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welsh - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-11-10 Fri

#5310. ȸɤᤰä Voicy heldio ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפɼ¶Ѥۿޤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice][irish][welsh][cornish][breton][manx][cornish][scottish_gaelic][gaulish][link]



ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤƤ꡼̲ȤƤϤޤʥ꡼ˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹򷹤ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥ򾯤ʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸ­ʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդε򤴻ȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. ޻Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])

ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ

#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. 󥦥ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15

ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ꡼˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷ꡼ν󤫤Ǥ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2023-05-28 Sun

#5144. ѸˤˤŪͭ¤ȯŸȡ֥ȸ첾 [celtic_hypothesis][celtic][borrowing][substratum_theory][syntax][construction][linguistic_area][welsh][cornish]

#5139. Ѹˤˤơ֥ȸ첾פ꺻Ƥ ([2023-05-23-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ܤ1Ĥ "Lack of external possessor construction" 롥ѸˤϡֳŪͭ¤פ礱Ƥꡤ§ȤơŪͭ¤ (internal possessor construction) ΤߤȤ롥ơԤħϥȽȤθܿˤäͶ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ⤬Ƥ롥
Ūͭ¤Ȥ my head Τ褦ˡ°ʡʽͭʡˤˤľ̾򽤾ƽͭط򼨤¤ΤȤǤ롥Ūͭ¤Ȥϡ*the head to me Τ褦ɽˤߤ褦ˡŵŪˤͿʤˤŪ̾򽤾̾γ¦ͭط򼨤¤ΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤŪͭ¤§űѸǤϤषŪͭ¤ߤ줿㤨СHickey (499) ϸűѻ Poem of Judith ʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

þæt him þæt heafod wand forð on ða flore
lit.: that him-DATIVE that head ...
'that his head rolled forth on the floor'


űѸ˸¤餺¿Υ衼åѤνǤϡŪͭ¤ޤƤХ졤ϥ󥬥꡼졤ޥ륿ʤɤǤ⳰Ūͭ¤ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ƥ衼åŪʸħȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ε㳰ѸǤꡤ륺Ǥꡤ󥦥ȤΥꥹʬۤʤ˾θǤϡŪͭ¤ޤ롥¾Ūͭ¤ΤϡΥ줿衼åѤγǤꡤȥ륳쥺ʥե1ġˤˤߤ뤬ȥꥹν줬طƤȤϹͤˤĤޤꡤѸ졤륺졤󥦥Ūͭ¤򼨤ȤŪ˸ΩƤΤǤ롥
ơѸˤˤƤϾ嵭ǼȤꡤűѸǤϳŪͭ¤ѤƤŪͭ¤ؤȰؤаޤ롥˥륺䥳󥦥ʤɥȽˤߤ줿Ūͭ¤Ѹνͭ¤˱ƶڤܤǽ夹롥
Hickey (500) ϡββ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

This transfer did not affect the existence of a possessor construction, but it changed the exponence of the category, a frequent effect of language contact, especially in language shift situations.


#5134. ưμʼ޼ ([2023-05-18-1]) ෿ǤСξ "transfer" "Rearrangement" ˳Τ̣ǤϤ롥

Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.

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2022-02-09 Wed

#4671. ˤ֥󥦥ԻĻ [cornish][breton][welsh][language_death][celtic][sociolinguistics][reformation]

ε#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1]) ˰³ (264) ֥󥦥ԻĻפꤹ1󥦥 (Cornish) ϥեꥸ (Frisian) ʾ˺Ȥǰ餫ΥƤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ

˥ͤ礹ȡΥ̥󥦥ͤϥ̥륺ͤڤΥ졤󥦥ȾΤĤ줿ơΥϥȷϤηǤ륫줫󤶤ȤȤˡƱȸɤΤȤˤ֥쥤̥֥ȥͤʬΥϻȾνפεˤʤäΥϡΤ˿षƤȬǯˤäȤФȤƾǤƤޤää٤ݤθˤΥϡˤʤäƤߤäΤǤ롥ưοʼԤˤƤߤСΥκϡ󥦥ν̱ȤȤηӤĤ餯뼫ʷ̤Ȼפ줿ηӤĤˤĤƤȿ;ϤΤʤϡ塻ǯߤ줿-ΥͭϤʥСǤäHʡƴʷ˸路Ƥ롥֤ʤ󥦥ͤϥΥؤФʤƤϤʤʤΤʤʤϥ󥦥ͤǤסά͡褦Ȥ֤ϤɤλΤΤȤ٤ȤˤĤƤε뤳ȤϤ롥κ˾Ǯ򷹤륰롼פΤҤȤӤȤ󡻡ǯ᤯˻ǤޤäΤȤФΤʤǻȤȤƤꡤ⤽˶ĤҤȤӤȤοƤȤ¤ϡܤ٤Ǥ롥ʤˤϡ饨Ȥˤإ֥饤κӤԤ⤢ۤɤǤ롥


פλϡ󥰥ɤ֥ƥμϰؤȡפ礷褦ȤǤ롥֥ƥüˤ륳󥦥⤽α¿ȤʤꡤƱϤ˱Ѹ줬ƩƤȤˤʤäθ塤󥦥ϼ¼ŪˤϻȤʤäƤޤä20ˤʤäƤϸ֤ͭ褷褦ȤƤ롤ȤΤ
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡΥ󥦥ưˤϾħŪʰյʤȤ⤢롥Τ˸Ūˤ񤷤⤷ʤ̱²߽ФפȤȤΰ̣ƹͤƤ롤ǤϤ롥

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

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2021-08-13 Fri

#4491. 1300ǯä󥰥ɤδѸ첽 [anglo-saxon][language_death][celtic][welsh][cornish][linguistic_imperialism]

ϢεǡѸŪˤĤ Trudgill ͤ򻲾ȤƤκǽǡTrudgill (30) ƶŦ򤷤Ƥ롥

Meanwhile, as all the events described above [= the expansion of English] were taking place around the world, back on the island of Britain, where the English language first came into being, Brittonic, the first language ever to be threatened by English, continued to hold its own in the forms of Welsh and Cornish, well over a millennium after contact with Germanic had first begun. Indeed, there were for a long time still parts of the English language's homeland, England, which remained non-English speaking. Some small border areas of England in Herefordshire and Shropshire---Oswestry, for example---remained Welsh-speaking until the middle of the eighteenth century. And Cornish . . . , which had survived the Anglo-Saxon incursions for many centuries, seems to have been lost as a viable native community language only in the late 1700s---although by that time there would have been very few monolingual Cornish speakers for several generations. When it eventually died out, England for the first time finally became a totally English-speaking country: the complete linguistic anglicisation of England had taken 1,300 years.


4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡѸ줬֥ƥ礫鱩ФơŪŪ뤲ȤͤȤƱѸ줬ɨǤ륤󥰥ɤδѸ첽ãΤˡ5Υ󥰥ͤ褫1300ǯ⤫äȤΤϡȤۤʤơ⤦1ʿԤ롥Ʊ4ۤɤȤŪû֤ˡꥹۤޤȤƤθؤ˻äȤͤȤɨǤ륤󥰥ɤ˾֥ƥΤ줷ȤʤܲΥåȥɾ򸫤¤ꡤ֥ƥ缫Τˤ԰¤ƤȤΤϡȤۤʤ21αѸ첽βǽˡŪ¤ƧޤƤɬפ
ʸǿƤ륱ȷϸ Welsh Cornish ˤĤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1])#3742. 륺ǯɽ ([2019-07-26-1])#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. "The Spread of English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 14--34.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-24-1]

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2019-07-26 Fri

#3742. 륺ǯɽ [wales][welsh][timeline][history]

#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]) εǡɤȱѸˤ⤷Υ륺ǤˤĤơޤǤεǡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ʤɤϽ񤤤Ƥ֥륺ǯɽפϤޤǤƤʤäΤǡάǯɽ򼨤ʲϡˡʪ졡륺ˡ٤δǯɽ (249--51) ꡥ륺󥰥ɤʻ礵1536ǯޤǤˤǡĻˤäưǻø⤢뤬ؤͭѤάǯɽǤ롥

60?61ǯ²νܥǥåȿ
410ǯޤΥ֥ƥű
󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ翯Ϥޤ
476ǯ˴
5?6֥ꥢ̥Ψ֥ȥͤ٥ɥε֤ǥ󥰥ͤ˴
634ǯͥɥ󡤥Ρ֥ꥢ
900?950ǯϥɲμ
1057ǯեס륺
1066ǯΥޥ
 ΥޥͤΥ륺
1093ǯΥޥͤˤǥϥСե꡼סƥɥλ
1107?1111ǯեɥͤΥ륺ܽ
1155ǯե꡼סեʥɡե꡼ˡǥϥС¨
1174ǯɡ֡륺֥쥳ʶ˽Ǥ
1176ǯɤ1󥻥ȡǥåʶϤޤ
1195ǯ󥦥󥦥󡤥ݥ¨
1198?1203ǯɤ2󥻥ȡǥåʶ
1199󡦥ס衼祵ˡ̥륺̾
1218ǯ祵󡤥󥰥ɤȥ
1258ǯ󡦥סեʺǸΥˡ륺̾
1276?1277ǯ1륺
1282?1283ǯ2륺补륺ŪΩ
1400ǯ磻󡦥ɡ˪륺̾
1404ǯ磻륺ϤεIJ򾷽
1405ǯ磻󡤥ե󥹤Ʊ
1409ǯϥåҾ롤磻λ¾νλ
1412ǯ磻Ǹܷ
1457ǯإ꡼ƥ塼륺Υڥ֥ޤ
1461ǯڥ֥롤4ФΥإ꡼ƥ塼衼ɥꥢࡦϡСȤݸ
1470ǯꥢࡦϡС̡إ꡼ƥ塼Υ㥹ѡȺƲ
1471ǯ14ФΥإ꡼ƥ塼֥륿˥˴̿
1485ǯ828ФΥإ꡼ƥ塼ե󥹤ĤΨƥ륺롥ܥ襤ǥ㡼3ͤ
1485ǯ10إ꡼ƥ塼إ꡼7Ȥƥ󥰥ɹ񲦤¨


Ϣơ#1742. ȤƤȳ (2) ([2014-02-02-1])#3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke ([2018-05-02-1])#3303. 󥰥ɽפιȤ򤯤̤륺 ([2018-05-13-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Ӿʪ졡륺 --- Ȥ̱ȥ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-13-1]

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2019-07-24 Wed

#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][welsh][scottish_gaelic][irish]

Ūˡ󥰥ͤȥȿͤδطԤԤδطǤ롥̾夬ή뤳Ȥʤ褦ˡ§Ȥƥȸ줫ѸؤθäήʤäϤʸäήäȤƤ⡤ޤ㳰ŪȤߤ٤Ǥ롥
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) ǼΤȽŤʤ뤬С (58) ꡤ󥰥˱Ѹ˼Ѥ졤ĸߤޤĤäƤΤ󤲤ȡbin (basket), dun (gray), ass (ass < Latin asinus) ٤ΤΤǤ롥ޤȤΥꥹȶͳƱѸäƤΤȤƤ clugge (bell), drȳ (magician) ʤɤ롥
Ѹʹߤˤ⻶ȯŪ˥Ƚ줫μѤߤ줿ʲ̤ˤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦W = Welsh, G = Scottish Gaelic, Ir = Irish) ̤̣Ǥ롥

14 crag (G/Ir), flannel եͥ (W), loch (G).
15 bard ͷ (G), brog (Ir), clan ² (G), glen ë (G).
16 brogue ¤ (Ir/G), caber (G), cairn (G), coracle (W), gillie ²Ĺν (G), plaid ʻҼʤθݤ (G), shamrock ĥ᥯ (Ir), slogan (G), whisky (G), usquebaugh .
17 dun (G/Ir), tory ȡ꡼ (Ir), leprechaun ץۡ (Ir).
18 claymore Ϥη (G).
19 colleen (Ir), ceilidh (Ir/G), hooligan Ԥ(Ir).
20 corgi (W).
 (W).

ʾ塤С (58--59) ˵äϢơ#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

 礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ

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2018-05-13 Sun

#3303. 󥰥ɽפιȤ򤯤̤륺 [reformation][celtic][linguistic_imperialism][emode][welsh][wales][history][bible][book_of_common_prayer]

#3100. 󥰥ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) ǡ16Υ󥰥ɽפˤꡤɡ륺󥦥ǤϱѸθҤϹޤäȽϰ̤ȽҤ٤륺˴ؤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȵ񤬥륺줿ᡤ륺줬ݻ̤ȤʤäȤҤ٤륺ˤĤƤϡפαƶˤϰ̤ʤ줿Τݻ줿ΤɤʤΤʣʥ륺ξˤĤơʿ (27) ˲⤷Ƥ롥

طǤϡɥܤϰϻǯˡ񤪤ӵ򥦥륺ˡΧפ̲ᤵơȵ򥦥륺ϡ줫鸫ȽϤηȤʤäʤǤϡ륺ݻ˹׸Ⱦ̤ǡ륺ϽθȸʤơФ뤳ȤˤʤäϽʤȤơ¼ξͤ˻¸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ĤޤꡤϻΥ륺ˤơ륺ȵˤꡤ륺ͤ򥤥󥰥ɹ񶵲ˤȤɤƤֹ񶵲ءפѸ򹭤ֱѸءפͥ褷ƤΤǤ롥η̡Ǥϥ륺줬Ѥ졤θ¸³Ĺ줿䵧󥰥ɹ񶵲ȤƤⶵϸⶵǤһդɸݻ뤳ȤˤäơʤȤˡްĤäϸΰҿݤ줿ϥ󥰥¦ϡŪ֡פȸƤФ롥륺λ¸ϤΡŪ֡פ˰ͤäƤפˡפϡ륺򥦥륺ͤͿλ֡륺Ͻΰǰݻ줿


Ĥޤꡤפ̤ơ륺ɤФ줿ΤΡǤ̮̿ݤäȤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤפʬƹͤ뤳Ȥǡ츫̷⤷פΥ륺ؤαƶꥢǤ褦ˤʤä
420ˡ륺ˤ륦륺ϰ̤Ϥᤶޤ褷ƤȤˤʤ뤬֤äƤߤС16˾嵭ηаޤǥ륺βФ䤵˺ѤʤΤ󥰥¦ˤȤäơŪ֡פȤߤ̣狼롥

ʿ رѸ񡡡θ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-26-1]

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2015-09-12 Sat

#2329. ѸμѸ [borrowing][loan_word][me][lexicology][contact][latin][french][greek][italian][spanish][portuguese][welsh][cornish][dutch][german][bilingualism]

ѸθüѤȤСޤե󥹸줬פ⤫ (#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1]))˥ƥ줬󤬤 (#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]), #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])) μϥޥ졤ťΥɸʤɤθ̾󤲤뤬ե󥹸졤ƥαǤۤϴʤ
ºݤΤȤѸϾ嵭ʳ¿θȤܿƤΤˤ¾θ줫μѸο¿ϤʤäۤȤɤľܤǤϤʤȤƥե󥹸ͳƴŪäƤѸǤ롥¿ (multilingualism) ȤѸ򹭤̣ǼСѸ쥤󥰥ɼҲϳΤ¿ѼҲäȤΤǤ롥ѸˤѸȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Crespo (28) ɽƷ)

LANGUAGESDirect IntroductionIndirect Introduction
Latin--- 
French--- 
Scandinavian--- 
Low German--- 
High German--- 
Italian through French
Spanish through French
Irish--- 
Scottish Gaelic--- 
Welsh--- 
Cornish--- 
Other Celtic languages in Europe through French
Portuguese through French
Arabic through French and Spanish
Persian through French, Greek and Latin
Turkish through French
Hebrew through French and Latin
Greek through French by way of Latin


#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) ǰѤ̤ꡤ"French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English" Ȥ⤤ϻ¤ե󥹸ѸˤϡƥΤߤʤ餺äȤä¿θ줫μѤΡפȤƵǽƤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crespo, Begoña. "Historical Background of Multilingualism and Its Impact." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 23--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-22-1]

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2014-02-02 Sun

#1742. ȤƤȳ (2) [sociolinguistics][language_planning][welsh][wales][stigma]

ε#1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1]) ³εǤϡ٤ϡˤߤ줿ȳ٤1ǤȽҤ٤ºݤˤۤˤ奤ꥹˤ㤬ϿƤ롥륺ȥåȥɤDZѸ줬ƩƤäˤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ȡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) εǸȤ櫓19ȾˤϡϤˤѸζްä
륺㤫ߤ褦1846ǯ󥰥ܤϥ륺ζ𡤤Ȥ櫓ϫƯԳαѸ콬μ֤ĴѰΩ夲ǯ3ˡФ줿ɽ椬ĤäΤǡ̾ Blue Books ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤä륺ͤˤȤäƶŪƤ¿ޤǤ The Betrayal (or Infamous, Treason) of Blue Books ȤƾΤ줿¼ (79) ¹뤬Blue Books (462) ˡWelsh not (or Welsh stick or Welsh) ȸƤФȳεҤ롥

The Welsh stick, or Welsh, as it is sometimes called, is given to any pupil who is overheard speaking Welsh, and may be transferred by him to any schoolfellow whom he hears committing a similar offence. It is thus passed from one to another until the close of the week, when the pupil in whose possession the Welsh is found is punished by flogging. Among other injurious effects, this custom has been found to lead children to visit stealthily the houses of their schoolfellows for the purpose of detecting those who speak Welsh to their parents, and transferring to them the punishment due to themselves.


¼ (80) ϡƱȤåȥɤΥåˤŬѤƤȽҤ٤Ƥʰʲ¼ˤ M. Stephens, Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer, 1978. p. 63. ΰѡˡ

From the end of the nineteenth century Gaelic faced its most serious challenge --- the use of the States schools to eradicate what one Inspector called 'the Gaelic nuisance' ... The 'maide-crochaich'', a stick on a cord, was used by English-speaking teachers to stigmatise and punish children speaking Gaelic in Class --- a device which was to survive in Lewis as late as the 1930s.


ޤ¼ (80) ϡϼ긵ˤʤȤʤ⡤ꥫ1960ǯ溢ޤǥڥػ᤬äȤȤˤڤƤ롥
ްΤȳ٤ϡΤ褦ʣϰˤäȤ狼뤬19ȾʹߤΤΤǤȤ̣Ωȯ٤ǤϤʤ路Ƴ줿٤Ǥȹͤʤ褦ǯǤϤ롥

¼ ɡرѸϤɤʸ줫ѸμҲŪ١Ʋ1989ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-26-1]

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2014-01-09 Thu

#1718. Wales ˤѸ [history][welsh][ireland]

#1715. IrelandˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) ˰³Fennell (195--97) ꥦ륺ˤѸˤάҤ롥
Pembrokeshire ϡHenry I λ1108ǯˡѸä󥰥ɡեɥ̱ͤξڵˡϰˤϱѸ -ton ̾¿The Gower Peninsula λ夫Ѹ첽Ƥϰ¾Υ륺ϰ褫ڤΥˤǤ褦
̥륺ǤϡåȥɤƱͤļԻԤߤ졤ԻԤ濴˱Ѹä̱פ侦ȤĤԻϱѸ졤¼ϥ륺ȤʬۤϡˤϢʤ³
16 Tudor īϥ륺ʻäƤꡤάΰĤȤơԻθǤѸθҤˡΧˤݤη̡Ѹ϶θȤƹԤϤ뤳ȤˤʤäǤ礭ʾ׷ϡ1536ǯ1542ǯ Acts of Union Υ󥰥ɤȤϢˤꡤˡΧˤѸѤ륺ǵ̳Ť졤Elizabeth I ˤƤϱѸؤ֤ȤεˤĤʤäطǤϡ1563ǯҤ륺졤ϥ륺ݻ˹׸ȿ̥륺Ф뤳Ȥˤʤä
17--18̤ơ륺αѸ첽Ͻ˿ʹԤƤä®٤ääΤϡĿͤΥХ󥬥뤳ΤΡѸ춦ƱΤȥ륺춦ƱΤ礦ȤʤäǤ롥19ϻȳ̿ȶˡ (1881) θ̤ǡϫƯԳѸäѸΰҿޤǥ륺ϱ̾夻褦ˤʤäλ塤вԤϫƯԤ륺ؤäƤνпϤϥ륺äΤΡ˥󥰥ɤѤä1901ǯޤǤˤϡ󥰥ɽпȼԤϤ2/3ʾȤʤäƤȤˤꡤαѸοƩȥ륺οबʹԤ륺ˤƱѸΥΥ󥬥1921ǯ63%1981ǯ81%ȿܤߤǤϥΥ󥬥Υ륺üԤϤʤ
ߡ륺αưʤƤꡤBBCʸؤΤȤƥ륺줬Ѥ뵡Ϥ뤬ɤʤΤ̤οǤ롥

Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

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