
1ָ627ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷˾äȤԻĤʱñפ̻15ƤȤȤǡϡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءפꤷơˤʤñ ghost ꤷƤޤ
Ѹ ghost κǤ̤θϡͩפǤ͡ǤϤФжƤ롤ԻĤ¸ߤǤϹ (spirit) ɽ路Τ̿ѥɽ路Ƥޤˤβǰ̣ν̾äȤˤʤޤꥹȶΡפ the Holy Spirit ȸޤŤ the Holy Ghost ȸ줿Τ⡤ηаޤȴطƤޤ
ޤȯֻδⶽ̣¤ޤűѸѸǤ gast Τ褦ֻ̤Ǥ첻Ȥ ā ȤĹ첻äƤΤǤȤǤ /oʊ/ Ȥ2첻ˤʤäƤޤ͡ޤѸʹߡɤȤʤֻ <h> ʸʶߡǤ ghost ȤʤäƤޤֺ͡¤Ǥϡ<gh> Ȥֻ͡ˤƤȻפäƤޤ¾ưȤƤ ghostͩ (ghost_word) ꡤ ghost θ츻ΤˤƤޤ
ֺ¤θȾˤϡܥΡָŤѸθʸ̣臘ݤ˱äơԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯűѸΤʤ˼ºݤ˸ "ghost" Ƥߤޤǫ˲⤷ޤΤǡűѸ鿴Ԥ⿴̵ѤǤޤǽǤʤƤֺ»ȤդޤΤǤ¿
ֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ʤβƴΥơޤƤޤƴ⥷³Ƥޤξܺ١ߤΥڡɤ
ƴ12026ǯ725ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "king" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ22026ǯ822ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "riddle" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ32026ǯ926ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "through" õäѸ츶ʸ
ιֺ¤ˤĤޤƤ⡤¿μ֤ԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2026/06/22(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1849. 627ڡˤīֺ¤ ghost İ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤNHKǿˤǸNHKǤꡤܽ˷ǺܤƤűѸ졦Ѹʬɤ߾夲˥ǤߥڡƤޤԤˤɤ߾夲İޤ
̾αʸξååפƤǡñ˲뤳ȤǤޤܽ1Ϥ3Ϥо줹 Gregorius hine afligde ʤɤθűѸʸ䡤Ich was in one sumere dale ȤäѸʸΡζפҼθƤߤƤ
űѸѸȤäŤαѸؤֺݡï⤬ǽΡƺǤѤʵ1Ĥ֤ɤΤαѸȯ狼ΤפȤǤϤʤǤ礦Ͽʤ¸ߤʤä1000ǯθ첻ˤƿꤹΤȤ䤤ϡ˸ؤˤȤäƤܼŪʲǤ
ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#5314. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ --- YouTube Ѥʵ ([2023-11-14-1]) 䡤ĥƤεǤ夲ƤޤΤǡȤɽʸȤƤΥޥե٥åȤֻηϤʬϤ뤳ȡ뤤ϻεӱƬȤäʸξڵѤ뤳ȡˤϸν˻Ĥ뺯פӸŪ뤳Ȥʤɡ͡ʸŪŪʥץ̤ơĤƤȯ뤳ȤǤΤǤ
Τ褦̩ʸѤ߽Ťͤˤä餫ˤʤäŲζߥڡǤϼºݤ˺ƸƤޤʸȤįǤϤʤʤ´ͯˤαѸǤ˽Фɤޤ줿İȤǡαѸ䤢뤤¾ΥޥȤͭŪʤĤʤ꤬ơʹơˤϤǤ
긵֤ƤƾϤβȹ碌ƲİʤƤޤȡѸʸˡˤ̤Ƥ˥ʥߥåƤƤΩŪʻѤ꿼Ǽ̣äƤ뤳ȤȻפޤ
嵭NHKǸɤ߾夲HPȤ̤ˡܽ˴ؤԤˤHP⥪ץƤꡤϤǤ1000Ķ륢ȤʤäƤޤ͡ʷ̥ܽϤƤޤΤǡҤɤ
δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

1ָ523ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷˾äȤԻĤʱñפ̻14ƤȤȤǡϡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơŪ again ȤлҤηǤֻ against ܤޤ
ֺ¤ǤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ȤĤġñθ츻̣־ȯãɤ again ֻ against Ȥʬʤ褦ˤʤäطʤޤƬˤʤäǤΩñȤʤäƤȤ̣ˤäƤΤǤϢơűѸֻΤˤĤƤѤͽǤ
ñȯ䥹ڥѲѰۤˤܤޤ۷¿űѸѸμǤϤɤηФ˾夬äƤΤͽۤΤʤۤɤǤ
ޤνմǤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯͥƥȤȤƳѤޤϤ˼ܤƤѸΥƥ Peterborough Chronicle ꡤagain ޤࡤιɤɤ̤սɤǤߤȻפޤ
ѸθʸƤȤ⿴ۤפޤ嵭ͥƥȤˤĤƤ⡤ֺ¤ɤʬˤĤƤջǰѤޤΤǡ֤ɬܤǤϤޤƥȤˤϸѸ伭°ƤޤΤǡгؤӤޤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤϡīθڡSee you again!
