hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 1 (5)

celtic - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-07-12 Sun

#6285. Ͻؤʾءˡ߰ʼָűѸȱѹ̾ߤ륤ꥹθʸץ [youtube][ogawashun][onomastics][name_project][toponymy][anglo-saxon][oe][celtic][old_norse][viking][ippeiinoue][norman_conquest][north_sea][contact]



ε#6284. Ѹˤ̳ --- ϱˤ ([2026-07-11-1]) Ȥδط⿼ꡥ
78ʿˡNPO ˡϵ夳Ȥ¼饤󥵥ˤơ׾촶դ YouTube ư褬ޤϡܥ֥ Voicy heldio ΡܥΥåפʤɤδǤߤαѸ˸ϽؤʾءˤȡƱνʼʷءˤΤ2ͤǤ
μϿΤϡ2ǯۤ2024ǯ1031ˡػĥѥۥץܤˤƹԤʤ줿ΤǤ伫ȤϡϻŻԹԤˤΩ񤨤ʤäΤǤθ˺Ť줿ǮƲʤˤϤäȳߡѸ˥ȡ˲֤餫ȤɤפФޤϤ̤22ʬۤɤΡ֥ǡפ줿ȤȤǡΥå󥹤򤫤ĤޤǾҲ𤷤Ĥġhellog ɼԤγˤ⤼ưİƤФȻפޤ
̤μ礿ơޤϡϤμ礿븦եɤǤָűѸפȡ̾פǤ
ѸˤˤβȤСï⤬˺뤳ȤΤǤʤ1066ǯΥޥ (norman_conquest) ǤλؤΤűѸǤϤϡ鿷üԤ֥ƥˤäƤȤˡ¸̾ɤΤ褦֤줿Τ뤤ɤؤ줺˺פĤΤȤư֤˴ؿƤޤ
ưǤϡȤ櫓8ʹߤ˥֥ƥؿ꽻 (viking) ǤťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ褹̾Ū˼夲Ƥޤλ䤿ֶ˽ʳ±פȤ󥰤Υƥ쥪פϡ¤18ʹߤϺˤդΥ᡼¿ʬ˴ޤޤƤꡤºݤˤϾͤȤ꽻󥰥ͤȤٸդ̤碌ʤ鶦¸Ƥ¦̤⶯äȤŦˤϡܤڤ¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Υ󥰤θŪפȤƺǤ̾̾ǤRugby ʤɤ̾˸ -by ǤǤťΥɸǡ¼פֽפ̣뤳Ǥϡ󥰥ɤ餫˽ŪʬۤƤꡤΥ󥰤ϷͺۤʪäƤޤ
ǡΥ󥰥Ϥ̾ȤͥʤΤWashington Newton ʤɤ˸ -ton ǤǤűѸȤƤϡֺפְϤ줿פ̣ tūn ȤñνǤ줬ȤȯŸΤ䤿Τ褦˻ȤäƤ town ĮˤȤ櫓ǤޤܤΡ֡ĮפȤФƱͥ̾ǤˤȤޤƤΤǤ͡
̤Ǥϡ10˽˥ƥǵ줿̾ɽ顤󥰥Ϥε̾ Norðworðig ȥ󥰷Ϥο̾ Derby ֤ƤܹԴܿɤ餮ȤʸỤ̄Ƥޤ
ϡŤؤ°륱ȸͳ̾ʤȤ櫓ˤޤĤ̾¿Ĥ Avon Thames ΰäʤɡˤ顤åΡ֥ˡ (Johnnie Walker) Υ˱줿̣츻ˤޤǵڤӤޤ⤯ѤΥ륨åȤͭ̾ʥȤǤ츻̤С⤯͡פȤ̵طǡӤ򰵽̤뿦̾󥰤θͳ褹ǽ⤯Ūʲʸˤˤäơ⤹ѤΥǥޤ줿ȤԥɤϡءʸŪˤ¤˶̣Ǥ
̾̾ȤΤϡʹ֤λˤξȤɤΤ褦ʴؤäƤ򼨤ǥƥƥξڤˤۤʤޤ22ʬưΤʤˡѸˤΥޥȸͭ̾ؤαŽ̤줿̤ȤʤäƤޤ
hellog ɼԤγͤˤޤƤϡҾǤ YouTube ꡼󡤤뤤ľܥꡤ̥Ūư򤸤äȤİйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-23 Thu

#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ [scottish_english][scots][standard_english][sociolinguistics][variety][dialect][language_shift][contact][gvs][oe][literature][aureate_diction][old_norse][french][latin][celtic]

䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ󥰥˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ󡥤̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡ󥰥ɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11Υ󥰿ȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοե󥹤ȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥե󥹼Ѹ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ񤫤줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ򡤻䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤ­פͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤Ͻ񤭸դäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤ󡥤ϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥ񤭤ޤܤܤ򡥴Ϣơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-12 Wed

#6043. ³ʤ New Edinburgh ǤϤʤ Dunedin ʤΤ [voicy][heldio][etymology][celtic][scottish_gaelic][onomastics][toponymy][dunedin][edinburgh][naming][history]

夲³ԡDunedin ؤβ̾ˤĤơThe Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names dz (pp. 124--25) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡChambers Thomas Burns ζ̣ȤѤƤΤǡʲ˷Ǻܤ

Dunedin: Otago. The name originally intended for Otago's future capital was New Edinburgh, but at the happy suggestion of William Chambers --- then provost of Edinburgh, and one of the founders of the Edinburgh publishing house of W. & R. Chambers --- it was named Dunedin, which is the old Celtic form of the name of the capital of Scotland. When condemning the proposed title New Edinburgh, Chambers wrote:

The 'news' in North America are an utter abomination ... It will be a matter for regret if the New Zealand Company help to carry the nuisance to the territories with which it is concerned. If not finally resolved upon, I should strongly recommend a reconsideration of the name New Edinburgh, and the adoption of another, infinitely superior and yet equally allied to old Edinburgh. I mean the assumption of the name Dunedin, which is the ancient Celtic appellation of Edinburgh, and is now occasionally applied in poetic composition, and otherwise to the northern metropolis. (The New Zealand Journal, 8 July 1843, p. 170.)


Alfred H. Duncan wrote in The Wakatipians:

In the year 1860 Dunedin was but a small place of a few hundred inhabitants, and the streets were more like muddy swamps than anything else, and to that the city owed the name of Mud-Edin by which we were wont to call it in these days.


