ȺX Ƕᴩؤʤ٤ΥȥΰĤȤ2ĤƤݥȤޤˡդ礤Ƥ볧꤬ȤޤεǤϡΥȥƤƤ hellog ξǤ⿶֤ĤġѸˡŪʻ龯äƤߤȻפޤ
夲ơޤϡ㤯Ҥۤʡˡ3ñ sפΤΤǤعʸˡǤФΥ롼Ȥáޤ뤳 s ǤɸѸ줫⳰˽ФαѸѼWorld EnglishesˤܤܤȡۤʤʤäƤޤ
#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǤߤѸθŪħǼǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) ˴Ťơο;Τľˡߤưη֤˴ؤŪסagreementˤ˴ؤŪʿͤƤߤޤ礦eWAVE Υǡ١ꡤArea եɤ agreement ꤹȡŪפ͡ʸݤˤĤƤξޤΤʤǡѸ3ñ˴ؤ붽̣¤⸫Ƥޤ
ޤ줬3;ñǤäƤư s Ĥʤ3ñΥפˤĤƤǤ No. 170 "Invariant present tense forms due to zero marking for the third person singular" ȡʲΤ褦ʶä٤ͤƤޤ
Attestation ʸΨ: 69%
Pervasiveness Ψ: 72%
eWAVE 3.0 ĴоݤȤƤ77Ѽ69%ǡ3ñΥפ1ʾֳǧ (Attestation) 졤٤ˤŤդθǤΡʿŪʡΨ (Pervasiveness) 72%ãȤΤǤɸѸStandard EnglishˤμҲŪʡֽŤߡפϤǤ̵ˤѸѼΤʤ1ĤѼȤʿ˥ȤʤСs Ĥʤ3ñΥפΤۤ¿ɤˤʤ뤳Ȥη̤ϼޤʤeWAVE 3.0 ˤ Attestation Pervasiveness ӿͤΰˤĤƤϽʬƤɬפΤǡ Introduction ǧˡ
ǤϡդΥѥϤɤǤ礦ľˡߤǤСֿ;Τˤ餺ȤˤˤǤ s ĤפȤѼNo. 171 "Invariant present tense forms due to generalization of 3rd person ?s to all persons"ˤΥǡ⸫Ƥߤޤ礦
Attestation: 35%
Pervasiveness: 45%
줬 I Ǥ they Ǥ s ̲ƤޤѼ⡤Ѽ35%dzǧƤꡤΨ45%˵ڤӤޤη̤ˡפä̤ˤʡȤݤä¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
˸ؤδͤȡI love, he loveˤ줹Τ⡤ sI loves, he lovesˤ줹Τ⡤;Υѥ̤ưݤ뤿ᡤåꤷηϤǤȤϤޤ
˰䤿Ū˻ȤäƤɸѸΡ3ñ s ĤפȤȾüʥѥϡƵҴŪįȡƥХӤĤʥƥǤɸѸϡŪˤϡ̤Ǥʤ̯ѼǤȤ虜ޤʤɸѸ줬ӤĤʷ虜虜ݻƤΤȤѸˤ̣ȻפޤˤĤƤϤޤƵƤФȻפޤ
ؤʤ٥ȥƤϺ³ޤSNS Ǥϥå奿 #ʤ դơҰ夲ƤйǤ
δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ
Ѽ郎ʤΤʤΤȤϡʼҲ˸ؤθŤƿǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ language_or_dialect γƵǵƤ夲#6215. Scots Scottish English ζ̤ˤĤơ ([2026-05-03-1]) ˤĤƤС1Ĥ Scots Ȥ櫓ȴؤäƤ롥Scots English Ȥϰۤʤ1ĤθȤߤʤ٤ʤΤ뤤 English 1ʤΤ
ˤϸŪʹθʾˡҲŪǡȤ櫓ŪǤؤ롥Ѥ McClure (23--24) ϡ³Ǥ˿ĤġƱ˽餫Ƥ롥ʲäɤǤ
Uniquely among Old English-derived speech forms other than standard literary English, Scots has a claim to be regarded as a distinct language rather than a dialect, or latterly a group of dialects, of English. This claim has been, and continues to be, the subject of serious, reasoned and at times heated debate, at both popular and scholarly level . . . : a debate which embraces historical, political, social and literary as well as linguistic issues and has important implications in the field of education. However, it is beyond the scope of the present chapter, for the purposes of which it is sufficient to note that Scots, being descended from Old English and sharing in the general history of West Germanic speech in the British Isles, is appropriately considered as part of 'English' in the purely linguistic sense of the term. That Scottish English, as opposed to Scots, is a form of English is of course non-controversial. The distinction between Scots and Scottish English, which though not always clear in practice is soundly based on historical facts, should be borne in mind throughout the chapter.
Scots "purely linguistic" ʴ English ֤ȤΤŬڤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥֤С"historical, political, social and literary" ʴϽפǤ³Ƥ롤ȤȤ
McClure, J. Derrick. "English in Scotland." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 23--93.
#6207. Ѹˤ Scots ֥åĸפν ([2026-04-25-1]) Ǥ⾯ˤɸ Scots Scottish English Ѹ졦ǰζ̤ϡ䤳ζ̤ˤϡޤѼˤؤФʤФʤʤ
Ūħ˾Ȥ餷2ĤѼ郎ۤʤΤǤ롤ȵ뤳ȤϤٲǽߤƤƶͿäƤаޤ⤢ꡤɬ⤭줤˶̤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤषѼ郎֤ƤҲŪʸ̮ȤơĤޤɸ̵ͭäդȽդΥǥΰ㤤üԤΥǥƥƥʤɤװȤơ2ĤѼ郎̤ƤΤȤªۤŬڤ
MaClure (23) ϡåȥɤˤѸ⤹ʸϤƬǡ2ĤζʬΤ褦ƳƤ롥
Insular West Germanic speech was first established in what is now Scotland in the sixth century. Two phases are clearly identifiable in its history: the first includes the emergence of a distinctively Scottish form, developing independently of the Northern dialect of England though like it derived from Northumbrian Old English, and its attainment to the rank of official language in an autonomous nation-state; and the second, the gradual adoption in Scotland of a written, and subsequently also a spoken, form approximating to those of the English metropolis, with consequent loss of status of the previously existing Scottish tongue. In the course of the linguistic history of Scotland, that is, first one and then two speech forms, both descended from Old English, have been used within the national boundaries. For convenience we will choose to designate the first Scots and the second Scottish English. This situation has no exact parallel in the English-speaking world.
Ǹ˻ŦƤ̤ꡤűѸͳ褹2ĤѼ郎ޤ¤ΩäƻȤ³ƤˤϰϡõƤۤˤʤѸ (world_englishes) 줿ˤͤȤåȥɤüʻƤΤǤ롥
McClure, J. Derrick. "English in Scotland." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 23--93.
425ڡˡPIVOT TALK ˤ֡αѸܿ͡۱ѸλϤޤϣȾС20ĶޤǹäͳѸϸä¿Ѹ줬ʬƤʥꥪɸಽκޡAIˤѸؽɬפ10ǯαѸܿ͡ꤹ YouTube ư褬ۿޤѸ˸Ԥ߷Ļرض̾ˤȤȤƤäƤ롤50ʬۤɤεŤ̤Ǥ
äƤϡ1ۤ˻߷Ȥƾ尴줿αѸ --- 5Φ˹¿ͤ EnglishesҲ𤷤ĤġܤαѸؽԤγҤͤʤ䷲ˡѸˤѸ (world_englishes) δƤޤ
ưƤ¿ˤ錄ޤȤ櫓פʥȥԥåĤҲ𤷤ޤ礦
ޤѸ줬ʤۤɤޤǤ˳礷ΤȤ䤤Ф߷ϡָŪħˤΤǤϤʤޤǼҲŪŪװǤפƤޤ5ȾФˤϿ͵ϤΥޥʡ˲ʤäѸ줬1600ǯʥԥλˤˤ600͡ƸǤ20ͤĶüԤ˻äطʤˤϡƸȡ³ƹƬȤѥδפäȤŦǤ
ޤαѸξ Kachru ΡƱߥǥפѤƲ⤷üԤüԤŪ˾8䤬üԡˤȤ⤭ĦˤƤޤˤѸϤϤüԤʪǤϤʤʤäƤ롤ȤѥࡦեȤ˸ڤƤޤ
Ѹᤰ뺣Ÿ˾ˤĤƤɷŪʤäޤѸ줬Ϥȼ˿ʲʬƤֱϡפȡ̸ (lingua_franca) ȤɸಽάܻؤֵῴϡפΤ礤ˤĤƿ졤ˤAIƱȯŸѸϰ̤ɤѤ뤫ȤˤƧ߹Ǥޤ
ǸˡܿͤѸȤɤ礦٤ȤǤϡäդ˴ؤƤΥͥƥֱѸ˸ǼΤǤϤʤ¿ͤʣ Englishes Ƥڤ⤤ƤޤǽդˤƤϰȤɸŪʸˡֻμλɸȤʤȤŪǥХμ줿ƤƤޤ
λ߷ΤбϡѸȤŪ˼ѸˤȤ䤬ñʤεϿǤϤʤҲɤ߲䤿̤λؿˤηäǤ뤳ȤƼ´ƤΤǤ50ʬȤưλ֤ϰ츫Ĺ뤫⤷ޤ߷夤ľǮŪʸ˰ޤ졤äȤ֤˲ƤޤϤǤ
ơưǶ̣줿ϡ괩Ԥ줿ФαѸ˼äƤߤƤ߷ˤرѸˡ١رñˡ٤³33ܤȤʤܽϡϤƤ³ѸΥʥߥŪФǤǤưȹ碌ɤळȤǡѸȤ줬4Ūʹ꤬˸Ƥ뤳ȤǤ礦hellog ɼԤγˤᤷ1Ǥ
߷ ⡡αѸ --- 5Φ˹¿ͤ Englishes١ҡӡ2026ǯ.
Ѹˤ Doric Ȥꥷ Doris ʥɡꥹˤ˴Ťƻ줬롥֥ɡꥹΡɡꥹΡɡꥹפʤɤȤ롥Doric ˤϡȤơΡļ¤ΡʤȤ櫓˥åȥ¤Ρפ⤢롥åȥ¤αѸ줬 Doric ȷƤ뤳ȤΤ˺٤Сä˥åȥAberdeen ʤɤŵŪ Doric Ȥ롥طʤˤϡɤʻ𤬤Τ
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ奮ꥷθˤ֤ȡ͡ʥꥷϤǡƳƥѤƤƥͤ濴˹Ԥʤ졤ؽѡʸؤôθդȤʤä Attic ˥ꥷΤߤʤ餺إ˥ koiné ȤƹäƤäаޤ롥 Doric ޤऽ¾ϡҲŪˡ̤ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤä
Doric ˽ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäļ¤פθꥷ˸¤餺ŪѤ褦ˤʤä麣٤ϱѸʸ̮òơȤ櫓֥åȥ¤פθӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ϶̣
OED Doric (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤȡꥷΥɡꥹؤ̾ˡȤơǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬˻ȤƤΤ롥
1.b. † Speech or writing likened to the Doric dialect of ancient Greek for its apparent simplistic, unrefined, antiquated, or rustic character. Obsolete. 1657-1888
Τ褦ˡŪˤߤʤ̾졦ƻȤƤˡ17Ⱦ鸫뤬줬Ѹʸ̮ǡ֥åȥ¤פؤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ19äƤǤ롥ޤ֥åȥ¤Ρפ̣ƻȤƤˡƤߤ褦
1.c. Of or relating to Scots, a variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. of or relating to the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1809-
1809 Were she to stay much in the country, she would acquire some knowledge of our Doric dialect which (I mean in books) is too much neglected by a fastidious generation. (J. Ramsay, Letter 28 September (1966) 263)
1840 The Scottish dialect of low life as first employed in novels by Sir Walter Scott:..it furnished the benefit of a Doric dialect. (T. De Quincey, Style: No. II in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine September 398/1)
1933 She has no difficulty in carrying on a conversation, frequently utilising Doric words and phrases. (Scotsman 14 September 10/6)
1993 The North East Scotland Heritage Trust, formed last year to promote the Doric language and culture, is facing an uncertain financial future. (Scotsman 6 April 5)
2023 Flora Garry, one of the most important Doric writers of the 20th Century. (Press & Journal (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 13 September 7)
ˡ֥åȥ¤פ̣̾ȤƤˡˤĤƤ⡤ʸ褦
1.c. Scots (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1832-
1832 He returned thanks in the Doric of his native hills. (Gentleman's Magazine February 159/1)
1870 'My Lord,' commenced John, in his purest Doric..'I wad hae thocht naething o't.' (E. B. Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life v. 127)
1872 The good doctor dropped into the broadest Doric. (C. Gibbon, For the King vol. I. iii. 22)
1933 He fell readily into the Doric,..using it pithily and with humour. (N. Shepherd, Pass in Grampians iii. 15 in Grampian Quartet (2001))
1966 As one, who has for years fought for the proper recognition of our North-east dialect, the Doric, I welcomed the gesture of the latest report on the problem. (Aberdeen Evening Express 7 September)
2023 A book written and published in Doric by pupils from an Aberdeenshire school has been nominated for this year's Scots Language Awards. (Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 5 September 3)
ܲ Aberdeen ںߤƤ뤬Doric Ȥܤˤ꼪ˤꤹ뵡ޤˤ롥
Ϣơ#5505. 奮ꥷѡ ([2024-05-23-1])#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) ε⻲ȡ
Socts ϡ֥åȥɱѸפ֥åȥɸפ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ⤹Ԥ "Scottish (standard) English" Ȥʤ뤷Ԥ "Scottish Gaelic" Ȥʤ롥Τʤ褦ȼ̾ͿΤȤΤޤڤơ֥åĸפ̵ȤȤˤʤ롥ʣˤؤäƤ뤿ˡ⤽⤳θѼˤߤ˰ۤʤ뤳ȤϡɬΤƤȤϤʤcf. #1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])ˡ
Scots Ȥñ줬åȥɤμˤǯʾˤ錄äȼȯŸ뤲ƤѸѼؤΤȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡOED ˤ15ΤȤǤ롥Scots (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤ̾ȤƤθȤĤκǽ褦
1. A variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland; the variety of this used in parts of the north of Ireland. Frequently also viewed as a distinct language. 1494-
Scots developed from the early northern Middle English that supplanted a Brittonic language in the south of Scotland, and had by the Stuart era spread throughout the nation and taken the place of Latin as the language of record. During the Plantation of Ulster of the 17th cent. it was introduced by Scottish settlers to the north of Ireland, where it survives as Ulster Scots (Ulster Scots n.). From the mid 16th cent. onwards, Scots has become progressively more anglicized.
1494 The figuris of armes [etc.]..translatit owt of Fraynche in Scottis. (Loutfut Manuscript f. 78, in Dictionary of Older Scottish Tongue at Scottis)
a1522 So me behufyt quhilum..Sum bastard Latyn, French or Inglys oyss Quhar scant was Scottis. (G. Douglas in translation of Virgil, Æneid (1957) i. Prologue 118)
1542 It salbe lefull to all or souirane ladyis lieges to haif þe haly write bait þe new testament and þe auld in þe vulgar toung In Inglis or scottis of ane gude and trew translatioune. (Scottish Acts Mary (1814) vol. II. 415/1)
ƻȤƤˡ16ϤޤäƤ롥
3. Designating a variety of English used in Scotland (see sense B.1), or literary compositions, speeches, etc., written or spoken in it; (of words, idioms, grammar, etc.) characteristic of or belonging to Scots. 1533-
1533 Al quhilk onderstandis the scotis tung. (J. Gau in translation of C. Pedersen, Richt Vay To Reader sig. Aiv)
1573 That Scotland neuer bure, In Scottis leid ane man mair Eloquent. (J. Davidson, Ane Breif Commendatioun of Vprichtnes in Respect of the Surenes of the Same, [etc.] sig. A.ivv
1600 The ministers hes peruertit this text be thair Scottis translation. (J. Hamilton, Facile Traictise in T. G. Law, Catholic Tractates (1901) 227)
Scots ϥȷϤ "Scottish Gaelic" ؼñȤѤƤȤ䤳طʤ뤳Ȥˤդ줿1500ǯˡ Socts λؼоݤȤʤѼ郎ѤäƤȤˤʤ롥
䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11ΥȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοեȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥեѸ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤפͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤ϽդäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥޤܤܤϢơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ
줿֤ΤۤإͥפưǤϡ#411. ܤǥԥѸ줬äƤΤϤꤷơαѸ˾ƤϢϡhellog ȤƤ#2559. αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ưǾҲ𤷤ܤǤϡαѸˤĤƤθڤϷڤʤƤΤߤहǤޤΤƤʤѸѼ (lesser-know_varieties) ¿Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ܼΤޤޤѼΰȤʤäƤΤǡƤ
1. Introduction
Part I: The British Isles
2. Orkney and Shetland
3. Channel Island English
Part II: The Americas and the Caribbean
4. Canadian Maritime English
5. Newfoundland and Labrador English
6. Honduras/Bay Islands English
7. Euro-Caribbean English varieties
8. Bahamian English
9. Dominican Kokoy
10. Anglo-Argentine English
Part III: The South Atlantic Ocean
11. Falkland Islands English
12. St Helenian English
13. Tristan da Cunha English
Part IV: Africa
14. L1 Rhodesian English
15. White Kenyan English
Part V: Australasia and the Pacific
16. Eurasian Singapore English
17. Peranakan English in Singapore
18. Norfolk Island and Pitcairn varieties
ѸǤȤϤѼ˸¤äƤΤƤʤΤ¿뤳Ȥ狼

Schreier, Daniel, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. Schneider, and Jeffrey P. Williams, eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵Ƥߤ롥
뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful
ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФüԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

2022ǯνdzŤ줿֥ȥФκŵפȤ٤絬ϤŸФƤޤǤ礦伫ȤäȤŸϤηǴؤ餻ƤΩ̱²ʪ̱ۡˤŸHomō loquēns ؤ٤ҥȡ --- ȤФԻĤʳؤפǤܥ֥Ǥ⡤#4876. Ω̱²ʪۤǸդŸϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-09-02-1]) #4955. Ω̱²ʪۤŸ֤٤ҥȡפγŤ1123ʿˤޤǤǤ ([2022-11-20-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥޤ
̱ˬǤʤä뤤Ÿζʳ⤦̣襤ȤϯǤ١ƱŸΥǤޤʲꥢƤߤƤ
Homō loquēns ؤ٤ҥȡ --- ȤФԻĤʳؤץ֥
ǤǤϡºݤŸǾҲ𤵤ƤƥĤǥ륢֤ηǺƹƤޤ֥ȥФ뤷ߡס֥ȥФΤΤߡס֥ȥФȤˤĤ뤷ߡס֥ȥФ¿ס֥ȥФȥҥȤδط¿ס֥ȥФθ¿פȤä¿ˤ錄ơޤ夵ƤꡤʤˤƸؤκ˿뤳ȤǤޤ
ơ伫ȤΥץȤˤŸϤȤƴؤ餻ƤΤϡָʬפ˴ؤ륻ǤֱѸ300ǯ֡פꤹޤǡˤѸŪʳȡȼ¿ͲʬˤƤޤ
ָʬѸ300ǯ֡
ǤϥꥹäƤѸνѼ郎١Ȥʤäơ饢ꥫեꥫ˥سȻƤѼ郎ƤͻҤϼŪƤޤ줬ŪΥ졤֤ηвȤȤȼοʲ뤲ƤͻҤϡΥʥߥޤѸˤȤּλȡѸؤȤּλ̣ͤ臘ȤǤȻפޤ
Υ֥Ȥϡ̤ʬ⤢ޤ缡ƤȤˤʤȤΤȤǤŸǤŸѥͥΥƥȤɽΤ褦˸뤳ȤǡΥ٥Ȥǽ뤳ȤʤؤѸˤγؽȤƱ³Ū˳ѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤϡȤƤͭյʤȤǤ
̱Ÿǰݤ줿ǯФޤƥǤȤƺƲƤߤȡƥȥФȤ¸ߤα˵Ťޤҳ⡤ΥǥŸˬƤߤƤ
ʤŸڤδۤϡheldio ۿȤƤϿƤޤؿΤϡ#536. ̱Ÿ֤٤ҥȡפˬİС
˥塼ɱѸȥȥꥢѸδطˤĤƤϡ̻Ū˶Ūˤ͡ʵꡤͻ٤꤬¿ä˥˥塼ɱѸΤۤϡȥꥢѸˤɤۤɰ¸ƤΤ뤤ϤषΩƤΤȤˤơǥƥƥȴؤäƤΤǡǮʤ䤹Τξδ֤˲륿ޥ (the Tasman Sea) ϡξɤαѸѼӤĤƤ붶Τ뤤ϳ֤ƤƤɤʤΤ
εȴϢợ¤롥̾仳ʤɤμξɤϿ͡αˤߤ䤹ᡤ춭Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ櫓ñ졦ˡʬۤǹͤʤС (isogloss) ξɤۤƤȤϤޤʤȸäƤ褤ޥΤ褦Ū餫礭ϡȥꥢѸȥ˥塼ɱѸ֤Ƥ뼫ξɤȤʤϤ
Ȥ⤷Ȥˡġñ졦ˡˤäϰۤʤΤΡξѼˤƤξɤۤƤ㤬롥˥塼¦鸫СˤϤʤޥϤäȥꥢ¦ˤ롤Ȥ̯ʸݤäƤ롥
Bauer εƤƤߤ褦 (413)
Interestingly enough, some of the isoglosses distinguishing New Zealand English regional dialects cross the Tasman into Australia. Turner . . . comments that the construction boy of O'Brien is also found in Newcastle, New South Wales. Crib is also found meaning 'lunch' in Australia. Small red-skinned sausages are called cheerios in New Zealand, as they are in Queensland, but not elsewhere in Australia . . . . Polony, mentioned above as an Auckland word, is also found in Western Australia . . . . Slater, which is a widespread New Zealand English word, though originally from the South Island, is also found in New South Wales . . . . Blood nose 'nose bleed' is normal in New Zealand, but restricted to Victoria and South Australia in Australia . . . . New Zealand can thus be seen as part of a larger Australasian dialect area in more ways than just sharing vocabulary with Australia.
ʤߤ˰ˤ polony ϡֹäפ꤭סslater ϡ֥եʥॷ饸ॷפ̣롥ʪưʪʤɤϰ̤Ф䤹Ǿ嵭ؤΰŪʷƤȤˡӱۤƤ̣ͤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
New Zealand English ⤷Ƥ Bauer ƱѸ NZE ؤαƶˤĤƹͻƤսǡƱؼоݤФƱƷϸäȤʬƤ붽̣Ԥ˿Ƥ (419)
One interesting use of American vocabulary in New Zealand English is to provide high-style advertising terms. Given a pair such as torch and flashlight, the British version is the one most likely to be used in everyday speech, and the American one is likely to be used commercially, to make the product sound more appealing. Thus one would normally pull the curtains, but the shop might sell you drapes. Other pairs with a similar relationship are lift/elevator, nappy/diaper and possibly (although there may be a semantic distinction here) biscuit/cookie. Bayard (1989) comments on such pairs in some detail, pointing out that for younger speakers, the American member of such pairs, even if it is not widely used, is considered to be 'better' English (a term Bayard deliberately does not define more closely).
ϱѸαƺȤϰѼ֤κۤ˴ŤڥäNZE Ǥϥ쥸ɽ魯ѤƤΤˤСѤȾѤȤեɤκѤƤȤ
ޤκݤˤɤΥꥸʥѼ郎ѤбƤꡤɤ餬ѤбƤΤ⤪⤷¤ȤƤϡꥹϤѤǡꥫϤѤȤʤäƤ褦ϤޤǼ롥NZE δܤϥꥹϤȤȥꥫϤäƤ롤Ȥ櫓
⤷ȡ NZE ˸¤ʤݤ⤷ʤvariety register 뤤 user variety use variety ʤɤȸƤ٤붽̣ݤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿư褬ۿޤꤷ#373. 줫αѸϤɤʤ롩AIαѸ졦Ѹ̤ɤࡧ¿ͲAIǤϡޤ˺䤿ܤˤƤȥƥΥηŪʸˤĤơ夵ȵޤ
äϡ䤬б餵Ƥʸ麽սPLUS ͥǡϢѸ˥ȡŸȤˤޤΥȡκǸΤۤǡѸ¿䤽̤ˤĤƿ줿ΤǤƱơޤ֤ΤۤإͥפǤ⤵˷겼Ƥߤ褦ȹͤǤAIˤꥢ륿ŪˤʤĤĤꡤѸ̤ͤǡ̤ʤȤʤäƤޤ
ΤۤưǤϡѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤΤġ2ĤȿϡפˤĤƵޤ1ĤϡѸ줬ζ̸졤Ĥޤꥳߥ˥ƻȤƤֵ̤ῴϡ (centripetal force) Ǥˤ7000θ줬ȸޤDZѸϺǤѤȤơ䤿γؽɸȤʤäƤޤۤʤä͡ӤĤ붯ϤʥġȤƤαѸ졤Ȥ¦̤Ǥ
Ʊ˱ѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤˤϤ⤦1Ĥ¦̤ޤϡֱϡ (centrifugal force) Ǥ20ȾʹߡѸ (world_englishes) ȤݤˤʤꡤϤɸѸ줫æ¿ͤʱѸ줬ޤ졤äƤޤϡơϰüԤȼαѸѼ̤ƼȤΥǥƥƥɽ褦Ȥưˤۤʤޤ줬ñʤ륳ߥ˥ƻˤȤɤޤ餺°뽸ĤĿͤΥǥƥƥʤȤʤ櫓Ǥ̤ȤơƱѸäƤƤ⡤ߤˤȤäˤ˻ʬ줷ƤȤ츫̷⤷Ƥޤ
ϡεῴϤȱϤΥʥߥ٤ξؤǤȹͤƤޤӤĤ褦ȤϤȡʬ֤Ƥ褦ȤϡϾɹɤưȤǸѲθưϤȤʤäƤΤǤҲХ벽еῴϤޤꡤġ¿ָбϤޤ롥ޤǿҤΤ褦ɤưʤ顤ϵǽ³Ƥȸޤ2ĤȿϤˤĤƤϡ#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1]) #2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1]) ⤴Ȥ
ơ˾Ĺ餯³ƤθΥʥߥˡAIȤ̤ʹεѤƤƤޤޤǤΥԥ塼ѤɸŪʱѸΤߤäƤȸäƤ褤ǤAI¿ͤʱѸǤ褦ˤʤĤĤޤϡѸ줬եȤƤδŪô³ΤɤȤŪ䤤ͤĤƤȤޤεῴϤȱϤΥХϡAIȯŸˤäƤɤΤ褦ƤƤΤ뤷Ƥ٤ݤǤ
2020ǯϡˤˤ礭žȤƵ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ䤿Ϻˤνִ֤ΩäƤȸޤѸ̤衤Ƹ줽ΤΤ̤褬ɤʤäƤΤ³ܤƤȹͤƤޤҡΡ֤Τۤإͥפۿ˹ͤƤߤƤС
֤ΤۤإͥפȸС1015֤ΤۤܡФޤܺ٤ϡҡ#5973. ֤ΤۤܡפФޤ --- ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡ ([2025-09-03-1]) εɤ
˥塼ɱѸ (new_zealand_english) εõĴ1980ǯȾȯƤƤ롥濴Ṳ̄ƤΤ ONZE (Origins of New Zealand English Project) ȤץȤ˥塼ɤΥ٥ؤȤʤäƤ롥
Williams (1998--99) ˤñʾҲɤǤߤ褦
For the origins of the New Zealand accent, a unique set of data are available in the form of recordings made throughout rural New Zealand in the 1940s, among them some of the first New-Zealand-born speakers of English which allowed people on the Origins of New Zealand English Project (ONZE n.d.) to document the embryonic stages of the New Zealand accent.
ONZE ĴȤ̤ˤĤƤϡGordon (et al.) Trudgill ΰϢθ椬ܤʲ˼פνƤ
Gordon, Elizabeth. "That Colonial Twang: New Zealand Speech and New Zealand Identity." Culture and Identity in New Zealand. Ed. David Novitz and Bill Willmott. Wellington: GP Books, 1989. 77--90.
Gordon, Elizabeth. "The Origins of New Zealand Speech: The Limits of Recovering Historical Information from Written Records." English World-Wide 19(19): 61--85.
Gordon, Elizabeth and Andrea Sudbury. "The History of Southern Hemisphere Englishes." Alternative Histories of English. Ed. Richard Watts and Peter Trudgill. London: Routledge, 2002. 67--86.
Gordon, Elizabeth, Lyle Campbell, Jennifer Hay, Margaret MacLagan, Andrea Sudbury, and Peter Trudgill. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge UP, 2004.
Trudgill, Peter. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
Trudgill, Peter. "A Window on the Past: 'Colonial Lag' and New Zealand Evidence for the Phonology of Nineteenth-Century English." American Speech 74(3): 227--39.
Trudgill, Peter. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2004.
Trudgill, Peter, Elizabeth Gordon, Gillian Lewis, and Margaret Maclagan. "Determinism in New-Dialect Formation and the Genesis of New Zealand English." Journal of Linguistics 36: 299--318.
Williams, Colin H. "Varieties of English: Australian/New Zealand English." Chapter 127 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1995--2012.
ꥹߤϵ¦ˤ뤳Ȥϡ (the Antipodes) ȾΤ륪ȥꥢȥ˥塼ɡ2ĤϰǹԤʤƤѸѼϡ줾쥪ȥꥢѸ (Australian English; AusE)˥塼ɱѸ (New Zealand English; NZE) Ȥ롥
ŪŪʸŪ˶ᤤѼʤΤǡФа˰롥ŪˤϹȤƤΡ礭פΰ㤤ǰƬˤ뤫餫AusE ᥤ NZE ֤Ȱ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦ǧ NZE üԤˤȤäƤϲΤǤϤʤ
ξѼθˤߤƤ⡤AusE ΤۤƤȤϤ롥30ǯۤɤδ֤˻ѤäƤNZE AusE ٤ơ¾μפʱѸѼ٤Ƥ⡤˸椵褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥ξѼƱϤΤʤdz⤷Ƥ Williams ƬѤ (1996)
The concept of a joint chapter on Australian (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) is controversial, especially to New Zealanders who might justly object to being treated simply as an appendix to Australia. Initially, the description of NZE lagged behind that of the variety across the Tasman: in the early 1990s, there was a more substantial body of research on AusE; the situation has been rectified, however, and NZE is no longer "the dark horse of World English regional dialectology" (Crystal 1995: 354) but one of the most researched varieties worldwide . . . . In fact, as far as the evolution of the regional accent is concerned, much better evidence is available for NZE . . . . The history of the two varieties receives separate treatment in volume 5 of the Cambridge History of the English Language (Burchfield 1994). The histories of Australia and New Zealand are closely connected, however . . . , and the following account will not treat the development of the two varieties separately. Instead, the historical account of their accents, lexicon, grammar, and dialects will take a comparative approach in order to tease out the common ground and differences in the development of the two inner-circle varieties in the south Pacific.
ε#5974. New Zealand English Υᥤ ([2025-09-04-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡAusE NZE δطʣǤ롥طˤ뤳ȤϳΤ餷ɤޤǸߤαƶˤΤʤΤŪˤĤʤȤ¿ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ξѼΡ֤ĤΥ줺פ̣äƤȻפ
Williams, Colin H. "Varieties of English: Australian/New Zealand English." Chapter 127 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1995--2012.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995.
˥塼ɱѸˤĤƤϡ#1799. New Zealand ˤѸˡ ([2014-03-31-1])#402. Southern Hemisphere Shift ([2010-06-03-1])#278. ˥塼ɤˤޥγ ([2010-01-30-1]) ޤ new_zealand_english εǼ夲ƤϺǶᤪ A History of the English Language in 100 Places 52 "WAITANGI --- the English Language in New Zealand (1840)" ꡤNew Zealand English ΥᥤˤĤƤβɤߤ (129--31)
On 6 February 1840, at Waitangi, Aoteoroa, Maori chiefs signed a treaty with the representatives of the British government. The Maori were agreeing to permanent white settlement in their islands. The treaty of Waitangi signalled the moment when the British, not the French, asserted possession of what was renamed New Zealand; it was also the moment when English was destined to become the dominant European language of Aotearoa.
After 1840, European migration to New Zealand came almost exclusively from the British Isles. A census in 1871 showed that of these various migrants, 51 per cent came from England, 27 per cent from Scotland, 22 per cent from Ireland. The majority spoke regional dialects unlike the upper-class English of the colony's administrators. That division shaped linguistic attitudes and accents until the 1960s at least. At the same time, the Maori language provided many terms for local animals, plants and landscape features.
The proportions of the 1871 census suggest the founding elements of New Zealand English, but they do not take account of the fact that there was a continuous movement back and forth between New Zealand and Australia. Some 6 per cent of the 1871 white population was born in Australia, and very large numbers of those who came from the British Isles first landed in Australia before deciding to move to New Zealand. Australian English had then --- and continues to have --- a strong influence. . . .
As in Australia, school inspectors, administrators and leaders of opinion complained from the beginning about the kind of English that they found widespread in New Zealand. A major complaint was that many New Zealanders said 'in', not 'ing', a the ends of words; they added and dropped 'h's improperly; and generally sounded Cockney.
New Zealand linguists challenged the idea that there were large numbers of Londoners among the immigrants to New Zealand. Moreover, within England and the Empire, Cockney was the accent most disliked by upper-class English speakers, and there was a tendency to label any disliked accent as Cockney. Arguing for a levelling of the nineteenth-century English, Irish and Scottish immigrant dialects, New Zealand linguists claim that a distinctive voice appeared about 1900 and spread rapidly through the country. It was initially noted in derogatory terms as a colonial drawl or twang. However, modern-day New Zealanders have homogenized their speech, eroding the once unacceptable drawl as well as the once superior vowels.
˥塼ɱѸϡѸüԤΥꥹͳν١ȤĤĤ⡤ϤηȤƤΥȥꥢѸαƶꡤΥޥθä¿Ѥʤ麮ƤȥꥢѸƱͤˡ̤ Cockney αƶζѼȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϡCockney ɸŪʽѼפȤ绨Ĥ˴ŤǤǽ⤤˥塼ɤǤϡ20ˤޤǤ˹ԤʤƤ͡Ѽ郎ʿˤĤʤ˥塼ɤ餷ѸѼ郎ޤƤȹͤ롥

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤѥѥɤǤ뤬ռŪ˾ɳդƱѸˤͤȤѤ餺ʳƤ롥
ܤνʸ (9--10) David Crystal Ƥ롥νʸΤɤޤʸϤȤʤäƤΤ䤬ɤǤȤ櫓ݤ˻Ĥä2Ѥ褦
Some places are included in this book because the people --- in some cases the person --- who lived there played an important role in the development of the standard language. Others are included because they identify the political and social factors that fostered the spread of the language language within the British Isles and around the world. Others are here because they represent the way their communities evolved a linguistic individuality that forms part of the kaleidoscopic mix of varieties we conveniently refer to as 'English'.
It is an exercise in linguistic gazetteering, and one thing that strikes me about it is its highly personal character. It's impossible to say everything relevant about a place --- 100 things must have happened in London or New York that could be said to bear on the development of English. And 100 other places might compete as candidates for a particular theme. Selectivity is inevitable when creating a language's geobiography. No two people's selection for A History of the English Language in 100 Places would ever be the same. The fascination lies in the choices made, and the reasons for them. (9--10)
gazetteering, geobiography ȤѸ줬줤ˤϤޤäƤƵ褤⡤ heldio ۿƤ#1517. etymography ָءפۡȤϢƤǤ롥
ޤѸˤξ100ȤȤĿŪǤȤŦ⡤ޤˤ̤ǤϤ롥ȤȤϡ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פʤΩ夲뤳ȤǤ100ѤʤΤ10餤ϤƤ褤⤷ʤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

ڡϤˡ
ΤӡANAۡǥȯԤ뵨ؤƤա1792025ǯƹˤˡֱѸˤɤ߲줫αѸȤθ礤פꤹ륨åƤޤɽޤ8ڡˤ錄롤ȤεͤޤäǤ
ʤҶȳȯԤ뻨ˡֱѸˡפ꤬ȶä줿⤤ä뤫⤷ޤƤΤäȤˤϾͤΤǤҶȤйȤбѸǤΤǡפä礭ϤޤͤƤ뤦ˡषѸŪʻƳΤˤäƤĤεǤϤʤȴϤޤ
ڡɸѸפϤĤɸäΤ
εǤϡ1500ǯʾˤ錄Ѹˤդ֤ʤ顤ɸಽפȡæɸಽפȤ2ĤΥ٥ȥΤ礤ܤޤѸϤ衤θܿϰŪҲŪʸŪװˤäƾ˻ѤѤƤǤ
㤨αѸϡΤ褦ʡѸפȤϤ¸ߤʤ¿ͤʾ֤ˤޤˤϥե˲ϰ̤ޤޤˤϡѤ䶵٤ڤˤäơɸѸפƤȤˤʤޤϥɥ桦ήθոǥˤդäȤªɤΤʤŪʪˤޤǤ
ڡѸפλءѸ¿Ϻ˻ϤޤäȤǤϤʤ
Ѹ;ޤФȤʤޤǤޤ¿Ǥ⤢ޤλ䤿ϡꥫѸ䥤ꥹѸǤʤɱѸ졤ݡѸ졤ʥꥢѸʤɡѸ¿ͤʡִפŪ˸äƤޤˬѸҤäݸήοŸˤäơܤ餷ʤ¿ͤʱѸ˿뵡ƤΤǡθΤʤϤǤ
͡ʱѸʹơ֤äѸʤΡפȸǤ̤⤢뤫⤷ޤѸˤդ֤ȡ¿ϤषѸλѤȤ狼ޤ٤ȤѼäȤϤʤषɤ졤Ѥ³ƤʤΤǤ
ǧΥХʸɤ߲Ǥνȯˤʤޤ
ڡ줫αѸȤդ礤Ȥϡ
ܥåǤϡŪطʤƧޤǡ䤿ѸȤɤΤ褦˸礦٤ˤĤơ4ŦƤޤ
1. ŪʡѸפ¸ߤʤ
ɸѸפȤϡŪҲŪ˹ۤ줿ϤǤꡤ켫ΤĤѼˤޤѸʤҤƤϸˤܼϾѲ¿ˤޤ
2. ˱ʱѤ
աäաեޥ롿եޥʤɡŪ˱ƥȤʬϤޤ֤ɤ줬פǤϤʤֲŬڤפˤڤǤ
3. ¿ͤʱѸѼؤδ
ѼαѸ˿줿Ȥ´ѤǤˡطʤħܤ뤳ȤפǤ
4. Ѹˤγؤ
ȯֻЪΥä¿ʸˡΤʤɡѸΡ֤ʤפˡƤξ硤ƤΤϡֱѸˡפǤѸˤΤ뤳ȤǡѸؤλޤ
Ѹ줬θפȤƤ¿Ͳ³ʤ䤿ϤɤΤ褦ˤѲȤĤäƤ٤ʤΤΥҥȤѸˤȤĹѥõäƤߤޤ̣줿ϡܻ˼äƤߤƤ
ڡؤƤա٤ˤĤơ
ܥåϡANAˤؤƤա٤ȤεȤƷǺܤƤޤҲ𤷤Τۤˤ⡤ǧΤȷθ˴ؤ뵭䡤Ūͻʤɤ˴ؤ뵭ʤɤǺܤƤޤ
ؤƤա179˾ϡHPܺ٤ǧANAޥۥץǽȤʤäƤޤ
ʤΥåˤĤƤϡheldio ˤ#1490. ֱѸˤɤ߲줫αѸȤθ礤 --- ANAؤƤա179ȤۿƤޤΤǡ⤼Ҥİ
δ졡ֱѸˤɤ߲줫αѸȤθ礤סؤƤա1792025ǯƹˡANAۡǥ2025ǯ533--40ǡ
ɸ2ĤθѼˤϡ̾ƤΤǡȤƱʪȸ뤳Ȥ롥ξԤȤ⥢ä˥ɶ¹ˤȷӤĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϴ˰ۤʤΤǤ롥
ɸ (Irish) ϰ²Υȸɤ°1Ǥꡤ襢ɤϤȷӤĤƤǤϥɤȤäƤ褤
ɱѸ (Irish English/Hiberno-English) ϡƱ²°ȤϤäƤ⥲ޥɤ°1ǤѸ (English) ΡΤޤʬ줷1ĤǤ롥礦ɥꥫѸ졤ɱѸ줬줾쥢ꥫ¤αѸ졤¤αѸƤ褤褦ˡɱѸϥ¤αѸǤ롥Ѹ1ѼȤȤ
²ƱǤɤۤʤС¾塤̤θȤäƤ褤줺ˤСɸȥɱѸϡܸȱѸۤɤ˰ۤʤ롤ȽҤ٤Ƥ
ʹߡɤϥɤФʸŪƶϤƤäβǡαѸ줬Υɸ֤ƤäȤˤ롥ơޤǤ˥ɤϻ¾塤Ѹ줬ۤϤȤʤäߡǤ륢ɸϡˤƿΤ鷺2%ۤɤˤää뾯ȤʤäƤ롥ϡ#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
ɸȥɱѸϴʪȽҤ٤ξǡԤԤ̣ޤǤȤ¤ŦƤɸ줬ǤȤء夫Ѹ줬ܿ줿櫓ʤΤǡǰäƤȤˤʤѸѼ⡤ؤˤäɸθŪħ٥ԥååפ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡȤǤ롥
(184) ֥ɤθ˥åפȤƿƤϢάǯɽǤƤ
1600إꥹ
á~I˥ɸȱѸθܿ
áѤʤ
1840s絲ɸüԤθ
áȤƤΥɸηѾˡ
1900Ҹؤβ®
á~II˰ꤷɱѸη
1970sǥιꡤEC
á~III˥ɱѸȼױѸѼȤܿ
2000кĹХꥼ
Ȥơ (186) θդѤƤ
ɱѸϡΥɤˤäȤФǤϤʤɸȱѸܿˤäޤ줿줬ߤޤ³ƤȤΤȤФǤ롥ʤɱѸϡɤǰäȤФ̮Ⱥޤ³ƤϢ³ΤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ļ̦ءˤϡɤθ˾ܤҲؼԤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ʲᤷƤ

ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#2798. ̦رѸȤɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) Ƥ
12 Voicy helwa ͭۿˤˤ֡ڱѸˤ #232ۥɤαѸˡꤹۿؿΤϡҤɤ
̦رѸȤɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ
¤ءˤˡƱؤdz֤ƤҲμȤˤޤ꤬Ȥޤ˼ֳγʤɤνǡ֤ܥΥå (senbonknock) Ԥޤꤵ2ͤǤΥ饤Τ褦ܥΥåȤʤޤ䤬ӽФ80ʬۤɤΥƥʥåȤʤޤ
μȤΰϽ Voicy heldio ǼϿޤΤȾȸȾʬơۿޤʲ˳Ƽ䤪бץʬäޤ
Ⱦ48ʬ #1284. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå at --- Part 1
(1) Chapter 2, 03:55 --- ȯΥȤʤΤǤĤϤޤʸˤ륢Ȥ¸߰յϡ
(2) Chapter 3, 04:58 --- ʤܸˤϡֻס͡סֲפʤ1;Τ¿θΤǤ
(3) Chapter 4, 00:03 --- ܸˤ褦ϱѸˤ¸ߤΤǤʡּפء
(4) Chapter 4, 04:40 --- ʤ you ˤϡ֤ʤפȡ֤ʤפξΰ̣ΤǤ
(5) Chapter 5, 02:57 --- ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤǤ
(6) Chapter 5, 01:26 --- 㤦²ʤΤ˻ƤϤޤʸζ̡θοء
ڸȾ35ʬ #1287. ؤܥΥå with (2)
(7) Chapter 2, 00:05 --- ǽ2Ĥθʹ֤ïǤ
(8) Chapter 2, 02:57 --- ζ̸뤳Ȥϼ¸ǽǤ
(9) Chapter 3, 03:35 --- ǽ˱Ѹ줬ܤäƤȤɤΤ褦ǤΤǤ
(10) Chapter 3, 02:51 --- ѸΤ褦ʤΤ¾ˤ⤢ΤǤ
(11) Chapter 4, 00:46 --- ܸΥХȷɸΤ褦ʤΤϱѸˤ⤢ޤ
(12) Chapter 5, 00:00 --- ʤѸˤ say, speak, tell ʤɡָפ̣ñ줬¿ΤǤ
ȤȤ⡤ꤵȤ heldio ۿ٥ȤȤʤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
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