ʰʲ嵭2026/05/18(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1814. 523ڡˤīֺ¤ again ܡİ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
425ڡˤˡī㡼ɶˤƺǯ٤νȤʤ륪饤ֺ¤ޤմΤΥȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ졡츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءפǤȤʤ뺣ϡknight õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷ뤦ǽפʸ knight ޤѸ츶ʸ顤ñޤŪʲսȴФơʸ̮ʤɤߤȤǡknight 褦ȤݤǤͤȤƥȤϡԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯǤ
ιֺ¤ǤޤܤΤϡknight ȤθǤθ촶ǤֵΡפַΡפȤäʥŻäƤޤ͡űѸޤǤΤܤСθñʤ־ǯ (boy) ־Ȥ (servant) ˤޤǤΰ̣ѲطʤˤϡֽԡפŪʸӤΩơҲŪϰ̤ƤȤѤǤФƤޤknight ɤäƤ̣ΡֽפˤĤƤ⡤ܤޤ
ֺ¤פǤϡºݤѸθʸ̣ɤޤChaucer The Canterbury Tales Ƭо줹뵳Τ "A KNYGHT ther was, and that a worthy man" ϤȤơĤθʸҲ𤷤ޤ츻ŵñǤ̣廊ʤʸʸ̮˾Ȥ餷ƽƴ knight 뤳ȤǤȻפޤ
ˡñֻȯδطˤĤƤꤷޤ knight ˴ޤޤۻ <k> <gh> ϡĤƤϤäȯƤޤűѸֻ cniht Ǥꡤ[knɪçt] Τ褦ȯƤΤǤ17˸Ƭ [k] æιĤ餹褦 [ç] üޤֻĤ줿̡ߤԵ§ʻѤȤʤޤֺ¤Ǥϡ˾ǧ knight ֻ63ˤڤ֤ȤҲ𤷡ɸಽαѸ¿Ūޤ
ιֺ¤ϡ523ڡˤˡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơknight ȤϼۤʤޤϤ궽̣ñޤظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ȤޤؿΤϡīθڡꤪߤС
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

ǯ٤Ϥޤޤǯ٤ֱѸˤδ֤ˡƤưhel (helkatsu) ŪŸƤޤޤhellog ɼԤγͤ⡤Ҥ줾θhelʤƤйǤ
ǯ˰³ǯ٤λhel1ĤȤʤΤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ǤΤΥȥϺǯΤΤѾ˾äȤԻĤʱñפΤޤޤǤʤȤ⤳νմˤĤƤϡָ츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءפȤźơ˥Ȥޤ
ǯ٤ϡ1Ĥñ겼뤳ȤDZѸˤΥѥΥޤŸ˾ȤǤ⤽ϼѤĤġˡָʸ̣ɡפȤղòͤäȹͤƤޤŪˤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯͥƥȤȤƳѤޤ
մθΰʸϰʲ̤Ǥ
֤ʤαñϡʰ̣ȤΤסϡѸγˤޤմϡűѸ졦ѸûʸȤơñԻĤˤõޤ̾̾ʸǫɤ߲ǡѸˤؤȽIJ˹Ƥޤʸ˹ѸˤʪȤƳڤֺ¤ǤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯˤͥƥȤȤ鸶ʸ̣ɤޤ
ֺܹ¤κħϡñʤ츻ˤȤɤޤ餺θ줬ºݤ˲ʸǤɤΤ褦©ŤƤΤºݤΥƥȤ̤θƤˤޤޤ̤رѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤ˻Ȥʤ顤츻οʥäƤޤ
մ1 15:30--17:00 ˳֤ޤ饤ιֵǤΤǡɤǤ⤴äޤ2֤θƨۿ⤴ޤͽꤵƤ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1. 425ڡˡknight õäѸ츶ʸ
2. 523ڡˡagain õäѸ츶ʸ
3. 627ڡˡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
1ָ˳֤1ϡƻǤʤߤ knight 夲ޤϡ־ǯפֽԡפ̣Ƥθ줬ˤƹʿʬؤ褦ˤʤäΤѸθʸ˿ʤ餽ΰ̣Ѳéޤ
2ϡ again Ǥůʤ褦˸뤳θˤϡֻȤƤˡˤȤɤޤ餺¿꤬ƤޤѸΥƥȤǤϤɤΤ褦֤졤ѤƤΤǤ礦
3ϡǤϡͩפؤ ghost ǤűѸˤϡפֺפ̣ƤθγĴ⤤ʸȤȤ̣襤ޤ礦
űѸѸθʸʹȡʹ뤫⤷ޤ̵ۤѤǤֱѸˤʪפڤिκȤơ䤬ʥӥȤޤֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ܥγ֤˸ơVoicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1778. 425ڡˡظ٤ˤ뿷ǯ٤ī륷Ϥޤޤİǯ١ͤȰˡʸȤȤ˱ѸˤοƤȤڤߤˤƤޤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

