, almost, still, same ʤɤˡ椵뤫Dz⤵줿ΤǤ롥
廊ơ㤨зƻ other ˡϢươ'one after the other' 'one after another' ʤɤɽҲ𤵤줿Ȥ˾ħ褦ˡġɽ˴Ϣ륤ǥ乽ʸ̤ηϲ뤳Ȥˤʤäη̡ΤˤȤäƤʤ߿ 'would rather A than B' 'no / not more /less than' Ϥᡤ'A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.', 'He saves what little money he earns.' Ȥä֤ʸƳ줿
ܤαʸˡˤ˻ȵ鹽ʸоǤ롥
ΤֹʸפȤäƤߤȡƤζ˶äŵ٤1ĤιʸȤܤ˸ΤǡƶϤ礭ΤֱѸεʸˡפȤǰ18ɤμڤʪ켫Τ绨ĤŪǤ롥ƣϺήΡ֥ǥפȤ֤ήȡߥΤ褦˺٤졤ġζŪʡֹʸפȤʤäƽФƤ롥ޤǶŪñ̤Ȥޤʤ¤ꡤѸȤʤؽԤˤȤäơֵʸˡפʤɤޤȤ˳ؤ֤ȤϤǤʤܿͳؽԤοäƺƣϺ꼰ΡֹʸפκǤͭ̾ʤΤ1ġ줬֥鹽ʸפʤΤǤϤʤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
ε#4919. Lowth αʸˡ9ʻ ([2022-10-15-1]) ơ Lindley Murray (1745--1826) ʻˤĤơMurray ȤС#2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) Ǥ夲̤ꡤLowth ʤɤߤˤĤġ18ϱʸˡֱʸˡפǤ롥
1795ǯ English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners; With an Appendix, containing Rules and Observations for Promoting Perspicuity in Speaking and Writing ǤȯŪʿ͵ؤꡤ夲1850ǯޤǤ150ʾϿȤƣ (42) ˤȡEnglish Grammar ϡܺǽܳŪʱʸˡפȤʤľˤرʸաʤ֤ߡˡ (1840--41) ܤȤʤä
Murray αʸˡ Lowth ʤɤѤ9ʻܤȤʤäƤ롥ƣ (45) ʬ
(1) (Article): Definite/Indefinite
(2) ̾ (Substantive or Noun): Common/Proper
(Number): Singular/Plural
(Case): Nominative/Possessive/Objective
(Gender): Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
(3) ƻ (Adjective)
(Comparison): Positive/Comparative/Superlative
(4) ̾ (Pronoun): Personal1/Relative2/Adjective3
1 ; (Person): First/Second/Third
2 Interrogative ϡRelative pronoun ΰ
3 Adjective: Possessive/Distributive/Demonstrative/Indefinite
(5) ư (Verb): Active (Transitive)/Passive/Neuter (Intransitive)
ˡ (Mood or Mode):
Indicative/Imperative/Potential/Subjunctive/Infinitive
(Tense):
Present/Past (Imperfect)/PerfectʸߴλΤȡ/PluperfectʲλΤȡ/First futureñ̤Τȡ/Second future̤贰λΤȡ
ʬ (Participle)ư (Auxiliary or helping Verbs)
ǽư֡ư (Active voice/Passive voice)
§Ե§ǡư (Regular/Irregular/Defective)
(6) (Adverb):
Number/Order/Place/Time/Quantity/Manner or quality/Doubt/Affirmation/Negation/Interrogation/Comparison
(7) ֻ (Preposition)
(8) ³ (Conjunction): Copulative/Disjunctive
(9) (interjection)
Ʊ9ʻǤ Lowth ζʬȤδ֤˼㴳κۤ롥㤨̾γʤΥƥˤĤơMurray Lowth Nominative/Possessive ˲ä Objective ޤƤ롥ޤʬˤĤ Lowth ˡΥƥ˴ޤƤ뤬Murray ư1ȤߤƤ롥
ΤȤ Murray 9ʻϡŪʱʸˡѤˤޤŤƤȤȤǤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
Ǥ̾18εʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710--87) Ȥ A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) ˤĤơhellog Ǥϡ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) lowth γƵǼ夲Ƥε#4918. William Bullokar 8ʻ ([2022-10-14-1]) ơLowth ʻǧƤLowth 9ʻǤƤ롥ʲƣ (26--27) ꡥ
(1) (Article): Definite/Indefinite
(2) ̾ (Substantive, or Noun): Common/Proper
(Number): Singular/Plural
(Case): Nominative/Possessive
(Gender): Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
(3) ̾ (Pronoun):
