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celtic - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-04-24 Mon

#5110. ΩѴۡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸Ƥͽ [museum][seminar][khelf][celtic][breton][voicy][heldio][breton_lai][contact][literature][linguistic_imperialism][language_death][brittany_exhibition]

ܲΩѴˤƴݤϡ֥륿˥塡͡󡤹餬۶Ÿ񤬳ǤŴ֤318611ޤǤȤʤäƤޤ


ƴݤϡ֥륿˥塡͡󡤹餬۶



γŤεȤ館شλΥߤǤϡֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פơޤȤơͽǡ5դ˲ݳưȤƥߤγŸˬͽǤ塤ܥ֥Ǥ Voicy heldio Ǥ⡤ط꤬ۥФƤ뤫Ȼפޤܵɤߤγ⡤ҥ֥륿˥Ÿˤ˴ؿ󤻤ƤФȡ
ե֥륿˥ǤϡȸɤΥ֥ȥ (Breton) ŪäƤޤϰζǤե󥹸˲ƤȤ¤ޤϥ֥ƥ̤ΥʡǡȷϽ줬Ѹ˰ƤΤʿŪʾǤ
ȽʬۤˤˤĤƤϡ#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1])#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])#4491. 1300ǯä󥰥ɤδѸ첽 ([2021-08-13-1]) ޤ celtic ε򻲾ȤƤޤ Voicy heldio ǤϡϢ#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤۿƤޤ
ŸˬޤǤΡֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פΤͽϡȤưʲ3Ǥ

1. ŪˤߤѸγȥȽν̾
2. Ѹǽ񤫤줿֥ȥ󡦥 (Breton lai)
3. Ѹȥȸθܿ

ī Voicy heldio ǤϡܵƱͤƤǤ٤ꤷƤޤ#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơǤҤİ



ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥ŸסӤ줫1ۤɤƤֱѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥פȤơޤˤĤơҤܤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-02-28 Tue

#5055. Ѹˤˤܿ --- 8+3 [contact][loan_word][borrowing][latin][celtic][old_norse][french][dutch][greek][japanese][link]

Ѹ줬ˤ̤¿θܿ (contact) ƤȤϡѸˤδŪμǤ롥ܿκפϡˤǾäƤޤäΤ⤢뤬ߤޤǻĤäƤΤ¿פΤʤܤ䤹ΤϼѸäʸˡȯ񵭤ʤɸðʳǤܿΥѥȤ뤳ȤǰƬ֤Ƥ
Ѹθܿˤû󤹤ΤϻζȤSchneider (334) ˤ븷8ʻ¤٤Ƥˤͤˤʤ롥

continental contacts with Latin, even before the settlement of the British Isles (i.e., roughly between the second and fourth centuries AD);
contact with Celts who were the resident population when the Germanic tribes crossed the channel (in the fifth century and thereafter);
the impact of Latin through Christianization (beginning in the late sixth and seventh centuries);
contact with Scandinavian raiders and later settlers (between the seventh and tenth centuries);
the strong exposure to French as the language of political power after 1066;
the massive exposure to written Latin during the Renaissance;
influences from other European languages beginning in the Early Modern English period; and
the impact of colonial contacts and borrowings.


褯ФƤ8ȻפȤƤϤ3ۤդä1ĤϡŪʱѸˤǤ礭夲ʤΤΡѸʹߤĹˤ錄äƷ³ȤܿǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) 䤽δϢ򻲾Ȥ줿
2ܤϡ嵭Ǥϥͥ󥹴θܿȤƥƥʽ񤭸աˤΤߤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ŵꥷʽ񤭸աˤθƥۤΩʤΤϻ¤ͥ󥹴ʹߡꥷαѸؤΥѥȤ礭#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) ӡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ǸܸüԤȤƤΤҤܤǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤19ȾʹߡѸ줬ܸȰճǻܿƤ¤θ줿ˤĤƤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ
Schneider 8ˡ3äǤθ11δ

Schneider, Edgar W. "Perspectives on Language Contact." Chapter 13 of English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton. Cambridge: CUP, 332--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-18-1]

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2022-02-09 Wed

#4671. ˤ֥󥦥ԻĻ [cornish][breton][welsh][language_death][celtic][sociolinguistics][reformation]

ε#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1]) ˰³ (264) ֥󥦥ԻĻפꤹ1󥦥 (Cornish) ϥեꥸ (Frisian) ʾ˺Ȥǰ餫ΥƤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ

˥ͤ礹ȡΥ̥󥦥ͤϥ̥륺ͤڤΥ졤󥦥ȾΤĤ줿ơΥϥȷϤηǤ륫줫󤶤ȤȤˡƱȸɤΤȤˤ֥쥤̥֥ȥͤʬΥϻȾνפεˤʤäΥϡΤ˿षƤȬǯˤäȤФȤƾǤƤޤää٤ݤθˤΥϡˤʤäƤߤäΤǤ롥ưοʼԤˤƤߤСΥκϡ󥦥ν̱ȤȤηӤĤ餯뼫ʷ̤Ȼפ줿ηӤĤˤĤƤȿ;ϤΤʤϡ塻ǯߤ줿-ΥͭϤʥСǤäHʡƴʷ˸路Ƥ롥֤ʤ󥦥ͤϥΥؤФʤƤϤʤʤΤʤʤϥ󥦥ͤǤסά͡褦Ȥ֤ϤɤλΤΤȤ٤ȤˤĤƤε뤳ȤϤ롥κ˾Ǯ򷹤륰롼פΤҤȤӤȤ󡻡ǯ᤯˻ǤޤäΤȤФΤʤǻȤȤƤꡤ⤽˶ĤҤȤӤȤοƤȤ¤ϡܤ٤Ǥ롥ʤˤϡ饨Ȥˤإ֥饤κӤԤ⤢ۤɤǤ롥