225ʿˡĤ˸űѸ졦ѸŪʶʽظűѸ졦Ѹ٤Ȥʤޤ1Ρ#6117. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ޤ ([2026-01-25-1]) ڤˡ hellog Ǥ⡤ޤ¾ΥǥǤ⡤ܽ1եȤƺˤԤ˾ǤޤĤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ܽϽؼԤűѸ줪ѸΡֽŪμ뤳ȡפŪȤƽƤޤܳŪʲʳŪؤȤơ뤤ϤޤǹԤʤȤ⡤ѸŪʴ鿼뤿ȤơۤǫͥȤʤäƤ붵ʽϵǤ
ܽιϡ礭űѸѡȤѸѡȤʬƤޤ줾ˤơޤֻȯʸˡطʤ˴ؤ⤬ʤޤȤ櫓Ѹ줫ΥΤűѸˤĤƤϡ٤⤵Ƥޤθ˼ºݤθʸɤ߲֥ƥԡפ³ޤؽȤƲƻιǤɮ٤ϡؼԤصΤˡƥѡȤκǽΤĤΥƥȤˤϡIPA ˤȯ椬1ñ1ñˤĤǫդƤǤϡʤŤʸηϤ˸ǤɼԤˤȤäơƼפ餤Ǥ
٤ƤΥƥȤˡѸդƤ⸫ƨޤѸǽ줿űѸ졦ѸζʽǤϡѸϾάΤǤܽǤϤƤ뤳ȤǡѸȤθֻ¥פʤƤޤܤαѸؽԤΥĥܤޤäơȳؤǽˤ뤿ξΰ˴ĤƤޤ
ˤϡƥȤ˸ñ夷åʾŵˤդƤޤΰž夲СŪʱѸˤؤȱФȤȤˡŪʴθѸȿޤǤ礦οˤäƤϡǤ⥳ѥȤǡƻӤ䤹ŪޤѤäƤޤ
3,300ߡǹˤȤʤϡν¤Ƥ餹дְ㤤ʤ֤פǸǤޤޤDZѸˤΤ⤷̥ʤ⡤űѸѸθʸƧ߹ͦϽФʤäȤˤȤäơܽƤǹȤʤϤǤҡŪˤȤäơѸȤβοδƤɽΥǥܤƤꡤطʤθ¦ǥפǥʿǤϸűѸ졦ѸΡֿפ־¡פɽ路ƤΤȲᤷȤǤˤϾݤǤǻԤäƤΤªƤС
heldio ˤơܵƱݤ#1732. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȤǮ̤ƤϤޤҤ⤪İС
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

126ʷˤꡤ XʵTwitter˥ @chariderryu ˤơϢܴ #Ѹ30Ϣȯ Ȥޤϡ褿225˸Ҥ꿷ͽΡԲϻϲͭˤŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȥǤ
μǤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ϡε#6117. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ޤ ([2026-01-25-1]) ǤҲ𤷤褦ˡ1935ǯˡظѸ٤Ȥȥ˽Фˤ붵ʽǤָűѸפѸפȤɽ̲ˤϡָѸפѸפȤ̾ΤȤƤޤʻνŤߤ1Ǥ͡
οˤꡤ̥Ϥ1ͤǤ¿٤ޤǤ1֡1ĤĸűѸ졦Ѹ˴ؤ뾮ͥƤƤȤˤޤϥå奿 #Ѹ30Ϣȯ ŸƤޤ
ϴ3ܤȤʤޤ1ܡ2ܤˤϸűѸʸֻȯ夲ޤǤűѸ1Ϥϡ֤ȯפǻϤޤΤǤܽȤϡҸHPζᴩʬŪˡֻɤߡפǤޤΤǡҥåƤߤƤ
ʥȥԥåīᤤӤ11ͥΥڡϤ뤳Ȥǡ˸űѸ졦ѸιźФȻפޤ1δԤޤǤˡűѸ졦ѸƧ߽ФνǤ褦ˡȤ̣礤⤢ޤΤǡƤߤƤ
ƾͥΰѥݥȤץ饤⡤ҵڤˤꤤޤʤ٤ȿޤޤ X ܴʳˤ͡helŸƤޤΤǡ X եåƤС
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

̾ޤԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡˤ1225˽ͽǤ3300ߡˡҸHPζᴩʬŪˡֻɤߡפǤޤΤǡҥåƤߤƤֱѸ˴Ϣեơޤܡװˤ⥢Ǥޤ
ܽˤäȤɤäƤߤޤ
1933--34ǯԲϻرѸǯ١ʸҡˤˤơΡظѸ٤ΤȤʤϢܵƤ
1935ǯԲϻˡظѸ٤Ǥ
1955ǯԲϻˡظѸٲǡʸҡԲ ϲ ͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡǤʢꤸΤŦˤޤ2026/01/27(Tue)
1986ǯԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ١ʸҡˤǤʾϲˤ̲
2023ǯסˡػԲϻ١ʸҡˤǤ
ʲhellogheldio¾ǸƤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ľܡܤ˴ط륳ƥĤ˰ޤ
2025ǯ428heldio #1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ51ari note #268 ڻ̡ۻԲϡϲ1986ˡָűѸ졦ѸפȡÞOMEB äƤߤ
2025ǯ53פäĤ note Gemini ȸűѸɤϤ59ޤ6Υ
2025ǯ55hellog ǡ#5852. ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡ ([2025-05-05-1])
2025ǯ510helwa Сܽʷ7ʾ˻äƻϿʱĥѥˤפࡥüԡ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤϡari camin lacolaco Lilimi Galois Ͻؤtaku ykagata ߡ߷夵ྰƣ蘆
2025ǯ512hellog ǡ#5859. AIűѸաפξ --- פäĤθűѸȳإɤǡ ([2025-05-12-1])
2025ǯ515TakGottberg 嵭 heldio #1429 Υˤơ1986ǯǤΡ2011ǯ16ɽ䤽¾˸ڡܵȡ
2025ǯ529heldio #1460. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ᤰ뻨 --- ϿĤۿ
2025ǯ105heldio ˤ#1589. νɾ by khelf ƣ蘆 --- סˡػԲϻ١ʸҡ2023ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ105hellog ˤơ#6005. khelf οhelνɾפϤޤޤ --- khelf ƣ蘆Ҳ𤹤ػԲϻ١ ([2025-10-05-1])
2026ǯ120Ҥ꿷˥ʥ
2026ǯ225ͽ
ˡܽȤμդˤĤơƤС Amazon ͽʸɤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
סػԲϻ --- Ѹˤνмӡ١ҡ2023ǯ

μͭץåȥե mond ˤơʱѸ she Ǽ봷˴ؤ˲ޤ̤ˡѸˤ̾̾εͲϡѸ˥եƥʸˡʤӤտ魯ʸŪˤαƶ夷ΤȹͤޤűѸʸˡľܷѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤʸˡˡνŪȤƺƹۤ줿ָդפǤȤǤ
Ǥϡ̾ƥ -ia ʽ̾ˤαƶǽ䤹äȤʤɤ˿ޤǡѸεŪͿμ֤ϤۤñǤϤʤäȤˤڤޤֹ̾̾˽Ϳ륱ϳΤΩޤͿޤפȽҤ٤ȤǤ
μĥκȤơMustanoja (51) εҤޤ"Trend Towards Masculine Gender" ꤹǡѸˤߤԻĤʸݤҲ𤵤Ƥޤʲ˥եǰѤޤ
TREND TOWARDS MASCULINE GENDER. --- A feature which seems to be peculiar to the ME development is a tendency of nouns to assume the masculine gender. Not very much is known about this phenomenon, except that it seems to be at work in a large number of ME nouns, native or borrowed from other languages, with concrete or abstract meanings, which tend to assume the masculine gender without any apparent reason and often in contrast to the gender of the corresponding nouns in Latin and French. The fact, for example, that earth (OE feminine) is usually treated as a masculine in ME has been assigned to this peculiar trend towards the masculine gender. This trend has also been thought to account for the occasional use of nature and youth (OE geoguþ, fem.) as masculines. As pointed out above (p. 48), church is often feminine in ME; its occasional use as a masculine noun has also been ascribed to the general tendency of nouns towards the masculine gender. Geographical names are normally neuter, but Robert of Gloucester occasionally treats them as masculines: --- Engelond his a wel god lond; . . . þe see geþ him al aboute, he stond as in an yle (3); --- þe Deneis vor wraþþe þo asailede vaste þen toun and wonne him (RGlouc. 6050; a number of MSS read þe toun and hit). Examples of this kind could be multiplied many times over. It is possible that in several cases of this kind the masculine gender will be satisfactorily explained in some other way when enough evidence has accumulated to clarify its development; yet even if this should happen it can hardly be denied that a tendency towards the masculine gender exists in ME.
Mustanoja ˤСѸˤ̾̾ȤưȼηäȤȤǤθݤξܺ٤ϤޤƤʤ褦Ǥ줫Ѹ줫뤤϶Ụ̄Ụ̄˴ؤ餺¿̾ˤơΤͳʤ㤬ȤΤǤ⡤бƥե̾줬Ǥ䡤űѸǽǤäǤ⡤ѸǤȤư뤳ȤȤ顤츫ȥƤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤ
Mustanoja ϡλΤĤϾṲ̄ͳĤ⤷ʤȿŤ˽Ҥ٤ʤ⡤Ѹˡؤηפ¸ߤȼΤꤷȷǤޤ
鼨ΤϡѸˤƤʸˡȡ³䵼ˡؤΰܹԴˤơͿϰճɤưƤ褦ȤȤǤ
ѸˤǤϡ㳰Ȥդ줬ʻˤѲΥʥߥǤ뤳Ȥޤ she ǼȤ̾ʻǡ̤Τ⤷㤬ҤäȱƤȤȤõƤƤ褤Ǥ͡
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.
űѸο ān ̾괧 (indefinite article) ȯã褦ˡǤűѸ ǣniȝ ̾ƻ줬ȯãa(n) any ϡΤ褦˵ȯãˤ¿ᡤ̣ˡˤĤƸߤ˾줷Ƥȸ¦̤롥
㤨СѸǤäƱӤιʸˤơ괧 a(n) ͽۤȤ any 륱롥괧ȤƤ any ˡMustanoja (263) 긫Ƥߤ褦
In second members of comparisons, particularly in comparisons expressing equality, any is not uncommon: --- isliket and imaket as eni gles smeþest (Kath. 1661); --- tristiloker þan ony stel (RMannyng Chron. 4864); --- his berd as any sowe or fox was reed (Ch. CT A Prol. 552); --- as blak he lay as any cole or crowe (Ch. CT A Kn. 2692); --- fair was this younge wyf, and therwithal As any wezele hir body gent and smal (Ch. CT A Mil. 3234); --- his steede . . . Stant . . . as stille as any stoon (Ch. CT F Sq. 171); --- þ maden as mery as any men moȝten (Gaw. & GK 1953; any with a plural noun); --- also red and so ripe . . . As any dom myȝt device of dayntyeȝ oute (Purity 1046). The usage goes back to OE: --- scearpre þonne ænig sweord (Paris Psalter xliv 4).
ɽϸűѸ줫⤢ȤΤȤˤʤΤϡξ any Ͻ a(n) ѤʤΤȤΤϡѸ He is as wise as any man. Ϥˤ餺פ any ˡ۵뤫ñʤ괧Ȥ⡤any Ѥ궯Ĵΰ̣礤ФȤȤϤʤΤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Ūʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ߤƤȡबʸˡȤΤϤĤɤ㤬гμ¤ʸˡȸڤ뤫Ȥ˽Ф魯롥ʸˡϷǤƱ˰̣Ǥ⤢뤬̣ϸԤԹ褯ɤ߹פȤǤƤޤäơ֤ʸǤʸˡǤƤפȼĥ뤿ˤϡʤ٤ѤӤơҴŪ˳ǧǤϤΤŪɬפ롥ä˷Ūʴ鼨ȥ٥ȤǤ롥
㤨С one ϤĤ괧 (indefinite article) ʸˡΤȤͤƤߤ롥ŪˤϸűѸ ān ޤä an a ȤʤäȤȹͤʤ뤬ѸˤϸϢʤ one ޤᡤ¿¿ͤʶƤꡤ줾줬Ȥ괧ȤǤ㤬ꡤ夬Ĥʤ1200ǯ˽줿Ƥ The Owl and the Nightingale ll. 3--4 "Iherde ich holde grete tale / An hule and one niȝtingale." ʤɤȤ줿
Ūʴˡꤽɸ an one man Τ褦ˡ2Ĥ "one" ¤Ǹ륱ξ硤1Ĥ an 괧ǡ2Ĥ one Ǥ롤ȷŤΤϼǤϤʤԤϡֽС¸ߡפɸʸˡŪʵǽôäƤΤФԤϡ1͡Ŀ͡פ̣ȤƵǽƤȤƲǤ롥ϲͶζǤϤʤMustanoja Ѹ Gower ºߤɽǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ (291)
For thei be manye, and he [i.e., the king] is on; And rathere schal an one man With fals conseil, for oght he can, From his wisdom be maad to falle (Gower CA vii 4161)
ѸǤϡ괧 a + one + ̾פȤϵʤѸˤϤ줬ߤ줿ʤäȤ⡤ˤޤäȤ Mustanoja (291) Ҥ٤Ƥ뤬ˡʤߤˡ괧 the + one + ̾פϸѸǤ on the one hand, the one thing, the one exception ʤɤ̤ˤߤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
one ˤĤơѸǤϼƤޤäŪˡ롥֤1͡1ġ~פ̣ only alone ˶ᤤˡűѸѸǤ̤˸졤ƱŪ̾ȷӤĤˤ one Ū˰פƶѲΤǡȤƤϷƻȤäƤ褤̾줫ͷΥ֤֤뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤŪȤ⤤Τ
Mustanoja "exclusive use" ȸƤӤĤġ one ˡˤĤƾܽҤƤ롥ʲѤ褦 (293--94)
EXCLUSIVE USE. --- The OE exclusive an, calling attention to an individual as distinct from all others, in the sense 'alone, only, unique,' occurs mostly after the governing noun or pronoun (se ana, þa anan, God ana), but anteposition is not uncommon either (an sunu, seo an sawul, to þæm anum tacne). It has been suggested by L. Bloomfield (see bibliography) that anteposition of the exclusive an is due to the influence of the conventional phraseology of religious Latin writings (unus Deus, solus Deus, etc.). After the governing word the exclusive one is used all through the ME period: --- he is one god over alle godnesse; He is one gleaw over alle glednesse; He is one blisse over alle blissen; He is one monne mildest mayster; He is one folkes fader and frover; He is one rihtwis ('he alone is good . . .' Prov. Alfred 45--55, MS J); --- ȝe . . . ne sculen habben not best bute kat one (Ancr. 190); --- let þe gome one (Gaw. & GK 2118). Reinforced by all, exclusive one develops into alone in earliest ME (cf. German allein and Swedish allena), and this combination, after losing its emphatic character, is in turn occasionally strengthened by all: --- and al alone his wey than hath he nome (Ch. LGW 1777).
ѤκǸΤǤϡ alone all alone θ츻˿Ƥ롥פˤϡϤʤŪ one ˡѤǻĤäƤɽȤȤˤʤ롥ơ only ޤ one Ǥ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Bloomfield, L. "OHG Eino, OE Ana = Solus." Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies. Language Monograph VII, Linguistic Soc. of America, Philadelphia 1930. 50--59.
˥塼ɤ硤Christchurch Х6֤ۤɤ Dunedin ظä椫ϡμʿΤįʤιϿޤƤߤȡΥ롼Ȥ쳤ߤϡѡפȸƤ֤ˤϤϤФΤΡˤ䤫¦ѶʤƤ롥ΤäΤΤ褦Ѷʤγߤϡbay ȤϤ鷺Ȥ bight ȸƤФ餷ʹˤΤʤñä¼ŵˤϡbay 礭Ԥפäŵϥȥꥢߤ礭ѶʤǡGreat Australian Bight ȸƤ֤餷礭ѤȤƤ¾ gulf Ȥñ⤢ꡤѸ
bight ȤñʹľΤϡbight Ȥϸ츻Ūˤ bay ο̤ʤΤȤȤgh y ϸűѸ٥Ǥϸߤ˰۷֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿
ȤرѸ츻ŵ٤ƤߤơޤäƤ줿츻˴ؤľиƤˤʤʤϤꤷä꼭Ĵ٤ƤߤʤСΤʤȤʬʤΤ
ޤϡ߿ bay Τۤ顥ϡ⤽ǤϤʤƥ baiam ͳ褷ťڥǤȯŸ bahia ťե baie ͳơѸ bai ȤƼѤ줿Polychronicon ˽ФƤ롥̤ä츻ˤĤƤԾܤǡθΤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤ bight ϡ<gh> ֻۤܳμ¤ͽ̤ۤꡤäűѸ byht ϡֶѡפ̣ѸˤʤäơֳߤѶѡפθȤƱȤƥɥĸ Bucht 䥪 bocht ꡤޥĸ *buχtiz ƷƤ롥˰캬 *bheug- "to bend" ̤ꡤϱѸΡ֤ʤˡפ̣ bow ФƤ롥
˸츻ŵĤʤȰääƤޤޤȤǤܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1626. The Canterbury Bight ֥٥ѡסꤪİС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ

ܸǽ줿űѸ졦ѸζܤȤŪ̾ܤǤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤܽȡѤƤޤǤȤʤäƤޤΤǸŽŹۤǤǤޤǤ1955ǯǤμ̿2Ǥ1986ǯΤΤǤ
1955ǯΡ֤Ϥ (vi) ǡԲϼΤ褦˽Ƥޤ
錄ܿͤȤƤϤɤޤǤ⸽Ѹθ˽Ť֤٤ǤꡤڤѸθϫ¿ƸΤǤȿԤǤ뤬ŪΩˤƤϸŤαѸΤʴŪɬפʤΤǤ뤫顤Ԥ̤αѸ츦Ԥˤ⻲ͤˤʤ褦˽ĤǤ롥
˴ؿΤͤ˼äߤȤ褦ʥåɤޤʤΡϫ¿ƸפȤΤդˤĤƤϡѨۤʤָʤפȤϤʤȡϹͤƤޤʡϫ¿ơפƱաˡ
ŤѸȤƤޤɤ߷ѤƤܤȻפΤǡʲܼƤޤ (vii--viii)
Ϥ
Ϥ2ǡ
űѸ
I. ֤ȯ
II.
II. ˡ
IV. űѻˤĤ
TEXTS
I. From the Gospels of St. Matthew
II. Early Britain
III. The Coming of the English
IV. Alfred's War with the Danes
V. Orpheus and Eurydice
VI. Pope Gregory
VII. Apollonius of tyre
VIII. Beowulf
XI. The Riddles
X. Deor
Ѹ
I. Ѹ
II. Ѹβ
II. Ѳ
TEXTS
I. Peterborough Chronicle
II. The Ormulum
III. Ancrene Wisse
IV. The Owl and the Nightingale
V. Havelok the Dane
VI. Richard Rolle of Hampole
VII. The Bruce
VIII. The Pearl
XI. Piers the Plowman
X. Geoffrey Chaucer
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY TO THE TEXTS
(1) OE
(2) OE
ʤߤˡʤΥߥܽҲ𤹤뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤĤƤ1 heldio ۿ#1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡİС
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ
ε#5697. royal we ϡַ weפǤϤʤּҲŪʿʣס ([2024-12-01-1]) ˰³ַ we (royal_we) ܤ롥ѸȤƤ "plural of majesty", "plural of inequality" ʤɤѤƤ뤬1;ʣ̾ƱˡؤƤ롥
Mustanoja (124) ϡ"plural of majesty" ȤѸȤʤ顤ƥɤꥷˤޤǤΤܤεƤ롥ξǡѸˤˤŤŵȤơѸ֥إ3פǤ˸ڤƤ뤳Ȥܤ
PLURAL OF MAJESTY. --- Another variety of the sociative plural (pluralis societatis) exists as the plural of majesty (pluralis majestatis), likewise characterised by the use of the pronoun of the first person plural for the first person singular. The plural of majesty originates in a living sovereign's habit of thinking of himself as an embodiment of the whole community. As the use of the plural becomes a mere convention, the original significance of this plurality tends to disappear. The plural of majesty is found in the imperial decrees of the later Roman Empire and in the letters of the early Roman bishops, but it can be traced to even earlier times, to Greek syntactical usage (cf. H. Zilliacus, Selbstgefühl und Servilität: Studien zum unregelmâssigen Numerusgebrauch im Griechischen, SSF-GHL XVIII, 3, Helsinki 1953). The plural of majesty is extensively used in medieval Latin. In OE it does not seem to be attested. OE royal charters, for example, have the singular (ic Offa þurh Cristes gyfe Myrcena kining; ic Æþelbald cincg, etc.). The plural of majesty begins to be used in ME. A typical ME example is the following quotation from the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258), a characteristic beginning of a royal charter: --- Henry, thurȝ Gode fultume king of Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloande, Duk on Normandi, on Aquitaine, and Eorl on Anjow, send igretinge to alle hise holde, ilærde ond ileawede, on Huntendoneschire: thæt witen ȝe alle þæt we willen and unnen þæt . . ..
