ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤʥˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդεȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬ȤơʲƤޤ
#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])
ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ
#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15
ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷνǤ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤʥˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդεȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬ȤơʲƤޤ
#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])
ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ
#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15
ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷνǤ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#5139. Ѹˤˤơ֥ȸ첾פ꺻Ƥ ([2023-05-23-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ܤ1Ĥ "Lack of external possessor construction" 롥ѸˤϡֳŪͭ¤פ礱Ƥꡤ§ȤơŪͭ¤ (internal possessor construction) ΤߤȤ롥ơԤħϥȽȤθܿˤäͶ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ⤬Ƥ롥
Ūͭ¤Ȥ my head Τ褦ˡ°ʡʽͭʡˤˤľ̾ƽͭط¤ΤȤǤ롥Ūͭ¤Ȥϡ*the head to me Τ褦ɽˤߤ褦ˡŵŪˤͿʤˤŪ̾̾γ¦ͭط¤ΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤŪͭ¤§űѸǤϤषŪͭ¤ߤ줿㤨СHickey (499) ϸűѻ Poem of Judith ʲƤ롥
þæt him þæt heafod wand forð on ða flore
lit.: that him-DATIVE that head ...
'that his head rolled forth on the floor'
űѸ˸¤餺¿Υ衼åѤνǤϡŪͭ¤ޤƤХ졤ϥ졤ޥ륿ʤɤǤ⳰Ūͭ¤ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ƥ衼åŪʸħȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ε㳰ѸǤꡤ륺ǤꡤȤΥꥹʬۤʤ˾θǤϡŪͭ¤ޤ롥¾Ūͭ¤ΤϡΥ줿衼åѤγǤꡤȥ륳쥺ʥե1ġˤˤߤ뤬ȥꥹν줬طƤȤϹͤˤĤޤꡤѸ졤륺졤Ūͭ¤ȤŪ˸ΩƤΤǤ롥
ơѸˤˤƤϾ嵭ǼȤꡤűѸǤϳŪͭ¤ѤƤŪͭ¤ؤȰؤаޤ롥˥륺䥳ʤɥȽˤߤ줿Ūͭ¤Ѹνͭ¤˱ƶڤܤǽ夹롥
Hickey (500) ϡββΤ褦äƤ롥
This transfer did not affect the existence of a possessor construction, but it changed the exponence of the category, a frequent effect of language contact, especially in language shift situations.
#5134. ưμʼ ([2023-05-18-1]) ǤСξ "transfer" "Rearrangement" ˳Τ̣ǤϤ롥
Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.
ε#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1]) ˰³ (264) ֥ԻĻפꤹ1 (Cornish) ϥեꥸ (Frisian) ʾ˺Ȥǰ餫ΥƤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ
˥ͤ礹ȡΥ̥ͤϥ̥륺ͤڤΥ졤ȾΤĤ줿ơΥϥȷϤηǤ륫줫ȤȤˡƱȸɤΤȤˤ֥쥤̥֥ȥͤʬΥϻȾνפεˤʤäΥϡΤ˿षƤȬǯˤäȤФȤƾǤƤޤää٤ݤθˤΥϡˤʤäƤߤäΤǤ롥ưοʼԤˤƤߤСΥκϡν̱ȤȤηӤĤ餯뼫ʷ̤Ȼפ줿ηӤĤˤĤƤȿ;ϤΤʤϡ塻ǯߤ줿-ΥͭϤʥСǤäHʡƴʷ˸路Ƥ롥֤ʤͤϥΥؤФʤƤϤʤʤΤʤʤϥͤǤסά͡褦Ȥ֤ϤɤλΤΤȤ٤ȤˤĤƤε뤳ȤϤ롥κ˾Ǯ륰롼פΤҤȤӤȤǯ˻ǤޤäΤȤФΤʤǻȤȤƤꡤ⤽˶ĤҤȤӤȤοƤȤ¤ϡܤ٤Ǥ롥ʤˤϡ饨Ȥˤإ֥饤κӤԤ⤢ۤɤǤ롥
פλϡɤ֥ƥμϰؤȡפ礷褦ȤǤ롥֥ƥüˤ륳⤽α¿ȤʤꡤƱϤ˱Ѹ줬ƩƤȤˤʤäθ塤ϼ¼ŪˤϻȤʤäƤޤä20ˤʤäƤϸ֤ͭ褷褦ȤƤ롤ȤΤ
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡΥưˤϾħŪʰյʤȤ⤢롥Τ˸Ūˤ⤷ʤ̱²߽ФפȤȤΰ̣ƹͤƤ롤ǤϤ롥
ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ
ϢεǡѸŪˤĤ Trudgill ͤȤƤκǽǡTrudgill (30) ƶŦƤ롥
Meanwhile, as all the events described above [= the expansion of English] were taking place around the world, back on the island of Britain, where the English language first came into being, Brittonic, the first language ever to be threatened by English, continued to hold its own in the forms of Welsh and Cornish, well over a millennium after contact with Germanic had first begun. Indeed, there were for a long time still parts of the English language's homeland, England, which remained non-English speaking. Some small border areas of England in Herefordshire and Shropshire---Oswestry, for example---remained Welsh-speaking until the middle of the eighteenth century. And Cornish . . . , which had survived the Anglo-Saxon incursions for many centuries, seems to have been lost as a viable native community language only in the late 1700s---although by that time there would have been very few monolingual Cornish speakers for several generations. When it eventually died out, England for the first time finally became a totally English-speaking country: the complete linguistic anglicisation of England had taken 1,300 years.
4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡѸ줬֥ƥ礫鱩ФơŪŪ뤲ȤͤȤƱѸ줬ɨǤ륤ɤδѸ첽ãΤˡ5Υͤ褫1300ǯ⤫äȤΤϡȤۤʤơ⤦1ʿԤ롥Ʊ4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡꥹۤޤȤƤθؤ˻äȤͤȤɨǤ륤ɤ˾֥ƥΤ줷ȤʤܲΥåȥɾ¤ꡤ֥ƥ缫Τˤ¤ƤȤΤϡȤۤʤ21αѸ첽βǽˡŪ¤ƧޤƤɬפ
ʸǿƤ륱ȷϸ Welsh Cornish ˤĤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#3742. 륺ǯɽ ([2019-07-26-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.
ѸθüѤȤСޤե줬פ⤫ (#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]))˥ƥ줬 (#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]), #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])) μϥޥ졤ťΥɸʤɤθ̾뤬ե졤ƥαǤۤϴʤ
ºݤΤȤѸϾ嵭ʳ¿θȤܿƤΤˤ¾θ줫μѸο¿ϤʤäۤȤɤľܤǤϤʤȤƥեͳƴŪäƤѸǤ롥¿ (multilingualism) ȤѸ̣ǼСѸ쥤ɼҲϳΤ¿ѼҲäȤΤǤ롥ѸˤѸȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Crespo (28) ɽƷ)
| LANGUAGES | Direct Introduction | Indirect Introduction |
| Latin | --- | |
| French | --- | |
| Scandinavian | --- | |
| Low German | --- | |
| High German | --- | |
| Italian | through French | |
| Spanish | through French | |
| Irish | --- | |
| Scottish Gaelic | --- | |
| Welsh | --- | |
| Cornish | --- | |
| Other Celtic languages in Europe | through French | |
| Portuguese | through French | |
| Arabic | through French and Spanish | |
| Persian | through French, Greek and Latin | |
| Turkish | through French | |
| Hebrew | through French and Latin | |
| Greek | through French by way of Latin |
ɸ3ϡŪ˵ʷϩ̤ɸѸꡤ夷Ǥ롥vane סˡvat ʾ¤Ѥʤɤβˡvixen ʻĥ͡ˤϡƬͭ v äƤ롥Ƭ v ǤϵǤⲿǤʤΤͺ˥ĥͤɽ魯 fox Фƻĥ vixen ٤Ƥߤ褦ˡ3ˤƤϸ츻Ū̵ f ͽۤȤͭðۤʤΤǤ (cf. OE fana, fæt, fyxen) ŪˤϡѸǤΤ߸Ƭ̵ΧͭʬۤŪ˸¤Ƥ3ˤĤƤϤɤ櫓ɸѸؤȯŸѼ˼ޤ졤̲ΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤϤۤȤɵŤʤ3ϻҲΡ¤äȯͳ褹ΤǤ (cf. vixen ˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary ˤ vixen ⻲ȡˡ
Ρ¤פϡΥɤǤ¸³Ƥ롥ǤϸƬ [f] Τ٤Ȥ [v] Τߤʤ餺[s], [ʃ], [θ] Τ٤Ȥdzơ [z], [ʒ], [ð] Ȥä褦ˡΤбߤ롥Upton and Widdowson (52) Ͽޤꡤfinger θƬˤĤʬۤ

ɤκüCornwall üǤɸŪ [f] ԤƤ뤬 Cornwall αѸήΤǤϤʤ˽Υȷϸ Cornish ֤ɸѸ˥롼ĤĤΤǤ (cf. #779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#2025. ɤϾ¿ä ([2014-11-12-1])ˡ
ơߤǤϸƬ [f] [v] ʬۤ˸¤Ƥ뤬Ѹˤϥ˹äƤιϰϤǡ餯Ǥ˸űѸƬͭϤޤäƤΤȻפ롥ѸǤ fader vader ʬۤ Plan and Bibliography (9) ˴Ť (101) ϿޤǤߤƤߤ褦

űѸǤϡǷѲޤǤϡˤ餺 [v] [z] ϸƬ뤳ȤϤʤäȤѸǤϡѲΤߤʤ餺̤ξƬ뤳ȤǽȤʤäLass (58--59) ϡθƬȤƤ [v], [z] ΰŪʵƤͳ1ĤϡޤͭˤȤߤƤ (cf. #1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]))
A third factor, perhaps the most likely, was the existence in Middle English of varieties that had in Old English times undergone voicing of initial fricatives. Many southern dialects had voiced at least initial /f s/ --- a development whose relics survive still in the rural West Country ('Zummerzet'). This parallels, and may well stem from, the same process in continental West Germanic: the <v> in G Vater 'father', now pronounced with /f/, and Du. initial <v> and <z> in vader and zon 'sun' (/f s/ in more innovating dialects, still /v z/ in conservative ones) reflect this. While the voicing in England was mainly southern, it did extend well up into the midlands in Early Middle English, and the standard still has a number of forms with voiced initials like vat, vixen, vane (OE fæt, fyxen, fana). Contact between speakers of these dialects and others without voicing may have facilitated borrowing of French /v z/, making them less 'outlandish'.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Kurath, Hans, Margaret S. Ogden, Charles E. Palmer, and Richard L. McKelvery. Plan and Bibliography. U of Michigan P, 1954.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ
[2011-06-10-1], [2011-06-14-1]εǥȽꤢϡȽΤʤǻ¾λȤʤäƤ륳 (Cornish) ȥޥ (Manx) Ҳ𤹤롥
Cornish ϡߡȥѥΰ Cornish pasty ǤΤƤ륤ɤκ Cornwall äƤ Brythonic (P-Celtic) ϤθǤ롥Cornish θŤʸ¿ϸ¸Ƥʤ14ȾΤΤȤ8000ԤĶ뱤ʸĤäƤ롥16פλ Cornish οȱѸοƩϤޤꡤ1777ǯˡϿƤǸü Dolly Pentreath ˴ʤäȤǻȤʤä[2011-06-10-1]ΥȸɤηޤǼȤꡤߥեΥ֥륿˥äƤ֥ȥ (Breton) ȺǤᤤǤ롥
"revived Cornish", "pseudo-Cornish", "Cornic" ȤΤ褷 Cornish Ǥʹ롥 ϡ20˥ζڰͭ͡ Cornish ͰŪ褵ΤǡºŪʸǤϤʤħŪʸȤ٤ʸˡ伭ȯԤƤꡤǤ Breton Welsh ǸäʤɤλߤʤƤ롥Price ɾϼ긷McArthur 265 ¹ˡ
It is rather as if one were to attempt in our present state of knowledge to create a form of spoken English on the basis of the fifteenth-century York mystery plays and very little else.
Ethnologue: Cornish ˤС2003ǯοפǿɴͤüԤȤ뤬Ǥ Cornish Ϥ "revived Cornish" ؤƤ롥
ˡManx ϥå峤 (the Irish Sea) ⤫֥ޥ (the Isle of Man) äƤ Goidelic (Q-Celtic) ϤθǤ롥ǸŤʸϡ1610ǯε (The Book of Common Prayer) Ǥ롥Manx 4˥ɤΰܽԤˤäƻޤ줿ȹͤ졤10--13ˤϥθ Old Norse ˤä˸Ū˱ƶ18ޤǤϥޥμפʸäʹߤϱѸοƩʤǸü Ned Mandrell 1974ǯ˴ʤꡤߤǤ1ȤƤϻȤʤäƤ롥Cornish ξƱ褦ˡManx οͰŪ¸αĤߤϤʤƤ뤬ħŪʰ̣礤ĶΤǤϤʤ
̾ϡ֥ޥθפ̣ ON manskr ME Manisk(e) ȤäΤǡθҲž ( metathesis ) Manx ȤʤäEthnologue: Manx ȡ

Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Price, Glanville. The Languages of Britain. London: Arnold, 1984.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
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