   According to A.H. McLintock in The History of Otago, Chamber's (sic) suggestion was not taken up because of a feeling that George Rennie, who had promoted the settlement scheme, and the name New Edinburgh, should not be offended. However as Rennie's influence on the Otago Settlement waned, Cargill was able to press for a name change, supported by the Rev. Thomas Burns who wrote to Cargill on 14 Feburary (sic) 1845, 'Let the settlement be called Otago --- the town Dunedin, the River Matou and not Molyneux and so forth, keeping to Native names. I suppose we cannot discard N. E. altogether at first --- if we can I wd. by all means do it. I like Otago, N.E. always put me in mind of R. [Rennie] (poor man! he must be a mortified wight.).'
   Oddly enough it seems to have been the renaming of the 'Matou' river which settled the issue. As the name Dunedin celebrated old Edinburgh, so the name Clutha, ancient name for the Clyde, complimented old Glasgow, and this, finally, seemed to meet with general approval.


ǥХĹơƥسĹˤʤ٤ʪˤǽŪʻٻФơNew դ̾äƤäȤˤʤ롥˥塼ɤˤϳΤ New ̾ʤ New Zealand ΤΤ New ޤޤƤΤϡ⤷

The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names. 2002 ed. Ed. Peter Dowling. Auckland: Reed, 2002.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-11 Tue

#6042. ʤ New Edinburgh ǤϤʤ Dunedin ʤΤ [voicy][heldio][etymology][celtic][scottish_gaelic][onomastics][toponymy][dunedin][edinburgh][naming][history]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1623. ֥ˡǥפϥǥХθ̾ۿޤεϡβۿ˴ŤƤޤ
˥塼˰֤Į Dunedin ϡ18ȾФ˥åȥɰ̱ˤäۤ줿ĮǤꡤʬ䤹 New Edinburgh ȸƤФƤޤˡֿפ򴧤뤳̾ˤɽ椫ѤäDunedin ؤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̾ѹطʤˤϡ⤷ˤޤ
Dunedin Ȥ̾Ϥɤ褿ΤǤ礦رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡ̾ϥ "fort on the hill slope" ֵ֤ξɡפ̣ dùn eadain ͳ褷ζåȥɤμԥǥХؤǤषѤƤ Edinburgh ϡ줫ʬȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤDunedin Edinburgh θ̾̾Ȥʤޤ
̾ؤѹ򶯤䤷ΤǥХĹä William Chambers (1800--83) Ǥ Robert Ȥ˽Ǽ W. & R. Chambers ΩʪǤ⤢ޤƿ̱ϤDzԤƤ New Ȥ̾ǤȤƷäƤꡤ˥塼ɤĮˤϡˤͳ濫Ť̾ȹͤDunedin ƤΤǤ
Ƥ򼨤ʪ⤤ޤ1ͤåȥɼͳ (Free Church of Scotland) һդǤꡤ̱Ĥ濴ʪǤä Thomas Burns (1796--1871) ǤϸζƳԤȤƤΤߤʤ餺åȥɤɽ Robert Burns (1759--96) αȤڤġʸŪˤפʿʪǤ̾˴ؤǰϡǥХ餬ʸ̤ˡֵ֤ξɡפǤΤФˡǥϤǤϤʤȤˤޤǽŪˤϡϷʸŪŪؤβͤǧ졤ԻԤο̾ꤷޤ
ơ Thomas Burns طʤˤ롤åȥɼͳˤפǤ1843ǯΡʬ(Disruption) ˤơȸϤζؤδĤȿȯΩ뤿Ω夬äĹϷɤһդΰĤǤ϶ΩǤʤΩŻ뤷ºݤ Burns ϥ˥塼ɺǸŤؤǤ륿ˡǥˤ륪ء1869ǯΩˤνĹ̳᤿ʪǤ⤢äΤǤ
̾1ĤȤäƤ⡤طʤˤˤΥޥȿʹ֥ɥޤƤΤǤ͡åȥɤˤȸؤεͤޤä Dunedin Ȥ̾ˡƻפڤƤߤȻפޤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-09 Thu

#5736. ɸ (Irish) ȥɱѸ (Irish English) ϤޤäۤʤǤ [irish][irish_english][ireland][contact][history][sociolinguistics][variety][germanic][celtic]

ɸ2ĤθѼˤϡ̾ƤΤǡȤƱʪȸ򤵤뤳Ȥ롥ξԤȤ⥢ä˥ɶ¹ˤȷӤĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϴ˰ۤʤΤǤ롥
ɸ (Irish) ϰ²Υȸɤ°1Ǥꡤ襢ɤϤȷӤĤƤǤϥɤȤäƤ褤
ɱѸ (Irish English/Hiberno-English) ϡƱ²°ȤϤäƤ⥲ޥɤ°1ǤѸ (English) ΡΤޤʬ줷1ĤǤ롥礦ɥꥫѸ졤ɱѸ줬줾쥢ꥫ¤αѸ졤¤αѸ򤷤Ƥ褤褦ˡɱѸϥ¤αѸǤ롥Ѹ1ѼȤȤ
²ƱǤɤۤʤС¾塤̤θȤäƤ褤򶲤줺ˤСɸȥɱѸϡܸȱѸۤɤ˰ۤʤ롤ȽҤ٤Ƥ
ʹߡ󥰥ɤϥɤФʸŪƶϤƤäβǡαѸ줬Υɸ֤ƤäȤˤ롥ơޤǤ˥ɤϻ¾塤Ѹ줬ۤϤȤʤäߡǤ륢ɸϡˤƿ͸Τ鷺2%ۤɤˤää뾯ȤʤäƤ롥ϡ#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
ɸȥɱѸϴʪȽҤ٤ξǡԤԤ̣ޤǤȤ¤ŦƤɸ줬ǤȤء夫Ѹ줬ܿ줿櫓ʤΤǡǰäƤȤˤʤѸѼ⡤ؤˤäɸθŪħ򤢤٥ԥååפ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡȤǤ롥
(184) ֥ɤθ˥åפȤƿ޼ƤϢάǯɽǤƤ

1600إꥹ
 á~I˥ɸȱѸθܿ
 áѤʤ
1840s絲񼡥ɸüԤθ
 áȤƤΥɸηѾˡ
1900Ҹؤβ®
 á~II˰ꤷɱѸη
1970sǥιꡤEC
 á~III˥ɱѸȼױѸѼȤܿ
2000кĹХꥼ
 


