hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

sign - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-09-08 Fri

#5247. ̾Ѳ¿̾ [hydronymy][onomastics][toponymy][name_project][polynymy][language_change][terminology][sign][semiotics]

Ϣͭ̾˴ؤϤƤ롥
̾̾ˤ褯ߤ뤬ƱؼоݤǤʤ顤ˤäưۤʤ̾ǸƤФ륱롥̻Ū̾Ѳ (name change) Ǥ롥ƱˡƱؼоݤФʣ̾ͿƤ륱롥Ū¿̾ (polynymy) Ǥ롥ͭ̾ǤϤʤ̾ǤС줾ָ֤ (onomasiological change) ȡƱ (synonymy) б
ε#5246. hydronymy --- ̾򸦵椹ʬ ([2023-09-07-1]) ǻȡѤ Strandberg (111) Ǥϡ̾ name change polynymy ˤĤơȤȤƳʤƤ롥

Name change is a common phenomenon in the history of hydronyms. In England, Blyth was replaced by Ryton, Granta by Cam, Hail by Kym, Writtle by Wid, etc. During a transitional stage of polynymy, there must often have existed both an older name and a new one. Trent (< Terente) is an alternative name for the river Piddle in Dorset. In Denmark, an older Guden and a younger Storå(en) were for a long time used in parallel for the same river.
   Polynymy may also involve the simultaneous existence of different names for different parts of a (long) river. There are, for example, cases where the upper and lower reaches of a river have different names. The upper part of the Wylye in Wiltshire, England is called the Deverill, and the source of the French river Marne has the name Marnotte. A present-day name for a long river may have replaced several old ones denoting different stretches of it. The Nyköpingsån is a long and large river in Sweden; its name is formally secondary, containing the town name Nyköping. Two lost partial names of the Nyköpingsån (Blakka, Sølnoa) are recorded in medieval sources, while others, like *Sledh and *Vrena, may be or probably are preserved in names denoting settlements on the river; the current partial name Morjanån most likely goes back to an OSwed. *Morgha.


̾ǤСƱʪܤ˲̾ (name change)˥å͡䤢̾ʣ (polynymy) Ȥͭ̾κΰյϡؼоݤƱ̾ˤ깱Ū˳ݤˤϤȹͤƤ̾Ѳ¿̾ϡषεդԤΤǤ롥̣򤽤븽ݤ

Strandberg, Svante. "River Names." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 104--14.

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2023-07-20 Thu

#5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ [onomastics][semantics][sign][semiotics][lexicon][connotation]

ɸ䤤ˤĤƤϡ¿εʤƤ㤨п̾̾ͤƤߤ褦ëפֹפˤϡؼо (referent) Ǥꡤ˰̣ (meaning) ϤʤȤ롥ϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) ǤȤΩ
ëפϡ礭סëסֹפϡֹספȤǤꡤơǤ⡤Ȥ߹碌ʪ⡤줾ܸˤƳΤ˰̣ĤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤС¿ܸüԤˤȤä¿ξ硤ëפˤϥץ峦ˤҡΥ᡼տ路Ƥꡤֹפˤʿ¤ΥåƤ롥Τ褦ʥ᡼åϡỤ̄ǤȤϤʤޤǤ⡤̤δ鲿餫ΰ̣ǤȤȤǤäợְפȤ뤫Ȥ񤷤ˤĤʤäƤȤԲǤ롥
ȴϢơNyström 5Ĥۤɤΰ̣̤Ƥ롥ΥȤդʤ⤹롥

(1) Ụ̄ (lexical meaning)嵭ǤСëפϡ礭ëפۤɤ̾θỤ̄äƤ롥

(2) ͭ̾Ụ̄ (proprial meaning)ֹפϡܤܽ˰֤븩뤤ϻԤؼͭ̾Ǥ롥

(3) Ụ̄ (categorial meaning)֥ݥפϡŵŪˡ˸Ȥƥ꡼°Сդ̾Ǥ롥

(4) ϢỤ̄ (associative meaning)ëפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˥ץ峦δ˾Ǥ롥

(5) Ụ̄ (emotive meaning)ֹפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˸ﳲζỴʿ¤ؤδꤤ򴭵롥

Ȥ櫓 (4) (5) Τ褦ʴỤ̄ (connotation) ϡƤ٤Ŀͤˤäơ뤤ϽĤˤȤäưۤʤΤǤꡤỤ̄ͭ̾Ụ̄ˤߤɬߤʤ⤷ʤ

Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.

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2021-09-29 Wed

#4538. ͭ̾ϰ [onomastics][toponymy][personal_name][semantics][noun][category][linguistics][semiotics][sign]

ޤˤ⤷ǡФƤޤäȤǤܤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤʬޤ͡ˤȤäơϸͭ̾ (onomastics) ǤüŪˤп̾̾Ǥť¤ˤϤޤळȤɬʤΤɬ򤱤ƤΤǤǯ˰١ɬơޤ֤ΤǤؤ󺤤ޤäƤޤۤɡˤȤäƼϤΤǤ
ͭ̾ꡤפˡ̾פۤɡؤˤƼŪǿ򤷤Ƥʤ顤¤ܼŪϤޤ󡥸դ̾˻Ϥޤ̾˽ǽ뤫Ǥ (cf. #1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ǿ줿 "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP)ˡ
⤽ͭ̾ȤΤϡΰʤΤǤʤΤȤȤ餷ˤʤΤǺޤǤ͡ꤵǤϤޤ󤬡䤬֥ѥꡤ󡤥ޥ륻桤֥르˥פȾʥե󥹸ȯǸȤƤ⡤ե󥹸줬褯äȤȤˤʤޤ󡥤⤽̾ϥե󥹸ʤΤɤʤΤȤ꤬뤫Ǥ (cf. #2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]
ѸˤΥϥɥ֥åˡCoates ˤͭ̾ؤ˴ؤϤޤƬΡָͭ̾ϰ̡פꤹ1ꡤǽѤޤ (312)

The status of proper names
   Names is a technical term for a subset of the nominal expressions of a language which are used for referring ('identifying or selecting in context') and, in some cases, for addressing a partner in communication. Nominal expressions are in general headed by nouns. According to one of the most ancient distinctions in linguistics, nouns may be common or proper, which has something to do with whether they denote a class or an individual (e.g. queen vs Victoria), where individual means a single-member set of any sort, not just a person. Much discussion has taken place about how this distinction should be refined to be both accurate and useful, for instance by addressing the obvious difficulty that a typical proper noun denoting persons may denote many separate individuals who bear it, and that common nouns may refer to individuals by being constructed into phrases (the queen). I will leave the concept [±proper], applied to nouns, for intuitive or educated recognition before returning to discussion of the inclusive concept of proper names directly. Proper nouns have no inherent semantic content, even when they are homonymous with lexical words (Daisy, Wells), and many, perhaps all, cultures recognise nouns whose sole function is to be proper (Sarah, Ipswich). Typically they have a unique intended referent in a context of utterance. Proper names are the class of such proper nouns included in the class of all expressions which have the properties of being devoid of sense and being used with the intention of achieving unique reference in context. Onomastics is the study of proper names, and concentrates on proper nouns; I shall confine the main subject-matter of this chapter to the institutionalised proper nouns associated with English and, in accordance with ordinary usage, I shall call them proper names or just names. Readers should note that strictly speaking these are a subset of proper names, and from time to time other members of the larger set will be discussed. There is some evidence from aphasiology and cognitive neuropsychology that institutionalised proper nouns --- especially personal names --- form a psychologically real class . . . .


Ǥ⤷ȴϡ֤⤷ޤ󡥤ҾΤɤǤߤƤ

Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-09-1] [2022-03-22-1]

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2021-01-26 Tue

#4292. ʾȸ (4) [linguistics][semiotics][sign][metaphor]

#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1])#2746. ʾȸ (2) ([2016-11-02-1])#2755. ʾȸ (3) ([2016-11-11-1]) ³5ǯ˼夲ꡥΩĤΡظ٤ꡤե󥹤ůؼ Jean-Joseph Goux ΡָȲʾץפ˴ؤ (68--73) ɤ
ʾϷкѤˤơָ򴹤ΥƥפμȤʤ롥򴹤Ω뤿ˤϲ餫ΡסƱפɬפǤꡤʾΤΡְʪפ̤Ƥȹͤ롥Goux ϡְʪϽФΥᥫ˥ϡʾкѤΤߤʤ餺ʹ֤Фħ뤹٤Ƥθ򴹥ƥˤߤΤȤߤʤʹ¦ǽϤ˰ĤƸСʹ֤ˤϡ־ħǽϡפȤðۤǽϤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ϡָ¤¸ߤ뤢Ȥ뺹ۡѲΤʤѤΤΡ١ƱΤΡ٤Фǽϡ (71) ΤȤǤ롥кŪˤϤϲʾȤƸ뤬Ūˤ˺濴ȤơŪˤϷȤơŪˤϰȤƸȤްŪʥƥǤȤ롥
ޤǤСƱȤˤƤϤޤͽۤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤGoux ϡ⤦1Ĥοʹ֤Ρָ򴹤ΥƥפμȤߤʤƤ롥ŪˤС濴Υƥ޲𤷤ƤȹͤƤ롥Goux ˤȤäơ쵭Ȥϸ¤ԡƸ뤿ΥƥްŪǤʤΤǤ롥
Τˡʾ⡤ҲˤƼŪˤƱ˲ްⴶʪǤ롥ܼȤơۤ¿򲡤Ĥ֤äƤ뤫ǡۤ¿ɤƤä鶦ѶȤƤΩʤʤ뤳Ȥ⡤ʬ롥ʾȸϡˤƤƤ롥
εϡ̷⤹2Ĥ뤳ȤפФƤ롥üԽĴ֤Ǥ mutual intelligibility ܻؤȡġüԤ identity marker ȤƵǽǤ롥

Ω 󡦻 ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ

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2020-12-07 Mon

#4242. 塼ˤȤäƵѲϡ֥פǤϤʤִ [terminology][saussure][sign][language_change][diachrony][semiotics]

塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ϡζ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ̤ȤΤ (2Ĥ֤ˤĤƤεå򻲾ȡˡ塼̻ŪֽͤưΤȤǤꡤͭñ̤ưȤȤˤۤʤʤסʴݻp. 310ˤƤ롥Ρưפϡե󥹸 déplacement ʱѸ displacementˤषִפ򤷤ۤʬ䤹塼ϡ˥ե (signifié) ȥ˥ե (signifiant) η礫뵭 (signe) ѲϡξԤΡ֤פȤ⡤̤εˤִפȹͤƤ᤬뤫
Ʊݻإ塼뾮ŵ٤ déplacement ι (284) 򷫤äƤߤȤƤ֤졤ưפȵƤ뤬Ƥ褯ɤǤߤȼºݤˤϡִפˤۤʤʤʲѤ롥

déplacement Τ졤ư
󥰤ʤηǤμ (terme) ֤Ѥꡤη̤ȤƲ (valeur) ư뤳ȡּȽͤΥХʴط (frag. 1279) ư déplacer ʤ餹ˤѤ줿֤ʤ󥰤ʡġ (altération) νװ˹뤹٤Ϥʤη̡ȤȤ˥˥ե (signifie) Ф륷˥ե (signifiant) Υȡʴط (rapport) (frag. 1259) Τϡ˥ (signe) ǤԲʬΥबȤ̣ǤϤʤ˥سԤꤹʬΤΤƿ˥夬뤳Ȥ̣뤬Ť˥ȿ˥Ӥݡ (sujet parlant) ˤȤäƤϥ˥եȥ˥ե줿褦˺ФΤǤ롥


Ĥޤꡤ"déplacement" ȤѸ򡤵Υ˥եȥ˥եδطΡ֤졤ưפؤΤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ȤäƤ뤬ºݤ˥塼뤬տޤƤΤϡ֤פǤϤʤִפʤΤǤʡֺפǤʤˡȤȡβѲ̣Ѳ⡤˥ե˥եϸꤷƤ¾줿ΤǤ롤ȤϤߤʤʤʤ롥Ť˥夬˥֤줿ΤȡߤʤȤˤʤ

ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ

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2020-10-09 Fri

#4183. ֵΥ˥եŶ [semantics][semantic_change][bleaching][grammaticalisation][sign]

ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) εǤϡζ٤ޤ̣ɺ (bleaching) ˤʤ롥켫Τ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ΰǤ⤢뤬Τ褦˰̣ޤäɺ򲽤ĤơηФƿʰ̣䵡ǽǤȤĤޤŪʰ̣Ѳ³Ȥ⤷Meillet ̣Ѳ̾ʸ "Comment les mots changent de sens" (p. 7) ǡ˿Ƥ롥

En ce qui concerne spécialement le changement de sens, une circinstance importante est que le mot, soit prononcé, soit entendu, n'éveille presque jamais l'image de l'objet ou de l'acte dont il est le signe; comme l'a si justement dit M. Paulhan cité par M. Leroy, Le langage, p. 97: « comprendre un mot, une phrase, ce n'est pas avoir l'image des objets réels que représente ce mot ou cette phrase, mais bien sentir en soi un faible réveil des tendances de toute nature qu'éveillerait la perception des objets représentés par le mot ». Une image aussi peu évoquée, et aussi peu précisément, est par là même sujette à se modifier sans grande résistance.


뵭 (sign) ˤĤơ˥եޤȡˤʤäζ뤫Τ褦ˡưפ̤ΰ̣䵡ǽǤΤȤ˥եΩ줫ߤȡ˳μ¤ǶǤʡ᥷˥եˤߤȤȤˤʤ
ȴϢ۵Τϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) κǸ˿줿ȤǤ롥ؼоݤϤäƤ뤬襷˥ե⤿ʤͭ̾ˤ顤Υ˥ե褦ȤѤǧȤȤϡֵΥ˥եŶפȤǤƤӤʤ붽̣ݤǤ롥

Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-10-13-1]

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2019-11-17 Sun

#3856. ɽʸɽʸ [kanji][grammatology][sign][chinese][terminology]

ɸˤĤƤϡ#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1]) Ǽ夲ۤ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) #2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1]) ǤϢ˿ƤˤСɽʸפȤȤˤʤ뤬ϡش٤Ͽ (1626) ؤʬ䤹Ǥ롥

Ϥʤʸ
ϡɽ뤿˹פ줿ʸǤ뤬ʸȤƤϤʤüäʸǤ
ʸϡŪ˳ʸ (pictogram)ɽʸ (ideogram)ɽʸ (phonegram ̥ޥޡ) ʤɤ礭ʬव졤ϡɽʸפɽŪʸȤ롥ϼ¤ۣǧȸ虜ʤɽʸפˤƤ⡤ʸ (alphabet) ܸβ̾Τ褦ʲʸ (syllabogram) ˶ʬɬפ롥Ǥ긷̩˴ˤĤƹͤƤߤȡʸȤƤδ̣ɽƤϤ뤬¤ϴɽ̣ϡ̵¤ʸΩñȤŪüñȤƤΰ̣ɽ路ƤȤȤʤΤǤ롥פˡϰ̣ɽΤߤǤϤʤθդñ̤ȤƤñθọ̇ΤɽʸʤΤǤ롥ʤñ줽ΤΤɽɽʸ (logogram) Ȥƶβ줿ΤʤΤǤ롥


ʸˤɽʸɽʸɽʸʤɤѸȤݤȤơ(1) ʸɽȤ԰٤εˤ(2) ʸηϤθݥꥷ(3) ʸεǽˡȤ3ĤΤΥ٥ǵƤ뤫Τˤ٤ȤȤ롥
(1) ˴ؤƤС餯źΤۤܤ٤ƤʸηϤεˤɽȤäƤ褤(2) ˤĤƤϡʸǤɽʸηϡ̾ǤɽʸηϡǤоҤΤ褦ɽʸηϤȤˤʤ(3) Υ٥ǤϡΤȤƤɽʸηϤǤȤϤδɽŪѤ뤳ȤϤ뤷ɽʸηϤβ̾ˤĤƤ֤פȤβ̾ʸ夲СɽʸŪʵǽôäƤȤ롥

˧Ϻʴƽˡƣ ʡ ٻͺԡˡ١Ʋ2000ǯ

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2017-09-29 Fri

#3077. ĹĤˤʸιǤȰŹб [cryptology][semiotics][sign][writing]

ϢĹĽԡˡذŹ٤򻲾ȤƤ뤬ʸˤĤǡŹʳءˤ¿Υ󥹥ԥ졼ͿƤ뤳Ȥ˶äƤ롥ϡ͡ʼΰŹʸιǤȰŹб״طˤʬषĹĤɽ򼨤 (29)

ʸιǤȿͰŪ̾ħ
ʸ̤ʸŹ餷ŹʰŪʰŹ
νؤžּŹ餷ŹʰŪʰŹ
̤ʸʬּŹ餷ʤŹüʰŹ
ΰ̣̤ΰ̣Ѵ뤤ϱ󤷤ɽ졦ʸŹ餷ʤŹüʰŹ
嵭Ȥ߹碌Ź餷ʤŹüʰŹ


(substitution) ϡ#2704. Ź ([2016-09-21-1]) ɽ륿פǡʸ̤ʸѤΤǤ롥žּ (transposition) ϰν¤Ǥʸ̤ν¤ؤ륿פǤ롥㤨СǤñžּŹ1Ĥϡnowhere erehwon ʤɤȵս¤ؤΤǤ롥2ΰŹǤϡǤäŹʸϤƤ̣ʸˤʤΤǤˤ⸫ɤϰŹ餷ʤ롥
ʬּϡν¤Ǥʸ̤ʸΤǡ#3072. ܸζ߸ա ([2017-09-24-1]) ǵ󤲤֥ΥաפʤɤȤʤ롥#3071. Pig Latin ([2017-09-23-1]) ϡžּʬּ碌褦ʰŹǤ롥ϡ̸Τ褦ʸɤ򤷤ƤΤħǤ롥
ʾ3ϡʸ٥ǤꡤǤȤǽ (signifiant) 򤤤뤳ȤˤŹ沽Ǥ롥Фƽ국 (ssignifié) 򤤤륿פΰŹ⤢ꡤ졦ʸʤɤȸƤФ롥ɤȤƤ̸θʤɤʤäƤ뤬θΰ̣̤ΰ̣ѴƤΤǡλ򤷤Ƥʤꡤɤ߲򤯤Ȥ񤷤

Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ

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2017-09-26 Tue

#3074. ʸϸǧΰŹǤ [cryptology][language][semiotics][saussure][arbitrariness][sign][writing]

̾οͤˤäƤͭƤʤʸؤưŹȸƤ֤ɸΤ褦΢Ȥ館ơʸϸǧΰŹǤפɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ϡߤȤʵžȯۤǤ롥Ĺ (136--37) Ѥ롥

ɽ뤿ˤɤΤ褦ʸѤ뤫ϤɤǤ褤ȤǤäơפϤʸλȤӤƤСȤƤܤ̤ȤǤ롥եǥʥ󡦥ɡ塼ϡֵ԰ȲİפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ǽϡɽϤǰȾȤϤϡͳФ줿ΤȤƸϤȤСդˤѤҤҲȾȤϤϡͳǤϤʤơݤ줿ΤǤ롥Ҳ罰ϰĤ̤ˤŤ餺ǽ¾ΤΤؤ櫓ˤϤͤ롥̷ޤफ˻פϤ¤ϡʿؤСضɼ٤ȤǤ⤤դ٤˸äơӤޤء٤ȸĤФ顤ؤεۤΤǤʤơ٤äؤסʾӱظظ١
ϤΤޤ޴ŹˤƤϤޤ븶Ǥ롥Ѵ뵭ȤƤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ⤵ĤʤʤСεѤ֤Ϥäѹ뤳ȤϵʤŹΰ㤦ϡȤɽδط軰ԤƿƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̤ʸּҲǧѤΰŹˡפȸƤ֤ΤϡΤ褦дطˤΤǤ롥


ޤΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (137--38)

륺ϡΡˡ٤ˡʸϡ줬ȯ줿ȤΤϴط̩ͤ̿˻ȤƤפȽ񤤤Ƥ롥ϡΨ㤤֤ʸΤΤ̩ɽǤäȤŪΤˤȤ館դǤ롥


ʸŹŪʵǤȤǤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʺۤ1ĵ󤲤ȤСʸ̾¿οͤ˶ͭƤ뤬ŹϾοͤˤΤƤʤȤȤΤäƤͤοȤѥ᡼ٳ뤹СʸϤʤŹǤꡤŹϤʤʸǤȤ롥ŪʸȰŹؤʤߴطˤΤ쵤ݤ߹᤿롥
Ϣơ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1])#2700. Źˤ륳ߥ˥ ([2016-09-17-1]) ȡ#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Ĺ ԡذŹȤ١̼ҡ2017ǯ

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2017-06-26 Mon

#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ [acronym][initialism][sign][semiotics][binomial]

ʹɤǤȡե٥åȤƬ (acronym) ȤƤΩġѻʹǤϤʤܸοʹäǤ롥Ƕ TPPʴʿηкϢȶˤ˴ؤ1ĤεΤʤǤ⡤EPAʷкϢȶˡNZʥ˥塼ɡˡCEOʺǹбǤԡˡIMFʹ̲ߴˡGDPʼ¼ˡGEʹݷкѡˡEUʲϢˤʤɤΤ褦˸ƤǺǽ˸Ȥˤϡ嵭Τ褦ˤäդ줢뤤񤭤Ȥ٤ܸɽźƤ뤬2ܰʹߤƬΤߤǤ롥¿ɤ߼ˤȤäơƬȤαѸɽŸ뤳ȤɬưפǤϤʤºݡŸɬפ⤵ۤɴƤʤȤǤϡ1Ĥο졤̵ŪʵȤäƤ褤ʡ#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
иΡEPAʷкϢȶˡפΤ褦ɽϡŪˤС֥ե٥åȤˤ륷˥եܸ졦ˤ륷˥եˡפȤˤʤäƤꡤΤȤ1Ĥεʥ˥ˤŪƳˤۤʤʤϡε椬Ǻ巫֤Ȥ뤳Ȥä뵡ǽΤۤˡε򼭽Ū˲⤹뵡ǽͭƤ롥ʹҤˤȤäƤϡѽФ̾ɽ魯Τʸ򸺤餻åȤ뤷ޥǥȤƤѸ̤˹ôäƤΤȤͤ롥̾͡¿ȿ̾ˤޥԥå߽ФξˡȤ褦Ȥ1ĤθŪбʤΤ
ɽȴϢƻפФΤϡܸΤߤʤ餺ѸˤŪ˸줿Τ binomial Ǥ롥Ѹ my heart and my corage ꡤˡΧѸ acknowledge and confess ꡤʸɤͳ褹 (å) Τ꤮ꤹפʤɡ夢뤤°1ĤθʸŪȤäƤ褤ˤĤƤϡ#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1])#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1])#2157. word pair μȸ̡ ([2015-03-24-1])#2506. Ѹ2।ǥܸʸɤߡ ([2016-03-07-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ĤޤȤܸǤ⡤⤦1ĤθʸŪƳƤƤȤȤʤΤ

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2017-02-09 Thu

#2845. ؤνʬ򥤥ॹ쥦ǧ鸫 [linguistics][diachrony][glossematics][linguistics][history_of_linguistics][semiotics][sign]

ߥ롦Хǥˡإ塼κθѼԡॹ쥦٤ɤǡȤ (glossematics) 򳵴Ѥʡ#1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ॹ쥦εŪǧ濴ˡ桤桤᥿ζ̤롥Ϥ̾εؤϡɽ켫ΤǤ褦ʵؤơ᥿ϡ켫ΤǤ褦ʵؤδŪΩˡŪ (paradigmatic) ϢŪ (syntagmatic) Ȥ塼褯Τ줿ΩȤ߹ޤ졤1Ĥǧ롥
Υॹ쥦ǧΩäơ¸θؽʬΰ֤ŤȡʲɽΤ褦ˤʤʥХǥ롤p. 205ˡ

Components of Linguistics from Hjelmslev's Viewpoint


αդ٤ϡ¸ʬ̾ΤȤǸ椵ƤƤΤޤޥॹ쥦ŪǧˤƱ̾ʬΤȤǰȤϸ¤ʤȤ㤨СɽϢ򰷤ַפϡ褽ŪʡַפǰƤʬʤȹͤƤ褤ǤŪѰۤʤɤ򰷤ޤȤǾ°פۤʤ롥
ɽθʬˤĤƸȡä˶̣Τϡ̻פ뤤ϡˡפѰۤ˴ؤ뼡1ĤȤƤȤ館ƤǤ롥Ʊ̤μƤΤϡסּҲסֿס־ħפʤɤǤ롥Ǥϡ̻פȤꤿƤơֶפΩΤȤΩƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤषסּҲסֿס־ħפʤɤȤĴƤ롥
Хǥ (207--08) Ǥϡζ̻κƲˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Τ褦󼨤줿ʬϤϡŪʬϤȸʤɬפϤʤ̻ŪʬϤޤפǤ롥޴طϡ֤̻֤Ω꼰ľɬ̣롥Ĥޤꡤ̻֤Ȥϡ֤ΡءפŤʤäƺΤǤϤʤŪˤƴͿŪʤΤϡषεդǤ롥Ρֹ͸ųŪפʬϤ¹Ԥ뤳ȤǽʤΤǤ롥äơŪħϡ¾θ̲⤿餹ǡκĤμȤȤˤʤ롥


ŪؤŪͥʸߡؤΤʤ̻֤褵褦Ȥ뤳ȤϴñʻߤǤϤʤॹ쥦ǧ1ĤΥҥȤˤʤꤽ
ؤνȤˤĤƤϡ#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1])#1110. Guiraud ˤؤι ([2012-05-11-1])#1726. ַ֡פʶ路 Ullmann ˤؤι ([2014-01-17-1]) ⻲ȡ

ߥ롦ХǥˡĮ ˡإ塼κθѼԡॹ쥦١罤ۡ2007ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-11 Fri

#2755. ʾȸ (3) [saussure][langue][arbitrariness][sign][semiotics][linguistics][diachrony]

#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1])#2746. ʾȸ (2) ([2016-11-02-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ[2016-11-02-1]εκǸǡֲʾʪŪʲͤȷӤĤƤ뤬ϤޤdzǰŪʲͤȷӤĤƤˤʤȤϡषξԤ礭פȽҤ٤θڤȴϢơ塼˵ȤƤβʾȸоȤƤս꤬롥塼ˤСξԤϵȤƺŪ˰ۤʤ°Ȥε̤ơ쵭 (arbitrariness) ͳ褹ʤ֤̻֤ܼŪΩ⤭Ħˤʤ롥
ε򤹤뤿ˡޤ塼θˤֲ͡ (valeur) ˤĤƸƤʤФʤʤݻ (68--69) ˤС

塼ηϤϡޤطȤƤβͤηϤǤ롥ǤϡŪŪˤäġǤ꽸ޤäΤΤǤϤʤΤȤδϢ¾ǤȤߴطǤϤƸĤβͤ롥⡤󥰤ʤηϤϡưʪȤƤΥҥȤǽ޼ȿǤʤߤ̤ǤϤʤʹ֤ˡҲŪˤäƤϤƷꤵͤηϤǤꡤλʪɤ֤ɤطդƤ뤫ȤΤǤϤʤȤñ̤ȤҴŪʼΤ¸ߤʤηϤʤΤǤ롥󥰤Ϥ줬ηϤǤ¤ꡤϢ³ñ̤¸ߤꤵ롥ñ̤ϡץꥪ˼¸ΤǤϤ塼ޤäĤ򽪻϶줷ޤϡñ̤ºǤä塼ηϤϡܼ˴ؤڤΥ뤳ȤϤǤʤȸ
֥ȥФϺŪˡΩ˴פ֤ηϤȤʤġϤ礦ɡޤޤʶͿ줿ϤΤޤޤȤ߹碌ΩĥΤ褦ʤΤסˤ⤫餺ΤȤƤñ̤ϤɤˤͿƤʤ֥ȥФ˼ͿƤʪ򸫤븸ۤκϿפȤϸߤΤϴطΩʹ֤λʡᶦƱѡˤǤ롥ֿͤΩʪ֤嫤ϡʪΩä¸ߤʪꤹƯʤ̡ġͿͤϤλˤäŪ˻ʪ¤롥̡ġͤʤʪ⡤ʤоݤ⡤ʤִ֤ˤƤ¨ŪˤͿƤʤפΤ


塼ˤȤäơŪʲͤˤϤΤ褦˼ŪŪʼΤλ٤ʤΤǤ뤫顤ϲʾβͤȤ٤٤ʤȤȤˤʤ롥塼3ֵǡˤĤƿƤ롥ݻ (116) ȡ

塼ˤС쵭ϡ¾ΤɤΤ褦ʵ桤ɤΤ褦٤ˤˤʤŪäƤ롥ȤС빭ϤˤĤʾŪʲͤʤɤϡɤäƤѲĴ٤뤳ȤǤϡʾȤε椬ϤȤѤμŪоݤ򤽤γ˻äƤ뤫ạ̇̄ǤεܼŪˡñפʤΤǤ롥Ȥ쵭ˤϡλ٤ϤɤˤʤΤǤꡤΤϤİбפȡֳǰפĤιࡤΰ֤«δ֤δطˤäƤݾڤƤʤĤιࡤȤȤˤʤ롥ιϡ¬ꤹɤΤ褦ʼ٤ʤȤǡҤѲ򤳤롥ѲǤ٤Ͼ֤ΤˤϤʤ֤᤿ͳѲΤˤϸФʤȤϤ٤ơ쵭椬ֻʪμŪطפˤȤŤʤŪַפǤ뤳Ȥ餯Τǡؤ̻ؤ̡ǤΩƤɬ⡤¤Ϥ˺Ƥ櫓Ǥ롥


Ǥϡ쵭ΤȲʾΤΩƤ롥ΰ㤤椨ˡʾˤĤƤϡ֤̻֤ζ̤ä˰ռˡñפ˰ȤǤΤФ쵭ˤĤƤξ֤˶̤ưʤФʤʤȤפΤȤΤȤĥƤս Saussure (115--16) Ѥ褦

   Il est certain que toutes les sciences auraient intérêt à marquer plus scrupuleusement les axes sur lesquels sont situées les choses dont elles s'occupent ; il faudrait partout distinguer selon la figure suivante : 1o l'axe des simultanéités (AB), concernant les rapports entre choses coexistantes, d'où toute intervention du temps est exclue, et 2o l'axe des successivités (CD), sur lequel on ne peut jamais considérer qu'une chose à la fois, mais où sont situées toutes les choses du premier axe avec leur changements.
   Pour les sciences travaillant sur des valeurs, cette distinction devient une nécessité pratique, et dans certains cas une nécessité absolue. Dans ce domaine on peut mettre les savants au défi d'organiser leurs recherches d'une façon rigoureuse sans tenir compte de deux axes, sans distinguer le système des valeurs considérées en soi, de ces mêmes valeurs considérées en fonction du temps.
   C'est au linguiste que cette distinction s'impose le plus impérieusement ; car la langue est un système de pures valeurs que rien ne détermine en dehors de l'état momentané de ses termes. Tant que par un de ses côtés une valeur a sa racine dans les choses et leurs rapports naturels (comme c'est le cas dans la science économique --- par exemple un fonds de terre vaut en proportion de ce qu'il rapporte), on peut jusqu'à un certain point suivre cette valeur dans le temps, tout en se souvenant qu'à chaque moment elle dépend d'un système de valeurs contemporaines. Son lien avec les choses lui donne malgré tout une base naturelle, et par là les appréciations qu'on y rattache ne sont jamais complètement arbitraire ; leur variabilité est limitée. Mais nous venons de voir qu'en linguistique les données naturelles n'nont aucune place.


ȤƤβʾȸоȤ̤ơ줾⤭ĦˤʤäƤ

ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-26-1]

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2016-11-02 Wed

#2746. ʾȸ (2) [linguistics][metaphor][conceptual_metaphor][standardisation][prescriptivism][sign][semiotics]

#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1]) ˰³"LANGUAGE IS MONEY" γǰ᥿եˤĤơʾȸζͤ뤳ȤǡȤΤɤޤǤͭǡɤ餬̵ʤΤä˸ܼȤϲʤΤˤĤƵ뤭äȤʲϡʥ롦ȥå (152--67) βʾˤΥʥ򰷤äʬʤɤ򻲾ȤĤġʾȸεǽ˴ؤбˤĤơʬʤ˥֥쥹Ȥ̤Ǥ롥

ʾ
ʾϼҲή̤ϼҲή̤
ʪήγȯ˹׸ʼȤƽ񤭸դˤ˾γȯ˹׸
ʾcf. ܻˤǤϲȹ650ǯˡִפʤɡɸಽcf. ѸˤǤϽ񤭸դɸಽ400?500ǯˡ
ʼβʾɼΤΤɸಽˤऱƤ "selection" (cf. #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]))
ʾβ "refinement" (cf. #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]))
ʾƥϥǤϤʤʻѼԴ֤ο¤ǽ쥷ƥϥǤϤʤʻѼԴ֤δط¤ǽ
ʾϤɤΤ褦߹԰٤ˤƤѤǤ櫓ǤϤʤϤɤΤ褦߹԰٤ˤƤѤǤ櫓ǤϤʤ
¨¸ݤꡤդǤλʧcf. Ģ񤭸դˤǽȤʤƱߥ˥
ʾϲͤ¢Ǥʡϲͤ¢Ǥʡᵭˡ
ߡߡߡʾΤδѼ˴֤ǽ
¤¤ΰˡϤ鳰줿ˡФȽ
ʾμʼ̣Υ쥯󡨲ʾDzʾ㤦äμʥ᥿ŪʴؿǸ
ʾϽκդϽκ
ʾʧcf. Ųߤ˵줿դ䳨
ʲͤΥܥΤʤΥܥǰͤΥܥΤʤΥܥ롩 (cf. semantic primitive)


ʾȸȤˤ⡤Ĥδ褦˻פ롥ŷβʪס첽ɸಽסξءǽספȤäޤֲʾϡΤȤƤμҲ񥷥ƥʸ̮ü첽Ǥסʥȥåɡp. 152--53) Ȥܤͤ롥λԾ (see #147. ѸλԾ͡ ([2009-09-21-1])) 䡤ȤȤƤθȤ¦̤⡤ʾȴط
ʾʪŪʲͤȷӤĤƤ뤬ϤޤdzǰŪʲͤȷӤĤƤˤʤȤϡषξԤ礭

硼֡ˡ ܸǴƽˡزʾ١Ʊҡ1999ǯ
ʥ롦ȥåɡˡƲ ãϺˡزʾμҲء١ڼҡ1998ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-08-11 Thu

#2663. ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡ (1) [borrowing][loan_word][semantic_borrowing][loan_translation][terminology][contact][sign]

ɸϻξ˺äѸä˸ùܡˤμѤˤ礭ʬơ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡפ2बȹͤƤ롥
ñˤ뤿ˡܿ˺ݤƺǤ褯ѻñ٥μѤ˸ꤷƹͤ褦̾¾줫ñڤƤȤȤ˵뤳Ȥϡ¦θñȤ (sign) ¿ѹϤˤ衤褽Τޤ޼˥ԡ졤ùܤȤ夹뤳ȤǤ롥ȤϡüŪ˸и (signifié) ȸ (signifiant) ΥåȤǤ뤫顤ΥåȤΤޤޥԡƤȤȤˤʤ (ֵפˤĤƤϡ#2213. 塼ε桤˥ե˥ե ([2015-05-19-1]) 򻲾) 㤨СѸϥե󥹸줫 uncle ֤פȤȸΥåȤڤꤿܸϥݥȥ줫 tabaco ʥХˡֱפΥåȤڤꤿ
ΤˡȸΥåȤǼڤΤǤ̤μѤȹͤ뤬ϼڤꤺ˸Τ߼ڤƤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) (loan_translation) Ȥ⤷Фи롥㤨СűѸ god ϸ֥ޥοפ̣ꥹȶ˿˵ڤӡбƥ deus ΤäƤ֥ꥹȶοפΰ̣ڤ졤˿ʸդädeus Ȥƥε椫ڤꤿΤϡΤߤǤꡤ god Ѥ³櫓Ǥʡ#2149. ̣ ([2015-03-16-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡϰ̣ѤȤ롥ޤűѸ줬ƥ trinitas Ǥʤ Þrines "three-ness" ؤȡפƼ줿Ȥ⡤ƥ줫ϸҼڤȤƤϥƥޤǴʤ褦ʶ˼줿ΤǤ롥
̤μѤỌ̇̄ѤѤʤɤΤüʼѤȤδ֤Ƕ̤ƤΤϡʤȤ줫ڤƤȤȤǤ롥ɤ⤷ʤ⤷ʤˤƤ줫ڤƤΤǤ롥#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ǥդ򴭵̤ꡤϽפǤ롥ˤƤ¾ͤڤƤȤǡ٤Ǥ롥㤦Τϡθȼѡ̾μѡˤǤϼѡʥ١ˤǤ뤳Ȥθȼʤѡʰ̣ѤѡˤǤϼѡʥ١ˤǤ뤳ȤɽŪˤʬʤȤǤ롥顤Ԥ֥ץѡסԤ֤äĤѡפȸƤ֡
Ϥơɤ餬ꥹ٤Ǥ礦ƳϤɤΥפΥ٤ߤǤ礦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-04-05 Tue

#2535. (sign) μ --- ʤˤʬ [writing][medium][sign][semiotics][communication]

ε#2534. (sign) μ --- Ūˤʬ ([2016-04-04-1]) ³¼ (15) 국ʥˤΡʤˤʬפοޤ򼨤

Classification of Signs by Medium

μФʤ륵μ¿Ȥ狼뤬¤˥86ѡȤȤ¼ (16--17) ˤȡ

ͳϡФΤˤƤ뤳Ȥ軰ԤϤ󤬡¾δдﴱʤᤤȤȤʤΤǤʸ®®30ˡᤤֻФǡפˡİФǡפȤ®300᡼ȥȤäȡΤۤȤɤ٤Ƥּפ뤳Ȥˤʤޤᤵ˼Ȥ顤տޤȤ軰Ԥ褦Ȥ־פϡμʤȤơּפλİФʤ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ


ʤֻФǡפΡַפΡֲפŪˤäƤ˲ʬहȡŪɽסݳ衤ݳ衤ݽѼ̿ˤȡּŪɽפʬ롥ԤϤˡо¨ŪפʤΡʼ̡̿Ͽޡޡˡ־ħŪפʤΡʥܥ롤ޡԥȥࡤʥˡŪפʤΡʥա䥰ࡤɽˤ˶ʬȤ¼ۡpp. 17--19ˡ
ϢơҥȤδдﴱȥߥ˥ʤδطˤĤƤιͻϡ#1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1064. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (2) ([2012-03-26-1]) ε׻ȡ

¼ سɽդ١̿ʹҡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-04-04 Mon

#2534. (sign) μ --- Ūˤʬ [writing][medium][grammatology][sign][semiotics][kotodama]

(sing) ͡ʬव뤬¼ (14) ˵ΡŪˤʬפοޤǺܤƤΤǡѤΤʲ˼Ǥϡ֥פȤɽ򡤵ɽŪѸȤѤƤ롥

Classification of Signs by Purpose

Ṳ̄ʬˤȡ䤿ʸդɽʸѤƤȤˤϡ֥פΤΡ֤뤷פΤΡָʬפȤѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤʸϡֽ̾פΤΡֵ̾פˤѤ뤳ȤǤ뤷֤뤷פ¾ŪˤѤǤ롥㤨СΡȡפ֡פϡ־פṲ̄˿ʩ̾򵭤Ȥˤϡ־ħפȤʤ뤷ˤСְ̡פȤȤ館롥
ոƤСǤϵȤɬͰŪǤɬפϤʤʹ֤餫μʤγФ뤳ȤǤСݤʤɤǤäƤ⡤ϵȤʤꡤ̣뤫Ǥ롥
Ȥ¼ۤϡԥȥ˴ؤܤǤ롥2020ǯԥå˸ܤǺοʤԥȥˤĤƤϡ#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])#2400. ԥȥβǽ (2) ([2015-11-22-1])#2420. ʸʤɤˤˤȳ ([2015-12-12-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

¼ سɽդ١̿ʹҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-04-06-1] [2016-04-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-23 Mon

#2401. Ǥʸ [phonology][phoneme][grammatology][grapheme][writing][double_articulation][sign][semiotics][terminology]

Ф餯δ֡ʸ (grapheme) ȤϲȤͤƤ롥ˤ벻 (phoneme) ˤʤ館ơʸˤʸǤꤹȤȤϡ٤θˤ롥ΤξԤˤʿŪ˹ͤ⾯ʤʤΤȽ񵭸ϺŪΰۤʤȤꡤȤʤƤᤤʳǤĤޤΤǤ롥
ΥϡǤ2ʬ (double_articulation) §񵭸Ǥ1ʬᤳǧΤΡ2ʬǤդǤȤˤȹͤƤ롥1ʬǤȤɤɽʸʤ뤤ɽʸˤȤʤꡤʿŪ2ʬޤǿʤɽʸñʸˤȤʤ롥
դλϺ夸äͤƤȤơ̤ϲǤʸǤˤĤʿԤȤƤߤPulgram ʰäƤƤΤǡƸʲP(honeme) G(rapheme) оȤǤ롥

P1The smallest distinctive audible units of a dialect are its phonemes.G1The smallest distinctive visual units of an alphabet are its graphemes.
P2A phoneme is a class of articulated speech sounds pertaining to one dialect.G2A grapheme is a class of written characters pertaining to one alphabet.
P3The hic et nunc spoken realization of a phoneme is an articulated speech sound or phone.G3The hic et nunc written realization of a grapheme is a written alphabet character or graph.
P4The number of phonemes in each dialect must be limited, the number of phones cannot be.G4The number of graphemes in each alphabet must be limited, the number graphs cannot be.
P5By definition, all phones identifiable as members of one phoneme are its allophones.G5By definition, all graphs identifiable as members of one grapheme are its allographs.
P6The phonetic shape of an allophone is dependent on its producer and on its phonetic surroundings.G6The graphic shape of an allograph is dependent on its producer and on its graphic surroundings.
P7Phones which are not immediately and correctly identifiable as belonging to a certain phoneme when occurring in isolation, may be identified through their meaning position in a context.G7Graphs which are not immediately and correctly identifiable as belonging to a certain grapheme when occurring in isolation, may be identified through their meaningful position in a context.
P8Dialects are subject to phonemic change and substitution.G8Alphabets are subject to graphemic change and substitution.
P9The number, kind, and distribution of phonemes varies from dialect to dialect.G9The number, kind, and distribution of graphemes varies from alphabet to alphabet.


Pulgram ʸϲǤʸǤʿ򰷤äΤǤ롥ϡ¤ϤäƤʿ򼨤餫ˤʤΤǤϤʤȤԤäơʸɤǤߤΤԳäͣݤ˻ĤäΤϡp. 19 μ1ʸΤߤǤ롥

If today we distinguish between letter (or better grapheme) and speech sound (or better phoneme), the reason is that there has hardly ever existed in any language with some tradition of writing a strictly one to one ratio between the two.


Pulgram ϡǤʸǤʿ˵ŤƤʤ⡤̤鰷Ȥ򤱤ΤǤϤʤȤʤǤʤ

Pulgram, Ernst. "Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel." Word 7 (1951): 15--20.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-21-1] [2015-11-30-1]

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2015-09-27 Sun

#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ [writing][grammatology][typology][sign]

#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1]) ʸ෿˿줿ɽʸ (ideogram) ɽʸ (logogram) ɽʸ (phonogram) äȡפʸ郎Ф#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) Ǥϳơñ˲⤷٤äϤ3ʸˤĤơ䤬ܲƤȤιͤϪϡʲοޤˤޤȤ롥ޤǤϤʤɤλĤޤǤϤΤʸ෿ΤȤƼ

Ideogram, Logogram, and Phonogram

ޤʸ෿ˤжˤˤ2ϡɽŪɽ (ideographic writing) ɽŪɽ (phonetic writing) Ǥ롥Ԥϰ̣ɽ路Ԥϲɽ魯Ū˸СԤϽ국 (signifié) Τߤɽ路Ԥǽ (signifiant) Τߤɽ魯ޤǤСˤĤжˤˤȤȤǤ롥
ɽʸɽʸϡǤʤ˴ؤƤ֤Ƥ롥ɽʸϡ̾ΥΡ뤤ϸ쳰γǰؤƤꡤɬľܤ˸ñ̤ȷӤĤƤʤΤФơɽʸϡ̾첻ɽ路Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤɽʸɬŪǤϤʤɽʸϸŪǤ롥
ξԤŪʰ֤ΤɽʸǤ롥ɽʸϸȤ餫˸Ūñ̤ؤƤΤǡǤϱü˰֤Ƥ뤬ļˤĤƤŪ뤤϶ͭŪǤ롥ȤϽ국ǽåȤˤʤäΤǤ뤫顤ɽ魯ɽʸ⡤ʤ국ǽɽ魯ȤǤ롥
ŪˤϡɽʸɽʸȯŸɽʸؤȿʤɽʸȤơʣȤ߹碌ɽ綠ȤƤñ̤ϡ䲻ǤǤϤʤǤ롥̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ⡤ˤʸϡɽ˿ԤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥ɽϡּ꤫餷Ƥ⡤ǤХ󥹤Τ褤ʸʤΤǤϤʤ

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2015-09-24 Thu

#2341. ɽʸɽʸ [writing][grammatology][typology][sign]

ʸμ෿ˤĤơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) #1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1]) ʤɤǹͤƤʸŪʸǤ⡤ɸ˷Ǥɽʸ (ideogram) ɽʸ (logogram) ɬΤΡξԤΰ㤤ȤʤȡƤڤ줬ФξԤƱƱ뤵뤳Ȥ⤢褦ˡξԤΤˤʤ㤤ΤΤ򤷤Ƥͤɬ¿ʤ򤬤ϤӤäƤ뤳ȤϡBloomfield (285) μλŦΤ롥ɽʸΤȤɽʸפ򤷤Ƥ¿褦

Systems of writing which use a symbol for each word of the spoken utterance, are known by the misleading name of ideographic writing. The important thing about writing is precisely this, that the characters represent not features of the practical world ("ideas"), but features of the writers' language; a better name, accordingly, would be word-writing or logographic writing.


äɽʸȤΤ⤢뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ºݡΩɽʸȤΤʤȤɽŪʸλѤϤ롥
ɽʸȤϡˤ1ʤ꾮Ǥξ⤢뤬ˤбʸǤ롥ŵŪʸ쵭1ĤǤ뤫顤ǽ (signifiant) Ƚ국 (signifié) ӤĤñ̤Ǥ롥ñ̤Ф1ʸбƤȤɽʸȹͤ롥<> ȤˤȤȡܸʸ̮ǤϡĿʪɽ魯ڡפȤ1ˤ줤бƤΤǡɽʸȤäƤ褤ˤǽȽ국ξޤޤƤΤǡɽ魯 <> ʸˤ⡤/ki/ Ȥɤߤȡڡפΰ̣ξޤޤƤ롥ƱȤϡŪˤʣʹ¤ <> δˤĤƤ⤤롥
<> δΤȤƤ <> ƱɽʸȤ뤬ǤϡǤȤƤФʬܤСʬ <> ȤΩξƱͤɽŪȤäƤ褤Фϡ켫Τǽ⤿¸θˤʷǤˤбʤΤ顤ɽŪȤΤϤդ路ʤڤ˴ؤ뤳ȡڤμפȤۤɤξϴˤäƤꡤθ¤ˤɽŪǤȤ롥ФΩʸǤϤʤΤǡɽʸȸڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤɽŪʵǽäƤȤȤϤ (cf. #1197. Ѹ겾̾ ([2012-08-06-1]))
ʸɽɽϡŪˤϤΤ褦˶̤򤷤Ƥɬפ롥ܤ̯ʥΤˤ롥Ѹˤ륢ӥͤƤߤ褦<2> ȤʸʿˤϡѸǤ two ȤбŵŪɽʸȹͤƤ褤<2nd> ɽϤɤ3ʸʤ <2nd> ȤֻΤȤƤϡñ second бƤꡤɽʸ򤷤Ƥ褤1ʸܤ <2> ФơˤϲȤФ褤ξ <2> ϡ¸β餫αñˤбƤ餺̣ȤƤΡ2פɽ路ƤˤȤɤޤ롥äơ <2> ɽʸŪѤƤȤ٤ϡ<> ˤФˤˤƤ롥ʤߤˡ³ <nd> ɽʸȤƵǽƤ롥ñΤȤƤ <2> ɽʸФΤ褦˻ȤƤ <2nd> <2> ɽʸȤ롥顤<2> ɽʸǤפȰŪ˸ڤ뤳ȤϤǤ<2> Ϥˡ˱ơɽŪˤɽŪˤⵡǽΤǤ롥դ꤬񤷤
Edgerton (150) Ѹʸ̮Ǥ <2> ˤĤơ˶̣ʬϤäƤ롥<222> "two hundred twenty-two" ʤɤɤޤ뤬㤨 "hundred" ɤߤϤɤȯΤȡǽ <2> two hundred Ȥʸ̩ˤ2Ȥ߹碌ˤб2Ĥ <2> twenty ȤбǸ <2> two ȤбȤ褦ˡơɽʸȤƵǽƤΤβˤ̵褦˻פ롥ꤹ줿ͤϡʸˤ2פ˴Ϣ̣ʤ줾2100ܡ10ܡ1ܡˤɽ路ƤɽʸǤȤơºݤλѤ˺ݤƤϡȤ10ˡȷγǰŬѤΤȤƤɽ魯ɽʸȤʤ롥
ʸ෿ݤˤϡɽʸǤȤɽʸǤʤɤȥƥꥫϡʸѤ˱ɽŪˤʤ롤뤤ɽŪˤʤȤ褦뤳Ȥɬפʾ¿ΤǤϤʤ

Edgerton, William F. "Ideograms in English Writing." Journal of the Linguistic Society of America 17 (1941): 148--50.
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2015-09-23 Wed

#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) [writing][medium][history_of_linguistics][phonetics][spelling][sign][semiotics][spelling_reform]

ε ([2015-09-22-1]) ˰³Vachek ʸ򻲾Ȥơ񤭸դμΩˤĤƹͤ롥Vachek ϡפʤȤ顤񤭸դäդʴطĥ롥ɽ (phonetic transcription) ֻɤ߾夲 (spelling out) Ǥ롥
ɽä̩ʲɽ (narrow phonetic transcription) ϡŪˤϤޤɤߤˤؤǤͭѤŪɤ߽񤭤Ѥ­ȤˤʤäؤޤʤʤȤɤ⤦ȤʤСɽ򤿤ɤʤ顤ä˽ФƬDz뤳ȤˤäơŪˤñΤȤǧ򤹤뤳Ȥˤʤ񤫤줿ɽ򸫤ƤƤ򤹤ޤǤˡĤιФʤФʤʤɽǤϤʤ̾ʸֻǤСƤƤ򤹤ޤǤιϡäȤäľŪǤ롥
ֻɤ߾夲Ȥϡ1ʸ˽Фƥڥ륢ȤΤǡ㤨 apple ǤС1ʸ [eɪ piː piː ɛl iː] (= A P P L E) ɤ߾夲롤ΤǤ롥 [ðɪs ɪz ən æpl] (= This is an apple.) ʹСΤޤƤ򤵤Ȥ[tiː eɪʧ aɪ ɛs aɪ ɛs eɪ ɛn eɪ piː piː ɛl iː] (= T H I S I S A N A P P L E) 1ʸɤ߾夲줿ɤʹʤ1ʸɤäƤƬֻȤΩƤơThis is an apple. ΤȤȻפ롤ʤȤ꤯ɤи򤹤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥1ʸĤɤ߾夲ʹʤƤ򤹤ޤǤˡĤιФʤФʤʤɽֻɤ߾夲ϡγϤȽλ޲𤳤ߤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤬ޤǤιҤɤ꤯ɤǶ̤Ƥ롥󡤤ޤˤͳˤꡤŪˤѤʤΤǤ롥
ɽֻɤ߾夲ζ̹Vachek ΤȤФɽС "a sign of the second order"Ĥޤ국εǤȤȤФơäդˤ첻񤭸դˤʸֻϡ"a sign of the first order"ĤޤľŪʵǤ롥δطʲοޤǼƤߤ

+---------------+----------------+--------------------------+
|               |                |                          |
|               |     Speech     |         Writing          |
|               |       |        |            |             |
+---------------+-------+--------+------------+-------------+
|               |       |        |            |             |
|               |       |        |            |             |
|               |     phones     |         letters          |
| First order   |    phonemes    |        graphemes         |
|               |                |        spellings         |
|               |              |                        |
|               |              |                        |
+---------------+-----------------------------------------+
|               |              |                        |
|               |              |                        |
|               |                |                          |
| Second order  |  spelling out  |  phonetic transcription  |
|               |                |                          |
|               |                |                          |
|               |                |                          |
+---------------+----------------+--------------------------+

ֻɤ߾夲 (spelling out) ϽϤä (speech) °Ƥ뤬Ū˺ƸƤΤϡ¤ϡ񤭸դʸֻ (letters / graphemes / spellings) Ǥ롥ɽ (phonetic transcription) ϽϤ񤭸 (writing) °Ƥ뤬Ū˺ƸƤΤϡ¤ϡäդβ (phones / phonemes) Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴطǤ뤫顤꤯ɤˤޤäƤ롥䤿ϡŪˤϤΤ褦ʲ꤯ɤ second order εѤfirst order εѤ­Ƥ롥äդǤľܤ˲򡤽񤭸դǤľܤʸֻѤ롥
Τ褦äդȽ񤭸դоŪоŪʴط򼨤ȡ줾줬Ω޲ǤȤ⤤ˤǼ줾줬ȼŪäơŪ¸޲ȤʤäƤΤ
θϡɽܻؤֻפˤȤäƤפʶȤʤΤ褦ʲפϡfirst order ε򡤤虜虜꤯ɤ second order εؤȳʲ褦ȤƤȲǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ˤĤƤϡ#2312. Ūɽܻؤֻפ ([2015-08-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

Vachek, Josef. "Some Remarks on Writing and Phonemic Transcription." Acta Linguistica 5 (1945--49): 86--93.

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