hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2024-10-07

■ #5642. 所有代名詞には -s と -ne の2タイプがある [personal_pronoun][genitive][inflection][suffix][me][analogy][french]

　現代英語の人称代名詞には「～のもの」を独立して表わせる所有代名詞 (possessive pronoun) という語類がある．列挙すれば mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs の6種類となる．ここに古めかしい2人称単数の thou に対応する所有代名詞 thine を加えてもよいだろう．また，3人称単数中性の it に対応する所有代名詞は欠けているとされるが，これについては「#198. its の起源」 ([2009-11-11-1]) および「#197. its に独立用法があった!」 ([2009-11-10-1]) を参照されたい．
　多くは -s で終わり，所有格の -'s との関係を想起させるが，mine と thine については独特な -ne 語尾がみえ目立つ．この -ne はどこから来ているのだろうか．
　所有代名詞の形態の興味深い歴史については，Mustanoja (164--65) が INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE と題する節で解説してくれているので，そちらを引用しておきたい．

          INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE

   FORM: --- As mentioned earlier in the present discussion (p. 157), the dependent and independent possessives are alike in OE and early ME. In the first and second persons singular (min and thin) the dependent possessive loses the final -n in the course of ME, but the independent possessive, being emphatic, retains it: --- Robert renne-aboute shal nowȝe have of myne (PPl. B vi 150). In the South and the Midlands, -n begins to be attached to other independent possessives as well (hisen, hiren, ouren, youren, heren) after the analogy of min and thin about the middle of the 14th century: --- restore thou to hir alle thingis þat ben hern (Purvey 2 Kings viii 6). In the third person singular and in the plural, forms with -s (hires, oures, youres, heres, theirs) emerge towards the end of the 13th century, first in the North and then in the Midlands: --- and youres (Havelok 2798); --- þai lete þairs was þe land (Cursor 2507, Cotton MS); --- my gold is youres (Ch. CT B Sh. 1474); --- it schal ben hires (Gower CA v 4770). In the southern dialects forms without -s prevail all through the ME period: --- your fader dyde assaylle our by treyson (Caxton Aymon 545).
   The old dative ending is preserved in vayre zone, he zayþ, 'do guod of þinen' (Ayenb. 194).

   Imitations of French Usage. --- The use of the definite article before an independent possessive, recorded in Caxton, is obviously an imitation of French le nostre, la sienne: --- to approvel better the his than that other (En. 23); --- that your worshypp and the oures be kepte (Aymon 72).
   The occurrence of the independent possessive pronoun (and the rare occurrence of a noun in the genitive) after the quasi-preposition magré 'in spite of' is a direct imitation of OF magré mien (tien, sien, etc.): --- and God wot that is magré myn (Gower CA iv 59); --- maugré his, he dos him lute (Cursor 4305, Cotton MS). Cf. NED maugre, and R. L. G. Ritchie, Studies Presented to Mildred K. Pope, Manchester 1939, p. 317.

　所有代名詞に関する話題は，以下の hellog 記事でも取り上げているので，合わせてご参照を．

　・ 「#2734. 所有代名詞 hers, his, ours, yours, theirs の -s」 ([2016-10-21-1])
　・ 「#2737. 現代イギリス英語における所有代名詞 hern の方言分布」 ([2016-10-24-1])
　・ 「#3495. Jespersen による滲出の例」 ([2018-11-21-1])

　・ Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

[ 固定リンク | 印刷用ページ ]