hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 1 (4)

variation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-19 Sun

#6201. رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ2 --- Ҳؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײ򤷤ƤΤ [inohota][youtube][inohota_rensai][hel_education][hel][sociolinguistics][notice][inohotanaze][variation][voicy][heldio]


inohota_rensai_eigokyouiku_20260414_front_cover.png

  *

414罤۽ŹرѸ춵5ȯ䤵ޤǯ١ƱˤơƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλפϤƤޤϢ2Ȥʤꡤ夵󤬥ᥤȤʤּҲؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײ򤷤ƤΤפꤷơҲؤȤʤʸϤ񤫤ƤޤǸˡ⾯ȤƤޤ
41ˤϡȥȤơ֤Τ̷ۤǤϤޤ椫ϸߤ˥ᥤ饤̳Ǥϰ夵󤬡ּҲء (sociolinguistics) Υå󥹤䤫ڤФƤꡤϻ䤬ֱѸˡפδɮôߤ˿ԤΥȤ󤻹礦Ȥޤ YouTube ͥζ̤˺Ƹ褦ʹˤʤäƤޤ
ΰ夵εϡ3ĤפȤڤǤҲؤȤΰ򡤡ʻήβˤС (1) Ѱۡ(2) ʹִط(3) Ȥ3ƤޤͤϤȤС֤פɤȤȤưŪʵҤˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ̤ꡤͤϤȤС֤ǡײ򤷤ƤΤȤǽưŪѶŪ¦̤ĴƤΤ¤˰夵餷ʤȴޤ
Ȥ櫓1ǤѰۡ (variation) ϡѲ򰷤˸ؤѸˤȶˤƿ⤤ΰǤŪ˸СΡѰۡפѤ߽Ťʤꡤ䤬ơѲפؤȷӤĤƤǤˤĤƤϸȻߤޤʤʤΤǤܻ򤪼˼äƤФȻפޤ
¤򤤤СϢܤ YouTube Ρ֤ΤۤإͥפƱ͡ƥ12ʬηײǤ᤹ʤ褦ˤƤޤޤʹۤϤޤɼԤγȿ䡤νǤʤ顤٥ե쥭֥˥ơޤǤȤ饤ִڤˤ륹ȤäƤޤ夵󤬤褿ʤСϻϤ֤ġĤȤ󥿥饯󤳤Ϣܤ̣ȸȻפޤ6Ǥϻ䤬̳֤Ǥΰ夵Ρ3Ĥפ˿ȯơαѸǤѥǥȤƽ񤤤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäƤޤҲؤȱѸˤɤΤ褦˸򺹤礦Τޤȯ5ˤơ夵ˤҲؤڤǽƤ
Ϣܤ˴Ϣơheldio Ǥ#1783. رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ2ơȤƤäƤޤ碌ƤİС

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ2󡡼Ҳؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײ򤷤ƤΤסرѸ춵2026ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ41444--45ǡ

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2025-10-26 Sun

#6026. OED ˤߤ1;̾ I ΰ۷ [personal_pronoun][spelling][variation][oed][dialect][punctuation][through][orthography]

ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤˤֻ¿ˤĤޤ˿Ƽ夲Ƥäˡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#5738. 516ܤ through 򸫤Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲 through ϡɸಽ줿ˡ˴줿䤿ˤȤäƾ׷ŪǤ餢롥
ơ through ˾ȤʤǤȶñŪ۷¿򤴾Ҳ𤷤1;ñ̾ I Ǥ롥ѸǤϥե٥å1ʸɽ蘆뤳̾줬˾塤뤤ˤơɤۤ˭ʻѤ򸫤ƤȤOED I (PRONOUN & NOUN2) ιܤ˷ǺܤƤ variant forms Υ1Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
ʲˡϰθ˽줿 I ΰ۷ǼΰŪʿ˶ä뤫⤷ʤ

α.
(a)
Old English

ich (Northumbrian), ih (Northumbrian)

Old English--early Middle English

ig (rare)

Old English--Middle English

ic

late Old English--early Middle English

hic, icc

late Old English--Middle English

yc

early Middle English

Hic, Hit (transmission error), hyc, Ic, Icc, ick (northern), Iic, Ik (east midlands and northern), it (transmission error), yg

Middle English

ik (chiefly east midlands and northern), ike (east midlands and northern), yk

(b) Scottish
pre-1700 Scottish

ic, ik

β.
(a)
Old English--Middle English; 1900s-- (nonstandard)

i

early Middle English

Hi, hi, Hy, ij, yi, yj

early Middle English--1500s

y

early Middle English--

I

Middle English

a (Yorkshire and Norfolk), e, hij, hy, j, Y

1700s--

a (regional)

1800s--

ah (regional), oi (regional)

(b) U.S. regional (chiefly south Midland and southern)
1800s--

ah, uh

1900s--

Ah, Hi, Oy, oy, u

(c) English regional
1700s--

a (chiefly northern and north midlands)

1800s

ai (Devon), au (northern and north midlands), aye (Yorkshire), ee (northern), eh (Lancashire), eigh (Yorkshire), ha (Yorkshire), O (Yorkshire)

1800s--

Aa (northern), aa (northern), Ah (northern and north midlands), ah (northern and north midlands), aw (northern and north midlands), hah (Yorkshire), Oi, oi

1900s--

A (chiefly northern and north midlands), hi (Worcestershire)

(d) Scottish
pre-1700

i, y

pre-1700; 1800s--

a, I

1800s--

Aw, aw

1900s--

A, Aa, Ah, ah, Eh (Dundee), eh (Dundee), ey (Dundee)

(e) Also Irish English
1800s

a' (northern)

1800s--

a (northern), Oi (southern), oi (southern)

1900s--

A (northern), Ah (northern), ah (northern)

