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2019-08-31 Sat

#3778. ʬǤΰ -t 촴˼Ǥޤäư [etymology][verb][participle][-ate][analogy][reanalysis][metanalysis]

Ȥ̾դˤɸʣʷֲФƷ줿ư줬롥˶󤲤С t graft hoist ΤȤ
ε#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư ([2019-08-30-1]) Ȥط뤷#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1])#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1])#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤ롤θǤ롥
graft ܤڤ롤ܿˤϥե󥹸 grafe ̤ꡤȤȸ t ϤʤäѸ˼Ѥƺ줿ʬ graftset, put, cut ʤɤθ촴 -t ̵ѲưǥȤơΤޤ޸ȤƲᤵ줿Ȥ櫓ꥸʥ˶ᤤ graff ȤԸդǤϤ뤬˳ǧ롥
Ʊͤ hoist Ȥ롤夲ˤ⡤ hyssen ѤΤѸƳ줿ǡ t դȺƲᤵ줿ȹͤ롥ꥸʥ˶ᤤ hoise ⡤ߡȤ¸ߤ롥
ʾ Jespersen (38) ľܰѤƤ

graft: earlier graft (< OF grafe). The ptc. graft was mistakenly interpreted as the unchanged ptc of an inf graft. Sh has both graft and graft; the latter is now the only form in use; it is inflected regularly. || hoist: originally hoise (perhaps < Middle Dutch hyssen). From the regular ptc hoist a new inf hoist sprang into use. Sh has both forms; now only hoist as a regular vb. The old ptc occurs in the well-known Shakespearean phrase "hoist with his own petard" (Hml III. 4.207).


Ƭ̾դˤֲȽҤ٤ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥʬ (reanalysis) ΰȤƸƤФ褤

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-08-30 Fri

#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư [verb][conjugation][inflection][-ate][analogy][conversion][adjective][participle][conversion]

set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưο񤤤Ѹβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤ򼨤ƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦

   4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
   fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.


Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦

4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).


ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1]

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2019-08-29 Thu

#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) [phonetics][lexicology][syntax]

#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǽˤñǶȼäƤΤ¿ơɤΤ褦ʾѤ뤫ϡȤƤŪ˱Ʒꤵ롥ŪˤСñΤѤȤʸ˵Ȥˤ϶ʳξˤϼѤΤ§Ǥ롥顤٤ȤưŪ˾äƤ뤳Ȥ狼ŵŪ (121) 󤲤褦

 ñʸʸ
am[æm]Indeed I am [æm].I am [əm/m] leaving today.
is[ɪz]I think she is [ɪz].The grass is [əz/z] wet.
do[duː]You earn more than I do [duː].What do [də] they know?
will[wɪl]No more than you will [wɪl].That will [wəl/wl̩/əl/l̩] do.
can[kæn]But you can [kæn].George can [kən/kn̩] go.
at[æt]Who're you looking at [æt]?Look at [ət] that.
for[fɔr]What did you do it for [fɔr]?They did it for [fər/fr̩] fun.
to[tuː]The one we are talking to [tuː].They're going to [tə] Spain.
of[ɑːv]What are you thinking of [ɑːv]?a lot of [əv/ə] apples


ʸȤΤŪˤϸ̩ǤϤʤΤˤСľ˶ (empty category) Ǥ롥äơ"Readyi I am ___i [æm] to help you." "I left the meetingi she stayed at [æt] ___i till then." ˤƤ϶뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

ҡ3ϡ٥β׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ106--32ǡ

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2019-08-28 Wed

#3775. ѸϳܻؤƲѲ򵯤Ƥ [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][r][l][consonant][syllable][vowel][stress][rhythm][prosody]

#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ෿Ūˤͭɸβ᥿פǤIJ¿ĸǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤѸβѲĬήįƤߤȡѸ̵ɸγָƤȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
ƣ߷ĤϸѸˤߤ r Ʋ (flapping; city, data ʤɤ t [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽)l ΰƬ (pharyngealization; feel, help ʤɤ l Ť [ɫ] Ȥʤ븽)Ҳæattem(p)t, exac(t)ly, mos(t) people ʤɡˤȤä夲ⲻλҲؤäƤꡤβ򳫲˶ŤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲβѤ褦 (70)

Ʋϡ˳ /t/ 򡤤첻ŪʶIJѤ븽ݤǤꡤϰ (vocalization) ȹͤ롥ᤤäǤϡbetter [bɛ́r] Τ褦ˡƲ줿 /t/ æ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤ/l/ ΰƬǤϡΤ˰ưä뤬ܼŪ첻ŪưǤꡤ/l/ ܸΡ֥פΤ褦첻˶Ťºݡfeel [fíːjo] Τ褦ˡ/l/ 첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ/l/ ΰƬ⡤IJ /l/ 򤵤첻˶Ť첻ȹͤ롥Ҳæϡ첻ǤϤʤIJˤ벻λҲϢñ㲽븽ݤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡĤθݤϡ⡤λҲ첻ꡤæ뤳ȤˤäơǸ夬첻ǽ볫˶Ť褦ȤƤ븽ݤǤꡤǽŪˤ϶̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥άܼŪ˳ָѸϡޤޤʲݤʤ顤IJ򳫲˶Ť褦ȤƤȹͤ롥


ϲѲṽ¤ΤȴϢƤȤβṽ¤Τ켫ȤϡꥺȤäΧˤäƷꤵƤȤ⤤롥ϲѲ˴ؤʲǤ롥#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

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2019-08-27 Tue

#3774. ͧǤιֱֱѸˤ鸫븽ѸפΤΤ餻 [notice][keiyukai][hel_education][sobokunagimon][dialect]

831ڡˤ14?1791ˤ10?12ˡͧˤơֱѸˤ鸫븽Ѹפꤹ2ιֱԤʤޤϡYMCAʸ󥿡33ǤΰǤ
绨ĤʱǤϤޤϡѸ˴ؤ͡ѤʵŪ˼夲Ѹˤδ褷ƤȤݤäʤͽǤֱθȾˤϡäƤ볧󤫤εդ˵ƤȤȤͤƤޤϢơƱݤܥ֥#3677. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵפ򽸤Ƥߤޤ ([2019-05-22-1])뤤 sobokunagimon γƵ⤴
2ܤΥåϡѸˤĤƹͤޤ⤽ȤϲȤϤɤۤʤΤȤäϤᡤܸν򻲾ȤĤġ󥰥ɤäƤ븽ѸϰΤƤߤޤ졦λࡤ̡͡ʱѸ졤ȤƤαѸΤĵῴϤȱϤʤɤ˿ʤ顤ѸˤȤɤޤ餺졦¿ˤĤƹͤƤȻפޤε̤ơ䤿ؤӡѤƤɸѸ줬ˤƤɤΤ褦Ω֤ˤ뤫褯ʬ褦ˤʤȻפޤαѸȤդ礤ͤǻͤˤʤϤǤ˴ؤƤϡdialect world_englishes ʤɤε򻲾Ȥ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-04-1]

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2019-08-26 Mon

#3773. Wittgenstein Ρָ쥲 (3) [language-game][family_resemblance][linguistics][philosophy_of_language][prescriptivism]

2֤ε ([2019-08-24-1], [2019-08-25-1]) ˰³Wittgenstein θѤˤĤơWittgenstein (Sprachspiel, language-game) ȤȤ館򼨤ȤˤäơηŪ椬ԲǽǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥȹͤ롥쥲ȸ츦ԲǽϤɤΤ褦˷ӤĤΤ (206--08) ιͻѤ褦

ȥ󥷥奿ϤʤΤ褦˹ͤΤεФ餫ǤϤʤĤͳʤȻפΡˤ仡뤳ȤϤǤ롥
ȥ󥷥奿ϸѤ򥲡ˤʤ館ƹͤΡפȤɽ¿Ѥ롥㤨Сָ쥲ˤ֤פȤĤϤä̾ؤƤΤס̾ؤȤϤǤϸ쥲ˤưǤϤޤäʤסȤ쥲ȸΤ٤Ƥ˶̤벿ĤΤΡʤ쥲ܼʤɤȤΤϡˤСʤΤǤ롥ˡ͡ʸ쥲ϸߤ˻̤äƤϤ뤬˶̤Τ¸ߤʤ²Ū򼨤ƤʤΤǤ롥ֻϤ²ŪȤˤʳɤħŤѤΤʤסϻˡ⤷ʳŪõ椬Ǥ츦оݤܼ¸ߤ󤷡õ椹ΤȤʤСˤܼʤɤ⤽ʤΤǤ뤫顤ˤĤƲʳŪõ򤹤ȤȤϤꤨʤȤˤʤ
ޤΤ褦ʤȤͤ롥ʳؤDzƤ뤫ȤȤõ椹롥ȤȤФ줬ؼΤʸ̣ΤȤ褦䤤ϸδ֤δط䤦Ƥ롥äơϥȥ󥷥奿ˤвʳŪ䤤ǤϤʤϡٰ͡बѤƤ븫Ǥ롥ȤС⡤ˤĤƤβʳŪõؤŪ٤ФǤ
뤤ϤޤΤ褦ȯۤ⤢Τ⤷ʤˤϵ§ʤˡ§ȤФи롥勞˴ؤˡ§ε§̣ε§ơºݡؼԤůؼԡʤΰˤϤˡ§䵬§򸫽Фȯ褦ϤƤΤǤ롥ʤ顤ˤΤ褦ʵ§ȤƤ⡤ϲʳŪõоݤȤʤ褦ʼΤΤʤΤȥ󥷥奿ˤСѤ˴ؤꡤ֤٤ƤϤभФˤˤΤǤ뤫顤٤ΤϲʤסʰϻˤΤǤ롥ФơαԤˡ§丶Ҥο񤤤ˤĤƤˡ§ʤɤϡ֤भФˡפƤϤʤäơפ׵ᤵ뤳ȤäƤ
ʳؤˡ§ȸ츽ݤ˸뵬§---Τ褦ʤΤȤƤäǤ뤬---δ֤ˤϤ˸㤬褦˻פ롥ȤΤϡԤε§ϤȤƤäƤ뤫Ǥ롥ȤСʪؤˡ§˽äƱưƤʪΤϤΤ褦ֱư٤פ餽Τ褦˱ưƤ櫓ǤϤʤñˤʪΤαưˤϤΤ褦ʵ§ФˤʤФơڤ­פȤ褦ɽ̾ѤʤȤˤϡñˤΤ褦ʵ§ȤǤϤʤïֻڤ­򿩤٤ȤפȽҤ٤ʤС֤ϤסѤɽס֤Τ褦ʸϤ٤ǤϤʤסȻŦ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥Ʊ򼡤Τ褦뤳ȤǤ롥ʤʳؤˡ§ξ硤ˡ§ˤ褦ʻ---ȿڻȸ---Ф줿ʤСˡ§⤽ˡ§ǤϤʤäȡΤФơ츽ݤ˸뵬§ξ---ǤϤʤ¿μҲ񸽾ݤ˸뵬§ξ---ˤϡȿڻȸΤФ줿Ȥˤϡλ˴Ϳ͡㤨Сֻڤ­򿩤٤Ȥפȸäͤϡֵ§ˤäפȤȽ졤פ򤹤褦ΤǤʸ츽ݤǤʤҲݤƱͤΤȤäˤϡֹŪǤʤסŪפȤȽ뤫⤷ʤˡƱʼξʤĤβҤ䤵ƤȤˤϾԤʤ¤㤦Ȥ§ĥ줿Ȥ褦ΤȤͤ⤤äʤСε§ʤäȤΤǤϤʤषοͤŪǤʤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥


ȥ󥷥奿θۤˤСˤܼʤäƲʳؤоݤȤϤʤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ϳصŪоݤˤϤʤޤǥθˤΤ¸ߤӸݤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥

͵ظů١Ҧ˼2003ǯ

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2019-08-25 Sun

#3772. Wittgenstein Ρָ쥲 (2) [function_of_language][language-game][context][speech_act][pragmatics][semantics][terminology][philosophy_of_language]

ε ([2019-08-24-1]) Wittgenstein (Sprachspiel, language-game) ˿줿Bussmann (262) Ѹ켭ŵˤȼ̤ꡥ

language game
L. Wittgenstein's term referring to complex units of communication that consist of linguistic and non-linguistic activities (e.g. the giving of and complying with commands in the course of collaborating on the building of a house). Signs, words, and sentences as 'tools of language' have in and of themselves no meaning; rather meaning is derived only from the use of these items in particular contexts of language behavior.


¾ڼ (logical positivism) ž Wittgenstein ΡΤ褦 ƥȽŻθѤ̣Ѥϡů (ordinary language philosophy) 礭ʱƶͿȯù԰ (speech_act) ޤ᤿ (pragmatics) ȯŸˤ׸"the meaning of a word is its use in the language" Ȥ̣ΤȤ館ϡʤ꤬ΤΡ1ĤθȤߤʤƤ롥
̣ΰ̣˴Ϣơ#1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])#2199. Bloomfield ˤȤäƤΰ̣ΰ̣ ([2015-05-05-1])#2794. ְ̣ ([2016-12-20-1])#2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1]) ʤɤƤȤӤ줿

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-26-1]

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2019-08-24 Sat

#3771. Wittgenstein Ρָ쥲 (1) [function_of_language][language-game][speech_act][philosophy_of_language]

#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1]) Ǵñ˿줿٤ȥꥢޤůؼ Wittgenstein (1889--1951) ϡ1953ǯ˽Ǥ줿ˤơ Sprachspiel "language-game" ȤȤ館쥲͡ʳưʤͷӤǡΤ褦ʳưޤޤʰƣ߷ġp. 18 ˡ

᤹̿롤̿˽
ʪγ򵭽Ҥ롤뤤Ϥ¬򤹤
𤹤
ˤĤƿ¬
Ωơڤ
ʪ롤ɤ

ؾζʤΤ

̤
ºŪʿؤ
¾θ
䤹롤դ롤ΤΤ롤Ĥ롤ʤ

ϡ̣Ǹνǽ¤٤ꥹȤȤ롥εǽˤĤƤ¿ε뤬#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ϤȤ function_of_language γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-23 Fri

#3770. ʹ֤θħ8 [linguistics][double_articulation][arbitrariness][saussure]

#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1])#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) ʤɤǿʹ֤θħ󤲤Ƥ¿ʣ뤬ƣ߷ (10--16) ⤷ʤ󤲤Ƥ8ħ򡤻伫ȤΥȤäʤ鼨

(1) ΤȤƲѤ
񤭸դǤʸΤȤʤ뤷θ (body language) ȿ (gesture language) ⤢С (sing language) ʤɤ⤢Τϻ¤Ǥ롥ϤŪʵ (semiotics) ǰоݤȤ٤Ǥ롥ʹ֤νˤߤŪħȤƤϡΤȤƤ뤳Ȥ󤲤롥#1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1064. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (2) ([2012-03-26-1])#2535. (sign) μ --- ʤˤʬ ([2016-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(2) ŪʵǤ
ƽפʸħǤ롥#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1])#2224. 塼ˤ ([2015-05-30-1])#2445. ܥˤ̵ռ ([2016-01-06-1]) ۤ arbitrariness γƵ򻲾ȡ

(3) Ϲ¤η (system) Ǥ
ˤƤϡǤǥ¤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤηޤˤä¤٤Ƥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2245. Meillet "tout se tient" --- ηϤȤƤθ ([2015-06-20-1])#2246. Meillet "tout se tient" --- Ҳˤ ([2015-06-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(4) ϼҲ٤Ǥ
ϡ춦ƱΤǰμҲȤƺ줿ηϤǤ롥ĿͤѤΤǤϤʤҲŪۤ줿ηϤǤ롥

(5) Ϸ (form) Ǥäơ¼ (substance) ǤϤʤ
塼ϡ쵭ͤǷȼ¼̤٤ȤĥˤƤϡޤݲˤȤäƤ̵طǤ롥ˤȤäʤΤϡΥ롼Ƥ륳ޤεǽ뤤ϲͤǤ롥ξ硤ޤεǽͤꡤޤκ¼롥Ϣơ#1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(6) žܸ (displaced speech)
˴ͿΰʳΤȡʺΤȤ䡤̤ξǵäƤ뤳ȤʤɡˤȤ뤳ȤǤΤȤǤ롥ưʪĤʤɤϡλξ˸¤ƤꡤŪŪΥ줿ΤؤȤǤʤʹ֤θϡŪŪΥ줿ΤˤǤФ꤫¤ˤʤȡʤ̡ˤɽ魯ȤǤ롥

(7) ¤ (creativity)
ǤͳŪȤ߹碌ơ̵¤˿ʸ߽ФȤǤ롥

(8) ʬ (double articulation)
#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1])#1062. ʬˤ뤫 ([2012-03-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ưʪΥߥ˥ˤϡ(1) ʳħߤʤȤդ

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-22 Thu

#3769. ؤȥե [linguistics][philology][terminology][history_of_linguistics]

(linguistics) ȥե (philology) ϡȤ˸򸦵椹ʬǤʤ顤֤ª뤳Ȥ¿ԤϡʸءפƤаޤ뤬򾷤餤뤳Ȥ顤ФФΤޤޡ֥եפȲʸǾΤ롥
츦Ū˥եȸƤФƤ19--20ʹߤ˰̲򼨤ؤȯŸƤȡԤ̤ؤȸƤ֤褦ˤʤäξԤδ֤ˤϰʲΤ褦㤬롥

 ե
оʸʸؤôΤȤƤθʤäơ̱²ʸȤ켫Ρʤäơʸʸؤ⤿ʤоݤȤʤ
ظƥȻظŪǡ濴ŪƥȻظŪ濴Ū
ŪܻؤȤСֱѸפ餫ˤ褦Ȥ̲ηϤιܻۤؤ
ŪŪ


Τ褦˸ؤȥեˤϸФޤʤΰ㤤뤬ɵ椹ͤ츦ˡǤ롥äơȤбѸؤȤäˤ⡤եŪѸ (English philology) ȸŪѸ (English linguistics) ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ۤ򤤤СαѸؤ˼Ƹ椷ƤȤ˾ޤ롥
ʾ塤ƣ߷, p. 2--3 ˰͵򤷤Ϣơ#542. ʸءءʸء ([2010-10-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-21 Wed

#3768. ִ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤٤μʡ [standardisation][japanese][writing][alphabet][grammatology][kanji][romaji][me_dialect]

ε#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1]) ˰³İθѤˤĤơİϡܸɽΥ޻αưˤͿƤʤäإܥ󼰤ܼȤˤͤùޤʤä褦Ʊβοͤǡإ޻٤񤤤ڤؿ󤻤ҲˤϤäȤʤäȲۤƤ뤬ʰġp. 176--77ˡ޻ȼҲϢŤƹͤƤ᤬롥̸޻䥫ʤǽ񤭼äƤİˤȤäơܸ򤽤ƱˤʤȤפäΤ⤷ʤ
(177) ϡİΥ޻Ѥ䲾̾ѡӤ΢֤ȤƤδѤˤĤơΤ褦˰ѤƤ롥

¸٤סʰȬˤǡֺ椬ɽ̾ȤʤĤƹԤޤ޻񤭤ȤʤĤƹԤĤơΤޡ񤭽Ф줿顤ܤθ줬ɤդȤˤʤǤ餦פȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȯ򤽤Τޤޤ˽񤯤褦ˤȡˤ⤿餵ΤϺʬǤʤȤǧȤȤǤ롥ҲΥ᡼ȤϢưƤΤǤϤʤ϶İˤȤäƤϡְפȤ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤פμʤäΤ⤷ʤ


źθˤˤơʤ븢ϤäƤƤ⡤͡äդ¿ޤळȤǤᤷϤʤ񤭸դˤơΤ褦äդ¿ߤʤ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ºݡʸĶҲ¿Ǥϡ񤭸դɸಽ̾ΤȤˡޤˤΤȤԤʤäƤΤǤ롥κݤˡɽʸѤۤȯ¿ߤʤ䤹ȤϤޤǤʤɽʸϡ̤ȯ򥹥ȥ졼Ȥɽ路Ƥޤˡȯ¿ʤȤ񤷤ŪˤСɽʸɽʸȤǤϡԤΤۤɸಽ˸ƤȤȤ⤷ʤ¿ʤȤƤɽʸȤȤ館ŪͤƤȻפ
˽Ҥ٤Ƥȯ򤽤Τޤޤ˽񤯤褦ˤȡˤ⤿餵ΤϺʬǤʤȤǧפϡ䤿ˤⶦ䤹ΤǤϤʤѸˤߤСѸޤˤΤ褦ʺʬλäΤǤ롥θˤƤɸŪֻȯãƤȤˤʤ롥#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1])#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) Ϥ me_dialect γƵ򻲾ȡ

ϯضİܸζ١ʿ޼ҡʿ޼ҿӡ2008ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-26-1]

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2019-08-20 Tue

#3767. ܤ̡ [history][linguistic_imperialism][ainu][typology][history_of_linguistics]

#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1]) εǡꥹʤˤˤȤäơ²ۤ䤽Ÿ͡ʪϡʬγۤƤ뤳Ȥ򹭤ԡ뤹ʤäȤߤϯˡضİܸζ٤ɤǤơ褯˽Ф路ܤ˹ԤʤƤ륢̡ʸˤޤ᤿͡ʰۼ̱²Ÿ뤳ȤˤäơȤƤϤ򥢥ԡ뤷ƤΤǤϤʤȤĤϡİ⤽Τ褦ʴ饢̡ʸˤȤ館ƤȤߤƤ롥İκǽܤǤؿء١1912ǯˤΡּפˡΤ褦ˤʰġp. 71--72 ¹ˡ

̴ʸƸγؽȤֶԤϡס͸㡹˳ͤˤưפʤºʤĤƤ롥ϡäγؼԤ˵ȡν̵θɴ¿˾뤬Ѥ¶˻ġʰϻͤġˤ礭ŵ롥޸졦졦Ω줳Ǥ롥Ѹ졦ʩ¶γ򿧿ͼθϡޤƶ޸°ϸΩˡܸ°롥
Ƹȡ͡ʷ֤Τΰ̳ǰϡξ줿ܡ̿ͤ͡ϡͤˤʤˤϼĻͤ˽Ƥ롥
⡤ͤĤŵ˴ѤˤϡλĤξˡȤդΤäؤ롥ȡܤˤϡ̤Ȥ²äƹڤ˹ԤϤƤ롥ޤѤˤν٤ΩäƤΤǡܤȤչϤʤƼθθܤؤĤ޽ۤδѤ롥¤˸츦Ω˱ƤϡܿͤŷͿøäƤΤǤ롥


ĤޤꡤܤϡڤĥȤˤꡤΤޤ޽Ȥ٤¸ߤȤʤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥ȤϡŪʰ̣ǸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ1912ǯ10˾ǡפ졤ǥ̤ޤ١䡼ī˴ؤ븫ʪºݤŸ줿ΤǤ롥ơİϡŸ٤ˤäƤ̸ΥեޥȤѤơΥ̸츦ʤ뤳ȤǤ
ȸػˤˤϡפΤۤ¿ηˤĤƤϡ#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ϯضİܸζ١ʿ޼ҡʿ޼ҿӡ2008ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-19 Mon

#3766. ʤ send -- sent -- sent ʤΤ [verb][conjugation][inflection][consonant][tense][preterite][participle][sobokunagimon][degemination]

ɸ bend -- bent -- bent, lend -- lent -- lent, rend -- rent -- rent, wend -- went -- went ʤɤȤȤ˸ -nd -- -nt -- -nt Ȥʤ륿פԵ§ưʤʬˤ̵ -t ΤϡŪˤɬ餫ˤƤʤfeel -- felt -- felt, keep -- kept -- kept ʤɡʬȤ -t 򼨤¾ư줫 (analogy) ˤΤ⤫뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤϤ櫓Ǥʤ
Ūˤϡsend βʬ sent ȤʤͳϤʤűѸˤơsendan βŵŪ sende Ǥ sent(en) ˤȯŸʤƱͤˡʬ (ge)send(ed) ǤꡤϤ sent ˤϤʤʤΤäơ -t ϲη̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ겿ʤηֲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ȤȤˤʤ롥
º -t 򼨤ʬΤϡ13ˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥űѸǤ3ñ sendeþ (contraction) 򵯤 sent Ȥʤ륱ˤˤäϤޤ3ñǤꡤǤʬǤʤJespersen (33--34) ϰʲΤ褦ˡѤ줿3ñη֤ʬˤžѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ˾öŪͿƤ롥줷ȸ虜ʤ褦˻פ롥ΤȤȤۤʤ

In the send--sent group OE suppressed the d of the stem before the ending: sendan, sende, gesend(ed). I have often thought that the ME innovation sent(e) may originally have stood for sendd with a long, emphatic d to distinguish it from the prs form. This explanation, however, does not account for felt, meant, left, etc.
   There is a remarkably full treatment of Origin and Extension of the Voiceless Preterit and the Past Participle Inflections of the English Irregular Weak Verb Conjugation by Albert H. Marckwardt in Essays and Studies in English and Comparative Literature by Members of the English Department of the Univ. of Michigan (Ann Arbor 1935). He traces the beginning of these t-forms back to the eleventh century and then follows their chronological and geographical spreading from century to century up to the year 1400, thus just the period where the subject-matter of my own work begins. There is accordingly no occasion here to deal with details in Marckwardt's exposition, but only to mention that according to him the first germ of these 't'-forms lay in stems in -nd, -ld and -rd. The third person sg of the present of such a verb as OE sendan was often shortened into sent from sendeþ. On the analogy of such very frequently occurring syncopated presents the t was transferred to the prt and ptc. It must be admitted that this assumption is more convincing than the analogy adduced by previous scholars, but it is rather difficult to explain why the t-forms spread, e.g., to such verbs as leave : left. From the point of view of Modern English Grammar, however, we must be content to leave this question open: we must take forms as we find them in the period with which we are concerned.

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-08-18 Sun

#3765.رѸ춵٤Ϣ6֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do Τ [rensai][notice][word_order][syntax][syntax][do-periphrasis][grammaticalisation][interrogative][negative][auxiliary_verb][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

814ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ9ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤפǤ do λѤϡѸ礤ʤȤäƤ褤ΤǤŪˤߤƤ⡤ʤΤ褦ɽdo ˡȸƤӤޤˤиΤˤĤƤ͡ʲ⤬ꡤʤǮоݤˤʤäƤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ9



ѸޤǤϡʸʸ뵬§ñǤưμˤ餺ʸǤϼư֤ʸǤưΤȤ꼭źФ褫äΤǤѸ be ưưϡޤˤΤ褦쵬§ݤ³ƤޤΤǡѸޤǤϰưƱ§˽äƤ򤹤Ф褤Ǥ礦16ʹߡưεʸʸˤϡdo ˡѤȤʵ§ȯãΩƤäΤǤdo εǽܤСdo ֤롤Ԥʤפ̣ư줫顤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤФƽưؤȯãѲȤȤ館ޤ
ǤϤʤ do ˡΩ礷Τʤ16Ȥߥ󥰤äΤʤɤ˿ޤ褯ʬäƤʤȤ¿Τ¤ǤκǸǤϡ֤⤷ꥶ٥1뺧ѻ̤ĤƤʤС do ˡϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤȤˤΡ֤⤷פƤߤޤɤɤ
ܥ֥δϢ뵭ȤƤϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ϤȤ do-periphrasis ε

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6󡡤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ9桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ81462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-14-1]

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2019-08-17 Sat

#3764. ư -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][verb][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology][analogy]

ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 򻲾Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶Ѹˤƶ޸򼺤ԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥ե󥹸Ǥǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե󥹸줫餳θѤηƻưϤ޸οˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻ򤽤ΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤե󥹸ˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
ä󤳤ˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤե󥹸ˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤե󥹸ŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-30-1]

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2019-08-16 Fri

#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã [suffix][-ate][adjective][participle][word_formation][loan_word][latin][french][conversion][morphology]

ѸŵŪư1ĤȹͤƤ -ate ϡ¤ϤĤηƻˤߤ롥aspirate, desolate, moderate, prostrate, sedate, separate ưȤƤˡ⤢뤬ƻǤ⤢롥 innate, oblate, ornate, temperate ʤɤϾ˷ƻǤ롥ƻȤƤ -ate εȯã򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦
ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤롥ե󥹸Ϥˤߤܼ -us, -um, -a æѸƥݤˤæδޤƥե󥹸Τ򿿻̤ȤơѸ1400ǯ餤顤ƥ -atus ʤɤ -at ʤΤԤ첻ĹȤ򼨤 e ź -ate) ȤƼཬƤä
嵭Τ褦 -ate εưβʬǤ뤫顤ѸǤʸ̤ưβʬΤۤƻȤƤⵡǽƤȤ̵ʤǤ -ate ưθʬϤ˵ڤǡŪʲʬϡ¿˵§Ū˺줿 -ated Ȥ֤˼ä졤ʬʷƻˤȤƤ -ate ¿ѤȤʤäƤޤäƻȤƼŪ˻ĤäΤ⤢äƬ˵󤲤 -ate ƻϡΤ褦ʷаޤǡĤäפΤǤ롥
ʾή⤷սOED -ate, suffix2

Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us. The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus:--confūsus, content:--contentus, divers:--diversus. This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix1 (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at, subsequently -ate, e.g. desolātus, desolat, desolate, separātus, separat, separate. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix3), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as 'the land was desolat(e by war;' but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in 'the desolate land,' 'a compact mass.' (But cf. situate adj. = situated adj.) So aspirate, moderate, prostrate, separate; and (where a verb has not been formed), innate, oblate, ornate, sedate, temperate, etc. As the French representation of Latin -atus is -é, English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in --é, e.g. affectionné, affectionate.


Ĥޤꡤ-ate ϡߤФषƻˤդ路Ȥ٤Ǥꡤưˤդ路ؤѲΤϡѸʹߤοȤȤˤʤ롥ʤ -ate ŵŪưȤʤäΤȤäƤϡʣŪ𤬤롥ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) 򻲾ȡʤޤεǤⰷͽˡ
-ate ˤĤƤϡ֤ȯʤɤδ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1])#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-31-1])#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ϥᡤ-ate εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-31-1] [2019-08-17-1]

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2019-08-15 Thu

#3762. Ȥԥɥ륤 (Druid) θ츻 [celtic][etymology]

Ȥԥɥ륤 (Druid) ϡ۶Ūʥ᡼ʤȤ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤС֥ɥ륤 (Druide)פϼΤ褦롥

ΥȿͤοĤĤɤäԡʺ׳顥7Τ˻Ѥ򸽤1ΥΡԥꥢﵭդˤСɥ륤ɤϵ²ؤ°οȽ̱ζʤɤĤɤꡤʸҤͭȿͤǤ򿮤ưʪλѤȤҡ俹Ȥ˥ɥꥮ뤷򤵤ꤤ򤪤ʤäƳΤȸǸҥڤΤäƤ͡Ӥ̣ɥ륤ɤǤä夳οĤκ濴Ϥϥ֥꥿˥Υ(ߤΥ륺Υ󥰥륷)ǡ˲ȥȥˤС61ǯ޷򹶤᤿Ȥᄀ褿¿Υɥ륤ɤ()ʼڤݤƤ롥λĤηˡȤνɥ륤ɤϿꤨꥹȶڤȤȤ˾ǤǤ̱äŪ˻¸ƤȤ롥


ŵꥷ졦ƥˤƤϡdruides, druidae ʤɤʣѤΤǤꡤɥ륤ɤĤȤƳƤȤ롥θ츻ˤĤƤϡ͡ʲ⤬󾧤Ƥ롥ġᲬ (33--34) ˤС̤ꡥ

Υɥ륤 Druid druidai (Gr.), druidae, druides (L.), druvis, darach (Gaelic)͡
ץ˥⡡<A man of the oak> ֳߤڤο͡
ڥ⡡drus (Gr.) = oak ʳߡߥʥ
doire (Gaelic) = grove ʿ
ȡ⡡<Inhabitant of oak> ֳߤ˽͡
dairaoi, draoi, dair (Gr.) = oak
aoi = A stranger, guest ˬ͡
ե졼⡡<The wisdom of the oak> ֳߤڤθԡ
dair, duir (Ir.), dru, daru (Scot.), drew (WI.) = oak
wid or uid (Indo-German) = wisdom, knowing
ܥ⡡<Very wise man> ְʸԡ
Dru ʶĴˡvid, wid Τ = very + uid = knowing μ
ȡ⡡<Truth-teller> ֿ¤ԡ
dryw (WI.) = wren (bird, spirit of oak)
dryw (Ger.) = treu, true (Eng.)
⡡<A servant of truth> ֿ¤˻Ťԡ
drus = oak


¿˶̤Τϡɥ륤ɤμͥ줿ָԡפǤȤޤߤڤ俹ؤθڤꡤϥɥ륤ɤʤ뿹Ǻ׵ԤʤäƤǤ뤳ȡȤ櫓ߤڤѤƤȤȴطȤʳߤڤȴϢŤ츻Ǥϡdru- ڡפȲᤵƤꡤϱѸ tree ȤƱȤˡ
θ츻ˤ衤Ѹؤϥƥե󥹸𤷤16Ƴ줿Ǥ롥

Წ ݡˡإȤܡ١Ź2000ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-14 Wed

#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ [etymology][celtic][breton][geography][onomastics][toponymy]

ɸ2Ĥ̾ƱǤꡤŪˤñ˶ᤤȤˤȤɤޤ餺ۤȤƱǤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#734. panda Britain ([2011-05-01-1]) Ǽ夲ܸǤȤΥꥹΡ֥֥ƥˡפȥե󥹤Ρ֥֥륿˥ȾˡפϡѸǤ Britain, Brittany ̡θˤʤäƤ뤬ե󥹸Ǥϸߤ Bretagne 1ǤޤʤäƤ롥2ĤϰϥȷϤΥ֥ȥ (Breton) ̾Ʊ̱²Ȥ˽ߤĤϰǤꡤƶ̤ʤСʤƼºݤŪ˶̤Ƥˡ֥ƥפȡ־֥ƥפȸƤʬ٤ϰʤΤǤ롥
ŪʸˤС5Υ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ翯ȼäơ轻̱Ǥ֥ȥͤϥ֥ƥΥ󥦥ɤͤ줿ΰϡϤäƸߤΥ֥륿˥ȾؤȰܽȤ֥ȥͤȵʤܽԤϡοŷϤιƱ֥֥ƥפȸƤӡΤȤ֥֥ȥ׿ͤȸƤ³ˤꡤ˻ޤdz򶴤̤Ʊ̾2̾ݡˤǧΤǤ̤Υ֥ƥΥ֥륿˥ (Britain/Bretagne)̤Υ󥦥Υ̥ (Cornwall/Cornouaille
Ǥϡ֥ƥʤ֥륿˥ʤꡤ⤽⤳θϤɤ褿Τ (82) ϡԤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

֥륿˥ (Bretagne) ϡƥ֥֥꥿˥ (Britannia)פ餭̾Ǥ롥֥꥿˥Ȥϡȥɡ֥륿˥ʥ쥤ȡ֥ƥˤ̾Ǥäơν̱ΤȤť޿͡ʤȤ˥ꥦˤ֥꥿˥ (Britanni) ȸƤȤͳ褹롥ꥷΡ֥ץ쥿ΥפѷȤ뤬轻̱ϡѹ񡤥ɤʤαߤν˿д夫齻ǤȤ롥֥륿˥ϱѸǤϡ֥֥꥿ˡ (Brittany)פȸƤӡ֥ƥȤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ե󥹸ǤƱѤƤΤդƤˤϡΤˤ⥱̱²ܤ꽻褦ˤʤꡤ˹ä


Წ (85) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥

֥֥꥿˥פȤ̾θϡΥꥷͥԥƥ˴ŤΤǡΥ󥰥ɤȡʸʥåȥɡ륺󥦥롤ޥˤο֥֥͡쥿ΥפȸƤȤ顤ƥǡ֥֥꥿˥פȤʤä


ϹäƤ뤬֥ƥˤ֥륿˥ˤ衤ȷϤ1̱²θƾΤΤޤѤƸߤˤȤȤǤ롥̾˴ؤ¤ꡤ󥰥ŪʱѸŪˤ̣ФʤȤȤפǤ롥

ݡإ֥륿˥ؤι --- եʸδؤơ١īʹҡīӡ1992ǯ
Წ ݡإȡλ ---ϥ󤫤̿۴ġ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

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2019-08-13 Tue

#3760. ߽Ф줿ȼʸ [celtic][ogham][runic][alphabet][writing][geography][breton][geolinguistics]

ε#3759. Ϥޤä¯ʸ ([2019-08-12-1]) ǰѤꡤϢ夲ǤϤۤ᤯¯ʸȯãȤȤȼʸΩޤħŪʤȤȤ (213--14) Ѥ롥

󥸥ʥӥǤϡ񤬤ޤϤݤäƤ˥롼ʥ롼͡ʸ̥ɥĤǤϻ˥եʤηˤäơʸѤ르ȸ쿷ߤ줿ʸκʸؤȼνʸϽФǤꡤޤ˥ǤθŪϽФλߤȤȤǤ롥ǤϥȸΥʸ⤽ߤΰĤȤ뤬ȬäʤɤʸѤ줿ˤʤäΰ̣ǤϤϼԻȤäۤ
Фơƥ줬ܿͤΤȤФȤƤդĤѤ줿泤ϰǤϡĤޤǤƥν񤭤ȤФȤƤθҤ줺ϸθʸѤ̤Ȥ٤줿ˤС¯ƥλФơŵƥθҤˤϳΩϻȤϤˤޤǻ³ե󥹤ǤϡȤĶ뤽θҤե󥹸줬ѤȤǥե󥹸Υ衼åˤ錄ޤ˥ƥޤѤȤƼĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ꥫξϥꥢȤ˥ʸαƶϤζϰΰʤƤ櫓ǡƥθҤϤۤΥȸϰʾ˶Ϥ˻¸Ƥȹͤ롥λΥ֥쥤ʸؤν񤭤ȤФξڵ򤬤ʤΤϤ𤬴طƤ


Ǥϥƥ޻θҤŪ㤤ˡθʸ򸢰ҤŤ褦Ȥ뵤ޤ䤹ȤȤŪˤ⤷Ǥ롥
ʤǼˤʸΡּԻפɾƤ륪ʸˤĤƤϡ#2489. ʸ ([2016-02-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-12 Mon

#3759. Ϥޤä¯ʸ [celtic][anglo-saxon][germanic][latin][literature][writing][geography][geolinguistics]

Υ衼åѤˤ¯ʸȯãϡ˻Ϥޤä褦ˤߤ롥ƥǤϤʤ¯ (vernacular) ǽ񤫤줿ʸؤΤϡե󥹸Ǥ1098ǯΡإβΡ١ɥĸǤ13Ρإˡ٥󥲥βΡ٤Ȥߥ󥰤ѸǤϤä᤯700ǯȤإ٥ա٤ǽǤ롥
Ūˤ˼˰֤륢ɸˤĤƤϡ¸ǸŤʸ1106ǯΡإʡ̥ɥ٤1160ǯΡإ饰ͥåؽ٤Ȥ뤬ε6ˤޤǤΤܤȤ6Υ顼󡦥ե륮ˤ֥७СΡפǤ褯ΤƤ롥Ʊ륺ˤĤƤ⸽¸ǸŤʸ13ʹߤ֥ͥס֥ꥨפʤɤλΤε6ˤΤܤ餷ˤ¯ʸȯãۤᤫäΤϤʤ (213) Τ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥

ϤޤˤʸŪˤȤäƤե󥹤μҲؼԥХåˤ󾧤Ƥ뤳Ȥμʥ᡼ˤȤӡʤ֥꥿˥硤ɥ󥸥ʥӥܥإߥʤɤǤϡƥ϶ܿͤˤȤäƤ⳰ǤʤλȤʤޤޤǤäҤ줬ͳŪѤʤȤʤǡϸΤȤФ򤽤ѤȤͤޤ졤ƥ˻񤭤ȤФǤλѤϤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥
äơ衼åѤǤϡμ⳰ǺǽˡŪѤ¯ˤ񤭤ȤФ¯줬ι졦̱²ΤϤäȤǤҥ٥˥ǤϡϻˤϻΤФǤʤǯ嵭ˡŪʸޤǥǽ񤫤褦ˤʤä꡼ˡŪʸϰ졻ϥƥ줫ǰˤʤäо줹Τǡ٤Ȥλ٤㤤ꥢϥäȤȤطƤ


ǤϥƥθҤŬ٤˼夫äȤפǤ롥ƥȵΥ֤¯λѤ¥ΤǤ롥̤δߤСμҲϡƥ줫ɷ㤳ƥ򤽤Τޤ޻Ѥۤɤˤϥƥ줫֤줷ʤäȤθ캹⤢äƸؾΥϥǥ򴶤ƤȤȤǤϤʤ
ơΤ褦ʸؾκ򾯤Ǥڤ˾ۤ뤿ˡؽμΥƥ˥å褯ȯãΤħǤ롥#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) εǡʬ񤭤ϡֳؽԤθɤ߽񤭤ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹פȽҤ٤ν񵭾γ׿⤿餷Τϡۤʤ̥ꥹȤ˽ཤƻΤäΤǤ롥

إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-13-1]

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2019-08-11 Sun

#3758. Ѹ̾ John (2) [onomastics][etymology][personal_name][hebrew]

[2018-09-20-1]ε˰³ʿ͵ؤѸ̾ John ˤĤơ
John ϡŪˤϺǤ͵ι⤤̾Ȼפ롥1620ǯ˿Φعҳᥤե (the Mayflower) ˤ102̾äƤꡤΤ73̾äΤ215̾ޤǤ⤬̾äƤΩˤϡ25%̾ӤӤƤȤפ餢롥Ǥ John F. Kennedy, John Lennon, John Travolta ʤɿ͵ϿꤨƤʤɽǤ뤫顤Honest John ʤޤľˡˤȤɽ⤢ۤɤ
͵طʤˤϡ츻Ǥԥϥͤˤ䤫ꤿȤפ櫓ۤˤ Jesus ʥإ֥饤Υ奢 Yeshua‘ˤ Yahweh/Jehovah ʥϥۥСˤȤϢƤȤ顤ʸ̤˿Ū̾Ǥ롥Ye- Τϥɽ魯ΤǡκŪʸ캬̵̾Ȥˤʤ (ex. Joseph, Jonathan)
Ѹ John бΤϡåȥɡ Sean, ɸ Sean/Shane, ե󥹸 Jean, ꥢ Giovanni, ڥ Juan, ɥĸ Johann, Jan, Hans, ϥ󥬥꡼ János, Ivan Ǥ롥 Joanna, Joana, Joanne, Joan, Jeanne, Jeannette, Janet ʤ͡
ʾ塤 (42--55) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

̾ʪ١̼ҡҹ̼ҳؽʸˡӡ2012ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-10 Sat

#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][notice][slide][celtic][link]

#3732. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥ȤפΤ ([2019-07-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ727ڡ15:15?18:30ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơֱѸˤȸ츻2Ȥ򳫹֤ޤ¿˻äƤ٤߻֤ߤޤʤۤ夬ޤ꤬Ȥޤ  *
(1) ȤȤϲ(2) Ѹˤߤ륱Ūǡ(3) ѸʸδؤȤƤΥȡȤ3濴ˡѸȥȤŪʴطˤĤ͡ʳ٤äƤߤޤ饤ɻ֤Ƥޤ
397ڡ15:15?18:30ˡֱѸˤȸ츻3ο̱ϡꤷƤäͽǤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻2 ֥Ȥ
2. 2󡡥Ȥ
3. ܼ
4. 1. ȤȤϲ
5. ֥ȡפȤä
6. ȿͤʵ1ǯȾ
7. ȸɤη
8. ֥ƥˤ륱ν̾
9. ơΥȸˤĤ
10. 2. Ѹˤߤ륱Ū
11. ѸϾˤȤɤޤ (#3680)
12. ɸ줫μѸǯʬ
13. ѤδŪʷϩ
14. 󥰥ͤȥȿͤδط
15. ͭ̾˻Ĥ˥ȸ
16. ðʳؤαƶ
17. ɸ줫饢ɱѸءƥꥫѸ
18. 3. ѸʸδؤȤƤΥ
19. إǥեʡ (The Lindisfarne Gospels)
20. إ륺ν (The Book of Kells) (#3680)
21. ʪ
22. ʬ񤭤ȯ
23. ޤȤ
24. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-10-1] [2022-03-12-1]

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2019-08-09 Fri

#3756. ɸ줫μѸǯʬ [loan_word][irish][celtic][statistics][lexicology]

Ϣȴط³Ƥ뤬#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1])#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1])#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) ˰³Ѹꡥ
Durkin OED3 ѤĴˤСѸ˾ʤ̸ŪƶͿ25̤θΤʤǡȷϽȤƤϥɸΤߤ󥯥󤹤ȤǡѸȤƥɸ˥åȤʤäơѸǯ̤˥ץåȤΤΥդǤ (Durkin 94) OED3 A--ALZ, M--RZ ʬΤߤоݤȤĴǤ롥

Loanwords from Irish, as Reflected by OED3 (A-ALZ and M-RZ)

19Ⱦ˼ѸΥԡƤ뤬ƱѸˤǤߤ0.2%ۤ٤Ǥꡤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΥǥܥϤˤ衤ɼѸϾΩʤ¸ߤǤäȤ狼롥ͻϰϤ򥱥ȽΤ˹ƤߤƤ⡤ѤʤϢ¾θ줫μѸʬۤ٤Ƥ餤

#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])
#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])
#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-08 Thu

#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲ [do-periphrasis][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][contact]

ε#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) ǡȸ줫αƶ꺻Ѹθ󤲤ġλƤˤĤ͡ŦƤ껿ݤε蘆Ƥ롥
ŪʻƤ1Ĥˡdo ˡ (do-periphrasis) ȯã˥ȸ¤ؤäƤΤǤϤʤȤ롥ѸǤϤι¤󥰥ǽƸ줿Ȥ졤Ūˤϥȸ첾Ĵ¤ǤϤʤ褦ˤߤ롥˻꤬礭ΩϤ롥ѸΤιʸȯã13ʹߤΤȤȤ뤬ظ줿륱ȸ줫αƶȤСϿɴǯʾˤäƤ800ǯˤ˵äƤƤ٤äǤϤʤۤĹظαƶθ̤פƤȤΤϡΤǤϤʤפˡȸαƶꤹˤϻ夬ޤˤ줹ƤΤ¤Ϥȿϡdo ˡ˸¤餺Ѹ줫Ѹˤȯãȸ줫αƶ꺻Ƥ¾ι¤ˤƱͤƤϤޤ롥
Ф륱ȸ첾ʸԤϡƤ̤Ǥ롥

The explanation normally given for this feature [= do-periphrasis] appearing so late in English is that it was in sociolinguistic terms a change from below, affecting first the speech of those people of low social status whose speech was least likely to be reflected in literary usage, and only spreading slowly into the sorts of high-prestige varieties reflected in written sources: the conservatism of the written language in the Old English period is often also cited as a factor. (Durkin 89)


Ĥޤꡤɴǯͳϡ줬 "change from below" Ǥꡤ񤭸դդˤ٥ǤѲ顤ȤȤΤ褦㤤ѼϡűѸν񤭸դȤ⤤ѼˤȿǤʤΤǤȡ
¤ϻ褦ʵϡѸ˾̤ˤĤƤʤƤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬űѸʸˤϤޤ긽줺ܳŪʸоѸԤʤФʤʤäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ͳϡ嵭Ȥ褽ƱǤ롥ºݤαƶϸűѸˤäθ̤ʸ˸ޤǤˤϤ٤λ֤ɬפäȤcf. #2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1]
ȸ줫ι¤ŪѤȸťΥɸθŪѤȤۤʤ2λƤˤĤơ⤽Ʊ褦˵뤳ȤǤΤȤ꤬롥ޤ־Υåפ⡤ȸ첾Τۤڤ礭
ϥȸ첾ˤϤʤ̵Ȼפƶ꺻ġλƤˤĤƤΩƸƤɬפꡤ֥ȸ첾פνΤ礷ऱˤϿŤǤʤФʤʤȤͤƤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1] [2022-06-14-1]

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2019-08-07 Wed

#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤ [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][do-periphrasis][reflexive_pronoun][be][nptr][fricative_voicing][cleft_sentence]

20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ

űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³򼨤Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤե󥹸бʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-08-06 Tue

#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡо [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][language_shift][diglossia][sociolinguistics][contrastive_language_history]

ε#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ ([2019-08-05-1]) ǡե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸ򳵴ѤϤȱѸΥȼѸȤӡоȤ褦
ѸΥȼѸοۤΰ찮Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ǸƤե󥹸ǤϺεǸ褦ˡʤȤ100ۤ륱ñ줬ѤƤŪˤϱʩδ֤˺Ȥ⤤ŪˤߤСۤ礭ʿǤϤʤʸ̤ꡤ޽ɴȤäƤ褤μҲˤƤ⡤ȸϼҲŪ˰ҿ㤤äȤȤǤ롥
ȼѸμŪʺۤˤܤ٤Τ롥ѸäƤñˤȤ٤ΤϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ե󥹸ΥȼѸˤϡDurkin (85) λŦ̤ꡤʲΤ褦˹ٸޤޤƤʤˡΤĤѸϥե󥹸줫ѤƤˡ

. . . changer is quite a high-frequency word, as are pièce and chemin (and its derivatives). If admitted to the list, petit belongs to a very basic level of the vocabulary. The meanings 'beaver', 'beer', 'boundary', 'change', 'fear' (albeit as noun), 'to flow', 'he-goat', 'oak', 'piece', 'plough' (albeit as verb), 'road', 'rock', 'sheep', 'small', and 'sow' all figure in the list of 1,460 basic meanings . . . . Ultimately, through borrowing from French, the impact is also visible in a number of high-frequency words in the vocabulary of modern English . . . beak, carpentry, change, cream, drape, piece, quay, vassal, and (ultimately reflecting the same borrowing as French char 'chariot') carry and car.


μŪʺۤϲˤΤʤΤŪʸˤС֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤϥ󥰥ͤοˤŪû֤Ƕव졤Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ®˿ʹԤȹͤƤ롥ꥢΥͤϡƥ졦ޥĸüԤ˰Ϥ򤫤줿ȤϤĹ֤ˤ錄궦¸ˤǤԻԤǤϥƥ첽ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥϥ줬ä³졤diglossia ξĹ³ϤޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥θ塤ե󥹸ˤˤϥޥ⻲Ƥ뤬ǤŪʸϤʤäȤ롥ɤ顤ʩˤ륱ȼѸμκۤϸܿ (contact) ȸμҲŪΰ㤤˵褦ˤĤơDurkin (86) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . whereas in Gaul the Germanic conquerors arrived with relatively little disruption to the existing linguistic situation, in Britain we find a complete disruption, with English becoming the language in general use in (it seems) all contexts. Thus Gaul shows a very gradual switch from Gaulish to Latin/Romance, with some subsequent Germanic input, while Britain seems to show a much more rapid switch to English from Celtic and (maybe) Latin (that is, if Latin retained any vitality in Britain at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement).


αʩˤ뺹ۤϡܿ෿ǤȤΡ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ζ̤۵ (see #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]), #1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])) ֥ƥǤ borrowing βꥢǤ shift-induced interference βơͿƤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ե󥹸ˤθƤȡѸˤΥȼѸħ䤫⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥줳оȸˤ̥ϤǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-05 Mon

#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][hybrid][hfl]

ϢѸˤ륱Ƚ줫μѸˤƤ뤬򤫤ƥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸξDurkin (83--87) ˰͵򤷤ƤߤƤ
޻Υե󥹡ʥꥢˤǤϡƥ¤Υ (Gaulish) ĹѤƤԻǤϥƥʥޥĸȤ٤˥ե󥹸ȤȤäƤǤϥǴ궯ĤäƤ褦Ĺˤ錄ܿη̤ȤơΥե󥹸ˤϡѸξ¿ΥȼѸ줬ޤƤȤϤäƤ⡤100ۤ٤ǤϤʸˤä50--500ޤǤγˡ#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) DZѸξˤĤƵŸ褦ˡѤλ롼ȤưפǤϤʤ褦οˤϡƥ˼Ѥ줿Τ䡤ĤθФƴŪ˼Ѥ줿ΤʤɤޤޤƤꡤե󥹸üԤȥüԤľܤܿ˵٤ΤФǤϤʤ
嵭դĤġʲ˰̣ʬ̤ΥȼѸꥹȤΰ󤲤褦 (Durkin 84)

ưʪbièvre "beaver", blaireau "badger", bouc "billy goat", mouton "sheep", vautre "type of hunting dog"; chamois "chamois", palefroi "palfrey", truie "sow" ʺǸ3ĤϺ
Ļalouette "lark", chat-huant "tawny owl"
alose "shad", loche "loach", lotte "burbot", tanche "tench", vandoise "dace", brochet "pike"; limande "dab" ʥƬ򼨤

Ρ֥եñפΤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Τ⤢롥mutton, palfrey, loach, tench, chamois ʤɤαñϡ¤ϥȸ쵯äȤȤñ buck, beaver ʤɤϻ𤬰ۤʤꡤե󥹸 bièvre, bouc ȤϼѤˤΤǤϤʤȤ˰ĸˤΤܤ뤫brasserie ʥӡ¤ˤ cervoise ʸӡˤʤɤϡͤʬ򼨤Ƥ褦Ǥ⤷
ե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸΤ¾θ򥢥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Durkin 84)

arpent'measure of land'
bec'beak'
béret'beret'
borne'boundary (marker)'
boue'mud'
bouge'hovel, dive' (earlier 'bag')
bruyère'heather, briar-root'
changer'to change'
char'chariot' (reflecting a borrowing which had occurred already in classical Latin, whence also charrue 'plough')
charpente'framework' (originally the name of a type of chariot)
chemin'road, way'
chêne'oak'
craindre (partly)'to fear'
crème'cream'
drap'sheet, cloth'
javelot'javelin'
lieue'league (measure of distance)'
marne'marl' (earlier marle, hence English marl)
pièce'piece'
ruche'beehive'
sillon'furrow'
soc'ploughshare'
suie'soot'
vassal'vassal'
barre'bar'
jaillir'to gush, spring, shoot out'
quai'quay'


ʩˤ륱ȼѸηκۤȤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-06-1]

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2019-08-04 Sun

#3751. ̾̾Υȸ [onomastics][toponymy][personal_name][celtic][etymology][caedmon][hydronymy]

#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ʤɤDZѸˤŪʥȼѸ˾ƤƤ̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾ˤ륱ȸǤˤĤƤ⡤Durkin (81--82) ˤäƾƤߤ褦
ޤ̾ˤĤơűѸͭ̾ Cædmon ̾˵󤬤ʡ#2898. Caedmon's Hymn ([2017-04-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ³ơȥ󲦹ν䵮²̾ Ċerdiċ, Ċeawlin, Ċeadda, Ċeadwalla, Ċedd, Cumbra Ĥ롥ǰʤ顤ΰ̣ˤĤƤ⤬ʤ
̾ˤĤƤϿ̾˭٤ʾڵ򤬤ꡤȸǤƱꤷ䤹ȤäϴñǤϤʤ褦Ūʬۤϡ#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ФäƤ롥Thames, Severn, Trent ʤɤβ̾ϡ˥ȸǤȤƱꤷ䤹Τ¿ (see #1188. 󥰥ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]))
Kent ȸǤݤäƤΤϡΰ֡ʥ֥ƥˤͤȤۤ˻פ뤬ϥ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥΤƤ̾äChevening, Chattenden, Chatham, Dover, Reculver, Richborough, Sarr, Thanet ʤɤ⥱ȸʤ뤤ȸǤݻƤ롥
¾δϢȤơ#1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) ȡ#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-03 Sat

#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][toponymy][onomastics][irish]

ε#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) 褦ˡѸˤ륱ȼѸ͡ͳ񤷤Ȥ롥ϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) ΥꥹȤʬŪ˽ŤʤΤΡȤˤɾФǡΤʥȼѸȤߤʤΤ󤲤ƤȤȤϡѸ츻ؤ1ͼ Durkin Ǥ롥
Durkin (77--81) ϡűѸΤʶŪˤλΤĤˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤˤ˼Ѥ줿Ȥ Brythonic ϤΥȼѸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥ޤbrock "badger" (OE brocc) ϼȼѸȤäƤ褤ϡ֥ʥޡפɽ魯ȤơѸ badger ˤμ礿ϰ̤åޤǡǤ̤θä
֤ФפϤȤƴؤ bin (OE binn) ᤤѤȤ졤ˤäƤΦ˼ڤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
coomb "valley" (OE cumb) μ¤ʥȼѸǡűѸ줫ߤ뤬Ȥ̾˸줿̾ǤȤƤθŤȼѸ¿űѸǤϤۤ luh "lake", torr "rock, hill", funta "fountain", pen "hill, promontory" ʤɤ󤲤롥
The Downs ˻ĤűѸ dūn "hill" ⡤ФХȼѸǧƤ롥#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1]) ǸȤꡤ䤿ˤʤ߿졦ֻ down ƱʤΤ⤷ȼѸȤȡ֤Ūʸ줬ڤƤΤǤ롥¾ޥˤߤ뤳Ȥ顤ΦμѤȿꤵ롥
֤ĤĤפ̣ crag Ͻ㤬Ѹ첻ȯãˤĤϻĤΤΡȼѸȤƤ롥coble ʿ쾮פƱͤǤ롥
hog (OE hogg) ϥȸͳȤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤϲΤ褦
ˡȵ⤬㴳路Ȥ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦űѸη֤ bannuc "bit", becca "fork", bratt "cloak", carr "rock", dunn "dun, dull or dingy brown", gafeluc "spear", mattuc "mattock", toroc "bung", assen/assa "ass", stǣr/stær "history", stōr "incense", cæfester "halter" ʤɤ󤬤롥Ūʸˤȡgafeluc ϸťɸ쵯ǤϤʤȤƤ롥
ťɸ쵯ȤСۤˤ drȳ "magician", bratt "cloak", ancra/ancor "anchorite", cursung "cursing", clugge "bell", æstel "bookmark", ċine/ċīne "sheet of parchment folded in four", mind "a type of head ornament" ʤɤŦƤ롥तȤ⤦1Ĥνפʸ cross "cross" 󤲤Ƥ
ǶθǥȼѸβǽ⤤ȽΤȤƤϡwan "pale" (OE wann), jilt, twig 롥űѸ trum "strong", dēor "fierce, bold", syrce/syrc/serce "coat of mail" ⤳˲ä뤫⤷ʤ
˻¿פʸȤơrich, baby, gull, trousers, clan 󤲤Ƥ (Durkin 91)

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-02 Fri

#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][contact][etymology][hydronymy]

#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) Ūʸ츻ؤθ򻲾ȤʤѸؤΥȼѸˤĤƹͤƤȤƻȤΤϡDurkin 5 "Old English in Contact with Celtic" (76--95) Ǥ롥
Ƚ줫ѸؤμѸ줬ʤȤ¤ϵ褦ʤȼѸȤƤġñˤĤƤϡ츻ˤξܺ٤ɬ餫ˤʤäƤʤΤ¿εǵ󤲤褦ʡ̤αѸ˽ǤФм夲ϢñŪּפΤ¿ˤ⤷ȲΤ뤫⤷ʤ˥ȸ줫μѸʤΤȤܼŪ꤫顤ɤλ˼Ѥ줿Τ뤤ϤΥȸ줫äƤΤȤäޤǡ͡
طʤˤϡѸˤȥȽθ츻ξ˾ܤȤʤȤŪʻ⤢롥ޤȸ츻ؤ䥱ȸӸؤΤΤ⡤ȯŸ;Ϥ򤪤˻ĤƤȤ¦̤⤢롥ȤС̾ʤɤ̾˴ؤơ#1188. 󥰥ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȸ츻򵿤⤢Τ
ˡ񤷤ѸüԤȥȽüԤȤܿϡԤΦˤ夫鸽˻ޤạ̇̄Ǥڤ뤳Ȥʤ³Ƥ롥θ줬Φ˥ޥ˼Ѥ줿ñʤΤ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥؤޤäƤΤʤΤθˤƤΤˤήΤʤΤȽȤʤ⤢롥
Υȸ줫äƤȤˤĤƤϡ˺ݤơ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) ǿ줿Ūħ˻ͤˤʤ롥βȯãϵ1ǯŪ®˵äȤ졤礦ɥ󥰥ͤ夹ʤΤǡ츻ˤ̯ꤲ롥
奱ȸؤȯŸƤС嵭ˤΤθ̤ˤĤƤϡDurkin (80--81) ν긫򻲹ͤˤ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-01 Thu

#3748. ޡ at ado ư [infinitive][preposition][old_norse][etymology][shakespeare][semantic_change][lalme][map]

#3741. Ѹޡ forto ([2019-07-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ to forto ʤɤ¤ǡޡȤ at Ȥ⵩Ѥ줿θߤΤֻ at ȤʪǡťΥɸޡ at ѤΤȤ롥ξ֤ȤɤΤȤ츻ˤΤǡμѤȤϡˡμѤȤ٤㤫⤷ʤOED at, prep. ˤȡޡȤƤˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

VI. With the infinitive mood.
39. Introducing the infinitive of purpose (the original function also of to; cf. French rien à faire, nothing to do, nothing at do, nothing ado n. and adj.2). Obsolete exc. dialect.
   Corresponding to Old Norse at (Danish at, Swedish att) in gefa at eta to give one at eat, i.e. to eat; but not, like it, used with the simple infinitive; the nearest approach to which was in the phrase That is at say = French c'est à dire.


MED at adv. with infinitive 򻲾Ȥȡat do, at ete, at kep, at sai Τ褦ʷޤäưȤȤѤ뷹ȤMED ǽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

c1280 Chart.in Birch Cart.Sax.2.326: Yat ye land of seint Wilfrai..fre sal be ay; At na nan..In yair Herpsac sal have at do.
c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)906: Þe hondes gonnen at erne [Hrl: to fleon] In to þe schypes sterne.
c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)543: Ynouȝ þai hadde at ete.
c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)2495: Þat he cum wiþ þe at ete.
(1399) RParl.3.451a: The Answers of certeins Lordes, that is atte saye, of the forsayd Ducs of Aumarle [etc.].


ťΥɸˡͳ褹ȤȤ黡褦ˡޡ at ˤ褯ߤ줿eLALME Item 81 ȤƼ夲Ƥꡤʲ Dot Map 롥ΤŪʬۤ

eLALME Dot Map for AT

ʤߤ̾ ado ưݡפ at do ޤäΤͳ褹롥ԥδ Much Ado About Nothing ض٤ϡפ much to do about nothing ȤȤǤ롥֤٤ȡעݤʻŻעưפۤɤΰ̣ȯŸФȹͤ롥Фϰʲ̤ǡǤˡư͡פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥

c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5648: Olyuer wyþ a corde bond him fast, Ac arst was muche ado.

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