hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

split_infinitive - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-07-30 Tue

#5573. ʬΥؤ꤬ʤä19 [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][infinitive][syntax][word_order][complaint_tradition]

ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥʤ뤤εå򻲾ȡˡ

#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1])
#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])
#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])
#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1])
#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" ([2022-12-16-1])

ʬΥϡѸȾФ˰ٲФȤʤäƤ1819ˤƽ̤ƤȤϤɬ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ⤷19--20ˤƾ٤Ƥǽ⤢ä⤷ʤβǽϵʸˡȤȽˤ٤ƤޤäΤǤ롥19ηаޤˤĤ Visser (Vol. 2, 1936--37) βѤ褦

   When, towards the end of the eighteenth century, the usage was resuscitated in the written language, it soon spread with a remarkable rapidity, and in the nineteenth century it was to be found in the works of writers of every standing including several of great name. The usage, however, was of an occasional character so that one had to read hundreds of pages before finding an example. It is worth notice that one type of splitting, common in Middle English, was not revived, namely that with a (pro)noun between to and the infinitive, e.g. 'to hine finde', 'to þee defend', 'to temple go'.
   The usage might have become general and more habitual instead of occasional in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries but for the adverse judgment on it by grammarians. According to 1882 Fitzedw. Hall (On the Separation by a Word and Words of 'to' and the Infinitive) the earliest objection to this usage appeared in print in 1840), when Richard Taylor expressed his dissatisfaction with the idiom in the following words: "Some writers of the present day have a disagreeable affectation of putting an adverb between to' and the infinitive." In 1864 Dean Alford (The Queen's English p. 171) observes: "'To scientifically illustrate'. But surely this is a practice entirely unknown to English speakers and writers. It seems to me, that we ever regard the to of the infinitive as inseparable from its verb." In 1867 the idiom is also categorically condemned by Mason (English Grammar p. 181): "The to of an infinitive mood should never be separated from its verb by an adverb. Such phrases as, 'To rightly use', 'To really understand' are improper." It is noticeable that these early censurers, and many others with them for that matter, did not know of (or ignored?) the occurrence of the idiom in earlier English. The result of the disapproval so strongly expressed was that splitting the infinitives became one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher, and that minor writers, or those that yet had to win themselves a name, afraid of running the risk of being censured for being ignorant of linguistic conventions, avoided it. Newspaper tradition used to be strong against splitting and sub-editors and correctors of the press were seduously (sic) watching for trespasses of this kind.


ѸȾ "one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher" Ȥ̤ꡤʬΥϡ19衤Ѹ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ǤŵŪθʸˡܤȤʤäΤǤ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-16 Fri

#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" [split_infinitive][infinitive][syntax][word_order][pecock][chaucer][wycliffe][shakespeare]

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1]) ήʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤƱѸ˾Τ⤷¤1ĵ󤲤
ʬΥѤῼʹ֤ infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤǻؤ뤳Ȥε ([2022-12-11-1]) dzǧOED 1927ǯˤθƾΤνФϿƤ롥infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤƸꤺä5̤äˡѸ˾ο "infinitive-splitter" ¸ߤ륺οؼ Reginald Pecock (1395?--1460) Ǥ롥
ʬΥλ14ʤ뤤13ˤ긫ФȤ뤬ˤˤ Pecock ۤɤζڶ infinitive-splitter ϤʤΩ Chaucer ϤۤȤɻȤʤäLayamon Wyclif Ϥ⤦¿ȤäΤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ Shakespeare Kyd ԻѤä18ˤƤ褦䤯٤ޤäƤȤήѸѸˤƤλˡPecock infinitive-splitter ȤƻȵƤΤʤबʬΥ¿ѤΤʬʤVisser (II, § 977; p. 1036) ⡤Τ褦˸ǤäƤ롥

Quite apart, however, stands Reginald Pecock, who in his Reule (c 1443), Donet (c 1445), Repressor (c. 1449), Folewer (c 1454) and Book of Faith (c 1456) not only makes such an overwhelmingly frequent use of it that he surpasses in this respect all other authors writing after him, but also outdoes them in the boldness of his 'splitting'. For apart from such patterns as 'to ech dai make him ready', 'for to in some tyme, take', 'for to the better serve thee', which are extremely common in his prose, he repeatedly inserts between to and the infinitive adverbial adjuncts and even adverbial clauses of extraordinary length, e.g. Donet 31, 17, 'What is it for to lyue þankingly to god ...? Sone, it is forto at sum whiles, whanne oþire profitabler seruycis of god schulen not þerbi be lettid, and whanne a man in his semyng haþ nede to quyke him silf in þe seid lovis to god and to him silf and nameliche to moral desires (whiche y clepe here 'loves' or 'willingnis') vpon goodis to come and to be had, seie and be aknowe to god ... þat he haþ receyued benefte or benefetis of god.') . . .
   It is not ascertainable what it was that brought Pecock, to this consistent deliberate and profuse use of the split infinitive, which in his predecessors and contemporaries only occurred occasionally, and more or less haphazardly. Neither can the fact be accounted for that he had no followers in this respect, although his works were widely read and studied.


˵󤲤ƤʸǤϡޡ forto ư츶 seie and be δ֤ˤʤ57줬ޤƤ롥Pecock ˻˾Ƕ infinitive-splitter ȤξιͿ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-14 Wed

#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä [split_infinitive][infinitive][syntax][negative][prescriptive_grammar][word_order]

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳ򤤤Ƥơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥

   §20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
   But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).


ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1] [2022-12-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-12 Mon

#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19Ⱦ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][infinitive][syntax][terminology][word_order]

ε#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤơJespersen Τ褦ƳͿƤ롥 "split" ǤϤʤȡ20Ⱦ Jespersen λˤäƤʬΥؤϴ¤ƤƤ뤳ȡ14ߤ뤬äΤ19ȾФǤ뤳ȤʤɤƤ롥

   §20.41. The term 'split infinitive' is generally accepted for the insertion of some word or words between to and an infinitive---which thus is not really 'split', but only separated from the particle that usually comes immediately before it.
   While the phenomenon was formerly blamed by grammarians ("barbarous practice" Skeat in Ch MP 355) and rigorously persecuted in schools, it is now looked upon with more lenient eyes ("We will split infinitives sooner than be ambiguous or artificial" Fowler MEU 560), and even regarded as an improvement (Curme). It is as old as the 14th c. and is found sporadically in many writers of repute, especially after the middle of the 19th c.; examples abound in modern novels and in serious writings, not perhaps so often in newspapers, as journalists are warned against it by their editors in chief and are often under the influence of what they have learned as 'correct' at school. Curme is right in saying that it has never been characteristic of popular speech.


ʬΥˤ to ư츶δ֤˳äǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ʶˤѸ줫νˤĤƤϡưŪȤʤ̾ʶˤ֤to + Ū + ưפȤʤΤäȤդ Jespersen ꤤĤߤƤߤ褦θ϶ḽǤϤˤߤʤ

   §20.44. In ME we sometimes find an object between to and the infinitive: Ch MP 6.128 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighten yow offende in any tyme | Nut-Brown Maid in Specimens III. x. 180 Moche more ought they to god obey, and serue but hym alone.
   This seems never to be found in ModE, but we sometimes find an apposition to the subject inserted: Aumonier Q 194 Then they seemed to all stop suddenly.


ʬΥȤäƤ⡤ѸŪˤߤȽ꤬äƤ⤷

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-11 Sun

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][stigma][infinitive][latin][syntax][terminology][word_order]

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ򲡤졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ

infinitive-splitting n.
   1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.

infinitive-splitter n.
   1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.


ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ򡤻䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-07-06 Thu

#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã [me][infinitive][syntax][tense][passive][split_infinitive]

ѸǤϡʸȯãLos (Los, Bettelou. The Rise of the to-Infinitive. Oxford: OUP, 2005.) 򻲾Ȥ Sawada (28) ˴ʷˤޤȤƤ褦ˡȯãˤϡ(1) Ķޤ to ٤Ȥ¦̤ȡ(2) űѸǤϸʤäο칽¤줿Ȥ¦̤롥(2) ˤĤƤϡ5ο¤Ŧ롥ʲˡѸ줫ʸȤȤ˼

(a) ư֤ to : The clothes need to be washed.
(b) λ have ȼ to : He expected to have finished last Wednesday.
(c) Ωꤵ to : They motioned to her not to come any further.
(d) դгʹʸˤ to : They believed John to be a liar.
(e) ʬΥ (split infinitive): to boldly go where no one has gone before.

Τ褦ʶḽŪ to 칽¤ޤ줿طʤˤϡб that ˤοͿƤ롥ȤϡŪˤ that β̤ȤƼεǽʣʹ¤ to ˼ä줿򤹤٤ִϰ쵤櫓ǤϤʤư֤ʤɤʣʰ̣¤ؤˤ that ʸФ餯ݤ줿Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥

Sawada, Mayumi. "The Development of a New Infinitival Construction in Late Middle English: The Passive Infinitive after Suffer." Studies in Middle and Modern English: Historical Variation. Ed. Akinobu Tani and Jennifer Smith. Tokyo: Kaitakusha, 2017. 27--47.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1] [2022-12-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-02-22 Mon

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 [prescriptive_grammar][double_negative][stigma][split_infinitive]

1986ǯBBC Radio 4 ꡼ English Now ǻİԥ󥱡ȤԤ줿äȤʸˡְ㤤󤲤ƤȤΤפη̡ʲΥȥå10󥭥󥰤줿 ( Crystal 194 )

(1) between you and I : ֻθʤΤ I Ǥʤ me Ȥ٤
(2) split infinitives : ʬΥסto suddenly go ʤɡto ưδ֤ߤ٤餺
(3) placement of only : I saw only Jane ΰ̣ I only saw Jane Ȥ٤餺
(4) none + plural verb : None of the books are Ǥʤ is Ǽ٤
(5) different to : different from Ȥ٤
(6) preposition stranding : ֻ֡סThat was the clerk I gave the money to Τ褦ֻǸ˻Ĥ٤餺
(7) first person shall / will : ̤ɽˤϡI shall, you will, he will Τ褦˿;ΤˤäƽưȤʬ٤
(8) hopefully : ʸȤƤˡ˾餯ϡפ򤱤٤
(9) who / whom : ŪʤѤThat is the man whom you saw Ȥ٤
(10) double negation : They haven't done nothing Τ褦꼭Ѥ٤餺

20ǯʾΥ󥱡ȤߤǤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褤ʤʤС嵭ιܤ¿19ˤäƤ18Ϣʤ³Ƥ롤©Ĺ stigmatisation Ǥ롥(8) ʤɤŪ褦¾ݤĹ餯ʸˡǡָפȤΥåƥŽƤΤФǤ롥Ȥ̤ؤʤɤϤäȤƤ⡤20ǯ䤽ǡ10ܤȥåץ饹ä뤳ȤϤʤʸˡɸѸθˡ礭ʱƶͿƤȤϻ¤Ǥ鶺褦ȤƤˤ錄äƱ꤬˸³Ƥ¤ߤȡεϤȤΤϤʤʤޤʤΤʤȲƹͤ롥

Though the grammarians indisputably had an effect on the language, their influence has been overrated, since many complaints today about incorrect usage refer to the same features as those that were criticised in eighteenth-century grammars. This evident lack of effect is only now beginning to draw the attention of scholars. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 6)


ϢȤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1], [2009-09-15-1]⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow