ظλŵ٤įƤȤѲ (language_change) Ȥδؿʬ˴ؤ͡ʵܤӹǤѲˤĤƤϻܥ֥¾͡˹ͤƤԤ10ͤ10̤θѲѤ롥ϡظλŵ٤ pp. 560--62 ˵ܤƤ롤ԻˤָѲװȤΥᥫ˥פꤹ1Ѥ롥
ѲװȤΥᥫ˥
ȤФϻήѲ³ΤǤꡤ˶٥ǤѲ˵ŤˤϤƤ֤ȤФפȤª졤оݤȤʤ롥Ȥʿ»ʸغʤ䡤ñʸȯΤʤɤСѲïܤˤ餫Ǥ롥äơޤȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤƤȤפǤ롥Ĥƥ塼Ferdinand de Saussure, 185--1913ˤذ̸عֵ (Cours de linguistique générale)٤̻ (diachronic linguistics) ȶ (synchronic linguistics) ̡˸椹٤ǤȽҤ٤ΤϡޤǯʸˡɤŰ줷ˡ§õ˷پĤ餹ǤäȻפ뤬ɤʸǤ⤵ޤޤʥ٥ǾѲοʹʳˤΤǡŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ롥
ǤϤʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ롥Ҷͤζʤȯäʹʤû֤Τ˸ʸˡηϤ뤬ͤˤʤäƤϤۤɴñˤѲʤĤޤҶθ콬β˸ѲװǤȻפ롥ޤθ츽ݤवޤޤʼҲŪѰۤɤ줬ˤɤΤ褦ʷǺѤƤΤͽǤʤɤ⡤ȤΡ֥ɡפϡ֥ԲפȤιήؤȸָסֿ٤פʤɤΡ֤ȴաפ夷ƤΤ⤷ʤʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ롥ܿˤѲϡŪܤ֤ʤɤȯѤ뤤¿Ѥˤ륳ɴ֤δĤˤäͶȯ롥ܺ٤ˤĤƤϸҤ롥
ƶ٥ǸѲβ˵ŤȤ⤢뤱ɤ⡤Ѳɴǯǯñ̤ǸˤꤤäϤäǧ롥λ庹ѻ뤿ˤϲʸԲķǤ롥ĤޤꤽΤ褦ʸäƽƸѲװȤΥᥫ˥βǽˤʤȤ롥λŪ椬ˤ礭ȯŸΤ⡤¾θ²ʤʸϿ¿¸ߤǤ롥ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬ΤޤϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
ûʸϤΤʤˡѲκǤפǻ̩˵ͤޤƤ롥ǽפΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̩٤϶ä٤䤬ǤͤȽǤ5ȴФ
(1) ֤ȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤƤȤפǤ
(2) ֶŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ
(3) ֤ʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ
(4) ֤ʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ
(5) ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬ΤޤϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ
ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ
ؤˤϡˡ͡ʶʬ2Ω롥塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) Ƴ (langue) ȥѥ (parole) (form) ȼ (substance) (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ʤɤ̾Ǥcf. #3508. 塼Ωǰ3 ([2018-12-04-1])ˡ
ޤ (phonetics) (phonology) (morphology) (syntax)̣ (semantics) (pragmatics) ʤɤ⡤ˡνפʶʬǤcf. #377. ѸˤȤʤꤦʬ ([2010-05-09-1])#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1])#4865. Ѹ --- ֱ̿Ѹء Day 1 ([2022-08-22-1])ˡ
ۤˤϡĿͤȼҲäʹꡤäդȽդʤɡΩϵϤХ꤬ʤ˸ؤǤлʬ (periodisation) פʶʬǤ롥
פʤΤϡζʬϸؤˡ塤տŪߤ줿ΤˤʤȤȤ¤θ֤ϤޤʣʤᡤԤϤΤޤѻʬϤꤹ뤳ȤǤʤǡص微ʬ˶ʬʬ줿äѻʬϤȤάΩƤ櫓Ǥ롥ơʬˤơζˤĤƤ褽餫ˤʤäǤˤϡ֥åΤ褦Ȥ߹碌ƺǽŪ˸ȤΤΤΤ褦ά˴ŤơޤǺȾ塤͡˶ʬƤΤ
άŪʬˤĤơŵŪѸ A History of English 路 Strang "Synchronic variation and diachronic change" ˤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (17)
Language is human behaviour of immeasurable complexity. Because it is so complex we try to subdivide it for purposes of study; but every subdivision breaks down somewhere, because in practice, in actual usage, language is unified. The levels of phonology, lexis and grammar are interrelated, and so are structure and history. There remains a further dichotomy, implicit in much of our discussion, but not yet looked at in its own right. Language is both individual and social. Acquisition of language takes place in the individual, and we have stressed that he (sic) is an active, even a creative, participant in the process. Yet what he learns from is exposure to the social use of language, and although cases are rare there is reason to think that the individual does not master language if he develops through the relevant stages of infancy without such exposure. And if he does have normal experience of language as a baby the speaker's linguistic creativeness is held on a fairly tight rein by the control of social usage --- he cannot be too idiosyncratic if he is to be understood and accepted. The governing conditions come from society, though executive language acts (speaking, writing, etc.) are made by individuals. Here, too, then, we have not so much a dichotomy as an interplay of factors distinguishable for certain purposes.
ʤ͡ʸƱͤάŪʬˤʤȹͤƤ롥Aϡ츽ݤΤˤϤȯ뤬٤Ƥθ츽ݤ줤뤳ȤϤǤʤBCǤ롥ˤ줾ΰꡤŪˤĤʤ --- 줬ؤάʤΤȹͤƤ롥äơɤȤäƤ⡤줬ŪȤְ㤤ȤȤϤʤȻפäƤ롥
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
1ۤ˻ϤְʼδѸظإͥ⡤2ΥڡĤġ10ޤ뤳ȤǤޤİԤγ꤬Ȥޤ
κ10ϡޤǤ٤ƤʤɤȤйɤǤ֥פˤĤƤǤػ (history_of_linguistics) ϡդ˴ؿΤ뤹٤ƤοͤˤȤäƼ¤Ϥʤꤪ⤷ʬʤΤǤʬ䤹ΤϴñǤϤޤ
Ͽ̤ơؤΤΰʾ˸ػˤ˿ؿȸߤΤä2ͤ20ȾγسĬήŤ¤ (structural linguistics) ˤĤäƤߤޤ¤˸ؤŨ˲Τ⤷ڰʼδѸظإͥ # 10 İ
¤ؤȤϲˤϤȤƤüŪǤ뼫ʤΤǡåθػˤγ (81--82) ꤿȻפޤ
¤ؤλϡ衼åѤȥꥫǶ1930ǯξ˻Ϥޤä
¾γʬˤƤ⤽Ǥ뤬ؤˤ빽¤Ϥޤ˴Τλ¤Ф뿷̣Ƥ롥¨Τλ¤ηϤǵǽƤܤƸƤä븫Ǥ롥Ʊˤι¤ŪʸϡμҲŪʡʤĤޤꥳߥ˥Ρ˵ǽζĴŪݤȰˤηϤνħȤΤʶ̤ȼΤǤ롥
λԤϤˡԤ19ˡ˸ƤθΩߤϤλο͡դҤȤϤʤä˿͡μФʤĤƤǽȯΤϥեǥʥɥ塼 Ferdinand de Saussure Ǥäɥ塼뤬Ƹؤˤ뿷ۤˤäƤλο͡˶ƶͿȤȡľܤαƶˤʤä͡λۤκˤΤƱŪפȯȤˤäơɥ塼ϺǤϹ¤ؤϻϼԤȸʤƤ롥
¤ؤΥϤȤ⤤ɥ塼δŪϡʲΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
ηϤǤꡤηϤȤƸ椹٤Ǥ롧ġλ¤ñȤ˼夲ΤǤϤʤΤȤƸ٤Ǥ롥ĺ٤ΰİηϤǤΰ֤ˤäƵꤵȤȤθ٤Ǥ롥
ϤޤṲ̄ҲŪݤǤꡤΤ褦ʤΤȤƸ椹٤Ǥ롧Ọ̇̄Ȥߴطϡߥ˥ˤƷŪʽĤΤǡˤǰƬ֤٤Ǥ롥
ȯŸȸμ¸ƤΰΡϾ֤ȤϡŪ˰̤ۤθݤǤ롥äơˡ鸫ơθߤξ֤᤹ŪʵळȤϵʤ
¾γʬƱͤˡؤˤƤ¤ѤΤ invariants õ桤; redundant ݤȴͿŪ relevant ݤʬΥ褦ȤϡޤǤ롥
¤ؤοԤϤ٤ơҴŪʬϴʥꥹƥåʵ;Ϥʤ褦ʤΡˤФȴᤷƤ롥
åϤ˱䡹³ΤǤդǻߤƤޤ礦
YouTube ưǤҤ٤̤ꡤˤȤäƹ¤ؤȤϡ֥ޥȥå͡פǤī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Ǥֹ¤ؤȤϥޥȥåͤǤפꤷƤ٤äƤޤΤǡФɤ
ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ
ʥȥεǤƤޤäϤޤʸؼԤǤ Saussure (1857--1913) θ (6) Ѥ The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia (3rd ed.) ¹Ǽ餹뤬̤ (xxxvii)
1. to describe all known languages and record their history (this involves tracing the history of language families and, as far as possible, reconstructing the parent languages of each family);
2. to determine the forces operating permanently and universally in all languages, and to formulate general laws which account for all particular linguistic phenomena historically attested;
3. to delimit and define linguistic itself.
פˡ֤̻֤ޤΤ¦̤ˤĤơֵҡסס֥פ3鹶衤ȤȤ
3Ĥʤɤ˱ԤɤɤޤǤؤƤʤΤȤ䤤Ǥ롥ؤμΩȤˤ̤뤬1εꤹ褦ʤȤŦƤʤȤǽײ1ĤȤƵƤΤäˡ塼뤬ŪʻäƸįƤȤ褯ʬ롥
Saussure, F. de. Course in General Linguistics. Trans. W. Baskin. London: Fontana/Collins, 1983. (First edition published 1916).
Malmkjær, Kirsten, ed. The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
塼衤 (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) δط䤨ᤷʤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ˤĤ͡˵Ƥ
#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1])
#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1])
#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1])
#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1])
#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])
#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])
#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1])
#3264. Saussurian Paradox ([2018-04-04-1])
#3508. 塼Ωǰ3 ([2018-12-04-1])
˥ץ2Ĥ֤˴ؤƻιͤȤˤС̻֤϶֤ŪͿΤǤϤʤŪͿȤϡλDzѤŪϿȤۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ξ֤ϳΤľԤ뼴ǤޤǰۤʤäƤΤߤȤˤͣܿġܿξ֤Υͥ륮Ž̤ƤȤߤƤ롥ּΤ1ˤ̿ޤǤζ֤ϡ̻֤饨ͥ륮ơΤ褦̿ޤˤʤäƤΤ
Sweetser (9--10) νϤˤơ塼ΥȤưѤĤġ褦ʸƤΤǰѤ
. . . [W]e cannot rigidly separate synchronic from diachronic analysis: all of modern sociolinguistics has confirmed the importance of reuniting the two. As with the language and cognition question, the synchrony/diachrony interrelationship has to be seen in a more sophisticated framework. The structuralist tradition spent considerable effort on eliminating confusion between synchronic regularities and diachronic changes: speakers do not necessarily have rules or representations which reflect the language's past history. But neither Saussure nor any of his colleagues would have denied that synchronic structure inevitably reflects its history in important ways: the whole chess metaphor is a perfect example of Saussure's deep awareness of this fact. Saussure, of course, uses chess because for future play the past history of the board is totally irrelevant: you can analyze a chess problem without any information about past moves. But he could hardly have picked --- as he must have known --- an example of a domain where past events more inevitably, regularly, and evidently (if not uniquely) determine the present resulting state. No phonologist today would reconstruct a proto-language's sound system without attention both to recognized universals of synchronic sound-systems and to attested (and phonetically motivated) paths of phonological change; it is assumed that the same perceptual, muscular, acoustic, and cognitive constraints are responsible for both universals of structure and universals of structural change. And, for a historical phonologist or semanticist trying to avoid imposing past analyses on present usage, it is an empirical question which aspects of diachrony are preserved in a given synchronic phonological structure or meaning structure.
ͤᾭ֤ΤηȤƤϤ褤֤ΤΤǤϤʤ츦⡤֤ο餳ѻоݤȤΤǤäƤۤ
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
ε˰³Trier ˵ְ̣ξפˤĤơ˶Ƥä Öhman ˤϢʸɤΡ־ (Feld, or field) ػˤΤ褯ޤȤޤäƤٶˤʤä
Humboldt üȯ20Ⱦ Ipsen, Trier, Jolles, Porzig ؤȤĤʤɥĤ濴Ȥسˤơ͡ʡ־פªƤ뤳Ȥˤʤäطʤˤϡ奿ȿؤαƶȤ (Öhman 124) ạ̈ġιŪįƤǤԽʬǤꡤνĤΤȤƤȤ館ɬפǤȤ줿Сġι¤ΤʤɬפȤȤǤꡤϤޤ˥塼ϻϤ¤θѤˤۤʤʤ
ˡ־פȤäƤ⡤Ipsen, Trier, Porzig Ρ־פªϤ줾ۤʤäƤ롥Öhman ʸǤϳơβɾʤƤ뤬Ǥϸ˻ޤǶƶϤ³Ƥ Trier Ρְ̣ξܤ
Ǥϡְ̣ξ (semantic_field) ϡָäξ (lexical field) ȤۤƱѤƤꡤ㴳֤ΰ㤤СΤ˶̤Ƥʤ褦˸롥Trier ϡξԤϸߤ˴طΤΡ2Ĥΰۤʤ־פǤȹͤƤ
Trier investigates language as ergon or, in the Saussurean terminology, as langue rather than parole. His (sic) distinguishes conceptual and lexical fields. The conceptual field exists independently of, or at least beside, the lexical fields. The lexical field is formed by a word and its conceptual cognates and corresponds to the entirety of the conceptual field. The latter is divided into parts by the word mosaic (Wortdecke) of the lexical field. A word alone has not meaning but acquires one only through the opposition between it and neighboring words in the pattern. For instance, in the grading of examination results as excellent, good, fair, poor, very poor, the word poor acquires a meaning only when one knows that the scale of grading consists of five degrees and that poor lies in the lower half between fair and very poor. (Öhman 126--27)
ޤTrier ϡξˤĤƤ⡤ʣξ줬ޤäơ礭ʾ夲ǽŪˤ줬ɽ魯̣äΤˤɤ夯ȤʾηϤͤƤ
The linguistic field, Trier stresses, is no isolated sphere in the vocabulary, even if this at first appears to be the case. Just as sections of a lexical field border on one another and form a whole, corresponding to the conceptual field, so do the lexical as well as the conceptual fields, according to Trier's theory, join together to form in turn fields of higher orders, until finally the entire vocabulary is included. The fields of lower order "articulate" (ergliedern sich) to form those of higher order, while the fields of higher order "resolve" (gliedern sich aus) into those of lower order. In treating his field as a closed unit, Trier uses a working hypothesis which is necessary to make the analysis at all possible. (Öhman 127)
ˤ¤ŪʸѤǤϤ롥ΰ̣椬餫ˤƤ褦ˡºݤΰ̣ˤäˤ衤ϳ餵ŪʾηϤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤषŤʤ礤ưŪǤ⤢ʣηϤʤΤǤϡTrier ΰ̣ξ⡤ˤ³äȸ虜ʤȤϤ̣γػ˾塤פž1ĤǤäȤɾǤ
Öhman, Suzanne. "Theories of 'the Linguistic Field'." Word 9 (1953): 123--34.
塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ϡζ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ̤ȤΤ (2Ĥ֤ˤĤƤεåȡˡ塼̻ŪֽͤưΤȤǤꡤͭñ̤ưȤȤˤۤʤʤסʴݻp. 310ˤƤ롥Ρưפϡե déplacement ʱѸ displacementˤषִפۤʬ䤹塼ϡ˥ե (signifié) ȥ˥ե (signifiant) η礫뵭 (signe) ѲϡξԤΡ֤פȤ⡤̤εˤִפȹͤƤ뤫
Ʊݻإ塼뾮ŵ٤ déplacement ι (284) äƤߤȤƤ֤졤ưפȵƤ뤬Ƥ褯ɤǤߤȼºݤˤϡִפˤۤʤʤʲѤ롥
déplacement Τ졤ư
ʤηǤμ (terme) ֤Ѥꡤη̤ȤƲ (valeur) ư뤳ȡּȽͤΥХʴط (frag. 1279) ư déplacer ʤ餹ˤѤ줿֤ʤʡġ (altération) νװ˹뤹٤Ϥʤη̡ȤȤ˥˥ե (signifie) Ф륷˥ե (signifiant) Υȡʴط (rapport) (frag. 1259) Τϡ˥ (signe) ǤԲʬΥबȤ̣ǤϤʤ˥سԤꤹʬΤΤƿ˥夬뤳Ȥ̣뤬Ť˥ȿ˥Ӥݡ (sujet parlant) ˤȤäƤϥ˥եȥ˥ե줿褦˺ФΤǤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ"déplacement" ȤѸΥ˥եȥ˥եδطΡ֤졤ưפؤΤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ȤäƤ뤬ºݤ˥塼뤬տޤƤΤϡ֤פǤϤʤִפʤΤǤʡֺפǤʤˡȤȡβѲ̣Ѳ⡤˥ե˥եϸꤷƤ¾줿ΤǤ롤ȤϤߤʤʤʤ롥Ť˥夬˥֤줿ΤȡߤʤȤˤʤ
ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1])#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) ʤɤǿʹ֤θħƤ¿ʣ뤬ƣ߷ (10--16) ⤷ʤƤ8ħ伫ȤΥȤäʤ鼨
(1) ΤȤƲѤ
դǤʸΤȤʤ뤷θ (body language) ȿ (gesture language) ⤢С (sing language) ʤɤ⤢Τϻ¤Ǥ롥ϤŪʵ (semiotics) ǰоݤȤ٤Ǥ롥ʹ֤νˤߤŪħȤƤϡΤȤƤ뤳Ȥ롥#1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1064. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (2) ([2012-03-26-1])#2535. (sign) μ --- ʤˤʬ ([2016-04-05-1]) ȡ
(2) ŪʵǤ
ƽפʸħǤ롥#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1])#2224. 塼ˤ ([2015-05-30-1])#2445. ܥˤ̵ռ ([2016-01-06-1]) ۤ arbitrariness γƵȡ
(3) Ϲ¤η (system) Ǥ
ˤƤϡǤǥ¤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤηޤˤä¤٤Ƥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2245. Meillet "tout se tient" --- ηϤȤƤθ ([2015-06-20-1])#2246. Meillet "tout se tient" --- Ҳˤ ([2015-06-21-1]) ȡ
(4) ϼҲ٤Ǥ
ϡ춦ƱΤǰμҲȤƺ줿ηϤǤ롥ĿͤѤΤǤϤʤҲŪۤ줿ηϤǤ롥
(5) Ϸ (form) Ǥäơ¼ (substance) ǤϤʤ
塼ϡ쵭ͤǷȼ¼̤٤ȤĥˤƤϡޤݲˤȤäƤ̵طǤ롥ˤȤäʤΤϡΥ롼Ƥ륳ޤεǽ뤤ϲͤǤ롥ξ硤ޤεǽͤꡤޤκ¼롥Ϣơ#1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) ȡ
(6) žܸ (displaced speech)
˴ͿΰʳΤȡʺΤȤ䡤̤ξǵäƤ뤳ȤʤɡˤȤ뤳ȤǤΤȤǤ롥ưʪĤʤɤϡλξ˸¤ƤꡤŪŪΥ줿ΤؤȤǤʤʹ֤θϡŪŪΥ줿ΤˤǤФ꤫¤ˤʤȡʤ̡ˤɽ魯ȤǤ롥
(7) ¤ (creativity)
ǤͳŪȤ߹碌ơ̵¤˿ʸ߽ФȤǤ롥
(8) ʬ (double articulation)
#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1])#1062. ʬˤ뤫 ([2012-03-24-1]) ȡ
ưʪΥߥ˥ˤϡ(1) ʳħߤʤȤդ
ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ
塼˻Ϥޤ20θؤϡθǯ͡ŸƤŸλϥ衼åѤȥꥫȤǤʤۤʤΤΡηϡŻγɤˡŻγɤΩˤȤ館Ȥ狼䤹ʤ餽֤˰֤ŤŪʳɤ⸽Ƥơ2021ˤ¿̤ʸؤֺ餯Ȥˤʤäʲⶶ (pp. 4--5) ˤäƼ
ޤ20Υ衼åѤγƸɤˤĤơηϽŻʺ¦ˤˡŻʱ¦ˤξˤȤ뼴ξ˰֤ŤޤǤ褦
ηϽŻ롡ˡŻ 塼롡 ڥϡեץ顼ɡɥ ɡ͡ɡŪǽ
Ż롡ˡŻ ʸˡ¤Ż뵡ǽʸʸˡǧʸˡýŻ뵡ǽ
Τ褦ˡ20Υ衼åѤθؤ⡤Υꥫ濴Ȥؤ⡤ءǧβʳؤҲءʸؤʤʬߤ˱ƶ礤ʤ顤¤Ż뤹뤫ǽˡŻ뤹뤫ˤäơѡʸˡѤ礭ۤʤꡤ⡤1Τߤʤ餺¿˿뿶ҤΤ褦ѲȯŸƤΤȻפ롥
ⶶ 顦 ůͺֽϡؤȤϲ ůͺԡˡظīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2012ǯ1--8ǡ
¤ؤȤ٤塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ϡʸˤ˴ؤ͡ΩǰǤȤ櫓פ3ΩˤĤơɽηǤޤȤƤʹⶶ pp. 3--4 ˡ
(1) (langue) ȥѥ (parole) Ω
| ѥ | |
|---|---|
| ηŪ (systematic) | ηŪ (not systematic) |
| ƱŪ (homogeneous) | ۼŪ (heterogeneous) |
| §Ū (rule-governed) | §Ū (not rule-governed) |
| ҲŪ (social) | ĿŪ (individual) |
| Ū (conventional) | Ū (not conventional) |
| Ū (invariable) | ѰŪ (variable) |
| ̵ռŪ (unconscious) | ռŪ (conscious) |
| η (system) | ̵η (no system) |
| Ϣ³Ū (discrete) | Ϣ³Ū (continuous) |
| ?????? (static) | ?????? (dynamic) |
| ̻ | |
|---|---|
| ̵Ū (ahistorical) | Ū (historical) |
| ?????? (internal) | ???? (external) |
| ѲŪ (unchanging) | ѲŪ (changing) |
| (invariable) | Ѥ䤹 (variable) |
| ¸Ū (coexistent) | ³Ū (successive) |
ɸΡ֥塼ΥѥɥåפˤĤơ#3245. idiolect ([2018-03-16-1]) ǿ줿̤ơؿѸؼŵ٤ "sociolinguistics" ι (1124) εҤɤǤߤ褦
¤ؤǤϡñ̤Ωط˴ŤΩƤ빽¤餫ˤ뤳Ȥ濴ŪʲǤꡤΤ˸Ū֤ˤƤȤ館ϤǤŪǤ뤳ȤɬפǤȹͤˤѤϡϤŪʻѤˤƤñι¤ΤǤ (monolithic) ȤΤǤ롥ñΤ뤿ˡĿŪʤ졤̤ȤƤʬϼͳѰۡ뤤졦æȤڤΤƤɸϤҲ˶̤ι¤Ρʡˤ뤳ȤǤʤ顤ơĤˤϸĿ (idiolect) оݤȤȤ֤˻äLabov (1972a) Ϥ 'Saussurian Paradox' ȸƤ֡¤ñƸϼºݤλѾ̤ڤΥ졤ñ 'ideal speaker-hearer' θǽϤΤȤơϹ٤۲졤¤ͷΥ줿
ػŪˤϡ塼ϻϤ¤ؤϡ칽¤ŪǤñŪǤ뤳ȤռŪȤ뤳ȤǡɤθʤƤ褤ȤˡݤΤȹͤƤ롥ºݤˤŪǤʤñŪǤʤɤ¸ߤ롥ڤΤƤʤȤԤ⤢ȡιԤϳΤˡȤƤϰȤǤϤʤ variation variability ϡޤƤ֤ΤǤäơ¸ߤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ŪۤȼŪ¤Ͼȿ롥äƤˤϡ¤ͷΥƤʤȤ䤤Ū˸椷Ƥˤϡޤ˾ɤˤäƤϤʤȤ䤬ɬפ
Ϣơ#2202. langue parole ([2015-05-08-1]) ȡ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Ʊ°Ŀͤδ֤Ǥ⡤٤ߤȯʸˡäʤɤǸĿŪʺ졤ƱոͤͤȤʤλ¤˴դߤơidiolect ָĿ͡ʸ˸פȤΤͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѹؼŵ "idiolect" ιˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
Bloc (1948) ѤѸǡ1ĿͤΤ1ˤȯäΤؤȯʸˡäΤˤ錄ꡤĿŪʤޤǴޤࡥ
ָĿפγǰȯŸϥꥫι¤ؤιͤȶդƤ롥ʤι¤餫ˤ뤿ˤϻǤŪˤ٤ȹͤۤʤäƱΰۤʤäλκƱ˲ᡤǤŪʻȤƸĿˤɤĤޤ츦ϡɤΤߤŪʸĿȯȤʤΤǤȤ礭ʻ٤ȤʤäƤ롥ά
ƱϰŪ뤤ϼҲŪ°Ŀʹ֤θĿκۤθϸʬˤäƤǤ롥ηϤǤϺۤǤ⾯ʤʸˡηϤ˼ηϤǤϺǤ㤷ϢϢ졤Ĥޤ֤Ȥʡפ̤ˤ礭Ŀͺ롥
ؼԤȤҲ˶̤ι¤Τɤʤ⡤idiolect ȤˤƸĿŪ˹Ԥ夤ƤޤäȤϡLabov Τ "Saussurean Paradox" ؤƤʡ#2202. langue parole ([2015-05-08-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ޤѤκǸǸĿʹ֤ idiolect κۤȤʤäƤ뤬1ͤüԤ idiolect ͤƤ⡤ϤŪʤΤȤ䤬롥ȤСĿͤɸɸʤʣѼ硤ʤ linguistic repertoire äƤˤϡüԤʣ idiolects äƤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤϼҲŪʰۼƤˤۤʤʤrepertoire ĤҤȤĤ style ȸƤǤȤС style ؤ idiolect ȤߤʤϤ
ˤŪ idiolectפޤؤκȤΤɬפȤեȹͤƤΤ褵
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Block, B. "A Set of Postulates for Phonetic Analysis." Language 24 (1948): 3--46.
̾οͤˤäƤͭƤʤʸؤưŹȸƤ֤ɸΤ褦Ȥ館ơʸϸǧΰŹǤפɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡߤȤʵžȯۤǤ롥Ĺ (136--37) Ѥ롥
ɽ뤿ˤɤΤ褦ʸѤ뤫ϤɤǤ褤ȤǤäơפϤʸλȤӤƤСȤƤܤ̤ȤǤ롥եǥʥɡ塼ϡֵȲİפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ǽϡɽϤǰȾȤϤϡͳФ줿ΤȤƸϤȤСդˤѤҤҲȾȤϤϡͳǤϤʤơݤ줿ΤǤ롥Ҳ罰ϰĤ̤ˤŤ餺ǽ¾ΤΤؤ櫓ˤϤͤ롥̷ޤफ˻פϤ¤ϡʿؤСضɼ٤ȤǤ⤤դ٤˸äơӤޤء٤ȸĤФ顤ؤεۤΤǤʤơ٤äؤסʾӱظظ١
ϤΤޤŹˤƤϤޤ븶Ǥ롥Ѵ뵭ȤƤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ⤵ĤʤʤСεѤ֤Ϥäѹ뤳ȤϵʤŹΰ㤦ϡȤɽδط軰ԤƿƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̤ʸּҲǧѤΰŹˡפȸƤ֤ΤϡΤ褦дطˤΤǤ롥
ޤΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (137--38)
륺ϡΡˡ٤ˡʸϡ줬ȯ줿ȤΤϴط̩ͤ̿˻ȤƤפȽƤ롥ϡΨ㤤֤ʸΤΤ̩ɽǤäȤŪΤˤȤ館դǤ롥
ʸŹŪʵǤȤǤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʺۤ1ĵȤСʸ̾¿οͤ˶ͭƤ뤬ŹϾοͤˤΤƤʤȤȤΤäƤͤοȤѥٳ뤹СʸϤʤŹǤꡤŹϤʤʸǤȤ롥ŪʸȰŹؤʤߴطˤΤ쵤ݤ߹롥
Ϣơ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1])#2700. Źˤ륳ߥ˥ ([2016-09-17-1]) ȡ#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ
#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1])#2746. ʾȸ (2) ([2016-11-02-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ[2016-11-02-1]εκǸǡֲʾʪŪʲͤȷӤĤƤ뤬ϤޤdzǰŪʲͤȷӤĤƤˤʤȤϡषξԤ礭פȽҤ٤θڤȴϢơ塼˵ȤƤβʾȸоȤƤս꤬롥塼ˤСξԤϵȤƺŪ˰ۤʤ°Ȥε̤ơ쵭 (arbitrariness) ͳ褹ʤ֤̻֤ܼŪΩ⤭Ħˤʤ롥
ε뤿ˡޤ塼θˤֲ͡ (valeur) ˤĤƸƤʤФʤʤݻ (68--69) ˤС
塼ηϤϡޤطȤƤβͤηϤǤ롥ǤϡŪŪˤäġǤ꽸ޤäΤΤǤϤʤΤȤδϢ¾ǤȤߴطǤϤƸĤβͤ롥⡤ʤηϤϡưʪȤƤΥҥȤǽȿǤʤߤ̤ǤϤʤʹ֤ˡҲŪˤäƤϤƷꤵͤηϤǤꡤλʪɤ֤ɤطդƤ뤫ȤΤǤϤʤȤñ̤ȤҴŪʼΤ¸ߤʤηϤʤΤǤ롥Ϥ줬ηϤǤ¤ꡤϢ³ñ̤¸ߤꤵ롥ñ̤ϡץꥪ˼¸ΤǤϤ塼ޤäĤ϶줷ޤϡñ̤ºǤä塼ηϤϡܼ˴ؤڤΥ뤳ȤϤǤʤȸ
֥ȥФϺŪˡΩ˴פ֤ηϤȤʤġϤ礦ɡޤޤʶͿ줿ϤΤޤޤȤ߹碌ΩĥΤ褦ʤΤסˤ⤫餺ΤȤƤñ̤ϤɤˤͿƤʤ֥ȥФ˼ͿƤʪ븸ۤκϿפȤϸߤΤϴطΩʹ֤λʡᶦƱѡˤǤ롥ֿͤΩʪ֤嫤ϡʪΩä¸ߤʪꤹƯʤ̡ġͿͤϤλˤäŪ˻ʪ¤롥̡ġͤʤʪ⡤ʤоݤ⡤ʤִ֤ˤƤ¨ŪˤͿƤʤפΤ
塼ˤȤäơŪʲͤˤϤΤ褦˼ŪŪʼΤλ٤ʤΤǤ뤫顤ϲʾβͤȤ٤٤ʤȤȤˤʤ롥塼3ֵǡˤĤƿƤ롥ݻ (116) ȡ
塼ˤС쵭ϡ¾ΤɤΤ褦ʵ桤ɤΤ褦٤ˤˤʤŪäƤ롥ȤС빭ϤˤĤʾŪʲͤʤɤϡɤäƤѲĴ٤뤳ȤǤϡʾȤε椬ϤȤѤμŪоݤγ˻äƤ뤫ạ̇̄ǤεܼŪˡñפʤΤǤ롥Ȥ쵭ˤϡλ٤ϤɤˤʤΤǤꡤΤϤİбפȡֳǰפĤιࡤΰ֤«δ֤δطˤäƤݾڤƤʤĤιࡤȤȤˤʤ롥ιϡ¬ꤹɤΤ褦ʼ٤ʤȤǡҤѲ롥ѲǤ٤Ͼ֤ΤˤϤʤ֤ͳѲΤˤϸФʤȤϤ٤ơ쵭椬ֻʪμŪطפˤȤŤʤŪַפǤ뤳Ȥ餯Τǡؤ̻ؤ̡ǤΩƤɬ⡤¤Ϥ˺Ƥ櫓Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ쵭ΤȲʾΤΩƤ롥ΰ㤤椨ˡʾˤĤƤϡ֤̻֤ζ̤ä˰ռˡñפ˰ȤǤΤФ쵭ˤĤƤξ֤˶̤ưʤФʤʤȤפΤȤΤȤĥƤս Saussure (115--16) Ѥ褦
Il est certain que toutes les sciences auraient intérêt à marquer plus scrupuleusement les axes sur lesquels sont situées les choses dont elles s'occupent ; il faudrait partout distinguer selon la figure suivante : 1o l'axe des simultanéités (AB), concernant les rapports entre choses coexistantes, d'où toute intervention du temps est exclue, et 2o l'axe des successivités (CD), sur lequel on ne peut jamais considérer qu'une chose à la fois, mais où sont situées toutes les choses du premier axe avec leur changements.
Pour les sciences travaillant sur des valeurs, cette distinction devient une nécessité pratique, et dans certains cas une nécessité absolue. Dans ce domaine on peut mettre les savants au défi d'organiser leurs recherches d'une façon rigoureuse sans tenir compte de deux axes, sans distinguer le système des valeurs considérées en soi, de ces mêmes valeurs considérées en fonction du temps.
C'est au linguiste que cette distinction s'impose le plus impérieusement ; car la langue est un système de pures valeurs que rien ne détermine en dehors de l'état momentané de ses termes. Tant que par un de ses côtés une valeur a sa racine dans les choses et leurs rapports naturels (comme c'est le cas dans la science économique --- par exemple un fonds de terre vaut en proportion de ce qu'il rapporte), on peut jusqu'à un certain point suivre cette valeur dans le temps, tout en se souvenant qu'à chaque moment elle dépend d'un système de valeurs contemporaines. Son lien avec les choses lui donne malgré tout une base naturelle, et par là les appréciations qu'on y rattache ne sont jamais complètement arbitraire ; leur variabilité est limitée. Mais nous venons de voir qu'en linguistique les données naturelles n'nont aucune place.
ȤƤβʾȸоȤ̤ơ줾⤭ĦˤʤäƤ
ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.
ѻݤζ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) Ȥ2Ĥθϡ塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ν̤⤤ư衤ؤδܳǰȤ夷Ƥܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ȥˤۤ褦ȤĤĤ⡤ŪˤϤ2ʬˡƤ
2Ĥ֤ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1]) Dz⤷ϡSaussure ȤΡڤδȡפˤꡤ2ʬˡˤĤä
ֶؤפȾΤ륽塼ϡѲ椹̻Ūʡؤȡˤξ֤椹ֶŪʡؤ̤뤳Ȥĥ塼ˤС2ĤδϤޤäƤ줺ΩΤǤ롥ϡ礦ڤδڤ2Ĥˡ롥1Ĥϴʿڤꡤǯؤιޤ줿̿ޤѻ뤳ȡ⤦1Ĥϡľڤꡤּ˱äڤĹѻ뤳ȤǤ롥Aitchison (38) οƸ褦

#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) εǿ줿뿷פȤǸľС֤ϥ̿Ƥ̻֤ϥӥǥ黣ƤŤưδطȤäƤ褤
֤̻֤͡ˤĤƤϡ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1])#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1])#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1])#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1])#1426. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (2) ([2013-03-23-1])#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])#2563. ̻ءؤȤѸäơ ([2016-05-03-1]) ϤȤơdiachrony γƵǰäƤΤǡȤ
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1]) ǡ֤̻֤ζ̤ˤĤˤȤǡSaussure (116--17) Cours ǡ̻֤ȶ֤ν̤⤤ľˡɸ2ĤθؤθƾΤˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Voilà pourquoi nous distinguons deux linguistiques. Comment les désignerons-nous? Les termes qui s'offrent ne sont pas tous également propres à marquer cette distinction. Ainsi histoire et «linguistique historique» ne sont pas utilisables, car ils appellent des idées trop vagues; comme l'histoire politique comprend la description des époques aussi bien que la narration des événements, on pourrait s'imaginer qu'en décrivant des états de la langue succesifs on étudie la langue selon l'axe du temps; pour cela, il faudrait envisager séparément les phénomènes qui font passer la langue d'un état à un autre. Les termes d'évolution et de linguistique évolutive sont plus précis, et nous les emploierons souvent; par opposition on peut parler de la science des états de langue ou linguistique statique.
Mais pour mieux marquer cette opposition et ce croisement de deux ordres de phénomènes relatifs au même objet, nous préfèrons parler de linguistique synchronique et de linguistique diachronique. Est synchronique tout ce qui se rapporte à l'aspect statique de notre science, diachronique tout ce qui a trait aux évolutions. De même synchronie et diachronie désigneront respectivement un état de langue et une phase d'évolution.
Saussure ѸؤΤƤ롥Saussure ˡ (linguistique historique) ǤۣȤΤϡּΰۤʤˤ֤ȵҤ뤳ȤˡפǤС붦ŪηϤ̤ζŪηϤؤȻּ˱äƿʤޤƤ븽ݤˤĤƸ뤳ȤˡפǤ뤫Ԥΰ̣ɽ魯ˤϡˡפǤΤǤȤȤǸԤòѸȤ "linguistic historique" "linguistique évolutive" Ф "linguistic statique"ˤѤ뤳Ȥˡ2ĤμΩѸΩ뤿ˡ"linguistique diachronique" Ф "linguistic synchronique") ѤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʷаޤ̻֤ȶ֤ѸΩΩƤ櫓ʲ ("linguistique évolutive") ָ ("linguistic statique") ȤƾΤ⡤ĿŪˤϤ֤ľŪǼΤƤ롥
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.
20μήɸؤǤϡѲʤΤꤵƸ椵ƤȤϤäƤ⡤줬鸽ߤˤѲƤ¤ǧ줿櫓ǤϤʤ19θ츦Ǿܺ٤˼줿̤ꡤϾѲƤΤǤꡤѲƤ롥ˡ塤ѲȤ¦̡̻֡ʤȤˤƤ뤤ϸˤƤȤȤǤ롥
ؼԤΤߤʤ餺̤ο͡ˤȤäƤ⡤줬ѲȤܼŪʻ¤Ϥޤ긫Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥줬ѲȤȤϳΤΤäƤ롥ήԸνиȾüиƤ뤷ˡѲä˸ո˴ؤסˤϥǥ䶵ˤˤƤ롥ŵ˿иߤθȤκҤҤȴ뤷ѸˤܸˤȤܤ뤳ȤΤäƤ롥¿οͤˤȤäơѲϤɤ餫Ȥ㳰ŪʽǤꡤ줬˵äƤȤФϤʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦ʴФظˤϡͤθո˴ؤ뵬ϰռζΨΤ褤ߥ˥ΤˤϡϰסѤäƤϤʤոεϼʤФʤʤȤռ롥ä˽դϵŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿ְͤǸ경פȤݤͿ䤹ҲˤƸҤѸΤ褦ʸФƤ⡤¿ο͡ϸŪʸäƤ褦ѸΤʸˡäΤäääȻפߡѤ餺˱ɤ³ȿƤ롥ϸ§ȤѲʤ뤤Ѳʤۤ褤ȤѤ줬ѲƤȤ¤ˤƤ롥
Ѳ˵Ťˤ̤ͳȤƤϡƤθѲޤ˺٤ǤꡤʤǤȤȤ롥θѤΤʤǵäƤѲϡߥ˥˳ʤ٤ζˤƷʰæǤ뤿ᡤۤȤγФʤȤγФ줿ȤƤ⡤פǤʤæǤ뤿ᡤ˰ռήꡤ˺Ƥޤ
¤ˤθѤθѤ٤˰ۤʤäƤΤǤꡤ˸ѲƤȤΤ
ؤǽŪ˸ܼ餫ˤ뤳Ȥ̿ȤʬǤʾ塤ѲΤǤȤ¤ФơĤޤǤܤĤƤ櫓ˤϤʤ餫ηǡѲܼˤؤǤФʤФʤʤѲȤ߹ؤɬˤĤƤϡ#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])#2295. Ѳϸξ֤ϳؤǤ ([2015-08-09-1]) ʤɤε⻲ͤˤ줿
塼衤ͻȤưۤʤ2Ĥγ٤̤Ƥ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) Ǥ롥ܥ֥ǤϤ2ʬˡȤǡ˰͵ꡤ뤤ϲŪ˵ꤷƤͭ̾2ʬˡˤĤơѸ켭ŵʤɤȤơ餿ƳǧƤ
ޤݻΥ塼Ѹ (309--10) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
synchronie/diachronie [̻֡]
ʳؤоݤη (système de valeurs) ȤªȤ֤μΰ̤ˤ (état) ֤ȸƤӡŪ¤ (temps) κѤ̵뤷ƵҤ븦 (linguistique synchronique) ȤϤޤǤˡλǤäơ¤ˤϡηϤϹȰܤѤФ꤫ʣηϤŤʤäƶ¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤάФơΰܤѤ뤵ޤޤʳǵҤ줿Ṳ̤̄ӤηΤѲéȤ븦椬̻ (linguistique diachronique) ǤꡤоݤȤͤư (déplacement) ̻֤Ǥ롥
Ʊݻ (73--74) Ǥϡ塼ιͤΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥
ָؤˤĤΰۤʤäʳؤ롥֤ޤ϶ؤȡư֤ޤ̻ؤǤסĤζ̤ϡ褽ηϤоݤȤǤɬʤ٤ǤäơȤзкѳؤȷкѻˤƱʳؤΤʤǤϤäʬ줿ʬΤƱˡؤˤƤĤΰ̤٤ǤȤΤ̥塼ͤιͤǤä塼ϤθεҤ (linguistique synchronique)ȤȤѲεҤ̻ (linguistique diachronique) ȸƤǤ롥
Crystal Ѹ켭ŵǤϡpp. 469, 142 ˤ줾츫ФΩƤƤ롥
synchronic (adj.) One of the two main temporal dimensions of LINGUISTIC investigation introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the other being DIACHRONIC. In synchronic linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a 'state' of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example, one could carry out a synchronic description of the language of Chaucer, or of the sixteenth century, or of modern-day English. Most synchronic descriptions are of contemporary language states, but their importance as a preliminary to diachronic study has been stressed since Saussure. Linguistic investigations, unless specified to the contrary, are assumed to be synchronic; they display synchronicity.
diachronic (adj.) One of the two main temporal dimensions of LINGUISTIC investigation introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, the other being SYNCHRONIC. In diachronic linguistics (sometimes called linguistic diachrony), LANGUAGES are studied from the point of view of their historical development --- for example, the changes which have taken place between Old and Modern English could be described in phonological, grammatical and semantic terms ('diachronic PHONOLOGY/SYNTAX/SEMANTICS'). An alternative term is HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS. The earlier study of language in historical terms, known as COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY, does not differ from diachronic linguistics in subject-matter, but in aims and method. More attention is paid in the latter to the use of synchronic description as a preliminary to historical study, and to the implications of historical work for linguistic theory in general.
ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
3֤ε ([2016-03-28-1], [2016-03-29-1], [2016-03-30-1]) ǡѲʬˤ "evolution" ȤѸ줬ˤȤ館ƤͤȤ櫓ǯθؤˤ "evolution" ϡ٤Ѹ˼깤ĤȾϲäȤ˺Ƥ夷ƤǰǤ뤳Ȥǧ1ʾ³ƤȤäƤ褯1Ĥε䤬롥ؼԤγ̿ŪʻۤαƶΤ19ȾʤΤȤ˸ؤʪؤѳפ˸礦ϤѳפФʤäΤʤ100ǯʾ20ȾˤʤäƤ褦䤯 "linguistic evolution" 졤ɾ褦ˤʤäΤδ֤˸ءʼԡˤˤϲäƤΤ
ˤĤơNerlich ʸߤĤɤǤߤNerlich Ϥζλ֤ͳ(1) 19Ⱦ Schleicher ʲȡ(2) 20Ⱦ Saussure ʬŪиŪˤΩäŪؤؤμήȤʤäȡ(3) 20ȾФˤ Bloomfield Chomsky ϤȤ륢ꥫؤ̣¿üԤڻ뤷Ƥȡ3˵Ƥ롥
(1) ˤĤ Nerlich (104) ϡ Schleicher ϥοʲǤָοפŪݡȤȤѤȤˡοʲμ׳ǰǤ "variation, selection and adaptation" ŬѤ˽ƤޤäȤäȤƤ롥ɸ֤ʤ顤μ¡ιͤΥƤʤäΤǤ롥㤨СˤȤäʪμʬϤޤ2ŪʤΤǤꡤ礿ؿѷβäSchleicher ϸʬˤäƤΤθȯιͤȥμοʲȤƱƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ϡƤʤäȤ롥
(2) ʳ Saussure ɽ붦ŪؼԤ뤬λ˻ޤǤˤ⡤Schleicher θͭǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤꡤȽƤȽϡѲθؤδؿΤ˷ŪѤ뤳ȤϤʤʤȤˡѲ̻֤ȤΤƤ֤Ƥ֤˴ؿ椵̤Ȥʤäޤlangue ؤδؿƤϤ䤵褦ˤʤȡparole °ѤüԤϼ夲뤳ȤʤʤäϰͤǤȤβΤȤǡѲȤȤʤ¿Ѱۤ뤵줿
Τ褦ʶֽŻϡ(3) ˻äĺޤʬۼθؤʸˡϰ̣ȤθƤ֤ΰȤ뤳Ȥ̤夲Ƥä
(3) λȴФơ褦䤯ؼԤϻѡüԡ̣¿ѰۡѲȤȤγ¦˹äƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤΡֵŤפˤĤơNerlich (106--07) ϼΰǤǮҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
Thus meaning, language change and language use became problems and were mainly discarded from the science of language for reasons of theoretical tidiness: meaning and change are rather messy phenomena. Hence autonomy, synchrony and homogeneity finally enclosed language in a kind of magic triangle that defended it against any sort of indeterminacy, fluctuation or change. But outside the static triangle, that ideal domain of structural and generative linguistics, lies the terra incognita of linguistic dynamics, where one can discover the main sources of linguistic change, contextuality, history and heterogeneity, fields of study that are slowly being rediscovered by post-Chomskyan and post-Saussurean linguists. This terra incognita is populated by a curious species, also recently discovered: the language user! S/he acts linguistically and non-linguistically in a heterogenous and ever-changing world, constantly trying to adapt the available linguistic means to her/his ever changing ends and communicative needs. In acting and interacting the speakers are the real vectors of linguistic evolution, and their choices must be studied if we are to understand the nature of language. It is not enough to stop at a static analysis of language as a product, organism or system. The study of evolutionary processes and procedures should help to overcome the sterility of the old dichotomies, such as those between langue/parole, competence/performance and even synchrony/diachrony.
Τ褦ˤ20Ⱦ̻֤ؤδؿꡤѲȤХοʲȤ櫓ǡʲθؤαѤƳΤǤ롥䡤ǽ Schleicher λߤԤäȤСƱѤϤޤäȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
Nerlich, Brigitte. "The Evolution of the Concept of 'Linguistic Evolution' in the 19th and 20th Century." Lingua 77 (1989): 101--12.
ΤĽˤĤơ#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ塼뤬Ȥ櫓פȤơʡ縶פȤƵΤϡ (arbitrariness) (linearity) Ǥ롥ϡ2ĤˤĤơľܥ塼뤫鸶ʸѤ̣襤
ˤĤƤϡ#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) ۤǴñ˿줿٤äSaussure (100) ǤϡΤ褦˾Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥
PREMIER PRINCIPE : L'ARBITRAIRE DU SIGNE.
Le lien unissant le signifiant au signifié est arbitraire, ou encore, puisque nous entendons par signe le total résultant de l'association d'un signifiant à un signifié, nous pouvons dire plus simplement: -le signe linguistique est arbitraire-.
Ansi l'idée de «sœur» n'est liée par aucun rapport intérieur avec la suite de sons s-ö-r qui lui sert de signifiant ; il pourrait être aussi bien représenté par n'importe quelle autre : à preuve les différences entre les langues et l'existence même de langues différentes : le signifié «bœf» a pour signifiant b-ö-f d'un côté de la frontière, et o-k-s (Ochs) de l'autre.
ˤĤƤϡ#766. ([2011-06-02-1])#2114. ϡ ([2015-02-09-1]) ۤlinearity γƵǹͻSaussure (103) ȤθդˤС̤Ǥ롥
SECOND PRINCIPE ; CARACTÈRE LINÉAIRE DU SIGNIFIANT.
Le signifiant, étant de nature auditive, se déroule dans le temps seul et a les caractères qu'il emprunte au temps : a) il représente une étendue, et b) cette étendue est mesurable dans une seule dimension : c'est une ligne.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow