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communication - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-09-30 Sat

#5269. Υޥȥڤϻפä⤫ä [onomatopoeia][arbitrariness][productivity][double_articulation][linguistics][communication][iconicity]

ĤߡĴظܼ2023ǯˤ3ϡ֥Υޥȥڤϸ줫פκǽ֤ޤȤפˤơħŤ10򴪰ƤǡΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ⤤򼨤ȤŤƤ롥оȤƤǥϡ̸졤ūʧ㤭Ǥ롥89ڡɽ3-1̸ְ졤Υޥȥڡ첻θפѤ롥

 ̸Υޥȥūʧ
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ɽˤСΥޥȥڤϡ֤ܸۤפȤäƤ褤ʤȤͽ۰ʾθι⤵ǤǧƤ褤
嵭θħŤ10γơˤĤƤϡܽɤƤʲ˥٤Ƥ

ߥ˥ǽȯŪտޤ뤳ȤòƤ뤳
̣βΰ̣˷ӤĤ
Ķޡʳʪ˸ڤǤ뤳
ѾʸΤʤ̤ƶ졤뤳
ǽʳθؤ֤ȤǤ뤳
ȯä򼡡˺Ф뤳
кʤ٤ñʷǤʤ٤ʣʵǽ̤Ȥ뤳
ΥʥǤϤʤǥǤ뤳
Ọ̇̄δ֤ɬʤ
켫Τϰ̣ʤʤŬڤȤ߹碌Ọ̇̄Ĥ褦ˤʤ뤳

̤ꡤؼԤϸˤĤƹͤ³ƤħŤˤĤƤϡ͡ʥСƤƤ㤨С#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1])#3770. ʹ֤θħ8 ([2019-08-23-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

Ĥߡ ظܼ --- ȤФϤɤޤ졤ʲ١2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-03-1] [2023-10-02-1]

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2023-02-16 Thu

#5043. ҲŪ« --- ŪǽȤƤθ԰ [pragmatics][philosophy_of_language][history_of_language][communication][phatic_communion][terminology]

#5040. Ѹǡ֥ɥĤפŪɽˡ19 --- ȯù԰٤̣臘 ([2023-02-13-1]) Ǥˤ̤ꡤȯù԰ (speech_act) ϸνפʥơޤ1ĤǤ롥ůؤؤȵڤƤǤꡤůؤǤ԰ȤѸ줬ŪʲǤϡȤ Senft Ѹˤ碌̣ǡָ԰١פѤ롥
԰٤Ȥϲ塼ˤСϡּҲŪ«ϡ (socially binding force) ĤΤȤ졤ŪôäƤȶĴ롥ĹSenft (46--47) Ѥ롥

塼ϡ԰٤˴ؤ뤳ξϤˤơָ԰٤μҲŪ« (socially binding force) ̤ܤסҲŪ«θ§ (PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL BINDING) 꼰뤳ȤˤäιͤͤϤ롥Ϥθ§ֿʹ֤θǤʤʹ֤ȿʹְʳΰռŪʥߥ˥Τ٤Ƥ¾ηϤ⡤ΤǤפȹͤ (Seuren 2009: 140) θ§ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥

٤ƤܵθŪȯäϡä¦ΡʶϲѤΡ˵̳ (COMMITMENT) ʶϲѤΡʹȯ줿 (APPEAL) ΤȯáϤɽ줿̿ꡤ뤤ϸƤӤHey, you over there! ʡ֤Τסˡˤˤƾ (APPELATION (sic)) ˴ؤƹư§ (INSTITUTION OF A RULE OF BEHAVIOUR) Τ줫μΡҲŪ«δطϽФȤ (FORCE) ġ
԰٤οͤ˴ؤͭǤҲŪ֤ϡȯáϤϤξ (FORCE FIELD) 롥(Seuren 2009: 140)

塼ˤȤäơθ§ϰθȵ̳Ŀ͡ʤǤȸĿͤºĿ͡«롥ο͡ϡ֡Ǥꡤ٤Ƥܵθ԰٤ϡˤʡ뤤ϽפǤʤΤǤäƤ⡤äʹδ֤ǤطϽФ (Seuren 2009: 140) ҲŪ«θ§ָŪפǤꡤֿʹ֤θǤʤ (sign) ˤ뤤ʤΥߥ˥ˤȤäƤŪǤħŤ뤳ȤϡSeuren 2009: 158 ⻲ȡˡγؼԤˤȤäơָŪǤϽФΤƻǤꡤžΤΤΤǤʤȡפ̣ (Seuren 2009: 140) 塼ϡ԰٤˴ϢƤιͤȯŸΤȤĴ롥

٤Ƥθ԰٤ϡҲŪ«δط뤤ϻ֤ϽФȤ̣ǹ԰ٿŪǤĸδŪʵǽϡˤĤƤξΰưȤ̣ (sense) ǤΡ֥ߥ˥פǤϤʤҲŪ«Ĥޤ<!-- for reference -->ȯä뤤ϸ԰٤ˤäɽ̿˴ؤпʹ֤ΡҲŪ«δطϽФǤ롥μμҲŪ«ʹ֤μҲ1ĤɬܾǤҲδ쵡ˤ濴ŪǤǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤǤ(Seuren 2009: 147)


塼ˤȤäơ԰٤ϸػˤˤƤޤ˷ڻ뤵Ƥϥߥ˥ƻǤȤ׹ͤƻȸ뤳Ȥ¿äΤΡּҲŪ«ϡפȤƤޤȤ򤵤줿ȤϤʤäȤϡƼҲλθѤȤäƤ褤

Senft, Gunter ˡк ͡Ϥ ׻ҡˡظδä򤹤롡ǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
Seuren, Pieter A. M. Language from Within Vol. I.: Language in Cognition. Oxford: OUP, 2009.

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2020-11-16 Mon

#4221. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 (2) [communication][medium][writing][printing][manuscript][literacy]

̡ȡش󥵥ڥǥɴʡ٤ڥڥ᤯äƤȤ̿Τȯã˴ؤ뵭ܤˤȤޤä (1772--73) #2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥ櫓̿ΤפǤܼŪʤȤ򥺥ХäͤƤƴ쥳ߥ˥ΤȯŸǡƶǤ롥ʲĹ٤ưѤ롥

̿ȯã󡦥ޥߤ

̿ȯã
̿󤯤ˤΤȤΰջãȤСȯãϡ礿Τˤäơޤ˸Ƭɮŵ̿ߺŪ̿λʬव롥ʸʤˤ̿μʤϡƬˤ뤫СİФ̤Ƥο桦ޡʤΤݤʤɡˤˤ뤷ʤʸĤ褦ˤʤȻȯȤȤ˼ɮ̿ΤμפʼʤȤʤä
Ѥȯޤǡפʽʪϥȥåƻν̼ǽ̤ƤʿŪʸĿͤǽʽʪοϸꤵƤꡤΨ㤫ä޽ۤμήۤȤμѤȤä
Ѥȯϡʪ̤˳衼åѤǤ1455ǯ J. ƥ٥륯 (1397--1468) ˤäƶ°ˤǰȯ줿οʵѤϽʪιϤή̣ۤ16Ⱦνױư17ꥹԥ塼꥿̿ΥǥζɬפˤѥեåȡʹʤɤγƼʪνиߤΨϤʤ㤯ȯαƶϤ˴ʤΤǤꡤΤ褦˰ʪ罰ΤȤΤˤʤäΤϥƥ٥륯ȯ顤380ǯвᤷ1830ǯΥꥫʺǽ罰ʹϴˤˤƤǤä
1844ǯ S. F. B. ⡼ (1791--1872) ѲſϿʹμã®٤ֻΤΤȤϤᡤ̿ˤοʲſ֤ϡ®dzμ¾˻򤫤ƤԤ侦ͤˤäơ19դޤ̥ޥޡͤĥᤰ餵졤̾

ޥߤ̿
ʹҤƤüѤȤơȯ100ĶǽȤȤȤʤä1890ǯ夫ȤΤȤ饸о줹1920ǯޤǤޥߥ˥ηǤ롥ŪˤķŪڤƥӤäꡤŵ̿ϥޥǥ̿μή롥
δ֡եࡤʤɤΤ٤λŪǥŤطʤȤơŪˤϹ̱ʸŪ硤гŪˤλʸŪήۤȤΤ˿ΤǤʤŤΤư줿λŪǥãϤ٤ơҤȤ꤫¿ؤξãդޤȤ󤬤Ūʰ̣⤫Ӿ夬餻롥
󲽻Ȥ뺣ˤ륽ϢϤҤȤ꤫¿ؤξΤ褦θ³Ѳż롥1980ǯܳʲ̿η֤ħϡ̿Ѥáեåѥ̿ˤߤҤȤ꤫ҤȤؤ̿ߺǤ롥Ĵ֤̿ˤƤ⡤ƥӲĤäȤꡤʸ֥ƥӡͭˤƤ¾롤¿ͥξ󤫤ġͤμפ˱󶡤ǡΰãǤϤʤ̿ϡĹ餯ʬǤƤ񶭤ʤ۶ν椹Ⱦ٤줿ȤޤͤꡦƤϤưɤƤ롥

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̿ˤϡƬɮŵ̿ߺŪ̿λ˰ʬव뤬ƬˤãϡʸȰѤȯθ⡤ߤȤƻѤ줿ɤŪŪʷưˤФȤƽפ餸饸ƥӤоȤ̤ự򼺤äƤʤ񤭤ʸλˤʤäƤह뤳Ȥʤʻ¸μʸβɤϺ˲Ȥºɤ뤿νפʻŻǤ롥ץʸμήȤʤäƤɮμ椬äºŤ뤳ȤФ𤵤褦ˡƬ饳ԥ塼ޤǤˤϿä˿ʤ褦ˤߤƤºݤϿϾǤ뤳ȤϤʤ
̿ΤŪΤνиϤ١ԤΤεǽѤ뤬ΤδʪȤϤʤ餺ɮŵ̿Ȥ⤤⸽ޤ³ԤƤ롥ϡ̿ˤΤѲȤȤˡ̤¿ɵᤷƤˤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤


ϡ쥳ߥ˥ˤƾ̤ɵᤷ³βǼΤȯƤȤȤˤʤ롥μˤĤƤϤɤʤΤȹͤǤޤäϡΤȾа¸뤬ȾΩΤǤ⤢
ȴϢƽ̺ˤĤơ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1])#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹ء ([2017-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

ش󥵥ڥǥɴʡ١1995ǯ

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2019-03-01 Fri

#3595. ȤͷӤ3ĤΥ [word_play][cryptology][communication]

#3590. ֤Ȥͷӡפȸء ([2019-02-24-1]) ǡȤͷ word_play ؤȤоݤȤʤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϡͷӤ3෿ˤĤơ챺 (397--99) ˰͵򤷤ʤ鳵⤹롥

(1) ¨ --- ʸ̮뤳Ȥͷ

ޯѤͷӤǤ롥Ʊ಻Ѥơʸ̮˴Ĥʸ̮ħ롥ֲѤפΤ褦ʸ̮æ𤹤뤳Ȥ֤פ䡤夿ڤפΤ褦ʥѥǥȤƸȤоȤռϸפʤɤ⤳तǤ롥Ȥʸ̮åơ⤷ߤ롥ξξ˱¨ŪŸ뤳Ȥ¿פǤ롥

(2) --- åŲ뤳Ȥͷ

޶ (acrostic)ʥ (anagram)ʸ (palindrome) ʤɤΤ褦ˡå餫ŲƤ륿פΤȤͷӤǤ롥޶ˤĤƤϡ#1875. acrostic ޶ ([2014-06-15-1])#1897. "futhorc" acrostic ([2014-07-07-1]) 򻲾ȡʥϡSalvador Dali ʸؤ Avida Dollars ȤꡤֲϺפïפȤʤɤ󤲤롥ʸ Madam, I'm Adam ϼʤΤפʤɡ¨ǺΤ񤷤ǰ˺ޤħ롥

(3) ෿ --- ȤƤΤȤͷ

롼§äͷ³뤳ȤŪȤ륲ശФΤȤͷӡŵϡȤꡤɡդΤʤʤʤɤǤ롥ã٤̣ƤϤޤǤϤʤȤФϥƻȤѤƤ롥

ȤͷӤͷ1Ǥ뤫顤3פͷΰŪüƤϤǤ롥üϡ̵Ū̵̵ȤäΤߥ˥䵭δϡŹ (cryptology) ȤϢƤ֤Ȥͷӡפϡɤɤ󹭤äƤơޤ

챺 ֤͡Ȥͷӡסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ396--415ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-13-1]

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2019-02-24 Sun

#3590. ֤Ȥͷӡפȸ [linguistics][communication][history_of_linguistics][word_play]

ȤͷӡʸͷˤϡؤθоݤȤƤϾ˥ޥʡϰ̤Ƥʬ̾ޤäƤʤ⤽֤ȤͷӡפŪ̾ΤޤäƤΤɤѸǤ word play, verbal play, speech play, play of language ʤɤ͡ʸ¸ߤ롥
ޤä椵Ƥʤä櫓ǤϤʤؤʸȤδϢǰƤаޤϤ뤷ǯǤϥߥ˥Ūͻ졤ʬȤƤȯŸǽƤ͹ǽȤδϢǤܤƤƤ褦
ԡˤΡظλŵ٤Τʤˡ챺ͤˤ֤Ȥͷӡפꤹ1Ϥꡤ̣ɤΥȥ (396) ˤȡȤͷӤδŪħȤưæȵ2󤲤Ȥ

ȤͷӤȤϡ˥ߥ˥εϤ򤹤ȴƤȰæŪɤʱĤߤǤ롥ȤͷӤäʸ̮æ뤤ϥåŲƱˤ餵ޤ򤫤ȤξãȤ¿쾯ʤ΢ڤƤ롥
ƱˡȤͷӤϡñ礤˲ŪʱĤߤǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤͷӤͤȤȤͷ֡ɤȤǤΤϡ줬˰εפȤ뤫Ǥ롥ơδפᴷ (convention) Ǥ뤬椨ˡȤͷӤϸġθʸ˸ͭη֤ࡥ
ȤͷӤΡȷɤǤ뤳ȤĶơߥ˥̤ȤʤΤϡˤƤǤ롥


ȤͷӤϡãȤ̤θ쥳ߥ˥ȤϰۤʤäƤ뤬Ǥϲɤ٤ɤΤ褦˰ۤʤäƤΤȤʤ롥ŪʴϤȤ굡ǽŪʴɬפ
ѸΤȤͷӤ˴ؤƤϡCrystal αѸ񤬶˭٤˵󤲤ĤIJ⤷ƤꡤͭѤǤ롥

챺 ֤͡Ȥͷӡסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ396--415ǡ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-01-1]

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2018-08-11 Sat

#3393. ߥ˥Ȥϡ [terminology][communication][information_theory]

ߥ˥ (communication) ϡؤǤ褯ȤѸŪ˹ȤѸǤ⤢롥ºݡؤǤ⤫ʤˤѤƤ롥ΤƤȻפCrystal θؼŵƤߤˤȡcommunication Ȥϼ̤Ǥ (89--90)

communication (n.) A fundamental notion in the study of behaviour, which acts as a frame of reference for linguistic and phonetic studies. Communication refers to the transmission and reception of information (as 'message') between a source and a receiver using a signalling system: in linguistic contexts, source and receiver are interpreted in human terms, the system involved is a language, and the notion of response to (or acknowledgement of) the message becomes of crucial importance. In theory, communication is said to have taken place if the information received is the same as that sent: in practice, one has to allow for all kinds of interfering factors, or 'noise', which reduce the efficiency of the transmission (e.g. unintelligibility of articulation, idiosyncratic associations of words). One has also to allow for different levels of control in the transmission of the message: speakers' purposive selection of signals will be accompanied by signals which communicate 'despite themselves', as when voice quality signals the fact that a person has a cold, is tired/old/male, etc. The scientific study of all aspects of communication is sometimes called communication science: the domain includes linguistics and phonetics, their various branches, and relevant applications of associated subjects (e.g. acoustics, anatomy).
   Human communication may take place using any of the available sensory modes (hearing, sight, etc.), and the differential study of these modes, as used in communicative activity, is carried on by semiotics. A contrast which is often made, especially by psychologists, is between verbal and non-verbal communication (NVC) to refer to the linguistic v. the non-linguistic features of communication (the latter including facial expressions, gestures, etc., both in humans and animals). However, the ambiguity of the term 'verbal' here, implying that language is basically a matter of 'words', makes this term of limited value to linguistics, and it is not usually used by them in this way.


Ƥ뤬˿ʬüŪ˲᤹Сߥ˥Ȥϡ2Դ֤ˤ뿮ηϤѤΤʤȤפȤʤϡΤ褦ʥߥ˥ã뤿μʤ1ĤȤȤˤʤ롥ϥߥ˥ΤѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤϡФо嵭Υߥ˥æ褦Ѥ⤹롥νǽ (function_of_language) ˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾Ȥ줿#523. εǽȸѲ ([2010-10-02-1])#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])#1776. Ogden and Richards ˤ5Ĥεǽ ([2014-03-08-1])
󡤥ߥ˥˴ޤޤ־ (information) ȤϲȤ礭꤬ĤäƤ롥̤ϡ#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1])#1098. ؤͿƤ뼨2 ([2012-04-29-1]) ޤ information_theory γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2017-05-16 Tue

#2941. ū (2) [communication][linguistics][medium][map]

#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) ˤĤƵ񤤤Х󥹡ܸǤ5ˡūθýǺܤƤ
ǯθˤСūϰƤ¿ϰǼƤ褦ĤƤϿؼԡ붵աιԲȤˤäƸū10㤢ޤȤƤ15ǯ֤θˤꡤ70ۤɤ뤳ȤʬäƤοϤäƤǽ롥ūϡŪˤϸΡʡ (surrogate) Ȥ֤ŤǤϤ뤬Ǿİоʹ֤Υߥ˥˴ؤθ򹭤ƤΤȻפ롥*
ä˶̣ΤƬȤбȤȡߥ˥Υ˴ؤ¦̤ʥꥢΥѤ륷ܡ᡼ȤڥĴˤѤūϡ첻ȻҲ򡤸ūΥԥåʲˤѲ©ǤȤɽηϤƤ롥ƬβηϤΤūǤϡūμȿȿοʤηϤȤȤؤƤ롥鷺ʶȿӰǤ⡤٤Ѥ­ȤΤä٤¤ޤĴѤūξˤϡūΥԥåϸƬˤĴбĴξȤϰۤʤηϤäƤȤפä⤺äʣʥƥबѤƤ褦
ŪˤϡūϸƬ٤ĹΥߥ˥˸Ƥ롥ŷϷʤɤιﲼǤϸūϿkmޤꡤºݤ˻Ϥ俹ӤǤαΥߥ˥ѤƤ뤳Ȥ¿󡤸ƬƱͤˡïˤ⽬ǤΤǤ롥
The World Whistles Research Association ȤΤꡤθūξ󶡤ƤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

J. ᥤָūסХ Scientific American ǡ١2017ǯ560--67.

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2017-01-13 Fri

#2818. ???????????????? [function_of_language][phatic_communion][sociolinguistics][communication][accommodation_theory][solidarity]

ؤ蘆Ȥϲ٤ɤҲؤΥߥ˥ǥΩ줫Ρ蘆 (rumor) ʬϤҲŪʴؿäɤ᤿ߥ˥صŪˡƻŪ (instrumental) ʤΤȼŪŪ (consummatory) ʤΤʬȡ蘆ϸԤΤۤܶᤷƤ롥Ŀͤ˴ؤ뤦蘆Ǥ르åפͤȡƤ˾ȤƤβͤ⤢ˤϤ뤬¿ξ硤åפ뤳ȼΤŪǤ롥͡ϥåפΤˤ虜虜ޤäꡤ磻ɥ硼򸫤ꤹΤǤ롥
(109--10) ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤬蘆ˤϡ֤äɡפȤ줬ĤȤ¿ϻͿԤδ֤˿̩ʿʹִطʤ solidarity ФŪʤǤꡤºݤˤ蘆Ƥ̩⤱Сsolidarity Ϥ˹ޤ롥
ޤ蘆γϡͿԤΡֵζͭפȤ⿼طʾġp. 110ˡҳˤ蘆ǥޤޤ䤹Τϡ͡Ʊ褦˴Ūʾˤ뤫Ǥꡤξ褹뤿ξͭȤ⤢뤬ʾˡ԰¤ä뤿ˤߤʤȰˤȤ롥蘆߽Ф solidarity ޤȤϸߤ˽Ĺ礦طˤ롥
(113--14) ϡåפ3Ĥεǽ˸ڤƤ롥ޤ־ǽפ롥åפΤΤͤˤĤƤξǤȤȤǤϤʤΥåפ鲿餫ζФˤϡŪʾȤˤʤ롥ˡֽĵϤηǧǽפ롥ͤϤ르åפ¾ͤȶͭ뤳ȤǿĤФꡤ«򶯤᤿ꤹΤǤʤ accommodation_theory ȤϢ롥#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡǸˡ֥󥿡ƥȤεǽפǤ롥ͤϲä¥ʺޤȤơñ˳ڤΤȤƥåפ롥
ʤ顤蘆䥴åפϸѤ (discourse) 1ĤǤ롥äơ嵭ΥåפεǽϡεǽΰǤ⤢Ϥοʹִط۵ǽȤȤǤСϢơ#1771. ܼŪʵǽ1ĤȤƤ phatic communion ([2014-03-03-1])#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ε׻ȡ

ؤ蘆Ȥϲ١ҡӡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-24-1] [2017-01-14-1]

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2016-12-19 Mon

#2793. ƥȤμ (2) [context][register][pragmatics][communication]

#2122. ƥȤμ ([2015-02-17-1]) ǰäˤĤƺƹͤ롥ˤƥ (context) ȰǤäƤ⡤ƤʬˡˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ϡCrystal (322--23) ͿƤ3ǤҲ𤷤褦

Setting: The time and place in which a communicative act occurs, such as in church, during a meeting, at a distance, or upon leave-taking.
Participants: The number of people who take part in an interaction, and the relationships between them, such as the addressee(s) and bystander(s).
Activity: The type of activity in which a participant is engaged, such as cross-examining, debating or having a conversation.


줾졤ư˴ؤ when/where, who, what ˤ褽ȹͤƤ褤3ǤȤ߹碌ˤ깭̣ǤΡʸ̮פޤꡤˤꡤüԤϸѤ˺ݤƲ餫¤ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɤΤ褦ˤĤ¤뤫ȤС㤨м4ܤͤ롥

Channel: They influence the medium chosen for the communication (e.g. speaking, writing, signing, whistling, singing, drumming) and the way it is used.
Code: They influence the formal systems of communication shared by the participant, such as spoken English, written Russian, American Sign Language, or some combination of these.
Message form: They influence the structural patterns that identify the communication, both small-scale (the choice of specific sounds, words, or grammatical constructions) and large-scale (the choice of specific genres).
Subject matter: They influence the content of the communication, both what is said explicitly and what is implied.


礹ȡ㤨Хꥹȶⶵդ֤ŵŪʥƥȤϡΤ褦ʤΤȤʤ롥ⶵ (participant) ī˶ (setting) ǡ̤ν (participants) ˸äơѸȤ (code) Ȥä (channel) ǡⶵ (activity) Ԥʤκݡˤդ路ʸΤ乽 (message form) ǡŪ (subject matter) ˤĤƸդߤСΤ褦ʤ٤Ƥ׷郎蘆ȡˤⶵפȤƥȤǤȤ⤤롥
ʤ顤ƥȤϡѰ (register) 䥸 (genre) ȤԲʬǤʡ#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡޤ깭Ω줫顤#1996. ٤˴ؤ8 SPEAKING ([2014-10-14-1]) #1326. 礤7Ĥǡ ([2012-12-13-1]) Ϣ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-20-1]

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2016-09-20 Tue

#2703. оθŹγ̿ [cryptology][language][semiotics][communication]

#2700. Źˤ륳ߥ˥ ([2016-09-17-1]) ǡŹ̾θоȤΰŹ椬̾θȺǤۤʤäƤ¦̤1Ĥˡɤо롥ľȿ뤿ᡤ⤷Ʊ褦оäƤΤɤΤ褦ʸ쥳ߥ˥ŸΤΤ񤷤
20ȾоθŹ椬ޤޤǡѤƤŹϤ٤оθŹäоθŹǤϡȼ꤬ƱΥԡäƤ롥Ϥθʿʸ򥹥֥뤷ưŹʸäꡤϤθΥԡDzʿʸ᤹ξԤȤ˶̤θʤȥ르ꥺˤ뤫餳ǽŪ˥ߥ˥ΩĤΤǤ롥оϡˤߤŪǤ롥㤨ܸʸˡ򸰡ʤӥ르ꥺˤȤСܸäϤθƤ沽ʸ򻺽ФꡤܸʹϤθΥԡ沽Ƥ᤹沽沽βǤϡʸˡν§Ŭѽդˤʤ뤬ƱĤʸˡǤ롥Τ褦оθŹ̾θȺŪͭƤ뤿ᡤθ򤷤䤹
20ȾоθŹʤΤޤ줿оθŹˤ륳ߥ˥ǤϡȼѤ븰Ū̯ˡǴϢŤƤϤΤΡ¾ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥⡤ϱѸä򤷤Ƥ뤬ܸʹäƤ뤫Τ褦Τ褦ɽȱѸ줫ܸؤμưߤƤ뤫Τ褦ʥ奨ˤʹ뤬Ȥɬ⤦ޤʤȤΤϡ¦θʤǤܸʸˡˤϡ꤬ȼ˺¾ͤݴɤƤΤǤꡤˡ꤬򷿤Ȥ¦θʤǤϱѸʸˡˤ˺ꤢƤȤ뤫Ĥޤꡤϥߥ˥Ωäơ͹ʸˡ夲򷿤Ȥ2ο͹ʸˡޤǺ夲Ƥξǡ2ʸˡĤĥåͿϤʸˡѤʿʸŹ沽롥ơϡΰŹʸ򡤡2ǤϤʤ1ʸˡ˽äɤ߲򤯡ΰŹʸϡ2ʸˡ沽Ƥˤ⤫餺褷2ʸˡˤäƤ沽ǤʤȤ̯äƤΤǤ롥
̾θ쥳ߥ˥δФ˴ƤȡоθŹˤ륳ߥ˥λȤߤϼ¤˴̯ޤ̾θξQˤä餳оθȯϰŹػ˾βȤƤߤʤƤΤ

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2016-09-17 Sat

#2700. Źˤ륳ߥ˥ [cryptology][communication][phatic_communion][function_of_language][semiotics]

ε#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡϥåȤߵȤȤȯãƤȹͤˤ⤫餺ǿϥåƿȤߵŹ浻ѤȯãƤϡˤ륳ߥ˥˴ؤ̷ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ褯ͤƤߤȡŹϸ쥳ߥ˥̷ܼ⤹Ȥ⡤षΤ¦̤ˤ˿䤷ʤ᤿ΤȤߤʤΤǤϤʤȤΤϡŹ楳ߥ˥ˤƤϡˤȤϤΤΡषåȤߵϤȤ˶Ǥ롥
ºݡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1]) οޤˤơΡ֤Ȥ (message)פְŹפɤؤƤ⡤οޤϤΤޤѤǤ롥ۤʤȤ⤢롥Ź楳ߥ˥ǤäʹľܤĤʤܿ (contact)פβϩտŪ˶ꤵƤꡤ¾ŪǤ뤳Ȥˡ̾θ쥳ߥ˥ˤƤ⡤٤¾ꤵ뵡Ϥ롥㤨СҤҤä修ʤɤǤϡʪŪˡܿ¤Ƥ롥ȤŹ楳ߥ˥ǤϡʪŪˡܿ¤뤳ȤޤߤϤ뤬ʾ˽פˡȤơָη (code) פˤҤͤäȤʤѤ롥äʹˤͭʤ¾ŪʥɤѤ뤳ȤˤꡤŪ¾ԤܿǤʤФƤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡ̾θ쥳ߥ˥椹ȡŹ楳ߥ˥ܼ⤭Ħˤʤ롥äʹ꤬¾Ūʥɤˤ¾Ūܿδط夲¾Ūʥߥ˥ϩȤΤŹ楳ߥ˥Τ褦ֻפФơפȤ礤դϡŪʰŹΰϰŹ楳ߥ˥ˤ phatic_communion θΤǤ (see #1771. ܼŪʵǽ1ĤȤƤ phatic communion ([2014-03-03-1])#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1])) Ź򵭹ŪƤߤΤ⤪⤷

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2016-09-04 Sun

#2687. 첻μȿȲ٥ [phonetics][acoustics][communication]

첻ϲΰǤ롥ΤȤǤꡤŵŪˤ϶ʤɤ޼ʹ˱äƱư¤Ƥ椯ʹ֤ޤ¿ưʪѤƥߥ˥äƤ롥첻˴ؤơŪʴä򤵤äƤʲͤνŵϡCrystal (34) ӸͰ (26--28, 34)
ȡˤοư°ˤϡȿȲ٥뤬롥ȿȤϡ1ô֤βȤοưʤι⤵ɽ魯ñ̤ˤ Hz ʥإġˤѤ롥20Hz㤤Ķ (infrasonics) ȸƤФ졤ʹ֤ɤȤƴ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ǥϴʤޤ20000Hz⤤Ķ (supersonics) ȤϤ꼪Ǥϴ뤳ȤǤʤʹ֤ȤƴΤǤΤ20--20000HzȤȤˤʤ롥ޤϷȤȤʹ벻ϰϤʤꡤä˼ȿι⤤ʹˤʤȤ롥
ȤƤϡʹ֤ʹ뤳ιӰζޤǤȤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȯ¦⤢ꡤ̾ȯäǤ100--4000HzѤ롥̾ȯ90--130HzǤͽȯ250--330HzǤ롥ޤ줿Ф֤ε㤭400Hzȹ⤤NHKλ440--880Hzߵ޼֤Υ770--960HzǤ롥
ʤߤˡưʪʹ벻ϰϤϿʹ֤ȰۤʤäƤ롥Ļ200--8000Hz10--12000Hz̤15--50000Hzͥ60--65000Hz륫150--150000Hz1000--120000HzȤޤޤǤ롥줾줬ʹǽϤѤƼȼΥߥ˥ΩƤƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥
ˡ٥˰ܤϲȤο˴ؤ°Ǥꡤ礭ɽ魯ñ̤ˤ dB ʥǥ٥ˤѤ롥ʹ֤̾βä60dBۤɤǤꡤ䤭30dBʹǤ⾮ʲ0dBǤ롥ӤȤơ᤯ʹĤ70dB᤯ʹߵ޼֤Υ80dBɲʹ֤β100dB᤯ʹԵΥ󥸥󲻤120dBǤ롥

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
Ͱ ʡʴƽˡز縦桡䤫ճʳˡޤǡ١2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-02-19-1]

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2016-04-05 Tue

#2535. (sign) μ --- ʤˤʬ [writing][medium][sign][semiotics][communication]

ε#2534. (sign) μ --- Ūˤʬ ([2016-04-04-1]) ³¼ (15) 국ʥˤΡʤˤʬפοޤ򼨤

Classification of Signs by Medium

μФʤ륵μ¿Ȥ狼뤬¤˥86ѡȤȤ¼ (16--17) ˤȡ

ͳϡФΤˤƤ뤳Ȥ軰ԤϤ󤬡¾δдﴱʤᤤȤȤʤΤǤʸ®®30ˡᤤֻФǡפˡİФǡפȤ®300᡼ȥȤäȡΤۤȤɤ٤Ƥּפ뤳Ȥˤʤޤᤵ˼Ȥ顤տޤȤ軰Ԥ褦Ȥ־פϡμʤȤơּפλİФʤ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ


ʤֻФǡפΡַפΡֲפŪˤäƤ˲ʬहȡŪɽסݳ衤ݳ衤ݽѼ̿ˤȡּŪɽפʬ롥ԤϤˡо¨ŪפʤΡʼ̡̿Ͽޡޡˡ־ħŪפʤΡʥܥ롤ޡԥȥࡤʥˡŪפʤΡʥա䥰ࡤɽˤ˶ʬȤ¼ۡpp. 17--19ˡ
ϢơҥȤδдﴱȥߥ˥ʤδطˤĤƤιͻϡ#1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1064. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (2) ([2012-03-26-1]) ε׻ȡ

¼ سɽդ١̿ʹҡ2014ǯ

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2016-04-03 Sun

#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) [terminology][pidgin][creole][language_change][terminology][tok_pisin][cognitive_linguistics][communication][teleology][causation][origin_of_language][evolution][prediction_of_language_change][invisible_hand]

ε ([2016-04-01-1]) ˰³"spaghetti junction" ˤĤơϡθݤ˴ؤ Aitchison 1989ǯʸɤΤǡݡȤ롥
Aitchison ϡѥץ˥塼˥ǹä Tok Pisin λꡦˡηϤ͡ʼʤκʤäƤȤȤ˰ӤΤˤʤäƤͻҤѻ "spaghetti junction" θ̤ˤΤTok Pisin ˸뤳Τ褦ηϤѲϡϢʤ¾Υԥ䥯쥪ǤѻƤꡤΤ2ĤΩͤ󵯤ƤȤ1Ĥ Bickerton ʤɤؼԤĥ褦ˡʸˡ˶ŪƯƤꡤѲɬŪˤηϤ˽뤹롤ȤΤΩϡŪ󤬥ҥȤΰҤȤ߹ޤƤꤹ뤿ᡤ"bioprogram" ȸƤФ롥⤦1Ĥιͤϡ졤ǧΡߥ˥˴ؤ͡ʰۤʤߤ˺Ѥ̡ǽŪ˻褦ʲФȤΤΩ줬 "spaghetti junction" Ǥ롥Aitchison (152) ϡ2ܤθʲΤ褦ٻƤ롥

This second approach regards a language at any particular point in time as if it were a spaghetti junction which allows a number of possible exit routes. Given certain recurring communicative requirements, and some fairly general assumptions about language, one can sometimes see why particular options are preferred, and others passed over. In this way, one can not only map out a number of preferred pathways for language, but might also find out that some apparent 'constraints' are simply low probability outcomes. 'No way out' signs on a spaghetti junction may be rare, but only a small proportion of possible exit routes might be selected.


Aitchison (169) ϡ2ĤΩΰ㤤͡ʸɽƤ롥"innate programming" Ф "probable rediscovery" ǤȤѲ "prophylaxis" ͽɡˤФ "therapy" ʼšˤǤʡͽɡפȡּšפˤĤƤϡ#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡAitchison ϡξΩȿΤȤϡŪ⤷ʤȹͤƤ褦
"spaghetti junction" ΩĤΤǤСθѲβϡФ䤹ƻڡפ򤤤ͽ¬뤫ȤȤˤʤAitchison (170) ϡʸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

A number of principles combined to account for the pathways taken, principles based jointly on general linguistic capabilities, cognitive abilities, and communicative needs. The route taken is therefore the result of the rediscovery of viable options, rather than the effect of an inevitable bioprogram. At the spaghetti junctions of language, few exits are truly closed. However, a number of converging factors lead speakers to take certain recurrent routes. An overall aim in future research, then, must be to predict and explain the preferred pathways of language evolution.


Τ褦ʸ̤ϸȯȽȯãˤ⿷ʸƤƤ뤫⤷ʤ͡褬ä˽װˤФ䤹ƻڡפѤ졤ˤĤʤηǤΤǤϤʤȡ

Aitchison, Jean. "Spaghetti Junctions and Recurrent Routes: Some Preferred Pathways in Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 151--71.

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2014-10-14 Tue

#1996. ٤˴ؤ8 SPEAKING [ethnography_of_speaking][speech_act][communication]

٤ (speech) ˤ͡ʼब롥ä⤢Х䥸⤢뤷ռ⤢Ф⤢롥⡤Ƥⶵ١ԥåޤ͡ǤϡμΤ٤ʬहΤˡɤΤ褦ʴब̤ͤθ򤹤С饳ߥ˥νɤΤ褦ˤɸãƤΤ򤹤ǴͿŪǤϲҲؼ Hymes ϡƬ SPEAKING ΤȤ8ĤǤǧƤ롥Hymes 󤷤 Wardhaugh (259--61) εҤˤäơñ褦

(1) Setting and Scene. ԤϤ٤꤬ԤƤ֤ȾؤԤŪǿŪʴĶؤ㤨СΥꥹޥΥåΤǯƬϡͭ Setting Scene äƤ롥ܤǤСŷŲοǯΤդͭ Setting Scene äƤ롥

(2) Participants. äʹꡥäǤξԤ֤ȯäΤֵ̾Ǥϼˤ٤ϰ̹ԤǡʹʣǤ롥αäǤϡäʹȤϡåȼȤΤŬˤƤϡʹϿǤ롥

(3) Ends. Τ٤̤ƴŪ˴ԤƤŪ뤤ä꤬ĿŪܻؤƤŪ㤨ˡˤȯϡȽ濳𡤸𡤾ڿͤΤˤäƤʤ뤫ˤä礭ۤʤŪġ뺧ˤȯäϡҲŪŪͭƤƱˡϺؤθĿŪŪͭƤ롥

(4) Act sequence. Ū˻Ȥ줿ɽˤĤơ줬ɤΤ褦˻Ȥ줿ΤԤȤɤΤ褦ʴطΤȤ򤵤Τ٤ǤϡɤΤ褦ɽȯäƤꡤºݤ˲ԤƤΤȤǤ롥Ǥȯù԰ (speech_act) ι̤ͤ롥#1646. ȯù԰٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(5) Key. åݤΥȡͼ䵤ʬʤɡ٤꤬ڤ狼뤤ΤʳŪŪŪŪŪʹưȿꡤʤɤȼȤ⤢롥

(6) Instrumentalities. ߥ˥βϩ补äȤФ񤭸դäſʤɤ޲ˤȤɤޤ餺Ѥ졤ɡѰ⤵code-switching ϡʣ instrumentalities Ȥʬ뤪٤λȤȤˤʤ롥

(7) Norms of interaction and interpretation. ٤տ魯ιưڤӤ˴ؤ뵬Ϥ򤵤礭ۡ碌äȤΩ֤˴ؤʪŪΥʤɤˤƤεϤʤɤޤޤ롥#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(8) Genre. ȯäΥ롥Ȥ虜ʤʤⶵֵʤɤΤ˶̤ȯäμ򤵤

͡Ϥ SPEAKING γǤ˾դʧʤ餪٤ꤷƤȹͤ롥Wardhaugh (261) θ褦ˡ٤϶ˤʣʱİ٤Ǥ롥

What Hymes offers us in his SPEAKING formula is a very necessary reminder that talk is a complex activity, and that any particular bit of talk is actually a piece of 'skilled work.' It is skilled in the sense that, if it is to be successful, the speaker must reveal a sensitivity to and awareness of each of the eight factors outlined above. Speakers and listeners must also work to see that nothing goes wrong. When speaking does go wrong, as it sometimes does, that going-wrong is often clearly describable in terms of some neglect of one or more of the factors. Since we acknowledge that there are 'better' speakers and 'poorer' speakers, we may also assume that individuals vary in their ability to manage and exploit the total array of factors.


ʸˡäؽǤϸޥȤϤʤˤ٤ꤹ뤿ˤϡSPEAKING ҴǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥Ϣơ#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1]) ȡ#1652. 2콬Ǥ "communicative competence" ([2013-11-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-19-1]

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2014-08-13 Wed

#1934. audience design [communication][language_change][sociolinguistics][audience_design][accommodation_theory][variation][style]

ε ([2014-08-12-1]) κǸˡѲˤİԤδͿˤĤƿ줿Ѳ variation ΤʤΤ򤬼Ҳ񽬴ΤǤªʤСˤİԤδͿȤϡѲˤƽפüԤİԤռƸդȯȤȤϥߥ˥Ū˾Ȥ餻мΤ褦˻פ뤬θѲθǤϡѲüԼΤȤ뤵ƤаޤꡤİԤϴԺߤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ŪôˤʤäǯθˤƤİԤ䤬Ū˹ޤäƤƤ롥
ؤˤʬɤ뤬㤨мҲؤǤİԤŻ뤷ͤƤƤ롥1Ĥˡaudience design ȤΤ롥Trudgill Ѹ켭ŵ˵

audience design A notion developed by Allan Bell to account for stylistic variation in language in terms of speakers' responses to audience members i.e. to people who are listening to them. Bell's model derives in part from accommodation theory. (11)


ʲ (101--09) ˤ­롥Allan Bell ˤä󾧤줿 audience design ϡüԤïФ (attention) ʧĤäƤΤˤäơʸŪѰۤ褦Ȥ벾Ǥ롥βˤСä (Speaker) ϡʹ (Addressee) ˺¤դʧʳˤ˵İ (Auditor)ʹ (Overhearer)ʹ (Eavesdropper) ˤ⤳ν¿դʧΤȤäˤȤäƤοͤΤƤ뤫ǧƤ뤫äƤ뤫Ȥ3ĤΥѥ᡼ʬϤȡ줾ʲΤ褦ʽȤʤ롥

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Ź1ȤΥåץȤζ̤ͧͤ㤷Ƥ륷ꤹ롥åץˤäȤʤ餽νդʧʤä˵İͤǤͧͤʾ塤åץͤǤȤϰۤʤä򤹤ǽ⤤äˤȤäơ˵İͤ¸ߤʹǤ¸ߤ˼ǸդФװȤ礭ΤǤ롥ءȥ쥹ʶʹ͡ˤʸ򱿤Ǥ硤äϤΥȥ쥹ʹƤ뤳ȤռոѤ뤫⤷ʤޤظˤ3ͤβä˼򷹤İԡʹ͡ˤȤƤ⡤˵Ťʤ¤ꡤäİԤռƸդ֤ȤͤڤФʤ
ܸѤŪʾ̤Ǥ⡤ͧͤͤäƤȤˡʤʤܾοͤäƤΤ˵Ťȡɸ򤨤äڤؤ뤳ȤʤޤƤǤϡľäƤʤȤ⡤λٻ٤˵İԤռƸդ֤Τ̤Ǥ롥ξïΤޤοͤˤɤ٤դʧΤˤäơäʸΤѤ롤뤤Ѥ뤳Ȥ;ʤ롥ΰ̣ǡaudience ä˸դ򤵤ϤäƤȹͤ롥 (104) ۩

ǥ󥹤ϤդĤä꤬äΤʹ䡤мŪʤΤȻפƤ뤬¤ϤäѶŪʤΤǡǥ󥹤λϻפƤϤϤ뤫礭ƶǤ롥礦ԤǴѵҤδꡤ뤤˱ƶ褦ˡǥ󥹤ǡäϼʬΥĴƤΤȹͤ롥


Ǹˡɽ˼ audience νŪʤΤǤϤʤȤդäƤƤΤ褦ˡƤԤƤԤʹȤäƤϤΤΡ⤷Ȥʹ⶯ռƤΤϡˤ˵İԤ⤷ʤΤλٻդ뤿ˡष˵İԤ˸ƵƤȻפ礬롥ΤȤäʧդ̤ϡ˵İ͡ʹפȤʤ
ʤä꤬ïˤⲿդʧ鷺äȤ̤ϤȤȤǤ̾ä꼫ȤʹꤷƤǤϡΤ褦ꤹʤȤϤꤦĤƤܤäȽФȤ䡤ռ˽Фʤʤɤᤤ⤷ʤȤˤĤơ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1]) ⻲ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
󡡡ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ

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2014-08-12 Tue

#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) [communication][linguistics][language_change][phonetics][speech_perception][causation][speed_of_change][usage-based_model][monitoring]

ε ([2014-08-11-1]) ǰѤ monitoring ˴ؤ Smith ʸϤǡLyons ȤƤLyons (111) äƤߤȡ첻λФˤĤƤսǡüԤİԤθߤ monitoring ѤȤ뤳ȤפȤݤεˤơfeedback 뤤 monitoring ȤɽƤ롥

In the case of speech, we are not dealing with a system of sound-production and sound-reception in which the 'transmitter' (the speaker) and the 'receiver' (the hearer) are completely separate mechanisms. Every normal speaker of a language is alternately a producer and a receiver. When he is speaking, he is not only producing sound; he is also 'monitoring' what he is saying and modulating his speech, unconsciously correlating his various articulatory movements with what he hears and making continual adjustments (like a thermostat, which controls the source of heat as a result of 'feedback' from the temperature readings). And when he is listening to someone else speaking, he is not merely a passive receiver of sounds emitted by the speaker: he is registering the sounds he hears (interpreting the acoustic 'signal') in the light of his own experience as a speaker, with a 'built-in' set of contextual cues and expectancies.


ѼԤĴŪȲŪȤƤФǤʤ첻λФˤϢưƤ롤Ȥ⤬ǾƤ롥Ϣơ#1656. γФΤγФΤ ([2013-11-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Lyons ϡȤƸ첻λФˤ monitoring κѤĴƤ뤬monitoring κѤϲʳ¾θˤƱͤ˸ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

It may be pointed out here that the principle of 'feedback' is not restricted to the production and reception of physical distinctions in the substance, or medium, in which language is manifest. It operates also in the determination of phonological and grammatical structure. Intrinsically ambiguous utterances will be interpreted in one way, rather than another, because certain expectancies have been established by the general context in which the utterance is made or by the previous discourse . . . . (111)


monitoring ȴϢƴ (established)ʸ̮ (context)塼 (cue) ȤɤФƤСˤ϶ (collocation) (frequency) ʤɤȤѸ줬ФƤƤ⤪ʤѲδϡUsage-Based Grammar #1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) Ǥߤ "clusters of bumpy change" ιͤȤط򺣤ϡüԼΤǤϤʤİԼΤθѲ¿ʹ褦ˤʤäƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤơüԡİԡפǤ뤳ȤǧƤ륭ɤȤ뤫⤷ʤϢơʹδͿ̣ѲˤĤơ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1968.

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2014-08-11 Mon

#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) [communication][linguistics][language_change][prescriptive_grammar][diachrony][causation][monitoring]

Smith ѲѤɽ魯ΤȤơ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ȡ#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) Ҳ𤷤ϵŪʸѲθǤꡤʹԺߤΰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤSmith θѲϷ褷ƸμҲŪ¦̡üԤİԤȸδطʤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤSmith (49) ϡѲμȤƤ variation ¸ߡ variation ΤʤθġθȤ԰٤ϡѼԤǤ˼Ƥ monitoring ȤѤȿؤ꤬ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Human beings are social creatures, and not simply transmitters (speakers) or receivers (hearers); they are both. When humans speak, they are not only producing sounds and grammar and vocabulary; they are also monitoring what they and others say by listening, and evaluating the communicative efficiency of their speech for the purposes for which it is being used: communicative purposes which are not only to do with the conveying and receiving of information, but also to do with such matters as signalling the social circumstances of the interaction taking place. And what humans hear is constantly being monitored, that is, compared with their earlier experience as speakers and hearers. . . . / This principle of monitoring, or feedback as it is sometimes called (Lyons 1968: 111), is crucial to an understanding of language-change.


üԤϼʬȯդ򤵤뤫˾դʧäƤ뤷İԤȯդ򤹤Τ˾ˤθɸŪηϤ򻲾ȤƤ롥üԤİԤ⡤ȯ줿դƻܤ餻Ƥꡤߤ˥åäƤ롥2ͤθηϤϲʸˡäκˤƼ㴳㤷Ƥߥ˥ȼǤξȹȤ椨ˡߤ礭æ뤳ȤϤʤ2ͤθηϤϾͭƤꡤξΤΤư뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ξԤȤ˰ưƤΤǤ롥줬Ѳˤˤ monitoring Ȥ
ͤθոΤʤѲ뤳ȤˤĤơ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) ǹͻƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤƤƤĿͤƸѤʤǡüԤȤδ֤ monitoring ǽѤ monitoring η̤ȤơηϤξ򾯤İưƤ⤷ʤˤΰư¥Ƥ⤷ʤ
monitoring ϡˤ뵬ϼȤ礤˴ط롥̾üԤİԤ monitoring λϡߤθѡ뤤Ϥ⤦餬°춦ƱΤˤ̤θѤ#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1]) Ǽ褦ˡϼŪѤٸ춦ƱΤΤʤ˿ƩȡʸˡΤΤ monitoring λȤʤꤦ롥Ĥޤꡤʬ꤬εϤ餷Ƥ뤫ɤå礦Ȥ̾⤺ä©줷롥ϼŪѤȯãϡmonitoring ȤߤСmonitoring μ̤ŤǤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2012-12-13 Thu

#1326. 礤7Ĥ [communication][linguistics][function_of_language][paralinguistics]

¿ͤʸؼԡؼԡǷˤ֤ȤСɤιֵϳ˼Ȥꡤפ֤Ϥ褯ɤळȤǤ
Ԥϡߥ˥ΤȤ礤פȸƤǤꡤˤȤФ϶äۤɾȽҤ٤롥³ơ礤ˤƤ7ĤǤꡤͤϤ7ĤǤƱ˻ȤʬƤΤȼĥ롥7ĤǤȤϡʲ̤ (116)

(1) ֤ȤС
(2) ͤοΤ̤ǤΡֿʪħ
(3) ɽѲưޤΤư
(4) 礤򤷤ƤʪմĶȤƤΡ־
(5) ľŪܿˤΤ鿧Ѳʤɤ˸Ūȿ
(6) ߤεΥͤƤ륹ڡΤȤλ礤Ƥɽ뤿ˤ֤ʤɤΡֶ֤Ȼ֡
(7) ͤμҲϰ̤ΩȤäֿʪμҲŪطʡ

7ĤǤ󤲤塤ԤϡϡָߤϤäƤפΤǤꡤ֤ǤΰĤΩ礤ԤʤȤϤʤפΤȶĴ롥ơ줬ʤʤ狼äƤ館ʤΤò餹롥

פʤȤϡΡּĤǡפϤäƤȤȡΰǤФ礤򤹤뤳Ȥϡ褷ƤǤʤȤȤǤϡλ͡ǯ;錄³ƤȤʤΤǤߤʤ֤狼ʤȤ餷ȤФȤǤϤʤͤŪñǼƤΤǤůؤȤȤʤȡޤäȸäƤۤɴؿ򼨤Ƥޤ󡥤ۤɡοͤӤȤƬϡ줬Ūʰ֤ƤǤ͡ (118)


ˤĤƹͤƤȤˡ#1259. Jakobson ˤ6ĤεǽפؤȽ ([2012-10-07-1]) ǰѤࡼʥεפФJakobson θ6ǽ礤7ǤȤϸߤʤۤʤΤľӤǤʤ夤ĤΰҤؤʬ򤷤ƤߤΤΡºݤˤϤ٤Ƥͻ¤ƤꡤʬԲǽʤΤǤϤʤȤȤä
(1) ήɤθؤǰоݤȤС(2) ʲǤϡǶˤʤäȯŸƤ (pragmatics) Ҳ (sociolinguistics)ѥ (paralinguistics) ʤɤΰ°뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ϡ䤬äꡤΤ褦ʡ˵ήפǤνĥƤΤȡʤ˵ŤʬϺ˵ήǤϤʤʤäƤƤ롥״˷ɰդɽ

Ƿؿ֤ȤСפβݳȡ١ҡ2012ǯ
른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ

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2012-10-29 Mon

#1281. ū [communication][linguistics][double_articulation][medium]

ҥȤޤ᤿ưʪΥߥ˥ʤˤ͡ʤΤ뤬ҥȤθκħϡCrystal (How 9--10) ˤ (1) reproductiveness, (2) double articulation, (3) displacement Ǥ롥ĤޤǸС(1) ϤɤʤȤǤɽǤ뼫ͳ٤ι⤵(2) ϡ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) ħ(3) Ϻ˴ͿΰʳΤȡʺΤȤ䡤̤ξǵäƤ뤳ȡˤȤ뤳ȤǤ򡤤줾ɽ魯ȿꡤ󥿥ȡɽʤɤϳΤ˿ƱΤΥߥ˥ʤǤϤ뤬ɽ경ƤƼͳ٤㤯ʬΤ褦ʣʹ¤򼨤ŵŪˤϺˤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ߥ˥ʤˤäƤϡ3ĤξƤ뤫ɤ٤ˤʤȤ¦̤⤢롥륳ߥ˥ʤΰ̣ǸȸƤФƤ٤ݤ̯ʥΤ㤨Сūˤ륳ߥ˥󤬤ƤƤ²ԥ͡ȥ륳䥫ʥꥢˤơϤäդ˴Ťūˤ륳ߥ˥ʤǧƤ롥Crystal (Encyclopedia 404) ˰ѤƤ󤷤褦ᥭ Oaxaca ² Mazateco ü2ͤδ֤Ǹ蘆줿ūˤäǤ롥
Eusebio Martinez ϾΩäƤϡΥ줿Ȥƻ⤤Ƥȥˤ˸ūǸƤӤԾˤǤäΥȥϡūǤۤʤ벻Dz٤ūθ򴹤ꡤ줬ȥȥϡƻ򾯤֤ Eusebio ξΤȤޤǾäƤơ⤷٤餺ˡʪ򲼤Eusebio ϥȥʪȡ椫餪äƤơʧ򤷤ơȥϵäƤäʾΤȤΤͤδ֤ˤϰդˤäϤʤʤäʤμޤ᤿ڤΥߥ˥θūΤȤˤäƳΤ˹ԤʤƤΤǤ롥
ͤθūǤβäϡȤʤˤȯäΡ줴ȤβĴб4ʳβˤäɽ蘆ƤʸŪŪ˲äʸ̮ŪͤȤۤΤˤ褯ͭƤΤǡͤδ֤ǤβĴΡĴΧ׺ȤɬפĴбƸȯä뤳ȤϡۤɺǤϤʤΤȤʤȯäμ̤Ǥ뤫顤θūߥ˥⡤̩ʰ̣ǤθȤߤʤȤϰΤȤǽǤ롥ŪˤȤûʸפûѤ뵡⾯ʤˤΤѤȤȤ顤¤ʤŪʡָפȤߤƤ褤ΤˤϡCrystal (How 13) Τ褦ˡʤȤ "surrogate" ȸƤǤΤ褤⤷ʤ
Ϣơħ ##1063,1064,1065 ε򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.

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