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accommodation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-08-19 Thu

#4497. Schneider ݥȥ˥ѸѼ˴ؤ "Dynamic Model" [model_of_englishes][world_englishes][new_englishes][variety][sociolinguistics][contact][accommodation][variation][dynamic_model]

#4492. αѸѼˡ --- Gupta 5ס ([2021-08-14-1]) #4493. αѸѼˡ --- Mesthrie and Bhatt 12ס ([2021-08-15-1]) ѸѼˤĤ2ĤθҲ𤷤¾ˤ͡ʥǥ뤬ꡤmodel_of_englishes Ǽ夲ƤǯäȤŪʥǥȤСSchneider ݥȥ˥ѸѼ˴ؤ "Dynamic Model" 2001ǯ夲Ƥǥǡ乭ĤĤ롥ΥǥιҤ򼨤ΤˡSchneider (47) ΰʲʸϤѤ롥

Essentially, the Dynamic Model claims that it is possible to identify a single, underlying, fundamentally uniform evolutionary process which can be observed, with modifications and adjustments to local circumstances, in the evolution of all postcolonial forms of English. The postulate of some sort of a uniformity behind all these processes may seem surprising and counterintuitive at first sight, given that the regions and historical contexts under investigation are immensely diverse, spread out across several centuries and also continents (and thus encompassing also a wide range of different input languages and language contact situations). It rests on the central idea that in a colonization process there are always two groups of people involved, the colonizers and the colonized, and the social dynamics between these two parties has tended to follow a similar trajectory in different countries, determined by fundamental human needs and modes of behaviour. Broadly, this can be characterized by a development from dominance and segregation towards mutual approximation and gradual, if reluctant, integration, followed by corresponding linguistic consequences.


ΥǥˤäƤϡطʤˤ뤤ĤǤˤĤ򤷤Ƥɬפ롥Schneider (47--51) ꡤɤվ񤭤ȴФƤߤ褦

Ρ4ĤΡˡ˼Ҳؤ

1. Language contact theory
2. A "Feature pool" of linguistic choices
3. Accommodation
4. Identity

Ρ2ĤΥߥ˥̮

1. The "Settlers' strand"
2. The "Indigenous strand"

Ρ4ĤΡˡ˼ҲŪȸŪȯŸδط˴ؤǡ

1. The political history of a country
2. Identity re-writings of the groups involved
3. Sociolinguistic conditions of language contact
4. Linguistic developments and structural changes in the varieties concerned

Ρ5ĤŵŪʳ

1. Foundation
2. Exonormative stablization
3. Nativization
4. Endonormative stabilization
5. Differentiation

Schneider ΥǥŪŪǤꡤλ׹ˡ Keller θʤȤ롥塤ɤΤ褦˵ŸƤڤߤǤ롥

Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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2020-10-19 Mon

#4193. ɷϱѸˤ discuss about [verb][indian_english][glowbe][corpus][accommodation]

ƤäФΡ#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1]) ѤơĤ˱λŦ饤󥹥ԥ졼ɸˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤΰ̣Ǥϴ˿ߤεǤʢ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ɸѸǤ discuss ¾ưǤꡤֻȼ鷺ľŪ׵᤹롥ܸüԤȤƤϡ줬Ƥ?ˤĤפȤʤΤǡabout դֻߤʤꡤdiscuss about ȤƤޤȤΤϵʸˡŪˤϸѤȤ롥ºݤˤ discuss about ⼪ˤܤˤ뵡񤬤롥ɱѸʤɤǹԤʤɽǤȤȤʹȤä
ǡѸѼӤǤ륳ѥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) ν֤Ǥ롥񤷤ȤϤʤ "discuss about" ϤǤ롥ĶñʸǡĶ⤷̤̣臘ȤǤ롥ưŪ˽Ϥ줿㡼Ȥϼ̤ꡥ

Search of

ΤۤʤäȤˤΰ췲դŪ˹⤤ͤ򼨤Ƥ롥ζդϥɡʰΦ˷ϱѸοͤǤ롥׳Ūʸ򤫤ޤǤʤ餫˺ξüαѸѼȤϰۤʤʬۤ򼨤
Х󥰥ǥ䥤Ȥ21ξ̤ˤƤϡaccommodation ˽쥢ͤ "Shall we discuss about our business?" ȻϤ᤿ۤӥͥΨϹ⤽
ѥѤϤȤռˤɱ󤵤뤳Ȥ¿Τ줯餤ΤȤϤƤ褤ΤǤϡ

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2020-03-20 Fri

#3980. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation (2) [contact][old_norse][koine][sociolinguistics][simplification][accommodation]

[2020-03-12-1]˰³Ƥꡥkoineisation ȤϡűѸȸťΥɸθ᤹ܿ뿷Ǥ롥᡼ȤƤϡײŪ˷Ƥ줿˥塼ξͤƤߤȤ褤ܤΤ˥˥塼󤬺졤ϤサԤäƤ롥ܸ͡餳ʹ뤬֤ФĤˤĤ (mixing) ġ¤Ρ֤ɤĤʬʿಽդȤñ㲽Ƥ椯ΰϢβ koineisation Ǥcf. #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#3150. ܿϸñˤ뤫ʣˤ뤫 ([2017-12-11-1]
koineisation ȤܤΤϡܿˤ礭ʱƶϤ Thomason and Kaufman ̤2ܿסʤ shift-induced interference contact-induced changes ΤȤۤʤ륿פȤ󼨤Ƥ뤫ʤ2ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
űѸȸťΥɸܿ koineisation פǤܳŪƤ Warner ʸɤ󥰤Ϥ빥Ǥ롥Warner koineisation 򾧤ꡤξüԤưפˤȤϤʤ˸ߤ˽ʬǽäȤˤƤ롥ξǡߥ˥ˤüԤɤ accommodation selection Ż뤷 (344)

In ... koineization, English and Norse were both used in the same conversation. Speakers tend to accommodate to their interlocutors, so situations developed in which there was mixing of forms with considerable variation. Over time particular forms were selected, and they survived.


ϥԡɴȤǼ㴳ĤȤΤ⡤Kerswill ˤСkoineisation 2--3Τ˴λΤŵȤ뤫űѸȸťΥɸܿˤѲϰ̤ˤϤʤꥹԡǥ˵äȤ뤬ͿѲ¿ϡˤޤǤ®٤ˤϵڤФʤ
˴ؤơWarner ϸܿξˤäƤ koineisation λ֤뤳ȤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ졦ťΥɸΥ̤ʣǴʥפ koineisation ʤΤǤϤʤȤͻ (351)

The speed of koineization depends on interaction within groups, and can also be slow .... Examples from new towns involve dialects which are quite close to one another, and groups that are relatively compact. Norse and OE are at the limits of mutual comprehension, which means that change is a much bigger job linguistically, and the English-Norse situation will have involved considerable socio-geographical variation and complexity across a period of time, reinforced by continuing inmigration of speakers of Norse in particular area, but as a series of situations involving communities of different sizes and cultural mix, speaking a series of koines which are at various removes from OE and ON, and which become dialects while still containing variation. All this took time.


Warner λ¾ΤޤȤȤʤäƤ1Ƥ (385)

So I believe that there is a coherent interpretation of the history of contact between English and Norse in which they are adequately mutually comprehensible. A (perhaps considerable) period of rudimentary dialect mixing and leveling was followed by an increase in interaction, by the weakening of distinctive elements of cultural identities of speakers of Norse and OE, and by a general willingness to disregard linguistic boundaries .... Then koineization, in which child peer groups especially in larger villages and urban areas may have played a focusing role in stabilizing variation, led to the amalgamation of English and Norse. This will have taken place at different times in different places: early in the Lindisfarne glosses, but considerably later in areas with a denser Norse population reinforced by immigration. Notice that this account includes a mechanism for simplificatory change and selection in the largely automatic accommodation which attends face-to-face interaction between speakers of similar linguistic systems, given appropriate social and psychological circumstances. So there is an apparently motivated connection between the linguistic situation (with its social and psychological components) and the overall type of outcome, and if my interpretation of this situation is appropriate, inflectional simplification at some level should reasonably (but not certainly) be anticipated.


Ǹ Warner ˤ koineisation Ȥ "a process of koineization (dialect mixing, levelling and simplification, driven by mutual accommodation and selection)" (393) ѤƤ

Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Warner, Anthony. "English-Norse Contact, Simplification, and Sociolinguistic Typology." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 118 (2017): 317--404.
Kerswill, P. "Koineization and Accommodation." The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Ed. J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, and N. Schilling-Estes. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. 668--702.

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