(f) Also Australian
1900s--

Oi, O'i, oi

γ.
(a)
late Old English--1600s

ich

early Middle English

ch (probably transmission error), Hich, hich, icche, ichc, ichs, icht, ics, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic (probably transmission error), iho (transmission error), Iich, iich, yh

early Middle English--1500s

ych

Middle English

Ich, jch, yche

Middle English--1500s

iche

(b) English regional (south-western)
1700s--1800s

ich

1800s

iche (Somerset), ichy (Dorset), ish (Devon), uch, utch, utchy (Somerset)

(c) Irish English (Wexford)
1800s

ich

δ.
(a)
early Middle English

his, is

(b) English regional (south-western)
1700s

ees (Devon), es, Iss (Devon)

1700s--1800s

ise, us (Somerset)

1800s

Ice (Somerset), is (Cornwall), ize

ε. Chiefly English regional (south-western)
1500s

chee

1500s--1700s

che



ưʲ98ֻ줿A, a, a', Aa, aa, ah, Ah, ai, au, aw, Aw, aye, ch, che, chee, e, ee, ees, eh, Eh, eigh, es, ey, ha, hah, hi, Hi, Hic, hic, Hich, hich, hij, his, Hit, hy, Hy, hyc, i, I, ic, Ic, icc, Icc, icche, Ice, Ich, ich, ichc, iche, ichs, icht, ichy, ick, ics, ig, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic, iho, Iic, Iich, iich, ij, ik, Ik, ike, is, ise, ish, Iss, it, ize, j, jch, O, O'i, Oi, oi, Oy, oy, u, uch, uh, us, utch, utchy, y, Y, yc, ych, yche, yg, yh, yi, yj, yk
ʤOED Ǥϡΰľ˼â񤭤ĤƤ롥"(Capitalization in Middle English examples frequently reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)"
ܤˤºݤʸʸλȤʬޤǹθС۷οϤ˿줿 through 516̤ˤϵڤФʤ⤷ʤǤ⡤ä1Ĥεǽ줬Ƥ¿˶äؤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) Τ褦ʴܸǤ顤ܸ餳ˤ˭Ǥ롥

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2025-09-22 Mon

#5992. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פ [senbonknock][sobokunagimon][voicy][heldio][hel_education][hellive2025][rhetoric][variation][kenning][bracketing_paradox][preposition][romaji]



913ڡˤֱѸ˥饤2025ˤơī8顤פ֤ϽؤʾءˤȤΡܥΥåפۿޤīˤ⤫餺¿Υꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤꤲǤޤޤܥΥåˤϡ֤ͭ ī helwa С̾ޤäƤꡤɤ߾夲ʤɤ򤪼ޤΤȤīᤤ֤ȤϻפʤϤ夬ǡü԰ƱϤ褤ĥΤʤǡԤ50ʬۤɤȴ뤳ȤǤޤ
īVoicy heldio ǡͻҤ#1576. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פȤƥۿޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤİ˥ꥹʡꤪ󤻤Ѥʵ5ۤɼ夲ˤޤ󤬡ۿǾϤ⥳ȤƤ̤ꡤɼǼŪʼǡͤޤԤīƬƯƤΤǡɤۿˤʤäƤȻפޤʲԡ2ץˤǼ夲бʬäޤ

(1) 03:07 --- ʤѸǤϡؼоݤ֤Ȥۤʤ̾ɽΤ
(2) 14:25 --- ʤ heavy smoker ϡνŤνŤʱԡפȲᤵ뤳ȤʤΤ
(3) 21:30 --- ʤ in the morning, in the afternoon, in the eveneing ʤΤ at night ʤΤǤ
(4) 31:00 --- ʤʸΥ᡼ΰǤ I hope this email finds you well. ʤɤȤΤǤ
(5) 38:13 --- ֿʹפΥ޻ɽˤĤ shinbun ʤΤ shimbun ʤΤҤɤ𤷤Ƥޤ󤫡

⤤ʷǡܥΥåפäƤȻפޤ⤼ꤲѤѤʵѰդƤƤС

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2025-07-01 Tue

#5909. ֱѸˤɤ߲򤯡줫αѸȤθ礤 --- ANAεؤƤա179˷ǺܤƤޤ [notice][hel_education][helkatsu][standardisation][world_englishes][variety][variation][language_change]

Hotta-Takeoff_179.png



ڡϤˡ

ΤӡANAۡǥ󥰥ȯԤ뵨ؤƤա1792025ǯƹˤˡֱѸˤɤ߲򤯡줫αѸȤθ礤פꤹ륨åƤޤɽޤ8ڡˤ錄롤ȤεͤޤäǤ
ʤҶȳȯԤ뻨ˡֱѸˡפ꤬ȶä줿⤤ä뤫⤷ޤ󡥻ƤΤä򤤤ȤˤϾͤΤǤҶȤйȤбѸǤΤǡפä礭Ϥޤ󡥹ͤƤ뤦ˡषѸŪʻƳΤˤäƤĤεǤϤʤȴϤޤ

ڡɸѸפϤĤɸäΤ

εǤϡ1500ǯʾˤ錄Ѹˤդ֤ʤ顤ɸಽפȡæɸಽפȤ2ĤΥ٥ȥΤ᤮礤ܤޤѸϤ衤θܿϰŪҲŪʸŪװˤäƾ˻ѤѤƤǤ
㤨αѸϡΤ褦ʡѸפȤϤ¸ߤʤ¿ͤʾ֤ˤޤˤϥե󥹸˲ϰ̤򼺤ޤޤˤϡѤ䶵٤ڤˤäơɸѸפƤȤˤʤޤϥɥ桦ήθոǥˤդäȤªɤΤʤŪʪˤޤǤ

ڡѸפλءѸ¿Ϻ˻ϤޤäȤǤϤʤ

Ѹ;ޤФȤʤޤǤޤ¿Ǥ⤢ޤλ䤿ϡꥫѸ䥤ꥹѸǤʤɱѸ졤󥬥ݡѸ졤ʥꥢѸʤɡѸ¿ͤʡִפŪ˸äƤޤˬѸҤäݸήοŸˤäơܤ餷ʤ¿ͤʱѸ˿뵡ƤΤǡθ򤹤Τ񤷤ʤϤǤ
͡ʱѸʹơ֤äѸʤΡפȸǤ̤⤢뤫⤷ޤ󡥤Ѹˤդ֤ȡ¿ϤषѸλѤȤ狼ޤ٤ȤѼäȤϤʤषɤ졤Ѥ³ƤʤΤǤ
ǧΥХʸɤ߲򤯾Ǥνȯˤʤޤ

ڡ줫αѸȤդ礤Ȥϡ

ܥå᤯ǤϡŪطʤƧޤǡ䤿ѸȤɤΤ褦˸礦٤ˤĤơ4ŦƤޤ

1. ŪʡѸפ¸ߤʤ
ɸѸפȤϡŪҲŪ˹ۤ줿ϤǤꡤ켫ΤĤѼˤޤ󡥱ѸʤҤƤϸˤܼϾѲ¿ˤޤ
2. ˱ʱѤ
񤭸աäաեޥ롿եޥʤɡŪ˱ƥȤʬϤޤ֤ɤ줬פǤϤʤֲŬڤפ򸫶ˤڤǤ
3. ¿ͤʱѸѼؤδ
ѼαѸ˿줿Ȥ´ѤǤˡطʤħܤ뤳ȤפǤ
4. Ѹˤγؤ
ȯֻЪΥä¿ʸˡΤʤɡѸΡ֤ʤפˡƤξ硤ƤΤϡֱѸˡפǤѸˤΤ뤳ȤǡѸؤλޤ

Ѹ줬θפȤƤ¿Ͳ³ʤ䤿ϤɤΤ褦ˤѲȤĤäƤ٤ʤΤΥҥȤ򡤱ѸˤȤĹѥ󤫤õäƤߤޤ󤫡̣줿ϡܻ򤪼˼äƤߤƤ

ڡؤƤա٤ˤĤơ

ܥåϡANAˤؤƤա٤ȤεȤƷǺܤƤޤ󤴾Ҳ𤷤Τۤˤ⡤ǧΤȷθ˴ؤ뵭䡤Ūͻʤɤ˴ؤ뵭ʤɤǺܤƤޤ
ؤƤա179򤴴˾ϡHPܺ٤򤴳ǧANAޥۥץǽȤʤäƤޤ

ʤΥåˤĤƤϡheldio ˤ#1490. ֱѸˤɤ߲򤯡줫αѸȤθ礤 --- ANAؤƤա179ȤۿƤޤΤǡ⤼Ҥİ



δ졡ֱѸˤɤ߲򤯡줫αѸȤθ礤סؤƤա1792025ǯƹˡANAۡǥ󥰥2025ǯ533--40ǡ

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2025-03-25 Tue

#5811. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (3) [sobokunagimon][vowel][gvs][emode][variation][emode][orthoepy][orthography][variation]

ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED 񤭤 Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind Ϣñλ󤲤ʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦

The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)


16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻ׵Ĥפ鷺ˤϤʤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2025-03-25 Tue

#5811. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (3) [sobokunagimon][vowel][gvs][emode][variation][emode][orthoepy][orthography][variation]

ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED 񤭤 Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind Ϣñλ󤲤ʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦

The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)


16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻ׵Ĥפ鷺ˤϤʤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2025-01-22 Wed

#5749. ߡ [meme][internet][netspeak][biology][speed_of_change][evolution][variation]

ؤȡ֥ߡ (meme) ˤĤơޥδ#3188. ߡȤƤθ (1) ([2018-01-18-1]) #3189. ߡȤƤθ (2) ([2018-01-19-1]) ˤƤ
򺣤ϥͥåȾǡߥʰ̣ǤθΡ֥ߡפήԤäƤ褦˥ͥåȥǥǷ֤Ѥ졤ѥǥʤ饦륹Τ褦̢䤷Ƥư衤ûʸƥȤǤ롥ŪˤϤûʸƥȤȤƤΥߡबȤʤ롥
Ȥ meme Ȥñϡ嵭βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ褦˥ꥹοʲʪؼ Richard Dawkins ¤Ǥ롥OED ˤ1976ǯ˽ФƤ롥ʪѸȤƤ meme ʸŪФơ2Ȥơʤ "An image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. Also with modifying word, as internet meme, etc." ȤѤ줿1998ǯμʸǤ롥

1998 The next thing you know, his friends have forwarded it [sc. an animation of a dancing baby] on and it's become a net meme. (Sci. & Technol. Week (transcript of CNN TV programme) (Nexis) 24 January)


ǤϡͥåȾǿΥߡब̢䤷ƤϻǤƤäƤ롥Crystal (97) ꡤlinguistic memes βɤǤߤ褦

LINGUISTIC MEMES

The word meme was introduced in 1976 by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in Chapter 11 of The Selfish Gene as a shortened form of mimeme, from a Greek word meaning 'that which is imitated'. As Dawkins put it: 'I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like "gene". I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.' The word echoes the -eme suffix used in linguistics (phoneme, morpheme, etc), but lacks its notion of minimal contrastivity. A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which spreads throughout a population and which can persist for a considerable time. Dawkins illustrated from tunes, ideas, fashions in clothing, ways of making pots or of building arches, and --- of relevance to this book --- catch phrases.
   The notion has achieved great prominence as a result of the Internet, which promotes the rapid spread of images and text, while at the same time allowing a potentially infinite number of variations. Most are photos with superimposed captions (similar to speech bubbles) that have humorous or satirical intent, though many convey messages of political or social seriousness, and some try to express notions of philosophy.
   For a meme to work, it has to be unique, distinctive, and consistent --- something that is easily achievable using language. The chief linguistic feature is the use of nonstandard forms --- in earlier developments such as text messaging, chiefly deviant spelling; in more recent varieties, deviant grammar. Among the best-known inventions are Leetspeak, LOLcats, Doge, and Doggolingo (pp. 458--9). But standard English can also be a fruitful memic source, as the examples below illustrate.
   No language domain is sacrosanct, and political correctness is conspicuous by its absence. Y U NO uses upper-case textese (p. 455) to parody the simplified speech of foreign learners, using a sketch of a character from a Japanese manga series: its memic origin began with I TXT U / Y U NO TXT BAK!? Ermahgerd shows a young woman holding several books from the children's horror fiction series Goosebumps; the name is a version of 'Oh my God', as spoken by someone with a speech impediment; it is also known as Gersberms and Berks (books).
   There are hundreds of meme wannabes on the Internet now, all hoping (but few achieving) a permanent place in language history. Some sites provide instruction in 'how to create your own meme'. We must expect a significant increase in the amount of linguistic idiosyncrasy both on and off the web now, srsly.