Personal/Relative/Interrogative/Definitive/Distributive/Reciprocal
; (Person): First/Second/Third
(4) ƻ (Adjective), (5) (Adverb)
(Comparison): Positive/Comparative/Superlative
(6) ư (Verb): Active (Transitive)/Passive/Neuter (Intransitive)
ˡ (Mode): Indicative/Imperative/Subjunctive/Infinitive/Participle
(Tense):
Present/Past/Future
Present Imperfect/Present Perfect/Past Imperfect
Past Perfect/Future Imperfect/Future Perfect
'Imperfect' ϡΡֿʹԷפ
ư (Auxiliary)§Ե§ư (Regular/Irregular)
ǡư (Defective)
(7) ֻ (Preposition)
(8) ³ (Conjunction): Copulative/Disjunctive
(9) (interjection)
Bullokar 8ʻ٤ Lowth 9ʻˤĤܤ٤ϡ (Article) äƤ뤳ȡ̾줫ƻ줬ʬ̤褦ˤʤäƤ뤳ȡʬ줬ư۲1ʬȤƳʲƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ƣ (27) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ΤȤƸСΤˤȤʤ߿ǰ¿ΩƤ뤳Ȥ¤Ǥꡤ줳16³Ժΰãäפ뤳ȤǤ롥
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
ǯ5˸ҤǤ줿ƣˡܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ɤΥꥷʸˡϤޤꡤƥʸˡ˼Ѥ졤νŸܤˤäƤ2500ǯ˵ڤ֡ʱѡʸˡή˾Ǥ빥Ǥ롥

ܽ1ϤκǽΥڡˡܤΡֳؽʸˡפˤϡĤ2500ǯ;ˤڤĹʸʬϤޤƤ (p. 8) ȤꡤΤ褦ʸޤƤ롥ޤŬڤǡ˿ͤƤꡤʬ䤹ƴưƤޤä
ڸۥꥷʸˡ
ȥåζδ
ڡʸ~ۥƥʸˡ
㽡ע
16~18۱ʸˡ
19ꥹΥʽТ
19~20ܤΡֳؽʸˡ
㡡˰ϤޤƤϡưפɽ路ƤȤʸˡˤΥåޤüŪˡ7ԤǡŤߤˤޤϤߤȤʤϡ
奮ꥷʸˡƥʸˡФơΥʥ顼ȤƤαʸˡϺ˻ޤǤˡܤˤֳؽʸˡפܤܽδߤȡˡסˤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ͡˵ƤȤ櫓ŵȤδϢǤϡΤ褦ƤΤǡؿΤϤҰʲɤ
#664. littera, figura, potestas ([2011-02-20-1])
#892. ʸˡ Dionysius Thrax η ([2011-10-06-1])
#1256. Τʻʬˡ ([2012-10-04-1])
#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])
#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])
ܽǤϡѸػˤαǽ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѹ˴ؤƤϱѸˤȱѸػˤθͻⵯäƤƤΤǡҤΥȥɤĤߤȤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤޤŪˤȤ
ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ
hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ
ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ
hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá
ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])
ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal
ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪȤΥեꤤޤ
ֱѸ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ϡѸΤȷݤȤ⤤롥hellog Ǥ#3239. Ѹ˴ؤʿ ([2018-03-10-1])#4596. ֱѸ˴ؤʿפŪѲ ([2021-11-26-1]) ʤɤǤˤĤƹͤƤƤǤϸˡѡѤؤδؿ̤˹⤯#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Τ褦ʵ褯롥ְ㤨Ȥǥߥ˥ξ㳲ˤϤʤʤʤˡۤȤɤʤΤΤ褦ʾˤʸפޤƤȤäƤ褤
Horobin κǽ "Why Do We Care?" ˤơΡʸפطʤõäƤ롥ϤĤ뤬礭3褦ɤ롥
(1) ѸüԤϡȤѸԾĹǯդäƤ̡ѸȤʤ˻äȤиĤᡤޤˡѡѤˤĤΩŪʻĤȤǤʤHorobin (153) θդС̤ꡥ
. . . as users of English, it is impossible for us to take an external stance from which to observe current usage. As we have all had to acquire the English language, negotiating its grammatical niceties, its fiendishly tricky spellings, and its unusual pronunciations, it is impossible for us to adopt a neutral position from which to observe debates concerning correct usage.
ñ㲽ƤäƤޤСֻϤʤ˥إƥʸˡФαѸĥäƽƤ顤¾γˤƱϫ̣äƤʤԸʿפȤ˶ᤤ
(2) ˡ˴ؤܡɤʸˡפ˴ؤܤϻԾͤꡤ褯롥ϤΤѲդ˴ؤˤʤѤλ줬С͡ϰ¿ΤǤ롥Horobin (155) ۩
Much of the success of style guides may be credited to society's tacit acceptance that there are rights and wrongs in all aspects of usage, and a desire to be saved from embarrassment. Rather than question the grounds for the prescription, we turn to usage pundits as we once turned to our schoolteachers, in search of guidance and certitude. In a fast-changing and uncertain world, there is something reassuring about knowing that the values of our schooldays continue to be upheld, and that the correct placement of an apostrophe still matters.
(3) ƥʸˡؤοƥ϶ޤ˭٤ʡΩɤʡǤꡤʸˡֻ2ǯΤѤäФơѸ϶ޤäǤꡤʸˡֻ⥫Ǥ롥ѸƥΤ褦ѤФθŪפĤ٤Ǥ롤ȤѡHorobin (162--63) β
Since Latin had not been a living language (one with native speakers) for centuries, it existed in a fixed form; by contrast, English was unstable and in decline. This view of Latin as a unified and fixed entity perseveres today, encouraged by the way modern textbooks present a single variety (usually that of Cicero), suppressing the wide variation attested in original Latin writings. Since the eighteenth century, efforts to outlaw variation and to introduce greater fixity in English have been driven by a desire to emulate the model of this prestigious classical forebear.
3ܤˤĤƤϡѲפª븫ȴϢ롥ˤĤƤϡ#432. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ ([2010-07-03-1])#2543. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (2) ([2016-04-13-1])#2544. ѲФ뻰Ĥιͤ (3) ([2016-04-14-1]) ȡֱѸ˴ؤʿפ٤Ѥϡ18εϼλ夫顤ۤȤѤäƤʤ褦
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ܸʤѸʤΡʸˡפȤΤϡüԽĤˤΤʤǰ˺夲ߤ˽äƤδǤΰ̣ǤϡܸʤѸʤˤ餫ʸˡפäȤȤϤޤǤ⤢ޤʹֽĤäȤǤϸ̩ˤäƿŪʸˡǤˤϰ㤤ޤۤɰռŪˤ館ʸˡǤϤʤȤʤŪʸˡ餷ΤǤäƤȤθСޤǼȯŪʸˡȤޤ
ФưռޤäƤζˤƤϡʸ̤Ūʸˡ館ȤưФƤޤꥹǤ¾㴳٤ޤ18ޤˤλǤ٤ϤȤưռŪ˺줿ʸˡȤ̣ǵʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ȸƤФޤλˤǤäֵϱʸˡפϰŪ˻ٻ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤǡֱʸˡפȤСǥեȤǤλˤǤäƸ˼Ѥ줿ʸˡؤȤȤˤʤäƤޤܤμʸˡ TOEIC αʸˡ⤳Ǥ
Τ褦Ūʻ𤬤äȤƧޤϤɸΤ褦ˡ֡رʸˡ٤250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿פȽҤ٤뤳ȤˤƤޤ䤿ǥեȤƤֱʸˡפȤΤϡ250ǯۤ˥ꥹμ֤ͤͭǡֱʸˡפ尴͡˼줿ִ֤ˡޤ줿ȤäƤǤϤޤĤޤֱʸˡפȤϡ餬ֱʸˡפ夲ִ֤ˤǤäʪȤȤˤʤޤˤϡֱʸˡפϤʤäΤǤ
ո줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ19Ƥֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡȤȥǤήǴط̾ˤϤᡤ18εʸˡλäڤӤޤ
ơ YouTube Ƥơäʤäʬ٤κī Voicy Ǥ18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡꤷơϢ뤳Ȥäޤεʸˡλˤǽʪ Robert Lowth ȤͤǤ
ܤϡ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) ϤȤ lowth 뤤 prescriptive_grammar γƵ
2 (double_negative) ˤĤƤϡߤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥνȤʤäֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤǤ⾯˼夲
ŪˤСI don't have any money. 뤤 I have no money. ΰ̣ǡI don't have no money. ȸäƤϤʤȤ§ͳϡƱ꼭2ġʰʾˤˤ⤫餺Τΰ̣ȤƤ1ȤΤŪ̷⤷Ƥ뤫ȤȤˤʤ롥
ܥ֥ double_negative ˴ؤ뵭ˤƤ⡤ޤƱ˻䤬 Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸äְʼ YouTube ϡäǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ2ŪˤϢʤ³Ƥ칽¤Ǥ롥
ѸǤ⡤ɸѸ⳰˽ФС2¿ϤǤ㤬äƤ롥㤨 Siemund (619) ѤƤ2Ĥۤɵ褦
Yes, and no people didn't trouble about gas stoves then. (Southeast of England)
We didn't have no use for it noways. (Appalachian English)
ޤŪˤѸѸǤϤ̤츽ݤäѸ줫ȤơSiemund (620) Ƥ1ĵ롥
I thinke ye weare never yet in no grownd of mine, and I never say no man naye.
θϤƤ⡤2Ϥʤ̤ΤȤΤ褦Siemund (620) 206θĴԸȤΤ170θǤλ㤬ǧ줿Ȥ𤷤Ƥ롥ɸѸΤ褦2꤬Τϡ鷺11ΤߤäȤŪˤϡɸѸ쥿פʤΤ
ǤϡʤɸѸϤۤɤޤǤ˴ʤ2ΤºݡϽפʱѸ˾Ǥꡤ͡˵Ƥаޤ롥2꤬褦ˤʤäŪطʤȤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood ([2021-01-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Siemund, Peter. "Regional Varieties of English: Non-Standard Grammatical Features." Chapter 28 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 604--29.
äƤ顤αѸˤǤФȤƤ18ᵬϼλפв褦ˤʤäƤ18ᵬϼλפȤŪѤʤεʸˡȤ٤ϡʬŪˤϵŪ¦̤ʤꤢäߤδ֤˲ٺ⤢äȤä˺ɾʤǤΤǤ롥ηˤĤƤϡ#2815. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (1) ([2017-01-10-1])#2816. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (2) ([2017-01-11-1]) ǿ줿
ŪˤϡRobert Lowth (1710--1787) A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) ǶŪ٤ΤФơ饤Хطˤä Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) The Rudiments of English Grammar; Adapted to the Use of Schools with Observations on Style (1761) DzǵŪ٤Ȥ椵Τä
ԸȤ (100) ˤȡֵʸˡȤ˶ᤤѤͭƤȤ Priestley ⡤ǤǤϡprescriptive comment Ϥ鷺 22 comments Ǥä2ǤǤϡ238 comments10ܰʾäǧƤפȤLowth ܤˤơǤä Priestley εʸˡȤžȤȤˤ⸫롥̤ˡ֥饤Хطפˤäȸ뤬¤ Priestley Lowth ˥饤Х뤷ƤȤȤΤ褦ʻܡp. 98ˡ
Ĥʸˡܤ夲 Lowth Priestley ΰоȤ塤 (108) ϼΤ褦äƤ롥
Lowth Priestly ɮʸˡϡȤ˵ŪǤꡤŪǤäȤϸޤǤʤά͡ŪʻˤĤƤϡŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ʸˡϡʸˡܤˤäưۤʤ뵬ϤŬѤƤǤʤεϤϻѶŪˡˤϾöŪǤäȤܹƤǤLowth ϡط̾ξάˤĤơηǡδ侩ʤĤޤ궯Ū٤Priestley ϴط̾ that λѤˤĤơLowth ˶ŪΩȤäƤư̾ˤĤƤϡξԤȤѶŪ˵ŪʥȤȯƤ뤬ӤФƤϡLowth ϡŪΩPriestley ϡŪΩ줾ȤäΤ褦ˡLowth Priestley ʸˡˤϡʸˡܤФ more proscriptive more descriptive ǤϤʤmore proscriptive less proscriptive Ȥäܺ٤٤ޤȿǤƤ18εʸˡθζ̣1ĤϡʸˡȤθѤ̯õ᤹뤳Ȥˤȸ롥
ҡ2ͤεʸˡȡRobert Lowth Joseph PriestleyסĻرءʹֲʳס10桤2019ǯ93--111ǡ
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