᤯Ȥơ (186) θդѤƤ

ɱѸϡΥɤˤäȤФǤϤʤɸȱѸܿˤäޤ줿줬ߤޤ³ƤȤΤȤФǤ롥ʤɱѸϡɤǰäȤФ̮Ⱥޤ³ƤϢ³ΤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥


ļ̦ءˤϡɤθ˾ܤҲؼԤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ʲᤷƤ


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) Ƥ
12 Voicy helwa ͭۿˤˤ֡ڱѸˤ #232ۥɤαѸˡꤹۿؿΤϡҤɤ



̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-08-18 Sun

#5592. 󥰥ͤȥȿͤܿᤰ [bchel][celtic][contact][anglo-saxon][oe][heldio]


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾Voicy heldio ˤ1᤺ɤƤ꡼ͭˤäȷ³Ǥܲ4Ϥ "Foreign Influences on Old English" ʸűѸؤ¾줫αƶˤäƤޤ5455ϡѸˤǤϰ̤̣ʰƤȸ줫αƶȤƤޤϥ󥰥ͤȥȿͤܿʤΤä⤷Ƥ54 "The Celtic Influence" ˤĤơαʸǤޤƥȤ򤪻Ǥʤ⡤ؿСαʸ򻲾ȤĤġֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (54) The Celtic Influenceİ1ץ̵ǻİǤޤˡ



54. The Celtic Influence. Nothing would seem more reasonable than to expect that the conquest of the Celtic population of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and the subsequent mixture of the two peoples should have resulted in a corresponding mixture of their languages, that consequently we should find in the Old English vocabulary numerous instances of words that the Anglo-Saxons heard in the speech of the native population and adopted. For it is apparent that the Celts were by no means exterminated except in certain areas, and that in most of England large numbers of them were gradually assimilated into the new culture. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that at Andredesceaster or Pevensey a deadly struggle occurred between the native population and the newcomers and that not a single Briton was left alive. The evidence of the place-names in this region lends support to the statement. But this was probably an exceptional case. In the east and southeast, where the Germanic conquest was fully accomplished at a fairly early date, it is probable that there were fewer survivals of a Celtic population than elsewhere. Large numbers of the defeated fled to the west. Here it is apparent that a considerable Celtic-speaking population survived until fairly late times. Some such situation is suggested by a whole cluster of Celtic place-names in the northeastern corner of Dorsetshire. It is altogether likely that many Celts were held as slaves by the conquerors and that many of the Anglo-Saxons chose Celtic mates. In parts of the island, contact between the two peoples must have been constant and in some districts intimate for several generations.


̤ˤϡ󥰥ͤϥȿͤ䤷ˤʤɤȸ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤºݤˤδŰ٤ϰˤäƤۤʤäƤ岼طϤäȤƤճŸƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ
űѸȥȸθŪطϤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤǤ礦ϼ55 "Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords" ʥȸ̾¾μѸˤǼ夲ƤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (55) Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwordsɤ
heldio Υ꡼ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-28 Sun

#5571. īֺ¡ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤޤȤ [asacul][notice][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][kenning][beowulf][compounding][derivation][word_formation][celtic][contact][borrowing][etymology][kdee]

ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ򳫹֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤ򤵤ä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤Ƥ󤷤Ƥޤ

űѸθäõ 1 űѸλ 449ǯ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ 597ǯꥹȶƳ 8󥰤ο 1066ǯΥޥʸűѸν 2 űѸθ 3 97%ͭá3%Ѹ ѸδܸäȾűѸ쵯 ƥ줫μѸ450--600 3 űѸθ ʣ礬˭ Ƭϼ˰̣ѲʻѲ kenning ʱŪʣ㡧ֳڡס ƬǹѤ 4 űѸؤΥȸαƶ ȸ줫ΰŪʼѸϾʤ ꥹȶ̤ưνѸ 㡧assʥСˡcrossʽ͡ˡcurseʼˡdunʰſΡ ̾ˤ礭ʱƶ㡧Cumberland, Exeter 5 Beowulf : Wyrd oft nere unfǣgne eorl, onne his ellen dah. ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤ ͦΩĻˡ wyrdʱ̿ˡĸθ캬 *wer-ʲ󤹡ʤˤ顤weird ȴط oftʤФСˡŪ often ȶ unfǣgneʻह٤̿ˤʤˡfey Ƭ un- ղ eorlߡˡϡֵ²סˡߡפò onneʡλˡ<>ʥˤѸ <th>֤ ellenͦˡѸѸȤʤ dahɤ/ˡűѸ "dugan" 顤doughty ȴϢ

5824γ֤ȤʤޤֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸΥƥȤܿܤޤߤɤ¿ΤäԤƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-10-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-21 Sun

#5564. űѸΥƥ줫μѸϤɴ [oe][loan_word][borrowing][latin][old_norse][celtic][latin][germanic][lexicology][link]

űѸθä٤˥ԥ奢ʥޥϤθäȤäƤ褯Ѹϸ¤Ƥ롥⡤θ¤줿Ѹʬƥ (latin) ΤΤǤ롥ۤˤϸťΥɸ (old_norse)ȸ (celtic)ޥ (germanic), ե󥹸 (french) μѸʤǤϤʤޤDZƤ
θ줫űѸؤμѸϡष㳰Ū餳ˤʤΤʤΤǡűѸɤǤȤ˽Ф魯Ȥ䤱ΩĤΤǤ롥Ѹ˸Ǥ⤫äƤ褯ܤƤ롥Hogg ϡűѸθäȸüѤˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

. . . there are words of non-native origin in Old English, the vast majority of which are from Latin. It has been estimated only about 3 per cent of Old English vocabulary is taken from non-native sources and it is clear that the strong preference in Old English was to use its native resources in order to create new vocabulary. In this respect, therefore, and as elsewhere, Old English is typically Germanic. (102--03)


. . . there was in Old English only a very limited use of words taken from other language, i.e. borrowed or loan words, and those words were primarily from Latin. Apart from Latin, Old English borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages after the Viking invasions, from the celtic languages mostly at a very early date, and there was also a scattering of forms from the other Germanic languages. At the very end of the period we begin to see the first loan words from Norman French. (109)


űѸγƸ줫θüѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1])
#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])
#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1])
#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% ([2019-09-11-1])
#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1])
#3829. 650ǯʸΥƥѸΰ ([2019-10-21-1])
#3830. űѸΥƥѸϸޤ³ݤ ([2019-10-22-1])

#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])