"the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258)" ʡ֥إ3סˤǤˤĤơʥۥɤȻפϤ롥#5696. royal we θűѸ줫㡩 ([2024-11-30-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡǤμ¤ royal we ˡɤϲΤǤ롥θʸˤĤƤϡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ַ֡ we (royal_we) դˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Jespersen äƤߤȡַ weפʤּ̡ҲŪʿʣ ("the plural of social inequality") ȤѸ줬Ƥ2;̾ˤ롤 "T/V distinction" (t/v_distinction) ȴϢŤ we ݤˤϡΤѸ줫⤷ʤ
4.13. Third, we have what might be called the plural of social inequality, by which one person either speaks of himself or addresses another person in the plural. We thus have in the first person the 'plural of majesty', by which kings and similarly exalted persons say we instead of I. The verbal form used with this we is the plural, but in the 'emphatic' pronoun with self a distinction is made between the normal plural ourselves and the half-singular ourself. Thus frequently in Sh, e.g. Hml I. 2.122 Be as our selfe in Denmarke | Mcb III. 1.46 We will keepe our selfe till supper time alone. (In R2 III. 2.127, where modern editions have ourselves, the folio has our selfe; but in R2 I. 1,16, F1 has our selues). Outside the plural of majesty, Sh has twice our selfe (Meas. II. 2.126, LL IV. 3.314) 'in general maxims' (Sh-lex.).
. . . .
In the second person the plural of social inequality becomes a plural of politeness or deference: ye, you instead of thou, thee; this has now become universal without regard to social position . . . .
The use of us instead of me in Scotland and Ireland (Murray D 188, Joyce Ir 81) and also in familiar speech elsewhere may have some connexion with the plural of social inequality, though its origin is not clear to me.
٥ȤѸǤϤʤ⤷ʤҲŪʿˤ־פؤΤˡַʣ ("polite plural") ʤɤνѸϤ뤤ϡǤϤ魯뤫⤷ʤΤǡäȿȤʤ־ʣפʤɡ䡤ꤷơäȤȤʤѸȤơַʣפǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬㤫ɤȽǤȤ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ
§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.
Ǥ royal we 餷űѸ㤬ĤƤ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
Ѹο;̾ˤϡ~ΤΡפΩɽ碌ͭ̾ (possessive pronoun) Ȥब롥 mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs 6Ȥʤ롥˸Ťᤫ2;ñ thou бͭ̾ thine äƤ褤ޤ3;ñ it бͭ̾Ϸ礱ƤȤ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) ӡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) Ȥ줿
¿ -s ǽꡤͭʤ -'s Ȥδط۵뤬mine thine ˤĤƤä -ne ߤΩġ -ne ϤɤƤΤ
ͭ̾η֤ζ̣ˤˤĤƤϡMustanoja (164--65) INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE ꤹDz⤷ƤƤΤǡѤƤ
INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE
FORM: --- As mentioned earlier in the present discussion (p. 157), the dependent and independent possessives are alike in OE and early ME. In the first and second persons singular (min and thin) the dependent possessive loses the final -n in the course of ME, but the independent possessive, being emphatic, retains it: --- Robert renne-aboute shal nowȝe have of myne (PPl. B vi 150). In the South and the Midlands, -n begins to be attached to other independent possessives as well (hisen, hiren, ouren, youren, heren) after the analogy of min and thin about the middle of the 14th century: --- restore thou to hir alle thingis þat ben hern (Purvey 2 Kings viii 6). In the third person singular and in the plural, forms with -s (hires, oures, youres, heres, theirs) emerge towards the end of the 13th century, first in the North and then in the Midlands: --- and youres (Havelok 2798); --- þai lete þairs was þe land (Cursor 2507, Cotton MS); --- my gold is youres (Ch. CT B Sh. 1474); --- it schal ben hires (Gower CA v 4770). In the southern dialects forms without -s prevail all through the ME period: --- your fader dyde assaylle our by treyson (Caxton Aymon 545).
The old dative ending is preserved in vayre zone, he zayþ, 'do guod of þinen' (Ayenb. 194).
Imitations of French Usage. --- The use of the definite article before an independent possessive, recorded in Caxton, is obviously an imitation of French le nostre, la sienne: --- to approvel better the his than that other (En. 23); --- that your worshypp and the oures be kepte (Aymon 72).
The occurrence of the independent possessive pronoun (and the rare occurrence of a noun in the genitive) after the quasi-preposition magré 'in spite of' is a direct imitation of OF magré mien (tien, sien, etc.): --- and God wot that is magré myn (Gower CA iv 59); --- maugré his, he dos him lute (Cursor 4305, Cotton MS). Cf. NED maugre, and R. L. G. Ritchie, Studies Presented to Mildred K. Pope, Manchester 1939, p. 317.
ͭ̾˴ؤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s ([2016-10-21-1])
#2737. 奤ꥹѸˤͭ̾ hern ʬۡ ([2016-10-24-1])
#3495. Jespersen ˤФ ([2018-11-21-1])
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
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