ߡήԤϱѸ˸¤ʤܡʸˤǤ⡤򺣡¿Ρ֡ʸפ߽ФƤ뤬ΥߡΰȤäƤ褤

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2024-04-30 Tue

#5482. αѸ졡¿ȳˡ --- ߷Υ饤ֺ¤Τ [link][notice][world_englishes][variation][helkatsu][hel_education][voicy][heldio]


nhkcul_wes_by_terasawa_20240518.png



2024ǯ٤⡤ޤˡޤޤʷDZѸˤγؤӤ򿼤뤳ȤǤޤΤʤǤ⥤߷Ļرض̾ˤˤ롤NHK㡼ĻΥ饤ֺ¤Ǥֺ¡αѸ졡¿ȳˡ褿518ڡ 15:30--17:00 볫Ȥʤޤʥꥢ륿४饤ֵǡָƨۿפ⤢ˡ
1ǯ֤5󡤻 15:30--17:00 ˳֤ͽǤͽȥ饤ʥåפϼ̤Ǥ

12024ǯ518ڡˡ֥֥ƥˤѸѼ (1)
22024ǯ713ڡˡ֥֥ƥˤѸѼ (2)
32024ǯ921ڡˡ֥˥ˤѸѼ
42024ǯ1116ڡˡ֥ˤѸѼ
52025ǯ118ڡˡ֥եꥫˤѸѼ

꡼ΤμݤHP Ѥޤ

¿ޤdzؤǤѸϡ餯ɸѸɸॢꥫѸޤɸ।ꥹѸˤǤϤʤǤ礦ιֵǤϡǯ˰³αѸ졧¿ȳˡפȤơޤǡΤޤޤϰǻѤƤ¿ͤʱѸѼˤĤƹͻƤޤǯ٤ϡޤ֥ƥäƤ륤ꥹѸʳαѸѼŪˤϥåȥɱѸ졤륺Ѹ졤ɱѸˤĤơαѸѼظˤҲʸˤ⤢碌ƳؤǤޤθϡ˥եꥫʤɤäƤѸѼˤܤޤ


Ѹ (world_englishes) ϻܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ʤɤ¿夲ƤޤѸˤ1ΰȤƳΩĤĤȸäƤ褤Ǥ礦ѸˤγؤӡѸγؤӡˤΩĽפʥơޤȤơؿ󤻤ƤߤƤϤǤ礦
ʾ塤ʻ߷ܿͤεĤ⤤Ĥġ˺ǯ٤ܤαѸ˴Ϣֺ¤򤴾Ҳ𤤤ޤϢơVoicy heldio/helwa Υꥹʡǡnote Ǥᤶޤhel (helkatsu) ŸƤ Grace ⡤߷Ʊֺ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ~heldio~JJun Terasawaʻ߷С


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-05-05-1]

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2024-04-27 Sat

#5479. audience design Ƴ with 3Ms [sociolinguistics][audience_design][accommodation_theory][variation][style][3ms][ogawashun][voicy][heldio][etymology][youtube]



Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥϡڡ⡦ڤϢ "3Ms" 򤪷ޤơ䤫̲ñʤ뤪٤ꡩˤϤƤޤʤߤ "3Ms" Ȥϡ޽¤ءˡ߷वʿءˡ˨ҤʷرΩءˤΤΤȤǤ¤ϽؤʾءˤϿʬŪƱʤƤޤ
Ȥ櫓⡦ڤۿϡʹ١θȤ٤ Allan Bell ˤ audience_design ƳȤʤäƤꡤƱ˳ڤäƤȤǤޤ

(1) #1061. ʹ١θ --- ߷वȥǥ󥹡ǥƳޤ2024ǯ426ۿ
(2) #1062. 21Υǥ󥹥ǥ with 3Ms & Ͻؤ2024ǯ427ۿ

ƱˤĤƤϡ hellog Ǥ#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ƥޤ֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤǤ߷򤪾#84. Υǥ󥹡ǥ˸ؤˤƳ---˸ػ̰߲ƳƤޤ⤼ҤȤ



Bell, Allan. "Language Style as Audience Design." Language in Society 13 (1984): 145--204.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-12-30 Sat

#5360. Ҳء̾ءҲ̾ [sociolinguistics][onomastics][name_project][socio-onomastics][variation]

Ҳ (sociolinguistics) ̾ (onomastics) Ҳ̾ (socio-onomastics)

ȥ졼Ȥʬ䤹Ǥ롥̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å (The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming) ɤ߿ʤƤ뤬Τ褦ʬΩƤΤȶäĤġܤΤˤХϥɥ֥åܼį᤿Ȥˡ25Ϥ "Names in Society" ȤȥˤϵŤƤΤϥޤꤽʤΤǴɤΤƤȤ롥褤ɤ߻ϤƤޤä
ƱϤƬ˷ǤƤϤ׻ݤɤạ̇̄롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Abstract
In socio-onomastics, names in society are examined. Socio-onomastics can be defined as a sociolinguistic study of names. Above all, it explores the use and variation of names. The socio-onomastic research method takes into account the social, cultural, and situational field in which names are used. In this chapter, the methodology and major advancements in socio-onomastics are presented and discussed. In addition, an overview of the epistemological background is presented, as well as a brief look at the state of the art. Name variation is the core concern in socio-onomastics. In this chapter, the synchronic and especially social variation are discussed in more detail. In addition to social ('sociolect') variation, situational ('style lect') variation is presented. Also folk onomastic research as a sub-category in socio-onomastics is presented. Folk onomastics studies people's beliefs and perceptions of names and name use.


׻ݤľˤϥɤĤ󤲤ƤꡤۤȤɲ뤳ȤǤʤ

Keywords: socio-onomastics, folk onomastics, toponymic competence, first name fashion, place-names, personal names, commercial names


Ainiala, Terhi. "Names in Society." Chapter 25 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 371--81.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-09-1]

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2023-03-31 Fri

#5086. 30ǯۤɤαѸֻĬή [spelling][orthography][sociolinguistics][historical_pragmatics][history_of_linguistics][emode][standardisation][variation]

Cordorelli (5) ˤȡľ30ǯۤɤαѸֻ˴ؤŪʸϡ̣ "sociolinguistic" ʤΤä礵Ƥ롥ǰƬ֤Ƥ濴ŪʻϡѸ줫ѸˤƤȻפ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

The first studies to investigate orthographic developments in English within a diachronic sociolinguistic framework appeared especially from the late 1990s and the early 2000s . . . . The main focus of these studies was on the diffusion of early standard spelling practices in late fifteenth-century correspondence, the development of standard spelling practices, and the influence of authors' age, gender, style, social status and social networks on orthographic variation. Over the past few decades, book-length contributions with a relatively strong sociolinguistic stance were also published . . . . These titles have touched upon different aspects of spelling patterns and change, providing useful frameworks of analysis and ideas for new angles of research in English orthography.


ǤСֻɸಽ (standardisation) βϡ褦ʤΤǤϤʤ˼ҲŪʥѥ᡼ˤѰۤȼʤ顤ʣŪ˿ʹԤƤȤȤơΤȤ30ǯۤɤθǷ֤ǧƤȤȤˤʤ
ѸˤˤƸ츽ݤѰۤȼäʣŪ˿ܤƤȤϡֻ˸¤äȤǤϤʤǯαѸ˸Ǥϡȯ֡졤äΤ٤Ƥ¦̤ˤơƱݤΤȤ֤ĥƤسǤϤΥ󥻥󥵥äȷ졤ܴۤ夷ƤȤäƤ褤سΰ̤μҲˤϡְαѸˡפȤϤޤĤäƤѸ˸ԤˤϡοѸ˴Ѥ򹭤̤˼Ƥ̳ȹͤ롥
30ǯۤɤαѸֻ򿶤֤äƤߤǤϺϤɤΤ褦ŸƤΤCordorelli ϥԥ塼ѤŪοʼˡ󼨤Ƥ롥1ĤȤܤ٤ߤȻפ

Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2022-04-27 Wed

#4748. ѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤȽ񤭸դμΩ [me_dialect][variation][spelling][writing][medium]

ѸΥƥȤˤ¿¿ͤʥڥ󥰤ߤƤ롥ޤѰۤλѸäդѰۤĴХեޥȤ˿ҤͤʤɼҲؾμˡѤ뤳ȤǤ뤬꤬Ѹν񤭸դǤСʤ٤ȤѤäƤ롥եޥȤĤޤʤФ꤫ȯˤɤ夯Ȥ񤷤ΤǡѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤˤĤĴ٤褦ȻפСȼˡȯ¸ʤФʤʤ뤲ΤA Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (= LALME) Ի Angus McIntosh Michael L. Samuels Ǥ
McIntosh and Samuels ˤ LALME General Introduction (3.1.2) ˤȡѸΥڥ󥰤Ѱ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤơ5ब̤Ȥ

(i) Normal dialect variation, e.g. as in border areas . . . .
(ii) Variation of textual or codicological origin, e.g. layers of variants resulting from successive copyings.
(iii) Sociolinguistic variation, especially in writers affected by the spread of Standard English.
(iv) The combination of two separate dialects in a writer of mixed upbringing.
(v) Especially in the fifteenth century, an unusually wide range or eclectic combination of spellings in a single writer.


Ѱ (variation) ȤϲȤ򡤸ʱѡ˸äդȤǤϤʤѸν񤭸դȤįʤǡƱ꤬ɤ˭ӤӤ뤳Ȥ(i), (iii), (iv) äդˤΤ뤬(ii), (v) ˤĤƤϽ񤭸դͭλͳ褹Ѱۤȹͤ롥
ؤˤƤϽ񤭸դФäդͥȤΤQŪȯۤǤ롥ʸؤ칶ƤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäƤϡξQŪ󤬲Ȥɤ񤭸դμΩȤΤ򿮤Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲεǤ͡˵Ƥ㤨аʲεɤ

#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-28-1]

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2022-03-29 Tue

#4719. ˸ؤδߤؤȤϡ [dialectology][historical_linguistics][variation][variety][hel][language_change]

(dialectology) ʹСνϰˤĤĴ줾ħƼʬʤΤȻפ󡤤ϻ¤ʤΤǤϤʤޤפˤϰ (regional dialect) ǤϤʤҲ (social dialect) ȤΤ⤢롥ޤ伫ȤΤ褦˸ؤδߤؤϡ˻֤ȤưŪʥѥ᡼θ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ŪˤäƱѸˤؤݤ碌ȹͤʤСʤȤ֡֡ҲȤ3ĤΥѥ᡼ͿΤ
ˤĤơ#4168. λʬʬϥեǤ ([2020-09-24-1]) ǰѤ Laing and Lass ͤɤߤʤäĹѤ٤äȸä"On Dialectology" (417) ȤƬ1嵭λ𤬤ޤɽƤ롥

There are no such things as dialects. Or rather, "a dialect" does not exist as a discrete entity. Attempts to delimit a dialect by topographical, political or administrative boundaries ignore the obvious fact that within any such boundaries there will be variation for some features, while other variants will cross the borders. Similar oversimplification arises from those purely linguistic definitions that adopt a single feature to characterize a large regional complex, e.g. [f] for <wh-> in present day Northeast Scotland or [e(:)] in "Old Kentish" for what elsewhere in Old English was represented as [y(:)]. Such definitions merely reify taxonomic conventions. A dialect atlas in fact displays a continuum of overlapping distributions in which the "isoglosses" delimiting dialectal features vary from map to map and "the areal transition between one dialect type and another is graded, not discrete" (Benskin 1994: 169--73).
   To the non-dialectologist, the term "dialectology" usually suggests static displays of dots on regional maps, indicating the distribution of phonological, morphological, or lexical features. The dialectology considered here will, of course, include such items; but this is just a small part of our subject matter. Space is only one dimension of dialectology. Spatial distribution is normally a function of change over time projected on a geographical landscape. But change over time involves operations within speech communities; this introduces a third dimension --- human interactions and the intricacies of language use. Dialectology therefore operates on three planes: space, time, and social milieu.


˼ҲŪʴߤ뤳Ȥ˴ƤǤԤˤȤäƤϡؤϥääƤ롥̻ѲߤǤưŪؤȤȤǤ롥

Laing, M. and R. Lass. "Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects." Handbook of the History of English. Ed. A. van Kemenade and Los B. L. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 417--51.
Benskin, M. "Descriptions of Dialect and Areal Distributions." Speaking in Our tongues: Medieval Dialectology and Related Disciplines. Ed. M. Laing and K. Williamson. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994. 169--87.

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2022-03-10 Thu

#4700. ѸˤȼҲ [youtube][sociolinguistics][pragmatics][history_of_linguistics][variation]

ʼȤ YouTube 4ƤޤpleaseλȤϥ󡪡ߥ˥μҲءڰʼδѸظإͥ #4 ꤹ뤪٤ǤҲ (sociolinguistics) ȤʬˤĤƳѤƤߤޤ



ҲؤϰȻ䤬ؿͭʬǤ⤽Ѹ˸ŪˡμҲŪʸŪطʤθΤŪǤȼҲδطͻҲؤȤܼŪ褤ΤǤ20ȾҲؤŪϤƤȡѸ˸⤽̤ߡʲǽƤޤȤ櫓μҲŪѰۤ¸ߤȤ "variationist" ʸѤϡҲؤ߽Ф줿Τǡ򺣤αѸ˸ǤŪ˺ѤƤޤ
Ҳؤμ夲¿ˤ錄ޤ#2545. Wardhaugh μҲسܼ ([2016-04-15-1]) ʤɤ򳵴ѤȡСϰϤιʬȻפޤɸಽϰҲ쥸󥬡ե󥫡ԥ졤쥪졤2ѡ¿ѡɥå󥰡ǡ󡤸Ѳԥᥦդβ⡤ץȥס֡նɽ٤ꡤƾΡݥ饤ȥͥȯù԰١Ĵθ캹̡츢ײʤɡɤ󤲻ϤȻߤޤޤ󡥱ѸˤǤ⡤γơǰƬˤƸ椹뤳ȤǽǤ
YouTube ǤϡߥȥޥμҲؤ˿ޤߥʼҲؤǤϡ㤨ŵŪ2ͤδ֤߹԰ (interaction) ܤ褦ʥץޤˤ᤹ܶ뤳Ȥ¿ǤޥʼҲؤǤϡ2ͤˤȤɤޤ餺춦ƱΤȤ礭ñ̤ǸȼҲδطȤ館褦Ȥޤ⡤ξԤ³Ȥͤ򤷤Ƥޤ
ҲؤΥߥȥޥˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȤƤ

#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1])
#1623. ͥ¿Ծ --- ޥȥߥμҲء ([2013-10-06-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])
#3204. ˼Ҳؤ˸ιή ([2018-02-03-1])

Ҳؤ˴ؿäϡҡ#1480. ʱѸ˼Ҳسν ([2013-05-16-1]) ꤤ줫γ˼äƤߤƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-29-1]

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2022-01-16 Sun

#4647. ȥ븦ư [gender][gender_difference][sociolinguistics][history_of_linguistics][hellog_entry_set][variation][anthropology]

ܥ֥Ǥϼ˼Ҳؤδȥ͡˼夲Ƥgender gender_difference γƵȤ櫓䤬ָפ˴ؤ뵭å򻲾Ȥ줿
ȥ븦ϡѤ˽ȤˤȤɤޤʤष˽Ϻ򺣤ήԤʤʤäƤƤ롥ˤ른ϡθȤƤ褦˸Ū°ǤϤʤषưŪ°ǤȤȤ館褦ˤʤäƤȤطʤˤ롥Swann et al. ΰ (165--66) ˤꡤθưĤǤ

language and gender The relationship between language and gender has long been of interest within SOCIOLINGUISTICS and related disciplines. Early twentieth-century studies in LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY looked at differences between women's and men's speech across a range of languages, in many cases identifying distinct female and male language forms (although at this point language and gender did not exist as a distinct research area). GENDER has also been a SOCIAL VARIABLE in studies of LANGUAGE VARIATION carried out since the 1960s, a frequent finding in this case being that, among speakers from similar social class backgrounds, women tend to use more standard or prestige language features and men more vernacular language features. There has been an interest, within INTERACTIONAL SOCIOLINGUISTICS, in female and male interactional styles. Some studies have suggested that women tend to use more supportive or co-operative styles and men more competitive styles, leading to male DOMINANCE of mixed-gender talk. Feminist researchers, in particular, have also been interested in SEXISM, or sexist bias, in language.
   Studies that focus simply on gender differences have been criticised by feminist researchers for emphasising difference (rather than similarity); seeing male speech as the norm and female speech as deviant; providing inadequate and often stereotypical interpretations of WOMEN'S LANGUAGE; and ignoring difference in POWER between female and male speakers.
   More recently (and particularly in studies carried out since the late 1980s and 1990s) gender has been reconceptualised to a significant extent. It is seen as a less 'fixed' and unitary phenomenon than hitherto, with studies emphasising, or at least acknowledging, considerable diversity among female and male speakers, as well as the importance of CONTEXT in determining how people use language. Within this approach, gender is also seen less as an attribute that affects language use and more as something that is performed (or negotiated and perhaps contested) in interactions . . . .


ʹߡˤѤκۤȤ⡤ˤ른Τۤ˸δؿܤäƤǤ¤ݥȹ¤ؤή졤ȤɽǤ롥

Swann, Joan, Ana Deumert, Theresa Lillis, and Rajend Mesthrie, eds. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-17-1]

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2021-08-19 Thu

#4497. Schneider ݥȥ˥ѸѼ˴ؤ "Dynamic Model" [model_of_englishes][world_englishes][new_englishes][variety][sociolinguistics][contact][accommodation][variation][dynamic_model]

#4492. αѸѼˡ --- Gupta 5ס ([2021-08-14-1]) #4493. αѸѼˡ --- Mesthrie and Bhatt 12ס ([2021-08-15-1]) ѸѼˤĤ2ĤθҲ𤷤¾ˤ͡ʥǥ뤬ꡤmodel_of_englishes Ǽ夲ƤǯäȤŪʥǥȤСSchneider ݥȥ˥ѸѼ˴ؤ "Dynamic Model" 2001ǯ夲Ƥǥǡ乭ĤĤ롥ΥǥιҤ򼨤ΤˡSchneider (47) ΰʲʸϤѤ롥

Essentially, the Dynamic Model claims that it is possible to identify a single, underlying, fundamentally uniform evolutionary process which can be observed, with modifications and adjustments to local circumstances, in the evolution of all postcolonial forms of English. The postulate of some sort of a uniformity behind all these processes may seem surprising and counterintuitive at first sight, given that the regions and historical contexts under investigation are immensely diverse, spread out across several centuries and also continents (and thus encompassing also a wide range of different input languages and language contact situations). It rests on the central idea that in a colonization process there are always two groups of people involved, the colonizers and the colonized, and the social dynamics between these two parties has tended to follow a similar trajectory in different countries, determined by fundamental human needs and modes of behaviour. Broadly, this can be characterized by a development from dominance and segregation towards mutual approximation and gradual, if reluctant, integration, followed by corresponding linguistic consequences.


ΥǥˤäƤϡطʤˤ뤤ĤǤˤĤ򤷤Ƥɬפ롥Schneider (47--51) ꡤɤվ񤭤ȴФƤߤ褦

Ρ4ĤΡˡ˼Ҳؤ

1. Language contact theory
2. A "Feature pool" of linguistic choices
3. Accommodation
4. Identity

Ρ2ĤΥߥ˥̮

1. The "Settlers' strand"
2. The "Indigenous strand"

Ρ4ĤΡˡ˼ҲŪȸŪȯŸδط˴ؤǡ

1. The political history of a country
2. Identity re-writings of the groups involved
3. Sociolinguistic conditions of language contact
4. Linguistic developments and structural changes in the varieties concerned

Ρ5ĤŵŪʳ

1. Foundation
2. Exonormative stablization
3. Nativization
4. Endonormative stabilization
5. Differentiation

Schneider ΥǥŪŪǤꡤλ׹ˡ Keller θʤȤ롥塤ɤΤ褦˵ŸƤڤߤǤ롥

Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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2019-02-12 Tue

#3578. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- áˡ¾ [aave][variation][variety][slang][lexicon][ame]

#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1])#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ ([2019-02-11-1]) ³McArthur AAVE θŪħҲ𤹤롥ϸáˡ¾ˤĤơ

(1) goober (peanut), yam (sweet potato), tote (to carry), buckra (white man) ʤɤեꥫθä̤롥

(2) ⽸Ĥ homeboy / homegirl ʼʬζпȤμ͡ˡhomies (homegirls) ʤɤѤ롥

(3) 뽸ĤΤƸƤ̾ΤȤ honkie / whitey (͡ˡredneck / peckerwood ļˤϤΡ͡ˤʤɤѤ롥

(4) ¯Ȥ bad / cool / hot (ɤ)crib ʲȡˡshort / ride ʼ֡ˤʤɤѤ롥

(5) ŪʸˡȤơstepped-to ʡʷޤǡͭʡˡupside the head ƬΤȤǡʲˡˡashy ʡ椬æơˤʤɤѤ롥

(6) ¿ AAVE ɽꥫѸθˤȤäƤ롥hip / hep ʥݥԥ顼㡼̤Ƥ͡ˡdude ˡ

(7) եꥫθƬͳ褹͡ɽϤꥢꥫѸθ˳ȤäƤ롥the dozens ƤФȯˡrapping ͺۤǹߤʸոˡshucking / jiving ͤչߤˤ餫äꡤޤꤹ뤳ȡˡsounding ʸդˤзˤʤɡ

Ȥ櫓äɽΰǸʤΤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡ̤ΥꥫѸθ졦¯ˤ¿Ǥ뤳ȤꥫѸǡʤȤȤϡ٤ɸѸǤˡAAVE ̵Ǥʤ餤¸ߴäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓 AAVE Υݥåץ㡼θؤαƶϤ礭

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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2019-02-11 Mon

#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ [aave][variation][variety][morphology][syntax][negative][be][auxiliary_verb][tense][aspect][inversion]

ε#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1]) ˰³McArthur ˰͵򤷤 AAVE θŪħˤĤơʸˡܤ롥

(1) ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬¿̤Ѥ롥No way no girl can't wear no platform shoes to no amusement park.

(2) ¸߹ʸ there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It ain't no food here.

(3) ʣͭʷ3ñ -s -ed ʤɤά뤳Ȥ롥He got three cent. / That's my brother book. / She like new clothes. / They talk all night.

(4) ʸ֤ʤʤȤ롥What it is? / How you are?

(5) be ư do Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥It don't all be her fault.

(6) be νˡThey be fightin. / He be laughing.

(7) Τ been ˤ󤤲νŪʹ԰٤ɽ魯I béen see dat movie. / She béen had dat hat.

(8) ˾ a ˤջ֤ɽ魯I'm a shoot you. (= I'm going to shoot you.)

(9) steady ʹԷ֤䡤ʸΰ֤ˤƶȼäŪʰ̣ɽ魯We be steady rappin. / We steady be rappin. / We be rappin stéady. (= We are always talking.) / They steady be high. / They be stady high. / They be high stéady.. (= They are always intoxicated.)

(10) Come ˽ưȤѤ롥He come tellin me some story. (= He told me a lie.) / They come comin in here like they own de place. (= They came in here like they owned the place.)

(11) like ֤ۤȤɡפΰ̣ŪѤ롥I like to die(d). (= I almost died.) / He like to hit his head on that branch. (= He almost hit his head on that branch.)

ΤˤΤ褦ʱѸäС狼ϤʸʹʤȻפ롥ۤʤȤۤɤεΥǤϤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥AAVE ΰ֤ŤǮӤӤ櫓

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-12-1]

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2019-02-10 Sun

#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ [aave][variation][variety][rhotic][pronunciation][phonetics][phonotactics]

ܸǡֹͱѸפȸ蘆ƤѸѼϡҲؤǤ AAVE (= African American Vernacular English) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿¾ˤ Black English Vernacular, African-American English, Afro-American (English), (American) Black English, black English ʤ͡ʸƤԤʤƤ뤬ʲ AAVE ̤
ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ޤ aave γƵ AAVE θŪħ䵯ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤǯΤ褦 AAVE ˴ؿΤߤʤɤ˸뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤˤ錄ꡤ⤦ηŪ AAVE θŪħҲ𤷤ƤMcArthur αѸŵ BLACK ENGLISH VERNACULAR ι (133--35) ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤ȯʸˡáѤʤɤ̤˾Ҳ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥
ϥȥȤ AAVE ΤΤǤϤʤѰ (variation) ħŤѼǤ뤳ȤޤĴǡȯħؤȿʤߤAAVE ϡƹιͤ¿ȤѸѼǤ롥ˤϼβѼ郎ꡤҲؤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Իԡļˤ̤ˤäƤۤʤ롥ŪɸŪʡפΤ顤Ƥ餺ޤäĶ鳰˽ФʤϤͤˤää¤ΤĤפΤޤɸŪ AAVE ȤäƤ⡤ɸѸƱͤϰˤ뺹ۤ¸ߤ롥 AAVE ϡͤäѸθˡǤ뤷 AAVE ƱͤǤ롥ĿͤˤäƤ⡤¤ζ AAVE ѼɸѸ˶ᤤѼȤθ (style-shifting) Фи졤ʼҲ˸ŪΤʵҤϺˤ롥
ǤϡŵŪ AAVE ȯħ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

(1) ŪʥꥫƱͤˡnon-rhotic Ǥ롥car "ca" Τ褦ˡparty "pahty" Τ褦ȯ롥ޤҲ˵ /l/ æhelp "hep" ˡself "sef" ˤʤ롥r l ϡWe're coming We'll be here ʤɤˤƤæ"We comin" "We be here" Τ褦ˤʤ롥

(2) -ing ˤơ/ŋ/ /n/ ִ롥coming, running ϡä "comin", "runnin" Ȥʤ롥

(3) λҲϽ̸롥desk, test, cold Ϥ줾 "des", "tes", "col" Ȥʤ롥

(4) /d/ Ҳˤæ롥looked, talked ϡ"look", "talk" ȤʤäƤޤ

(5) Ƭ /ð/ ϤФ /d/ ȯ졤that day, this house "dat day", "dis house" Ȥʤ롥

(6) /θ/ ϤФ /f/ ȯ졤booth, south "boof", "souf" Ȥʤ롥

(7) 2ˤơФ1˶롥ȤСɸѸȰۤʤ "pólice", "défine" ʤɤȯ롥

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-12-1] [2019-02-11-1]

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2019-01-22 Tue

#3557. Ѹˤ3ñѰ [variation][variety][world_englishes][new_englishes][3sp][verb][agreement][conjugation][inflection][link][nptr][hypercorrection]

źΡѸˤơ3ñưϤɤΤ褦˶ޤƤΤĹ餯ɤƤǡܥ֥ǤʲεϤȤ 3sp γƵǼ夲Ƥ

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1])
#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1])
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])

ߤΡѸˤƤϡ3ñθϤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤMesthrie and Bhatt (66--67) εҤޤȤƤ
3ñ -s ȥؤ륱ϡ¿𤵤Ƥ롥ʥꥢѼ쥢եꥫѼϤᡤꥫǥѼѼɷեꥫѼեꥫѼեԥѼ (e.g. He go to school.)󥬥ݡѼʿѼʤɤ롥
ɸѸȿФԤ̣Ѽ⤢롥ñǥȤʤꡤʣ -s ȤʬۤꥫǥѼΤʤǤ⥤쥿²Ѽ (Isletan) ǤϡΤ褦ʸ㤬ǧȤ

there are some parties that goes on over there.
Some peoples from the outside comes in.
All the dances that goes on like that occur in the spring.
The women has no voice to vote.

Maybe the governor go to these parents' homes.
About a dollar a day serve out your term.
This traditional Indian ritual take place in June.
By this time, this one side that are fast have overlapped.
The governor don't take the case.


쥿²ѼƱͤηʿѼǤǧȤ (e.g. They drink and they makes a lot of noise.)
ɸѸεդԤѼʸˡ⤢̣ǤϹŪȤ롥줬ñǤм̾ˤҸưˤ -s 줺줬ʣǤФˤ -s ղäȤǰӤƤ뤫Mesthrie and Bhatt (66) ϡηϤ "-s plural symmetry" ȸƤǤ롥
"-s plural symmetry" 򼨤Ѽ inherent variety ʤΤ뤤üԸĿͤɸѸʤɤɸȤƲ꽤 (hypercorrection) ̤ӸݤʤΤϡĴԤʤФʤʤޤѼ郎󥰥ɤŪ Northern Present Tense Rule (nptr) Ū̴طΤɤ⿵Ť˸ƤʤФʤʤ

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-09-1]

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