פλϡ󥰥ɤ֥ƥμϰؤȡפ礷褦ȤǤ롥֥ƥüˤ륳󥦥⤽α¿ȤʤꡤƱϤ˱Ѹ줬ƩƤȤˤʤäθ塤󥦥ϼ¼ŪˤϻȤʤäƤޤä20ˤʤäƤϸ֤ͭ褷褦ȤƤ롤ȤΤ
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡΥ󥦥ưˤϾħŪʰյʤȤ⤢롥Τ˸Ūˤ񤷤⤷ʤ̱²߽ФפȤȤΰ̣ƹͤƤ롤ǤϤ롥

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

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2021-11-25 Thu

#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾 [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][cleft_sentence][irish_english]

#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡֶĴʸפȤΤƤ빽ʸεȯãˤĤƤ͡ʸ򤬤ʤʤߤ˱ѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿ˡ
ŪǶοˤȡѸˤ붯ĴʸĹϡʤȤʬŪˤϥȸȤθܿ˵ΤǤϤʤȤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) 󾧤Ƥ롥ŪˤϡȸȤܿˤѸθѲϰ̤ΤǤꡤäȤƤü٤ˤȤɤޤȤƤǯֶƤȸ첾ˤСѸ䲻ʤɤؤαƶβǽŦ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥ѸζĴʸȯã⡤Τ褦ʻ1ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥
ԸˤСűѸǤζĴʸλϾʤʤ⸫ĤäƤ롥㤨аʲΤ褦ʸǤ (Filppula and Klemola 1695 ѡˡ

þa cwædon þa geleafullan, 'Nis hit na Petrus þæt þær cnucað, ac is his ængel.' (Then the faithful said: It isn't Peter who is knocking there, but his angel.)


Filppula and Klemola (1695--96) ĴˤСιʸ٤Ѹˤƾ夬äƤȤơȯãطʤˤϡȸˤбɽ¸ߤäΤǤϤʤȤβ󵯤Ƥ롥1ĤϡɸޤॱȽˡѸŤбɽ¸ߤƤȤ¤ϥե󥹸ˤƱͤζĴʸ¸ߤषե󥹸줫αƶȹͤۤǤϤʤȤ⤢뤬ȽǤλѤΤۤŤȤȤȸ첾ˤȤäƤɤȤʤäƤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡ奢ɱѸ (irish_english) ǡѸζĴʸŪͳ٤ι⤤ĴʸȤƤȤ¤㤨СΤ褦ʼͳѤ (Filppula and Klemola 1698 ѡˡ

It is looking for more land they are.
Tis joking you are, I suppose.
Tis well you looked.


Τ褦ʥɱѸˤ롤Ū¤ξʤĴʸλѤϡΤ褦ħĥȸδؤξ˱Ѹ줬ääƤ뤿Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ִظ첾 (substratum_theory) ʤ
ζĴʸλǤϤʤ̤˥ȸ첾ФƤϰ¿űѸʰˤ鸽Ѹ˵ڤĹʻ֤ȤѸȥȸθܿϡΤ˥ƥ󥰤ǤϤ롥

Filppula, Markku and Juhani Klemola. "English in Contact: Celtic and Celtic Englishes." Chapter 107 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1687--1703.

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2021-11-07 Sun

#4577. ѸȸťΥɸ졤ޥ󥱥ȸȥե󥯸 [old_norse][french][latin][celtic][frankish][contact][hfl]

ѸˤǤϡ󥰻8ȾФ11ޤǡˤˤѸȸťΥɸ (old_norse) ǻ̩ʸܿ (contact) ФȤʤ롥ܥ֥ǤϢ¿ε񤤤ƤȤƤΤξüԡˤ褽δطˤäȤȤ
2δؤܿ¿ΥǤϡҲŪʾ岼ζ̤ΤǤ롥󥰥Υ֥ƥ翯άαѸȥȸθܿǤϡѸ줬 (superstratum) ǥȸ줬 (substratum) äޤΥޥʸαѸȥե󥹸θܿǤϡѸ줬 (substratum) ǥե󥹸줬 (superstratum) ä
ҲŪʾ岼ΤǤϤʤ2Ĥθ줬¤ (adstratum) Ȥʤ륱⤢롥嵭αѸȸťΥɸθܿϡŵȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ¿
Τ褦⤦1ĵ󤲤Ȥȡޥ󥱥ȸȥե󥯸θܿȤʤ롥츫ȻۼԤǤե󥯸줬̤ǡۼԤǤޥ󥱥ȸ줬̤ȤҲŪʴطΩƤȹͤ뤫⤷ʤMillar (4--5) ˤȲ¤ӤȹͤΤǤŬڤȤ

In post-Roman Gaul, for instance, the relationship between the military dominant Franks and the Romano-Celtic population whom they ruled was not one of a genuinely superstratal versus substratal type. Instead, the relationship between the two groupings are best described as adstratal. While the military power of the Franks was considerable, their administration for Roman tradition and lifestyle was perpetually present; they were often bilingual. By the same token, the Gallo-Roman elite appear to have been happy to take on aspects of Frankish culture --- in particularly, names --- from an early period. No doubt they were more than aware of the centre towards which power, influence and capital of various sorts was now flowing. The Frankish influence upon the ancestor of modern French are visible, therefore, but they tend to be concentrated in particular semantic fields, such as the technology and practice of warfare and fortification, where the Franks' primary expertise and power base lay. A good example of this is Modern French maréchal 'supreme war leader', but originally 'leader of the cavalry', borrowed early on from Frankish.


Ѹˤȥե󥹸ˤ˴ؤ "adstratal relationship" 򼨤2ȤõƤ

Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-08-1]

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2021-08-13 Fri

#4491. 1300ǯä󥰥ɤδѸ첽 [anglo-saxon][language_death][celtic][welsh][cornish][linguistic_imperialism]

ϢεǡѸŪˤĤ Trudgill ͤ򻲾ȤƤκǽǡTrudgill (30) ƶŦ򤷤Ƥ롥

Meanwhile, as all the events described above [= the expansion of English] were taking place around the world, back on the island of Britain, where the English language first came into being, Brittonic, the first language ever to be threatened by English, continued to hold its own in the forms of Welsh and Cornish, well over a millennium after contact with Germanic had first begun. Indeed, there were for a long time still parts of the English language's homeland, England, which remained non-English speaking. Some small border areas of England in Herefordshire and Shropshire---Oswestry, for example---remained Welsh-speaking until the middle of the eighteenth century. And Cornish . . . , which had survived the Anglo-Saxon incursions for many centuries, seems to have been lost as a viable native community language only in the late 1700s---although by that time there would have been very few monolingual Cornish speakers for several generations. When it eventually died out, England for the first time finally became a totally English-speaking country: the complete linguistic anglicisation of England had taken 1,300 years.


4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡѸ줬֥ƥ礫鱩ФơŪŪ뤲ȤͤȤƱѸ줬ɨǤ륤󥰥ɤδѸ첽ãΤˡ5Υ󥰥ͤ褫1300ǯ⤫äȤΤϡȤۤʤơ⤦1ʿԤ롥Ʊ4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡꥹۤޤȤƤθؤ˻äȤͤȤɨǤ륤󥰥ɤ˾֥ƥΤ줷ȤʤܲΥåȥɾ򸫤¤ꡤ֥ƥ缫Τˤ԰¤ƤȤΤϡȤۤʤ21αѸ첽βǽˡŪ¤ƧޤƤɬפ
ʸǿƤ륱ȷϸ Welsh Cornish ˤĤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#3742. 륺ǯɽ ([2019-07-26-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-24-1]

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2021-05-16 Sun

#4402. ʹԷεȯã [verb][participle][gerund][syntax][aspect][contact][latin][french][celtic][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵򤷤ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯã򤶤äȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťե󥹸бʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2020-03-09 Mon

#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ [contact][borrowing][sociolinguistics][latin][old_norse][celtic][french][celtic_hypothesis][prestige]

ε#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1]) Ƴܿ (contact) ʬ뿷ʽѸѤơѸˤˤƸܿμפʻ󶡤Ƥ4ΡʼҲ˸ŪƶӡоȤƤߤȤϤäƤ⡤ΥꥸʥǤϤʤFischer et al. (55) ޤȤƤƤΤƸƤˤʤ4Ȥϥƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸Ǥ롥

Parameters (social and linguistic)Latin Contact --- OE/ME period and RenaissanceScandinavian Contact --- OE(/ME) periodCeltic Contact --- OE/ME period and beyond (in Celtic varieties of English)French Contact --- mainly ME period
(1) Type of language agentivity (primary mechanism)Recipient (imitation)Source (adaptation)Source (adaptation)Recipient (imitation)
(2) Type of communicationIndirectDirectDirect(In)direct
(3) Length and intensity of communicationLowHighAverage (?)Average
(4) Percentage of population speaking the contact languageSmallRelatively largeRelatively largeSmall
(5) Socio-economic statusHighEqualLowHigh
(6) Language prestigeHighEqualLowHigh
(7) Bilingual speakers (among the English speakers)Yes (but less direct)NoNoSome
(8) Schooling (providing access to target language)YesNoNo (only in later periods)Some
(9) Existence of standard in source/target languageYes/YesNo/NoNo/No (only in later periods)Yes/No
(10) Influence on the lexicon of the target language (types of loanword)Small (formal)Large in the Danelaw area (informal)Small (except in Celtic varieties of English) (informal)Very large (mostly formal)
(11) Influence on the phonology of the target languageNoYesYes? (clearly in Celtic varieties of English)Some
(12) Linguistic similarity with target languageNoYesNoNo


ƥѥ᡼ͤˤĤƤϡȤɽ ? դƤ뤳Ȥʬ̤ꡤ;Ϥ⤢ȤСFischer et al. ϥ֥ƥδظȤƤΥȸ줬˿ƤѸ˾ʤ̸ŪƶͿȤ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˾ʤ餺ͿƤ褦Ωˤϰ⤢롥
Τ褦͡ʥѥ᡼4αƶħŤƤߤȡơθ줫αƶ˸ŪǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ơΤ褦¿¿ͤʱƶۤʤ˼ǤѸȤλƳǧ
Ѹ˱ƶͿƤӡоȤˤĤƤϡʲεɤ

#37. ֥ƥؿ5̱²θȤαѸؤαƶ ([2009-06-04-1])
#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťե󥹸αƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1])
#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])
#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1])
#2354. ťΥɸαƶŪե󥹸αƶʸŪ ([2015-10-07-1])

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2019-09-18 Wed

#3796. ޥͤΰưȥȿͤΰư [anglo-saxon][celtic][history][map]

5Υ󥰥Υ֥ƥؤϡ֥ޥ̱²ư (Volkerwanderung) ΰĤȤƤ褯ΤƤ뤬ƱƤȤΰưˤĤƤä̾ΤͿƤ餺ݤ¤ϡ֥ƥΥȿͤϡ󥰥夹4--8ΤʤʤưŪäΤǤ롥4--5ˤϥɤ饹åȥߤ䥦륺ߤؤΰܽߤ줿4--8Τˤϥ֥ƥ鳤˱ۤƥ֥륿˥Ⱦؤ͡ϤäƤʸԤˤĤƤϡ#734. panda Britain ([2011-05-01-1]) ȡ#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
衤󥰥󤬥֥ƥ˲äƤȤˤꡤȤɤ줿ȹͤƤȤϼºݤˤϥ󥰥󤬤äƤ͡ư򼨤ƤΤǤ롥 (12--13) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

衤󥰥ͤϡ轻ΥȿͤǤϥ륺ʥͤθդǡֳͤϡפ̣ˤ䥳󥦥롤ǤϹϥåȥȤäնɤäȹͤƤޥͤγưǤä塤ꥹΥȿͤưȯǤäȤ˺ƤϤʤʤǤ˻ˤϥɤΥåȿ֥ͤƥ˰ܽ轻Υԥȿͤ礹뤫ǸΥåȥɤ뤳ȤˤʤäΥɿͤϥ륺ˤϤä륺ʤɥ֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤ⡤?ȬˡϤäƥ֥륿˥Ⱦ塤ꥹȤǤȤ礭ʿ͡ư줿ΤǤ롥
ǯǤϡ󥰥ɤ⥱ȷ轻̱व줿櫓ǤϤʤΥȿͤ¿轻̱ͻ礷Ƥ褦ˡºݤˤ϶⤷ƤȤ͸ųؤȯˤä餫ˤƤƤ롥󥰥ο͸ϥȿͤο魯ΤǤϤʤä褦βǡͥǤä󥰥ʸ夷Ѹ줬Ѥʤɡ󥰥ϰ褫饱ʸवƤäȤ⡤ޤΤǤ롥


#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1]) Τ褦ϿޤˡȤΰưȤ߹碌̤Ͽޡʻ, p. 12 ˤ򼨤

Volkerwanderung of the Anglo-Saxons and Celts

ǯΥ󥰥ΡŷŪʰפȤǤϤʤȤȤζꤹ롤䤫⤬ʹ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1]) ε䡤Υε򻲾ȡ

ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-07 Sat

#3785. ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ (2) [roman_britain][latin][celtic][history][gaulish][contact][language_shift][prestige][sociolinguistics]

ε³ޥ󡦥֥ƥθˤĤơDurkin (58) ϡ޻ΥꥢθӤʤ顤ͻƤ롥

One tantalizing comparison is with Roman Gaul. It is generally thought that under the Empire the linguistic situation was broadly similar in Gaul, with Latin the language of an urbanized elite and Gaulish remaining the language in general use in the population at large. Like Britain, Gaul was subject to Germanic invasions, and northern Gaul eventually took on a new name from its Frankish conquerors. However, France emerged as a Romance-speaking country, with a language that is Latin-derived in grammar and overwhelmingly also in lexis. One possible explanation for the very different outcomes in the two former provinces is that urban life may have remained in much better shape in Gaul than in Britain; Gaul had been Roman for longer than Britain, and urban life was probably much more developed and on a larger scale, and may have proved more resilient when facing economic and political vicissitudes. In Gaul the Franks probably took over at least some functioning urban centres where an existing Latin-speaking elite formed the basis for the future administration of the territory; this, combined with the importance and prestige of Latin as the language of the western Church, probably led ultimately to the emergence of a Romance-speaking nation. In Britain the existing population, whether speaking Latin or Celtic, probably held very little prestige in the eyes of the Anglo-Saxon incomers, and this may have been a key factor in determining that England became a Germanic-speaking territory: the Anglo-Saxons may simply not have had enough incentive to adopt the language(s) of these people.


ĤޤꡤαƶĹ³ʤä֥ƥˤƤϡƥ¸ߴϤۤʤ轻Υȿͤ⡤褷Ƥޥͤ⡤礭ʸŪƶ뤳ȤϤʤäޤƤƥظ (language_shift) 뤳ȤʤäꥢˤƤϡαƶĹ³ƥʤƥޥ󥹸ˤȤθܿ³ˡǽŪ˴ؤΥȸȯΥե󥯸⡤ƥݤ߹ޤ褦ˤƾǤƤȤˤʤäȤ櫓
֥ƥȥꥢϡȷϸδؤξ˥ƥ줬֤äƤȤǤ϶̤ˤͭƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ƥȤܿδ֤̩٤ȤǤϺꡤ줬ơϰˤθˤפʥѥȤͿȤȤκϡʬŪˤϥޤεΥκƥФƤҿκؤԸǤΤ⤷ʤ
ξϰμҲŪʾκϡäƱѸȥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸμ̤κˤƶͿƤ롥ˤĤƤϡDurkin ˤ#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-08-1]

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2019-09-06 Fri

#3784. ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ (1) [roman_britain][latin][celtic][history][sociolinguistics][bilingualism]

Claudius ˤ֥ƥä43ǯ顤ޤűह410ǯޤǤΥޥ󡦥֥ƥˤϡϤʤΤäΤȷϸȥƥϤɤΤ餤¸Ƥꡤɤ٤ΥХ󥬥ҲäΤˤĤƤΤʤȤ餫ˤƤ餺褽¬ΰФʤ1ĤθȤ Durkin (57--58) ˼򷹤Ƥߤ褦

Unfortunately for our purposes, the linguistic situation is one of the things about which we know the least. During the period of Roman imperial domination, Latin was certainly the language of administration and of much of the elite; what is much less certain, and rather hotly disputed, is whether it was also the language of the 'man in the street', and if it was, whether it remained so in more troubled times before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The assumption made by most scholars is that Latin had relatively little currency outside the urban areas; that (some form of) Celtic was the crucial lingua franca; while auxiliaries recruited from many locations both inside and outside the Roman Empire probably spoke their own native languages. There were certainly Germani among such auxiliaries. There were probably also slaves of Germanic origin in Britain and in the later stages of Roman Britain there were also certainly at least some mercenaries and other irregular forces of Germanic origin, and some settlements associated with such people. They may have been quite numerous, but it is unlikely that they had any significant impact on the subsequent linguistic history of Britain.


ƥϥ֥ƥߤԻǤѤƤʳǤϽΥȸäƤϤȤΤθǤ롥ŪΰˤƤϥХ󥬥Ҳ¸ߤȻפ뤬ۤΤǤϤʤäޥ󡦥֥ƥθˤϡޥͤ⤢٤οǥ֥ƥ˽ޤäƤȤϳΤʤ褦ǤꡤθϤʣäȻפ롥
ޥ󡦥֥ƥˤΤܤ̾ˤĤƤϡ#3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1])#3454. ʤ󥰥ɤ˥ƥ̾ޤĤʤäΤ ([2018-10-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-08-1]

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2019-08-15 Thu

#3762. Ȥԥɥ륤 (Druid) θ츻 [celtic][etymology]

Ȥԥɥ륤 (Druid) ϡ۶Ūʥ᡼ʤȤ롥ɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤС֥ɥ륤 (Druide)פϼΤ褦롥

ΥȿͤοĤĤɤäԡʺ׳顥7Τ˻Ѥ򸽤1ΥΡԥꥢﵭդˤСɥ륤ɤϵ²ؤ°οȽ̱ζʤɤĤɤꡤʸҤͭȿͤǤ򿮤ưʪλѤȤҡ俹Ȥ˥ɥꥮ뤷򤵤ꤤ򤪤ʤäƳΤȸǸҥڤΤäƤ͡Ӥ̣ɥ륤ɤǤä夳οĤκ濴Ϥϥ֥꥿˥Υ(ߤΥ륺Υ󥰥륷)ǡ˲ȥȥˤС61ǯ޷򹶤᤿Ȥᄀ褿¿Υɥ륤ɤ()ʼڤݤƤ롥λĤηˡȤνɥ륤ɤϿꤨꥹȶڤȤȤ˾ǤǤ̱äŪ˻¸ƤȤ롥


ŵꥷ졦ƥˤƤϡdruides, druidae ʤɤʣѤΤǤꡤɥ륤ɤĤȤƳƤȤ롥θ츻ˤĤƤϡ͡ʲ⤬󾧤Ƥ롥ġᲬ (33--34) ˤС̤ꡥ

Υɥ륤 Druid druidai (Gr.), druidae, druides (L.), druvis, darach (Gaelic)͡
ץ˥⡡<A man of the oak> ֳߤڤο͡
ڥ⡡drus (Gr.) = oak ʳߡߥʥ
doire (Gaelic) = grove ʿ
ȡ⡡<Inhabitant of oak> ֳߤ˽͡
dairaoi, draoi, dair (Gr.) = oak
aoi = A stranger, guest ˬ͡
ե졼⡡<The wisdom of the oak> ֳߤڤθԡ
dair, duir (Ir.), dru, daru (Scot.), drew (WI.) = oak
wid or uid (Indo-German) = wisdom, knowing
ܥ⡡<Very wise man> ְʸԡ
Dru ʶĴˡvid, wid Τ = very + uid = knowing μ
ȡ⡡<Truth-teller> ֿ¤ԡ
dryw (WI.) = wren (bird, spirit of oak)
dryw (Ger.) = treu, true (Eng.)
⡡<A servant of truth> ֿ¤˻Ťԡ
drus = oak


¿˶̤Τϡɥ륤ɤμͥ줿ָԡפǤȤޤߤڤ俹ؤθڤꡤϥɥ륤ɤʤ뿹Ǻ׵ԤʤäƤǤ뤳ȡȤ櫓ߤڤѤƤȤȴطȤʳߤڤȴϢŤ츻Ǥϡdru- ڡפȲᤵƤꡤϱѸ tree ȤƱȤˡ
θ츻ˤ衤Ѹؤϥƥե󥹸𤷤16Ƴ줿Ǥ롥

Წ ݡˡإȤܡ١Ź2000ǯ

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2019-08-14 Wed

#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ [etymology][celtic][breton][geography][onomastics][toponymy]

ɸ2Ĥ̾ƱǤꡤŪˤñ˶ᤤȤˤȤɤޤ餺ۤȤƱǤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#734. panda Britain ([2011-05-01-1]) Ǽ夲ܸǤȤΥꥹΡ֥֥ƥˡפȥե󥹤Ρ֥֥륿˥ȾˡפϡѸǤ Britain, Brittany ̡θˤʤäƤ뤬ե󥹸Ǥϸߤ Bretagne 1ǤޤʤäƤ롥2ĤϰϥȷϤΥ֥ȥ (Breton) ̾Ʊ̱²Ȥ˽ߤĤϰǤꡤƶ̤ʤСʤƼºݤŪ˶̤Ƥˡ֥ƥפȡ־֥ƥפȸƤʬ٤ϰʤΤǤ롥
ŪʸˤС5Υ󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ翯ȼäơ轻̱Ǥ֥ȥͤϥ֥ƥΥ󥦥ɤͤ줿ΰϡϤäƸߤΥ֥륿˥ȾؤȰܽȤ֥ȥͤȵʤܽԤϡοŷϤιƱ֥֥ƥפȸƤӡΤȤ֥֥ȥ׿ͤȸƤ³ˤꡤ˻ޤdz򶴤̤Ʊ̾2̾ݡˤǧΤǤ̤Υ֥ƥΥ֥륿˥ (Britain/Bretagne)̤Υ󥦥Υ̥ (Cornwall/Cornouaille
Ǥϡ֥ƥʤ֥륿˥ʤꡤ⤽⤳θϤɤ褿Τ (82) ϡԤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

֥륿˥ (Bretagne) ϡƥ֥֥꥿˥ (Britannia)פ餭̾Ǥ롥֥꥿˥Ȥϡȥɡ֥륿˥ʥ쥤ȡ֥ƥˤ̾Ǥäơν̱ΤȤť޿͡ʤȤ˥ꥦˤ֥꥿˥ (Britanni) ȸƤȤͳ褹롥ꥷΡ֥ץ쥿ΥפѷȤ뤬轻̱ϡѹ񡤥ɤʤαߤν˿д夫齻ǤȤ롥֥륿˥ϱѸǤϡ֥֥꥿ˡ (Brittany)פȸƤӡ֥ƥȤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ե󥹸ǤƱѤƤΤդƤˤϡΤˤ⥱̱²ܤ꽻褦ˤʤꡤ˹ä


Წ (85) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥

֥֥꥿˥פȤ̾θϡΥꥷͥԥƥ˴ŤΤǡΥ󥰥ɤȡʸʥåȥɡ륺󥦥롤ޥˤο֥֥͡쥿ΥפȸƤȤ顤ƥǡ֥֥꥿˥פȤʤä


ϹäƤ뤬֥ƥˤ֥륿˥ˤ衤ȷϤ1̱²θƾΤΤޤѤƸߤˤȤȤǤ롥̾˴ؤ¤ꡤ󥰥ŪʱѸŪˤ̣ФʤȤȤפǤ롥

ݡإ֥륿˥ؤι --- եʸδؤơ١īʹҡīӡ1992ǯ
Წ ݡإȡλ ---ϥ󤫤̿۴ġ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

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2019-08-13 Tue

#3760. ߽Ф줿ȼʸ [celtic][ogham][runic][alphabet][writing][geography][breton][geolinguistics]

ε#3759. Ϥޤä¯ʸ ([2019-08-12-1]) ǰѤꡤϢ夲ǤϤۤ᤯¯ʸȯãȤȤȼʸΩޤħŪʤȤȤ (213--14) Ѥ롥

󥸥ʥӥǤϡ񤬤ޤϤݤäƤ˥롼ʥ롼͡ʸ̥ɥĤǤϻ˥եʤηˤäơʸѤ르ȸ쿷ߤ줿ʸκʸؤȼνʸϽФǤꡤޤ˥ǤθŪϽФλߤȤȤǤ롥ǤϥȸΥʸ⤽ߤΰĤȤ뤬ȬäʤɤʸѤ줿ˤʤäΰ̣ǤϤϼԻȤäۤ
Фơƥ줬ܿͤΤȤФȤƤդĤѤ줿泤ϰǤϡĤޤǤƥν񤭤ȤФȤƤθҤ줺ϸθʸѤ̤Ȥ٤줿ˤС¯ƥλФơŵƥθҤˤϳΩϻȤϤˤޤǻ³ե󥹤ǤϡȤĶ뤽θҤե󥹸줬ѤȤǥե󥹸Υ衼åˤ錄ޤ˥ƥޤѤȤƼĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ꥫξϥꥢȤ˥ʸαƶϤζϰΰʤƤ櫓ǡƥθҤϤۤΥȸϰʾ˶Ϥ˻¸Ƥȹͤ롥λΥ֥쥤ʸؤν񤭤ȤФξڵ򤬤ʤΤϤ𤬴طƤ


Ǥϥƥ޻θҤŪ㤤ˡθʸ򸢰ҤŤ褦Ȥ뵤ޤ䤹ȤȤŪˤ⤷Ǥ롥
ʤǼˤʸΡּԻפɾƤ륪ʸˤĤƤϡ#2489. ʸ ([2016-02-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ

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2019-08-12 Mon

#3759. Ϥޤä¯ʸ [celtic][anglo-saxon][germanic][latin][literature][writing][geography][geolinguistics]

Υ衼åѤˤ¯ʸȯãϡ˻Ϥޤä褦ˤߤ롥ƥǤϤʤ¯ (vernacular) ǽ񤫤줿ʸؤΤϡե󥹸Ǥ1098ǯΡإβΡ١ɥĸǤ13Ρإˡ٥󥲥βΡ٤Ȥߥ󥰤ѸǤϤä᤯700ǯȤإ٥ա٤ǽǤ롥
Ūˤ˼˰֤륢ɸˤĤƤϡ¸ǸŤʸ1106ǯΡإʡ̥ɥ٤1160ǯΡإ饰ͥåؽ٤Ȥ뤬ε6ˤޤǤΤܤȤ6Υ顼󡦥ե륮ˤ֥७СΡפǤ褯ΤƤ롥Ʊ륺ˤĤƤ⸽¸ǸŤʸ13ʹߤ֥ͥס֥ꥨפʤɤλΤε6ˤΤܤ餷ˤ¯ʸȯãۤᤫäΤϤʤ (213) Τ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥

ϤޤˤʸŪˤȤäƤե󥹤μҲؼԥХåˤ󾧤Ƥ뤳Ȥμʥ᡼ˤȤӡʤ֥꥿˥硤ɥ󥸥ʥӥܥإߥʤɤǤϡƥ϶ܿͤˤȤäƤ⳰ǤʤλȤʤޤޤǤäҤ줬ͳŪѤʤȤʤǡϸΤȤФ򤽤ѤȤͤޤ졤ƥ˻񤭤ȤФǤλѤϤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥
äơ衼åѤǤϡμ⳰ǺǽˡŪѤ¯ˤ񤭤ȤФ¯줬ι졦̱²ΤϤäȤǤҥ٥˥ǤϡϻˤϻΤФǤʤǯ嵭ˡŪʸޤǥǽ񤫤褦ˤʤä꡼ˡŪʸϰ졻ϥƥ줫ǰˤʤäо줹Τǡ٤Ȥλ٤㤤ꥢϥäȤȤطƤ


ǤϥƥθҤŬ٤˼夫äȤפǤ롥ƥȵΥ֤¯λѤ¥ΤǤ롥̤δߤСμҲϡƥ줫ɷ㤳ƥ򤽤Τޤ޻Ѥۤɤˤϥƥ줫֤줷ʤäȤθ캹⤢äƸؾΥϥǥ򴶤ƤȤȤǤϤʤ
ơΤ褦ʸؾκ򾯤Ǥڤ˾ۤ뤿ˡؽμΥƥ˥å褯ȯãΤħǤ롥#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) εǡʬ񤭤ϡֳؽԤθɤ߽񤭤ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹פȽҤ٤ν񵭾γ׿⤿餷Τϡۤʤ̥ꥹȤ˽ཤƻΤäΤǤ롥

إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-13-1]

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2019-08-10 Sat

#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][notice][slide][celtic][link]

#3732. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥ȤפΤ ([2019-07-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ727ڡ15:15?18:30ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơֱѸˤȸ츻2Ȥ򳫹֤ޤ¿˻äƤ٤߻֤ߤޤʤۤ夬ޤ꤬Ȥޤ  *
(1) ȤȤϲ(2) Ѹˤߤ륱Ūǡ(3) ѸʸδؤȤƤΥȡȤ3濴ˡѸȥȤŪʴطˤĤ͡ʳ٤äƤߤޤ饤ɻ֤Ƥޤ
397ڡ15:15?18:30ˡֱѸˤȸ츻3ο̱ϡꤷƤäͽǤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻2 ֥Ȥ
2. 2󡡥Ȥ
3. ܼ
4. 1. ȤȤϲ
5. ֥ȡפȤä
6. ȿͤʵ1ǯȾ
7. ȸɤη
8. ֥ƥˤ륱ν̾
9. ơΥȸˤĤ
10. 2. Ѹˤߤ륱Ū
11. ѸϾˤȤɤޤ (#3680)
12. ɸ줫μѸǯʬ
13. ѤδŪʷϩ
14. 󥰥ͤȥȿͤδط
15. ͭ̾˻Ĥ˥ȸ
16. ðʳؤαƶ
17. ɸ줫饢ɱѸءƥꥫѸ
18. 3. ѸʸδؤȤƤΥ
19. إǥեʡ (The Lindisfarne Gospels)
20. إ륺ν (The Book of Kells) (#3680)
21. ʪ
22. ʬ񤭤ȯ
23. ޤȤ
24. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-10-1] [2022-03-12-1]

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2019-08-09 Fri

#3756. ɸ줫μѸǯʬ [loan_word][irish][celtic][statistics][lexicology]

Ϣȴط³Ƥ뤬#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1])#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1])#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) ˰³Ѹꡥ
Durkin OED3 ѤĴˤСѸ˾ʤ̸ŪƶͿ25̤θΤʤǡȷϽȤƤϥɸΤߤ󥯥󤹤ȤǡѸȤƥɸ˥åȤʤäơѸǯ̤˥ץåȤΤΥդǤ (Durkin 94) OED3 A--ALZ, M--RZ ʬΤߤоݤȤĴǤ롥

Loanwords from Irish, as Reflected by OED3 (A-ALZ and M-RZ)

19Ⱦ˼ѸΥԡƤ뤬ƱѸˤǤߤ0.2%ۤ٤Ǥꡤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΥǥܥϤˤ衤ɼѸϾΩʤ¸ߤǤäȤ狼롥ͻϰϤ򥱥ȽΤ˹ƤߤƤ⡤ѤʤϢ¾θ줫μѸʬۤ٤Ƥ餤

#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])
#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])
#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-07 Wed

#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤ [celtic][borrowing][syntax][contact][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][do-periphrasis][reflexive_pronoun][be][nptr][fricative_voicing][cleft_sentence]

20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ

űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³򼨤Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤե󥹸бʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-06 Tue

#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡо [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][language_shift][diglossia][sociolinguistics][contrastive_language_history]

ε#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ ([2019-08-05-1]) ǡե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸ򳵴ѤϤȱѸΥȼѸȤӡоȤ褦
ѸΥȼѸοۤΰ찮Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ǸƤե󥹸ǤϺεǸ褦ˡʤȤ100ۤ륱ñ줬ѤƤŪˤϱʩδ֤˺Ȥ⤤ŪˤߤСۤ礭ʿǤϤʤʸ̤ꡤ޽ɴȤäƤ褤μҲˤƤ⡤ȸϼҲŪ˰ҿ㤤äȤȤǤ롥
ȼѸμŪʺۤˤܤ٤Τ롥ѸäƤñˤȤ٤ΤϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ե󥹸ΥȼѸˤϡDurkin (85) λŦ̤ꡤʲΤ褦˹ٸޤޤƤʤˡΤĤѸϥե󥹸줫ѤƤˡ

. . . changer is quite a high-frequency word, as are pièce and chemin (and its derivatives). If admitted to the list, petit belongs to a very basic level of the vocabulary. The meanings 'beaver', 'beer', 'boundary', 'change', 'fear' (albeit as noun), 'to flow', 'he-goat', 'oak', 'piece', 'plough' (albeit as verb), 'road', 'rock', 'sheep', 'small', and 'sow' all figure in the list of 1,460 basic meanings . . . . Ultimately, through borrowing from French, the impact is also visible in a number of high-frequency words in the vocabulary of modern English . . . beak, carpentry, change, cream, drape, piece, quay, vassal, and (ultimately reflecting the same borrowing as French char 'chariot') carry and car.


μŪʺۤϲˤΤʤΤŪʸˤС֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤϥ󥰥ͤοˤŪû֤Ƕव졤Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ®˿ʹԤȹͤƤ롥ꥢΥͤϡƥ졦ޥĸüԤ˰Ϥ򤫤줿ȤϤĹ֤ˤ錄궦¸ˤǤԻԤǤϥƥ첽ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥϥ줬ä³졤diglossia ξĹ³ϤޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥θ塤ե󥹸ˤˤϥޥ⻲Ƥ뤬ǤŪʸϤʤäȤ롥ɤ顤ʩˤ륱ȼѸμκۤϸܿ (contact) ȸμҲŪΰ㤤˵褦ˤĤơDurkin (86) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . whereas in Gaul the Germanic conquerors arrived with relatively little disruption to the existing linguistic situation, in Britain we find a complete disruption, with English becoming the language in general use in (it seems) all contexts. Thus Gaul shows a very gradual switch from Gaulish to Latin/Romance, with some subsequent Germanic input, while Britain seems to show a much more rapid switch to English from Celtic and (maybe) Latin (that is, if Latin retained any vitality in Britain at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement).


αʩˤ뺹ۤϡܿ෿ǤȤΡ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ζ̤۵ (see #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]), #1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])) ֥ƥǤ borrowing βꥢǤ shift-induced interference βơͿƤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ե󥹸ˤθƤȡѸˤΥȼѸħ䤫⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥줳оȸˤ̥ϤǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-05 Mon

#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][hybrid][hfl]

ϢѸˤ륱Ƚ줫μѸˤƤ뤬򤫤ƥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸξDurkin (83--87) ˰͵򤷤ƤߤƤ
޻Υե󥹡ʥꥢˤǤϡƥ¤Υ (Gaulish) ĹѤƤԻǤϥƥʥޥĸȤ٤˥ե󥹸ȤȤäƤǤϥǴ궯ĤäƤ褦Ĺˤ錄ܿη̤ȤơΥե󥹸ˤϡѸξ¿ΥȼѸ줬ޤƤȤϤäƤ⡤100ۤ٤ǤϤʸˤä50--500ޤǤγˡ#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) DZѸξˤĤƵŸ褦ˡѤλ롼ȤưפǤϤʤ褦οˤϡƥ˼Ѥ줿Τ䡤ĤθФƴŪ˼Ѥ줿ΤʤɤޤޤƤꡤե󥹸üԤȥüԤľܤܿ˵٤ΤФǤϤʤ
嵭դĤġʲ˰̣ʬ̤ΥȼѸꥹȤΰ󤲤褦 (Durkin 84)

ưʪbièvre "beaver", blaireau "badger", bouc "billy goat", mouton "sheep", vautre "type of hunting dog"; chamois "chamois", palefroi "palfrey", truie "sow" ʺǸ3ĤϺ
Ļalouette "lark", chat-huant "tawny owl"
alose "shad", loche "loach", lotte "burbot", tanche "tench", vandoise "dace", brochet "pike"; limande "dab" ʥƬ򼨤

Ρ֥եñפΤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Τ⤢롥mutton, palfrey, loach, tench, chamois ʤɤαñϡ¤ϥȸ쵯äȤȤñ buck, beaver ʤɤϻ𤬰ۤʤꡤե󥹸 bièvre, bouc ȤϼѤˤΤǤϤʤȤ˰ĸˤΤܤ뤫brasserie ʥӡ¤ˤ cervoise ʸӡˤʤɤϡͤʬ򼨤Ƥ褦Ǥ⤷
ե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸΤ¾θ򥢥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Durkin 84)

arpent'measure of land'
bec'beak'
béret'beret'
borne'boundary (marker)'
boue'mud'
bouge'hovel, dive' (earlier 'bag')
bruyère'heather, briar-root'
changer'to change'
char'chariot' (reflecting a borrowing which had occurred already in classical Latin, whence also charrue 'plough')
charpente'framework' (originally the name of a type of chariot)
chemin'road, way'
chêne'oak'
craindre (partly)'to fear'
crème'cream'
drap'sheet, cloth'
javelot'javelin'
lieue'league (measure of distance)'
marne'marl' (earlier marle, hence English marl)
pièce'piece'
ruche'beehive'
sillon'furrow'
soc'ploughshare'
suie'soot'
vassal'vassal'
barre'bar'
jaillir'to gush, spring, shoot out'
quai'quay'


ʩˤ륱ȼѸηκۤȤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-06-1]

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