#3821. Old Saxon μѸ ([2019-10-13-1])

#302. űѸΥե󥹼Ѹ ([2010-02-23-1])

Hogg, Richard. An Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-12-05 Tue

#5335. ֥ޥ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice][khelf]

5ۤɡBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥ꡼ͭۿˤʤƤޤ12Υڡǡ11ɤʤ顤䤬ʸƤˤĤƱѸˤδ鼫ͳ˥ȤƤ饤ɽȤ³ƤޤɤǤ֤⾯ƤƤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˤˤޤȤƤޤΤǡ餫饢Ƥ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



ʤͭۿʤ1ץΤ߻İġˤǤϤƤΤǤȤɤ꡼Ҳ𤹤Ȥݤ⤢̵ƤޤȤ櫓ȹֻդ򤪾ưɼ¶Ѥ̲ϡ¿İƤȤ⤢ꡤĹۿξʤȤ̵ƤޤΤΤ褦ʵϡ褿128ʶˤθ6Ǥ󤵤ʳءˤȤȤˡܽ32Ȥʤ "The Germanic Conquest" ¶ѤǤϤޤȾ̾ۿȸȾץߥۿȤ߹碌2ּĹۿȤʤ븫ߤǤۿޤΤǤǤХ饤ǤİȤʤɤꤲƤФȻפޤԹ礬ĤʤΤ˸ȤƤۿͽǤ
оݤȤʤ32 "The Germanic Conquest" ֥ޥפϡѸ˾夭ƽפʥǤʲ2ڡΥƥȤǺܤƤޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ

32. The Germanic Conquest. About the year 449, an event occurred that profoundly affected the course of history. In that year, as traditionally stated, began the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the founders of the English nation. For more than a hundred years, bands of conquerors and settlers migrated from their continental homes in the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and established themselves in the south and east of the island, gradually extending the area they occupied until it included all but the highlands in the west and north. The events of these years are wrapped in much obscurity. Although we can form a general idea of their course, we are still in doubt about some of the tribes that took part in the movement, their exact location on the continent, and the dates of their respective migrations.
   The traditional account of the Germanic invasions goes back to Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731, tells us that the Germanic tribes that conquered England were the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles. From what he says and from other indications, it seems possible that the Jutes and the Angles had their home in the Danish peninsula, the Jutes in the northern half (hence the name Jutland) and the Angles in the south, in Schleswig-Holstein, and perhaps in a small area at the base. The Saxons were settled to the south and west of the Angles, roughly between the Elbe and the Ems, possibly as far as the Rhine. A fourth tribe, the Frisians, some of whom almost certainly came to England, occupied a narrow strip along the coast from the Weser to the Rhine, together with the islands opposite. But by the time of the invasions, the Jutes had apparently moved down to the coastal area near the mouth of the Weser and possibly also around the Zuyder Zee and the lower Rhine, thus being in contact with both the Frisians and Saxons.
   Britain had been exposed to attacks by the Saxons from as early as the fourth century. Even while the island was under Roman rule, these attacks had become sufficiently serious to necessitate the appointment of an officer known as the Count of the Saxon Shore, whose duty it was to police the southeastern coast. At the same time, the unconquered Picts and Scots in the north were kept out only at the price of constant vigilance. Against both of these sources of attack the Roman organization seems to have proved adequate. But the Celts had come to depend on Roman arms for this protection. They had, moreover, under Roman influence, settled down to a more peaceful mode of life, and their military traditions had lapsed. Consequently, when the Romans withdrew in 410, the Celts found themselves at a disadvantage. They were no longer able to keep out the warlike Picts and Scots. Several times they called upon Rome for aid, but finally the Romans, fully occupied in defending their own territory at home, were forced to refuse assistance. It was on this occasion that Vortigern, one of the Celtic leaders, is reported to have entered into an agreement with the Jutes whereby they were to assist the Celts in driving out the Picts and Scots and to receive as their reward the Isle of Thanet on the northeastern tip of Kent.
   The Jutes, who had not been softened by contact with Roman civilization, were fully a match for the Picts and Scots. But Vortigern and the Celts soon found that they had in these temporary allies something more serious to reckon with than their northern enemies. The Jutes, having recognized the weakness of the Britons, decided to stay in the island and began making a forcible settlement in the southeast, in Kent. The settlement of the Jutes was a very different thing from the conquest of the island by the Romans. The Romans had come to rule the Celtic population, not to dispossess it. The Jutes came in numbers and settled on the lands of the Celts. They met the resistance of the Celts by driving them out. Moreover, the example of the Jutes was soon followed by the migration of other continental tribes. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, some of the Saxons came in 477, landed on the south coast, and established themselves in Sussex. In 495, further bands of Saxons settled a little to the west, in Wessex. Finally, in the middle of the next century, the Angles occupied the east coast and in 547 established an Anglian kingdom north of the Humber. Too much credence, of course, cannot be put in these statements or dates. There were Saxons north of the Thames, as the names Essex and Middlesex (the districts of the East Saxons and Middle Saxons) indicate, and the Angles had already begun to settle in East Anglia by the end of the fifth century. But the entries in the Chronicle may be taken as indicating in a general way a succession of settlements extending over more than a century, which completely changed the character of the island of Britain.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-29 Wed

#5329. űѸ̾˻Ĥʤƥΰ仺 [name_project][etymology][onomastics][toponymy][oe][roman_britain][celtic]

ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ³űѸ̾ˤϡפΤۤƥκפʤºݡʥƥͳ̾ϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ʬŪǤȤĤäƤΤϤcf. #3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1]
Clark (481) Lincoln, Catterick, camp, eccles, funta, port, wīc ʤɤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ΤΤȤƤޤΩʤ

Unlike those once-Romanised areas that were destined to become Romance-speaking, England shows hardly any place-names of purely Latin origin. Few seem to have been current even in Romano-British times; fewer still survived . . . . PDE Lincoln is a contraction of Lindum Clonia, where the first element represents British *lindo 'pool' . . . . Whether Catterick < RB Cataractonium derives ultimately from Latin cataracta in supposed reference to rapids on the River Swale)(sic) or from a British compound meaning 'battle-ramparts' is uncertain . . . .
   The main legacy of Latin to Old English toponymy consisted not of names but of name-elements, in particular: camp < campus 'open ground, esp. that near a Roman settlement'; eccles < ecclesia 'Christian church'; funta < either fontana or fons/acc. fontem 'spring, esp. one with Roman stonework'; port < portus 'harbour'; and the already-mentioned wīc < vicus 'settlement, esp. one associated with a Roman military base', together with its hybrid compound wīchām . . . . Names involving these loan-elements occur mainly in districts settled by the English ante AD 600, and often near a Roman road and/or a former Roman settlement . . . .


󥰥ɤ̾˴ؤ¤ꡤƥϡʸѸʹߤ˴ͿƤ˥ե󥹸Ʊͤˡ׸ʤƤʤäȤäƤ褤

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-27 Mon

#5327. York Ǥߤָ̱̾츻 [name_project][etymology][folk_etymology][onomastics][toponymy][oe][roman_britain][celtic][diphthong][old_norse][sound_change]

#5203. ָ̱̾츻 ([2023-07-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̾ˤָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ؤ䤹餯ϡ̾ޤͭ̾ˤϡؼоݤְ̣ϤʤפʤˤĤƤε򻲾ȡˡ̾θ츻ŪˤȤäƤƬˤȤʤ롥
Clark (28--29) ˡYork Ȥ̾˴ؤָ̱츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥

. . . 'folk-etymology' --- that is, replacement of alien elements by similar-sounding and more or less apt familiar ones --- can be a trap. The RB [= Romano-British] name for the city now called York was Ebŏrācum/Ebŭrācum, probably, but not certainly, meaning 'yew-grove' . . . . To an early English ear, the spoken Celtic equivalent apparently suggested two terms: OE eofor 'boar' --- apt enough either as symbolic patron for a settlement or as nickname for its founder or overlord --- and the loan-element -wīc [= "harbour"] . . ., hence OE Eoforwīc . . . . (The later shift from Eoforwīc > York involved further cross-cultural influence . . . .) Had no record survived of the RB form, OE Eoforwīc could have been taken as the settlers' own coinage; doubt therefore sometimes hangs over OE place-names for which no corresponding RB forms are known. The widespread, seemingly transparent form Churchill, for instance, applies to some sites never settled and thus unlikely ever to have boasted a church; because some show a tumulus, others an unusual 'tumulus-like' outline, Church- might here, it is suggested, have replaced British *crǖg 'mound' . . . .


York ̾ˤĤƥޥ󡦥֥ƥʸξڵ򤬤ʤäȤ顤줬ָ̱츻ǤǽȴȤǤʤäȤȡ̾츻ʸ̵ͭȤɤ֤ۤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤ˸űѸ Eoforwīc York ؤθѲˤĤƤϡClark (483) ɲŪʲ⤬ΤǡѤƤ

OE Eoforwīc was reshaped, with a Scand. rising diphthong replacing the OE falling one, assibilation of the final consonant inhibited, and medial [v] elided before the rounded vowel: thus, Iorvik > York . . . .


Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-22 Wed

#5322. ²ͤθζ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice][khelf]

Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥ꡼Ϥ4᤮ޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˡäڡǤϤޤڤ줺˿ʤǤޤ饤ɤ֤⾯ƤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



ܲ2Ϥκǽᡤ26 The Home of the Indo-Europeans ְ²ͤθζפȤȤǤθ塤khelf ƣ蘆ȤȤˡ26ʤӤޤȤȤ2Τˤܤ Voicy heldio/helwa ˤɼ¶ѤۿͽǤå٤κۤȤޤȤǻȤʤϤǤ̩ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫²ȤθζˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˵Ȼפޤ
ϻϸ2ͽǡ̾ۿȥץߥۿȤ߹碌ƺĹ3֤ۤɤˤʤǽޤۿǤİˤʤʤϡǤۿޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤäİ褷ƤФȻפޤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեꤤޤܲե5,224̾ȤʤäƤޤˡޤۿǤꤲߤΥȤ⤪ԤƤޤΤǡҤ󤻤
ۿ˹碌4ڡ;8ʤ26Τǽ3ʲ˷ǺܤޤĤʬ碌ʸˤĤƤϡץߥۿˤƶͭޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ

   26. The Home of the Indo-Europeans. It is obvious that if the languages just described represent the progressive differentiation of an original speech, this speech, which we may for convenience call the Indo-European language, must have been spoken by a population somewhere at some time. What can be learned about these people and their early location?
   Concerning their physical character, practically nothing can be discerned. Continuity in language and culture does not imply biological descent. It is not an uncommon phenomenon in history for a people to give up their own language and adopt another. Sometimes they adopt the language of their conquerors, or of those whom they have conquered, or that of a people with whom they have simply become merged in a common territory. The Indo-European languages are spoken today in many cultures that until recently had completely unrelated heritages. To judge by the large variety of people who have spoken these languages from early times, it is quite possible that the people of the original Indo-European community already represented a wide ethnic diversity. Neither can we form any very definite idea of the date at which this people lived as a single, more or less coherent community. The period of their common life must have extended over a considerable stretch of time. It is customary to place the end of their common existence somewhere between 3500 and 2500 B.C.
   With respect to the location of this community at a time shortly before their dispersal, we have at least a basis for inference. To begin with, we may assume that the original home was in that part of the world in which the languages of the family are chiefly to be found today, and we may omit from consideration Africa, Australia, and the American continents because we know that the extension of Indo-European languages in these areas has occurred in historical times. History and its related sciences, anthropology and archaeology, enable us also to eliminate certain other regions, such as the British Isles and the peninsulas of Southern Europe. Early literary tradition occasionally preserves traces of a people at a former stage in their history. The earliest books of the Hindus, for example, the Vedas, show an acquaintance with the Indus but not with the Ganges, indicating that the Indo-Europeans entered India from the northwest. In general, we may be fairly sure that the only regions in which it is reasonable to seek the original home of the Indo-European family are the mainland of Europe and the western part of Asia.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-10 Fri

#5310. ȸɤᤰä Voicy heldio ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפɼ¶Ѥۿޤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice][irish][welsh][cornish][breton][manx][cornish][scottish_gaelic][gaulish][link]



ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤƤ꡼̲ȤƤϤޤʥ꡼ˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹򷹤ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥ򾯤ʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸ­ʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդε򤴻ȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. ޻Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])

ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ

#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. 󥦥ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15

ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ꡼˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷ꡼ν󤫤Ǥ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-09 Thu

#5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice]

Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥ꡼Ϥ4Ȥʤޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



ܲ24 Celtic ֥ȸɡפȤȤǤͼλ֤顤ǦʽٲءˤȤȤˡĶɤɼ¶Ѥ heldio ۿͽǤ饹Ҽ˥åʷϵΤʤܺ٤ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫饱ȸɤˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˥ȤĤĵƤͽǤϻϸ̩ˤϷޤ󤬡餯16:30餤ˤʤꤽǤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤܲ5,160̾Υꥹʡγ˥եƤޤˡ
ͼۿ˹碌3ʤ1ڡۤɤƱʲ˰Ѥޤ

   24. Celtic. The Celtic languages at one time formed one of the most extensive groups in the Indo-European family. At the beginning of the Christian era, the Celts were found in Gaul and Spain, in Great Britain, in western Germany, and northern Italy---indeed, they covered the greater part of Western Europe. A few centuries earlier, their triumphal progress had extended even into Greece and Asia Minor. The steady retreat of Celtic before advancing Italic and Germanic tongues is one of the surprising phenomena of history. Today, Celtic languages are found only in the far corners of France and the British Isles; in the areas in which they were once dominant, they have left but little trace of their presence.
   The language of the Celts in Gaul who were conquered by Caesar is known as Gallic. Because it was early replaced by Latin, we know next to nothing about it. A few inscriptions, some proper names (cf. Orgetorix), one fragmentary text, and a small number of words preserved in modern French are all that survive. With respect to the Celtic languages in Britain, we are better off, although the many contradictory theories of Celticists make it impossible to say with any confidence how the Celts came to England. The older view, which is now questioned, holds that the first to come were Goidelic or Gaelic Celts. Some of these may have been driven to Ireland by the later invaders and from there may have spread into Scotland and the Isle of Man. Their language is represented in modern times by Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. The later Brythonic Celts, after occupying for some centuries what is now England, were in turn driven westward by Germanic invaders in the fifth century. Some of the fugitives crossed over into Brittany. The modern representatives of the Brythonic division are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
   The remnants of this one-time extensive group of languages are everywhere losing ground at the present day. Spoken by minorities in France and the British Isles, these languages are faced with the competition of two languages of wider communication, and some seem destined not to survive this competition. Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century, and Manx, once spoken by all the native inhabitants of the Isle of Man, has died out since World War II. In Scotland, Gaelic is found only in the Highlands. It is spoken by about 50,000 people, all of whom know English as well. Welsh is still spoken by about one-quarter of the people, but the spread of English among them is indicated by the fact that the number of those who speak only Welsh had dropped from 30 percent in 1891 to 2 percent in 1950 and continues to slowly decrease. Irish is spoken by about 500,000 people, most of whom are bilingual. Whether nationalist sentiment will succeed in arresting the declining trend that has been observable here as in the other Celtic territory remains to be seen. If language-planning efforts fail, it seems inevitable that eventually another branch of the Indo-European family of languages will disappear.


ī heldio ۿ#892. Celtic --- ƥåƥåǤ⥱ȴϢ򰷤äƤޤΤǡҤ⤪İͼΤ˽ƤС



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-31 Tue

#5300. űѸˤߤ륱ȷϿ̾ [celtic][name_project][onomastics][personal_name][oe]

5˥󥰥֥ͤƥ褷Ȥ轻ΥȿͤθŪƶ϶ϾäȤΤꥹˤѸˤŪǤ롥ȷϸαѸؤι׸ȤƤϡ̾иȤϤۤȤɤʤȤΤŵŪʱѸ˽ǤεҤǤ롥Τ褦̾㳰ǤȤ褯뤬⤦1θͭ̾Ǥ̾ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤ⤽⤳䤤ϻפ⤫٤ȤʤäClark ηˤĤƶ̣1񤤤Ƥ롥

The name Cædmon borne by the father of English religious verse represents a Welsh reflex of British *Catumandos ( . . . British Catu- is cognate with OE Heaðo- 'battle'); and its form suggests a structural compatibility between Celtic and Germanic types of name . . . . Despite his English cultural identity, Cædmon might, as an ox-herd, be supposed descended from an enslaved people. However, British names also appear among English royalty, including, for instance, the Cerdic (Welsh Ceredig < British *Coroticos), Ceawlin, Ceadda and Ceadwalla (Welsh Cadwallen) found in the Early West Saxon genealogies . . . . The element Cæd-/Cead- reappears in the names of two seventh-century brothers, both bishops, Cedd and Ceadda . . . . The name Cumbra . . . . current among West-Saxon nobility represents Welsh Cymro < British *Combrogos 'Welshman'. Taken with the story of Vortigern's invitation . . . . and with the archaeological evidence mentioned, such names imply that the first settlers arrived pacifically, perhaps married into Romano-British nobility, and sometimes names their sons in compliment to their hosts . . . . Assuming any such names necessarily indicate British blood would go well beyond the evidence; but their adoption by English royalty must mean respect for Celtic traditions.


ȷϤ̾ӤӤ󥰥Ϥβ²ȤȤϡ轻ȿͤФؤΡ֥ꥹڥȡפäȤȤްդ --- ʤʤɷŪʻŦǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-19 Thu

#5288. ֥ꥹȥȤαѸ --- ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˤ1 [voicy][heldio][review][notice][world_englishes][celtic][scottish_english][scots][wales][irish_english][hel_education][we_nyumon][variety]


 ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ



Υ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ뿷World Englishes 1ϡ֥ꥹȥȤαѸפɮ줿Ǧʽٲءˤȡľ̤뵡ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤۿޤ#869. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ǦȤ̡Ǥ15ʬۤɤβƥġˡҤİС



ܽʸ̤Ѹ (world_englishes) ˴ؤܤǤäȤʤ1Ϥϡ¤϶Ž̤줿Ѹ˳ȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤűѸѸޤǤΤ褯С18ڡۤɤαѸȤɤȤȤǤ
Ѹܽ˼ɼԤ¿ϡưʳαѸνѼ㤨ХɱѸ졤󥬥ݡѸ졤ޥѸʤɤξˤĤƤȤ櫓ΤꤿȻפäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Τ褦ɼԤˤȤäƤϡŪļήɤ°ѸѼǤ륤ꥹѸ䥢ꥫѸˤϡषޤؿͯʤȤȤ⤢뤫Ȼפޤ
ʤѸ줬Τ褦¿ͤʤΤȤܼŪ򤯤ˤϡѸ줬ɤäƤˤ򤬷礫ޤ󡥤äȤơѸˤγάŪμҤȤɬפˤʤޤ1ϤϡΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤɤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
⡤ñʤ֥ꥹαѸפǤϤʤ֥ꥹȥȤαѸפȡ֥ȡפȥźƤΤФǤѸϼ˶ʹߤ˥ꥹο̱ϻ̤ۤŸƤޤǤˤǯʾ顤ȿͤޤäƤ֥ƥˤƿ̱ϻۤΤ褦ʤȤԤʤƤǤ1Ϥ϶ʹߤαѸŸΥߥ˥奢Ǥ򼨤ƤƤ --- Τ褦ɤǽǤޤѸ줬Ū˸ܿ¿äǤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬϤȤʤäƤޤ
ʲ1ϤΤʤξФȥ󤲤Ƥޤ



1 ѸΤ --- 夫ޤ
(1) ֥ȥͤȥޥ󡦥֥ƥ
(2) ޥͤνȱѸΤ
(3) 󥰤ȥΥޥ󡦥եαƶ
ࡡʸαѸؤαƶ
2 ˹Ѹθ --- Ѹʹ
(1) 첻ܤȥԥαѸ
(2) ʸˡȯŸ
ࡡ󥰤ΤȤФαƶ --- ťΥɸȱѸλ
(3) ѸäγȽ
3 󥰥ϰαѸ
(1) ǧȯ
(2) 󥰥αѸ --- ɥ٤αѸ줫
(3) 󥰥αѸ --- αѸȤӤ
ࡡ첻ܤˤ벻Ѳ
4 ϰαѸ
(1) ϰȤ
(2) åȥɤαѸ
(3) 륺αѸ
(4) ɤαѸ




ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-08-10 Thu

#5218. åȥ̾ζ֤ϿФƤѤʤ [onomastics][toponymy][stress][name_project][germanic][celtic][scottish_gaelic][pictish][scottish_english][scots]

#5212. ̾ؼԤϤʤեɥ򤹤Τ ([2023-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ Taylor ʸθȾǡåȥ̾ζ֤˴ؤä٤˽Ф路 (82--83) 츻󶡤줬äʤʤäƿλ֤ФȤƤ⡤̾ζ֤ݤ뷹ȤȤ§ǤϤʤȤȤΤ褦դˤж֤γǧˤäƸ츻󶡸줬٤γΨǤȤȤˤĤʤ롥

It is very important to record how a place-name is pronounced, since this can yield vital clues for its correct analysis. For example it is a general, though by no means universal, rule that place-names which are stressed on the first element are in languages of Germanic origin, such as Scots or Norse, while place-names which are stressed on the second or third element are of Celtic origin, such as Pictish or Gaelic. It would be more accurate to say that in both language groups it is the specific element which bears the stress, but that in Scots and Norse names the specific usually comes first, the generic second, while in names of Celtic origin it is usually the other way round. It is a remarkable fact that the original stress pattern of a name tends to survive, even when the original language of coining has not been spoken locally for many hundreds of years.


Ϥ⤷ʵ䤬Ƭͯ夬äƤ롥

̸Ū specific/generic ζ̤֤䶯֤شطˤΤʤΤ
̾Ȱ̸ȤǤϡŪʶ֤ݻ䤹˺ΤʤΤ
Ʊ̾Ǥ⸽üԤȳüԤȤδ֤Ƕ֤ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥ뤬̾ϰˤ뺹ƱȤȤ館Ƥ褤Τ

Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-05-28 Sun

#5144. ѸˤˤŪͭ¤ȯŸȡ֥ȸ첾 [celtic_hypothesis][celtic][borrowing][substratum_theory][syntax][construction][linguistic_area][welsh][cornish]

#5139. Ѹˤˤơ֥ȸ첾פ꺻Ƥ ([2023-05-23-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ܤ1Ĥ "Lack of external possessor construction" 롥ѸˤϡֳŪͭ¤פ礱Ƥꡤ§ȤơŪͭ¤ (internal possessor construction) ΤߤȤ롥ơԤħϥȽȤθܿˤäͶ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ⤬Ƥ롥
Ūͭ¤Ȥ my head Τ褦ˡ°ʡʽͭʡˤˤľ̾򽤾ƽͭط򼨤¤ΤȤǤ롥Ūͭ¤Ȥϡ*the head to me Τ褦ɽˤߤ褦ˡŵŪˤͿʤˤŪ̾򽤾̾γ¦ͭط򼨤¤ΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤŪͭ¤§űѸǤϤषŪͭ¤ߤ줿㤨СHickey (499) ϸűѻ Poem of Judith ʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

þæt him þæt heafod wand forð on ða flore
lit.: that him-DATIVE that head ...
'that his head rolled forth on the floor'


űѸ˸¤餺¿Υ衼åѤνǤϡŪͭ¤ޤƤХ졤ϥ󥬥꡼졤ޥ륿ʤɤǤ⳰Ūͭ¤ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ƥ衼åŪʸħȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ε㳰ѸǤꡤ륺Ǥꡤ󥦥ȤΥꥹʬۤʤ˾θǤϡŪͭ¤ޤ롥¾Ūͭ¤ΤϡΥ줿衼åѤγǤꡤȥ륳쥺ʥե1ġˤˤߤ뤬ȥꥹν줬طƤȤϹͤˤĤޤꡤѸ졤륺졤󥦥Ūͭ¤򼨤ȤŪ˸ΩƤΤǤ롥
ơѸˤˤƤϾ嵭ǼȤꡤűѸǤϳŪͭ¤ѤƤŪͭ¤ؤȰؤаޤ롥˥륺䥳󥦥ʤɥȽˤߤ줿Ūͭ¤Ѹνͭ¤˱ƶڤܤǽ夹롥
Hickey (500) ϡββ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

This transfer did not affect the existence of a possessor construction, but it changed the exponence of the category, a frequent effect of language contact, especially in language shift situations.


#5134. ưμʼ޼ ([2023-05-18-1]) ෿ǤСξ "transfer" "Rearrangement" ˳Τ̣ǤϤ롥

Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-05-13 Sat

#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾 [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][progressive][verb][irish_english][aspect]

#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ǻȤ Filppula and Klemola ʸɤƤ롥ƱʸǤϡѸˤ be + -ing ΡֿʹԷ (progressive form) ȯãʤλѸȤˤؤΥȸαƶˤΤǤϤʤȤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) Ƥ롥
ޤ̣¤ȤơΥȷǹԤʤƤѸѼǤϡɸѸ⹭Ϥ˿ʹԷѤȤŪˤ Irish English, Welsh English, Hebridean English, Manx English ˤơɸŪˤϿʹԷˤȤư줬ФпʹԷѤ뤳ȡưưʹԷˤ뤳Ȥˤ꽬꤬뤳ȡwould used (to) ˿ʹԷ³Ūưɽ蘆뤳ȡdo will ˿ʹԷ³ˡߤ뤳Ȥ𤵤Ƥ롥Filppula and Klemola (212--14) ꡤ줾ʸ򼨤

There was a lot about fairies long ago [...] but I'm thinkin' that most of 'em are vanished.
I remember my granfather and old people that lived down the road here, they be all walking over to the chapel of a Sunday afternoon and they be going again at night.
But they, I heard my father and uncle saying they used be dancing there long ago, like, you know.
Yeah, that's, that's the camp. Military camp they call it [...] They do be shooting there couple of times a week or so.


ϸΥѼαѸ˸ʹԷ¿ѤȤݤ򼨤ΤǤꡤ¤ȤƼ롥ȸ첾ϡѸˤʹԷȯãΤΤؤΥȸαƶˤΤȤȤԤȸԤܤƤ¦̤ۤʤäƤ뤳ȤդǤ⡤Filppula and Klemola (218--19) ϡ5Ĥ󤲤ʤ顤ȸ첾ٻʰ PF "progressive forms" ؤˡ

(i) Of all the suggested parallels to the English PF, the Celtic (Brythonic) ones are clearly the closest, and hence, the most plausible ones, whether one think of the OE periphrastic constructions or those established in the ME and modern periods, involving the -ing form of verbs. This fact has not been given due weight in some of the earlier work on this subject.
(ii) The chronological precedence of the Celtic constructions is beyond any reasonable doubt, which also enhances the probability of contact influence from Celtic on English.
(iii) The socio-historical circumstances of the Celtic-English interface cannot have constituted an obstacle to Celtic substratum influences in the area of grammar, as has traditionally been argued especially on the basis of the research (and some of the earlier, too) has shown that the language shift situation in the centuries following the settlement of the Germanic tribes in Britain was most conductive to such influences. Again, this aspect has been ignored or not properly understood in some of the research which has tried to play down the role of Celtic influence in the history of English.
(iv) The Celtic-English contacts in the modern period have resulted in a similar tendency for some regional varieties of English to make extensive use of the PF, which lends indirect support to the Celtic hypothesis with regard to early English.
(v) Continuous tenses tend to be used more in bilingual or formerly Celtic-speaking areas than in other parts of the country . . . .


ȸ첾Ϥǯδ֤󵯤ŪȤʤäƤޤɤβˤȤɤޤȤäƤ褤ŪʱѸ˵Ҥ˰ФꤸܿνܤƤ줿Ǥϡس˹׸ƤɾǤ롥

Filppula, Markku and Juhani Klemola. "English in Contact: Celtic and Celtic Englishes." Chapter 107 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1687--1703.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-04-25 Tue

#5111. 硼ˤ֥ȥ󡦥ϼäνפɤ [chaucer][canterbury_tales][franklins_tale][breton_lai][me_text][celtic][breton][voicy][heldio][me_text][literature][brittany_exhibition]

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?--1400) η The Canterbury Tales The Franklin's Tale ϼäνפɤǤߤ
κʤϡ֥륿˥ȤʤäƤ롥֥륿˥ȤС֥ƥΥȿͤΰɤ5--6˥󥰥ͤˤ뿯ƨ졤ꥹ˱ۤƤɤ夤ե¦ϤǤ롥Ϥˤϸߤ֥ȥͤǤꡤ֥ȥ (Breton) äƤ롥
֥ȥͤ Breton lai ʥ֥ȥ󡦥ˤȸƤФûʪΥ߽ФΥϳξ¦äƤ롥ե¦Ǥ Marie de France (c. 1160--1215) ե󥹸ǽ񤤤ʤ֥ͭ̾ƥ¦Ǥݰƺʤ蘆줿Υ硼ˤϼáפϡ1ĤǤ롥
ϼäνפѸ츶ʸ The Riverside Chaucer ꡤܸإ󥿥٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ٤Ѥ롥

          THE FRANKLIN'S PROLOGUE
          
          Prologe of the Frankeleyns Tale.

l. 709   Thise olde gentil Britouns in hir dayes
710Of diverse aventures maden layes,
711Rymeyed in hir firste Briton tonge,
712Whiche layes with hir instrumentz they songe
713Or elles redden hem for hir plesaunce;
714And oon of hem have I in remembraunce,
715Which I shal seyn with good wyl as I kan.
716   But, sires, by cause I am a burel man,
717At my bigynnyng first I yow biseche,
718Have me excused of my rude speche.
719I lerned nevere rethorik, certeyn;
720Thyng that I speke, it moot be bare and pleyn.
721I sleep nevere on the Mount of Pernaso,
722Ne lerned Marcus Tullius Scithero.
723Colours ne knowe I none, withouten drede,
724But swiche colours as growen in the mede,
725Or elles swiche as men dye or peynte.
726Colours of rethoryk been to me queynte;
727My spirit feeleth noght of swich mateere.
728But if yow list, my tale shul ye heere.


ϼäν

ΡӤʥ֥륿˥οͤϡޤޤʤǤȤΤ˱ӤߡˤΥȤθդǵ򤳤餷ڴ˹碌ƲΤäꡤɤ߸ڤꤷƤޤΤ褦äҤȤijФƤޤΤǡϤԤƤäȻפäƤޤ
ɤ⡤ؤʤΤǡ˽ʸո򤪵褦ޤϳˤꤤޤޤäؤʤ󤾽äȤʤ餵ޤäǤΤǤѥʥå̲äȤʤСޥ륯ȥꥦؤȤʤդΤʤɤäѤǡܤ⤢β֤䡤᤿꿥äΤ䤷ΤΤǤΤϲ󤷡Υ󥹤碌Ƥ󡥤Ǥ⡤äʹ


ʤ嵭Ѹ츶ʸī Voicy heldio ɤ߾夲Ƥ롥Ѹ˴ؿɲĩ路ƤߤȻפϡ#694. 硼ˤ֥ȥ󡦥ϼäνפʸ̣äƤߤޤ󤫡İ



Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1987.
ե꡼硼ˡӾ 鹰ʴˡإ󥿥٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١ͪۡ2021ǯ
Ӿ δ졦 졡֥硼αѸסإ硼顡ŵΰ仺ο©Ƴơ١Ӿ 鹰ʴˡ ԡˡˡͪۡ2022ǯ93--124ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow