ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤʥˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդεȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬ȤơʲƤޤ
#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])
ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ
#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15
ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷνǤ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#5139. Ѹˤˤơ֥ȸ첾פ꺻Ƥ ([2023-05-23-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ܤ1Ĥ "Lack of external possessor construction" 롥ѸˤϡֳŪͭ¤פ礱Ƥꡤ§ȤơŪͭ¤ (internal possessor construction) ΤߤȤ롥ơԤħϥȽȤθܿˤäͶ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ⤬Ƥ롥
Ūͭ¤Ȥ my head Τ褦ˡ°ʡʽͭʡˤˤľ̾ƽͭط¤ΤȤǤ롥Ūͭ¤Ȥϡ*the head to me Τ褦ɽˤߤ褦ˡŵŪˤͿʤˤŪ̾̾γ¦ͭط¤ΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤŪͭ¤§űѸǤϤषŪͭ¤ߤ줿㤨СHickey (499) ϸűѻ Poem of Judith ʲƤ롥
þæt him þæt heafod wand forð on ða flore
lit.: that him-DATIVE that head ...
'that his head rolled forth on the floor'
űѸ˸¤餺¿Υ衼åѤνǤϡŪͭ¤ޤƤХ졤ϥ졤ޥ륿ʤɤǤ⳰Ūͭ¤ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ƥ衼åŪʸħȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ε㳰ѸǤꡤ륺ǤꡤȤΥꥹʬۤʤ˾θǤϡŪͭ¤ޤ롥¾Ūͭ¤ΤϡΥ줿衼åѤγǤꡤȥ륳쥺ʥե1ġˤˤߤ뤬ȥꥹν줬طƤȤϹͤˤĤޤꡤѸ졤륺졤Ūͭ¤ȤŪ˸ΩƤΤǤ롥
ơѸˤˤƤϾ嵭ǼȤꡤűѸǤϳŪͭ¤ѤƤŪͭ¤ؤȰؤаޤ롥˥륺䥳ʤɥȽˤߤ줿Ūͭ¤Ѹνͭ¤˱ƶڤܤǽ夹롥
Hickey (500) ϡββΤ褦äƤ롥
This transfer did not affect the existence of a possessor construction, but it changed the exponence of the category, a frequent effect of language contact, especially in language shift situations.
#5134. ưμʼ ([2023-05-18-1]) ǤСξ "transfer" "Rearrangement" ˳Τ̣ǤϤ롥
Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.
ε#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1]) ˰³ (264) ֥ԻĻפꤹ1 (Cornish) ϥեꥸ (Frisian) ʾ˺Ȥǰ餫ΥƤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ
˥ͤ礹ȡΥ̥ͤϥ̥륺ͤڤΥ졤ȾΤĤ줿ơΥϥȷϤηǤ륫줫ȤȤˡƱȸɤΤȤˤ֥쥤̥֥ȥͤʬΥϻȾνפεˤʤäΥϡΤ˿षƤȬǯˤäȤФȤƾǤƤޤää٤ݤθˤΥϡˤʤäƤߤäΤǤ롥ưοʼԤˤƤߤСΥκϡν̱ȤȤηӤĤ餯뼫ʷ̤Ȼפ줿ηӤĤˤĤƤȿ;ϤΤʤϡ塻ǯߤ줿-ΥͭϤʥСǤäHʡƴʷ˸路Ƥ롥֤ʤͤϥΥؤФʤƤϤʤʤΤʤʤϥͤǤסά͡褦Ȥ֤ϤɤλΤΤȤ٤ȤˤĤƤε뤳ȤϤ롥κ˾Ǯ륰롼פΤҤȤӤȤǯ˻ǤޤäΤȤФΤʤǻȤȤƤꡤ⤽˶ĤҤȤӤȤοƤȤ¤ϡܤ٤Ǥ롥ʤˤϡ饨Ȥˤإ֥饤κӤԤ⤢ۤɤǤ롥
פλϡɤ֥ƥμϰؤȡפ礷褦ȤǤ롥֥ƥüˤ륳⤽α¿ȤʤꡤƱϤ˱Ѹ줬ƩƤȤˤʤäθ塤ϼ¼ŪˤϻȤʤäƤޤä20ˤʤäƤϸ֤ͭ褷褦ȤƤ롤ȤΤ
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡΥưˤϾħŪʰյʤȤ⤢롥Τ˸Ūˤ⤷ʤ̱²߽ФפȤȤΰ̣ƹͤƤ롤ǤϤ롥
ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ
ϢεǡѸŪˤĤ Trudgill ͤȤƤκǽǡTrudgill (30) ƶŦƤ롥
Meanwhile, as all the events described above [= the expansion of English] were taking place around the world, back on the island of Britain, where the English language first came into being, Brittonic, the first language ever to be threatened by English, continued to hold its own in the forms of Welsh and Cornish, well over a millennium after contact with Germanic had first begun. Indeed, there were for a long time still parts of the English language's homeland, England, which remained non-English speaking. Some small border areas of England in Herefordshire and Shropshire---Oswestry, for example---remained Welsh-speaking until the middle of the eighteenth century. And Cornish . . . , which had survived the Anglo-Saxon incursions for many centuries, seems to have been lost as a viable native community language only in the late 1700s---although by that time there would have been very few monolingual Cornish speakers for several generations. When it eventually died out, England for the first time finally became a totally English-speaking country: the complete linguistic anglicisation of England had taken 1,300 years.
4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡѸ줬֥ƥ礫鱩ФơŪŪ뤲ȤͤȤƱѸ줬ɨǤ륤ɤδѸ첽ãΤˡ5Υͤ褫1300ǯ⤫äȤΤϡȤۤʤơ⤦1ʿԤ롥Ʊ4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡꥹۤޤȤƤθؤ˻äȤͤȤɨǤ륤ɤ˾֥ƥΤ줷ȤʤܲΥåȥɾ¤ꡤ֥ƥ缫Τˤ¤ƤȤΤϡȤۤʤ21αѸ첽βǽˡŪ¤ƧޤƤɬפ
ʸǿƤ륱ȷϸ Welsh Cornish ˤĤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#3742. 륺ǯɽ ([2019-07-26-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.
#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]) εǡɤȱѸˤ⤷Υ륺ǤˤĤơޤǤεǡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ʤɤϽƤ֥륺ǯɽפϤޤǤƤʤäΤǡάǯɽʲϡˡʪ졡륺ˡ٤δǯɽ (249--51) ꡥ륺ɤʻ礵1536ǯޤǤˤǡĻˤäưǻø⤢뤬ؤͭѤάǯɽǤ롥
| 60?61ǯ | ²νܥǥåȿ |
| 410ǯ | ޤΥ֥ƥű |
| 5Ⱦ | ͤΥ֥ƥ翯Ϥޤ |
| 476ǯ | ˴ |
| 5?6 | ֥ꥢ̥Ψ֥ȥͤ٥ɥε֤ǥͤ˴ |
| 634ǯ | ͥɥΡ֥ꥢ |
| 900?950ǯ | ϥɲμ |
| 1057ǯ | եס륺 |
| 1066ǯ | Υޥ |
| ΥޥͤΥ륺 | |
| 1093ǯ | ΥޥͤˤǥϥСեסƥɥλ |
| 1107?1111ǯ | եɥͤΥ륺ܽ |
| 1155ǯ | եסեʥɡեˡǥϥС¨ |
| 1174ǯ | ɡ֡륺֥쥳ʶ˽Ǥ |
| 1176ǯ | ɤ1ȡǥåʶϤޤ |
| 1195ǯ | ݥ¨ |
| 1198?1203ǯ | ɤ2ȡǥåʶ |
| 1199 | ס衼祵ˡ̥륺̾ |
| 1218ǯ | 祵ɤȥ |
| 1258ǯ | סեʺǸΥˡ륺̾ |
| 1276?1277ǯ | 1륺 |
| 1282?1283ǯ | 2륺补륺ŪΩ |
| 1400ǯ | 磻ɡ˪륺̾ |
| 1404ǯ | 磻륺ϤεIJ |
| 1405ǯ | 磻եƱ |
| 1409ǯ | ϥåҾ롤磻λ¾νλ |
| 1412ǯ | 磻Ǹܷ |
| 1457ǯ | إƥ塼륺Υڥ֥ޤ |
| 1461ǯ | ڥ֥롤4ФΥإƥ塼衼ɥꥢࡦϡСȤݸ |
| 1470ǯ | ꥢࡦϡС̡إƥ塼Υ㥹ѡȺƲ |
| 1471ǯ | 14ФΥإƥ塼֥륿˥˴̿ |
| 1485ǯ8 | 28ФΥإƥ塼եĤΨƥ륺롥ܥ襤ǥ㡼3ͤ |
| 1485ǯ10 | إƥ塼إ7Ȥƥɹ¨ |
ŪˡͤȥȿͤδطԤԤδطǤ롥̾夬ή뤳Ȥʤ褦ˡ§Ȥƥȸ줫ѸؤθäήʤäϤʸäήäȤƤ⡤ޤ㳰ŪȤߤ٤Ǥ롥
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) ǼΤȽŤʤ뤬С (58) ꡤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ졤ĸߤޤĤäƤΤȡbin (basket), dun (gray), ass (ass < Latin asinus) ٤ΤΤǤ롥ޤȤΥꥹȶͳƱѸäƤΤȤƤ clugge (bell), drȳ (magician) ʤɤ롥
ѸʹߤˤȯŪ˥Ƚ줫μѤߤ줿ʲ̤ˤĤƤߤ褦W = Welsh, G = Scottish Gaelic, Ir = Irish) ̤̣Ǥ롥
14 crag (G/Ir), flannel եͥ (W), loch (G).
15 bard ͷ (G), brog (Ir), clan ² (G), glen ë (G).
16 brogue ¤ (Ir/G), caber (G), cairn (G), coracle (W), gillie ²Ĺν (G), plaid ʻҼʤθݤ (G), shamrock ĥ (Ir), slogan (G), whisky (G), usquebaugh .
17 dun (G/Ir), tory ȡ (Ir), leprechaun ץۡ (Ir).
18 claymore Ϥη (G).
19 colleen (Ir), ceilidh (Ir/G), hooligan Ԥ(Ir).
20 corgi (W).
(W).
ʾ塤С (58--59) ˵äϢơ#2443. ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) ȡ
礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ
#3100. ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) ǡ16Υɽפˤꡤɡ륺ǤϱѸθҤϹޤäȽϰ̤ȽҤ٤륺˴ؤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȵ륺줿ᡤ륺줬ݻ̤ȤʤäȤҤ٤륺ˤĤƤϡפαƶˤϰ̤ʤ줿Τݻ줿ΤɤʤΤʣʥ륺ξˤĤơʿ (27) ˲⤷Ƥ롥
طǤϡɥܤϰϻǯˡӵ륺ˡΧפ̲ᤵơȵ륺ϡ줫鸫ȽϤηȤʤäʤǤϡ륺ݻ˹Ⱦ̤ǡ륺ϽθȸʤơФ뤳ȤˤʤäϽʤȤơ¼ξͤ˻¸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ĤޤꡤϻΥ륺ˤơ륺ȵˤꡤ륺ͤɹˤȤɤƤֹءפѸֱѸءפͥ褷ƤΤǤ롥η̡Ǥϥ륺줬Ѥ졤θ¸³Ĺ줿䵧ɹȤƤⶵϸⶵǤһդɸݻ뤳ȤˤäơʤȤˡްĤäϸΰҿݤ줿ϥ¦ϡŪ֡פȸƤФ롥륺λ¸ϤΡŪ֡פ˰ͤäƤפˡפϡ륺륺ͤͿλ֡륺Ͻΰǰݻ줿
Ĥޤꡤפ̤ơ륺ɤФ줿ΤΡǤ̮̿ݤäȤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤפʬƹͤ뤳Ȥǡ츫̷⤷פΥ륺ؤαƶꥢǤ褦ˤʤä
420ˡ륺ˤ륦륺ϰ̤Ϥᤶޤ褷ƤȤˤʤ뤬֤äƤߤС16˾嵭ηаޤǥ륺βФ䤵˺ѤʤΤ¦ˤȤäơŪ֡פȤߤ̣狼롥
ʿ رѸθ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ
ѸθüѤȤСޤե줬פ⤫ (#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]))˥ƥ줬 (#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]), #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])) μϥޥ졤ťΥɸʤɤθ̾뤬ե졤ƥαǤۤϴʤ
ºݤΤȤѸϾ嵭ʳ¿θȤܿƤΤˤ¾θ줫μѸο¿ϤʤäۤȤɤľܤǤϤʤȤƥեͳƴŪäƤѸǤ롥¿ (multilingualism) ȤѸ̣ǼСѸ쥤ɼҲϳΤ¿ѼҲäȤΤǤ롥ѸˤѸȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Crespo (28) ɽƷ)
| LANGUAGES | Direct Introduction | Indirect Introduction |
| Latin | --- | |
| French | --- | |
| Scandinavian | --- | |
| Low German | --- | |
| High German | --- | |
| Italian | through French | |
| Spanish | through French | |
| Irish | --- | |
| Scottish Gaelic | --- | |
| Welsh | --- | |
| Cornish | --- | |
| Other Celtic languages in Europe | through French | |
| Portuguese | through French | |
| Arabic | through French and Spanish | |
| Persian | through French, Greek and Latin | |
| Turkish | through French | |
| Hebrew | through French and Latin | |
| Greek | through French by way of Latin |
ε#1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1]) ³εǤϡ٤ϡˤߤ줿ȳ٤1ǤȽҤ٤ºݤˤۤˤ奤ꥹˤ㤬ϿƤ롥륺ȥåȥɤDZѸ줬ƩƤäˤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ȡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) εǸȤ櫓19ȾˤϡϤˤѸζްä
륺㤫ߤ褦1846ǯܤϥ륺ζ𡤤Ȥ櫓ϫƯԳαѸ콬μ֤ĴѰΩ夲ǯ3ˡФ줿ɽ椬ĤäΤǡ̾ Blue Books ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤä륺ͤˤȤäƶŪƤ¿ޤǤ The Betrayal (or Infamous, Treason) of Blue Books ȤƾΤ줿¼ (79) ¹뤬Blue Books (462) ˡWelsh not (or Welsh stick or Welsh) ȸƤФȳεҤ롥
The Welsh stick, or Welsh, as it is sometimes called, is given to any pupil who is overheard speaking Welsh, and may be transferred by him to any schoolfellow whom he hears committing a similar offence. It is thus passed from one to another until the close of the week, when the pupil in whose possession the Welsh is found is punished by flogging. Among other injurious effects, this custom has been found to lead children to visit stealthily the houses of their schoolfellows for the purpose of detecting those who speak Welsh to their parents, and transferring to them the punishment due to themselves.
¼ (80) ϡƱȤåȥɤΥåˤŬѤƤȽҤ٤Ƥʰʲ¼ˤ M. Stephens, Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer, 1978. p. 63. ΰѡˡ
From the end of the nineteenth century Gaelic faced its most serious challenge --- the use of the States schools to eradicate what one Inspector called 'the Gaelic nuisance' ... The 'maide-crochaich'', a stick on a cord, was used by English-speaking teachers to stigmatise and punish children speaking Gaelic in Class --- a device which was to survive in Lewis as late as the 1930s.
ޤ¼ (80) ϡϼ긵ˤʤȤʤ⡤ꥫ1960ǯ溢ޤǥڥػäȤȤˤڤƤ롥
ްΤȳ٤ϡΤ褦ʣϰˤäȤ狼뤬19ȾʹߤΤΤǤȤ̣Ωȯ٤ǤϤʤ路Ƴ줿٤Ǥȹͤʤ褦ǯǤϤ롥
¼ ɡرѸϤɤʸ줫ѸμҲŪ١Ʋ1989ǯ
#1715. IrelandˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) ˰³Fennell (195--97) ꥦ륺ˤѸˤάҤ롥
Pembrokeshire ϡHenry I λ1108ǯˡѸäɡեɥ̱ͤξڵˡϰˤϱѸ -ton ̾¿The Gower Peninsula λ夫Ѹ첽Ƥϰ¾Υ륺ϰ褫ڤΥˤǤ褦
̥륺ǤϡåȥɤƱͤļԻԤߤ졤ԻԤ濴˱Ѹä̱פ侦ȤĤԻϱѸ졤¼ϥ륺ȤʬۤϡˤϢʤ³
16 Tudor īϥ륺ʻäƤꡤάΰĤȤơԻθǤѸθҤˡΧˤݤη̡Ѹ϶θȤƹԤϤ뤳ȤˤʤäǤ礭ʾϡ1536ǯ1542ǯ Acts of Union ΥɤȤϢˤꡤˡΧˤѸѤ륺ǵ̳Ť졤Elizabeth I ˤƤϱѸؤ֤ȤεˤĤʤäطǤϡ1563ǯҤ륺졤ϥ륺ݻ˹ȿ̥륺Ф뤳Ȥˤʤä
17--18̤ơ륺αѸ첽Ͻ˿ʹԤƤä®٤ääΤϡĿͤΥХ뤳ΤΡѸ춦ƱΤȥ륺춦ƱΤ礦ȤʤäǤ롥19ϻȳ̿ȶˡ (1881) θ̤ǡϫƯԳѸäѸΰҿޤǥ륺ϱ̾夻褦ˤʤäλ塤вԤϫƯԤ륺ؤäƤνпϤϥ륺äΤΡ˥ɤѤä1901ǯޤǤˤϡɽпȼԤϤ2/3ʾȤʤäƤȤˤꡤαѸοƩȥ륺οबʹԤ륺ˤƱѸΥΥ1921ǯ63%1981ǯ81%ȿܤߤǤϥΥΥ륺üԤϤʤ
ߡ륺αưʤƤꡤBBCʸؤΤȤƥ륺줬Ѥ뵡Ϥ뤬ɤʤΤ̤οǤ롥
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
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