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irish - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-03-28 Fri

#5814. ܼȤȤƤӾҲļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand][toc][language_planning]


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ļ̦ءˤˤ롤ɤθ˴ؤҡرѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯˤˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ǻȤƤ
ϡƱγפĤिܼ󤲤Ƥ



ϡɤȤե
I
̱²ΤȤФѸ˼äؤ
ɤϱ󤯤ƶᤤ
ФΥ
ۤΤΡ񡤰
ѥ֤Ǽ򷹤
ϤǴʸ
II ʬΤȤ
ɤĤθ
ɸäޤ
ˤʤʤʤ뤳Ȥ --- ǽϤȵΤͤ
ɸǤĤʤ
Ѹ줿Թ
ʬΤȤФϥɸ
Ūʤ꤫Τ褦ʤ
Ūᰥ
III ǽ
Ȥ˳륢
եɤĤȤ
ܽΤƻ塤褳

ϡȤФѤʤȤ
I ȤФؤȤ
ɸΤƤƱѸΤ
Ŀ͡ߥ˥ƥ٥Ǥθ
̤Ť
II 鸽
ɤ˵ä
ؤװ
ΰؤ
ؤܤȸؤμҲ
III ߤ̤
ɸȤ --- 夫
޵äƤ
ƤΤΤȤϰ㤦ȤƤΥɸ
ɸ⤵ޤޤ
Ƥ륢ɸβ
ɻϰ¸

軰ϡɸؤλפѸؤλפ
ʤޤ򤭤
ؤؤλפ
ɸɤƤΤ
ѸɤƤΤ
ֱѸפȤ֥ɱѸס
ѸɤƤΤ
;ϡüԤθռˤޤ
ϤƤθĴ
ߥ˥ƥ
եɤǵŤ
ѤظˤüԤΰռ
do be θ쳰̣
ؤΰռ
ɤ餷ؤΰռ
ʸˡäФռ

޾ϡȤФΤʤΥɤ餷
I ɱѸΤ
ͭθ
ϤαѸϤॢɸ줫μѸ
ɱѸͭɽ

ʸˡΤߤˡָפߤ
αѸ
II ɽ
ְäѸ졩
ȼη
How long are you here? ΰ̣
ȼη
äΰ̣ be after λ
be after λ have λλȤʬ
II ¤ɽ
Ĵʸ꤬
'tis ʸʬʸ
ȤФƯƤ뤷
ɸߤй
ܤȤ
ϻϡȤФѤ뤳ȡؤ뤳
I ܿ
ܿؤˤȤäƤΥɱѸ̥
ѲɤΤ褦ˤߤ뤫
ʸˡΥΥ١
II ȤФѲȿ͡ε
ѸȼʬΤȤФȤδ֤Ǥ륢ǥƥƥ
ˤߤΤ
ɬ --- δȱѸ¿Ȥ줾

????????????
ʸ




(language_shift) ܿ (contact) (language_planning) ʤɡҲؤ¿θʤɡʱѡˡʸˤˡܤ

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-09 Thu

#5736. ɸ (Irish) ȥɱѸ (Irish English) ϤޤäۤʤǤ [irish][irish_english][ireland][contact][history][sociolinguistics][variety][germanic][celtic]

ɸ2ĤθѼˤϡ̾ƤΤǡȤƱʪȸ򤵤뤳Ȥ롥ξԤȤ⥢ä˥ɶ¹ˤȷӤĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϴ˰ۤʤΤǤ롥
ɸ (Irish) ϰ²Υȸɤ°1Ǥꡤ襢ɤϤȷӤĤƤǤϥɤȤäƤ褤
ɱѸ (Irish English/Hiberno-English) ϡƱ²°ȤϤäƤ⥲ޥɤ°1ǤѸ (English) ΡΤޤʬ줷1ĤǤ롥礦ɥꥫѸ졤ɱѸ줬줾쥢ꥫ¤αѸ졤¤αѸ򤷤Ƥ褤褦ˡɱѸϥ¤αѸǤ롥Ѹ1ѼȤȤ
²ƱǤɤۤʤС¾塤̤θȤäƤ褤򶲤줺ˤСɸȥɱѸϡܸȱѸۤɤ˰ۤʤ롤ȽҤ٤Ƥ
ʹߡ󥰥ɤϥɤФʸŪƶϤƤäβǡαѸ줬Υɸ֤ƤäȤˤ롥ơޤǤ˥ɤϻ¾塤Ѹ줬ۤϤȤʤäߡǤ륢ɸϡˤƿ͸Τ鷺2%ۤɤˤää뾯ȤʤäƤ롥ϡ#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
ɸȥɱѸϴʪȽҤ٤ξǡԤԤ̣ޤǤȤ¤ŦƤɸ줬ǤȤء夫Ѹ줬ܿ줿櫓ʤΤǡǰäƤȤˤʤѸѼ⡤ؤˤäɸθŪħ򤢤٥ԥååפ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡȤǤ롥
(184) ֥ɤθ˥åפȤƿ޼ƤϢάǯɽǤƤ

1600إꥹ
 á~I˥ɸȱѸθܿ
 áѤʤ
1840s絲񼡥ɸüԤθ
 áȤƤΥɸηѾˡ
1900Ҹؤβ®
 á~II˰ꤷɱѸη
1970sǥιꡤEC
 á~III˥ɱѸȼױѸѼȤܿ
2000кĹХꥼ
 


᤯Ȥơ (186) θդѤƤ

ɱѸϡΥɤˤäȤФǤϤʤɸȱѸܿˤäޤ줿줬ߤޤ³ƤȤΤȤФǤ롥ʤɱѸϡɤǰäȤФ̮Ⱥޤ³ƤϢ³ΤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥


ļ̦ءˤϡɤθ˾ܤҲؼԤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ʲᤷƤ


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) Ƥ
12 Voicy helwa ͭۿˤˤ֡ڱѸˤ #232ۥɤαѸˡꤹۿؿΤϡҤɤ



̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-11-10 Fri

#5310. ȸɤᤰä Voicy heldio ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפɼ¶Ѥۿޤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice][irish][welsh][cornish][breton][manx][cornish][scottish_gaelic][gaulish][link]



ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤƤ꡼̲ȤƤϤޤʥ꡼ˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹򷹤ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥ򾯤ʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸ­ʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդε򤴻ȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. ޻Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])

ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ

#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. 󥦥ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15

ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ꡼˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷ꡼ν󤫤Ǥ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2019-08-09 Fri

#3756. ɸ줫μѸǯʬ [loan_word][irish][celtic][statistics][lexicology]

Ϣȴط³Ƥ뤬#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1])#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1])#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) ˰³Ѹꡥ
Durkin OED3 ѤĴˤСѸ˾ʤ̸ŪƶͿ25̤θΤʤǡȷϽȤƤϥɸΤߤ󥯥󤹤ȤǡѸȤƥɸ˥åȤʤäơѸǯ̤˥ץåȤΤΥդǤ (Durkin 94) OED3 A--ALZ, M--RZ ʬΤߤоݤȤĴǤ롥

Loanwords from Irish, as Reflected by OED3 (A-ALZ and M-RZ)

19Ⱦ˼ѸΥԡƤ뤬ƱѸˤǤߤ0.2%ۤ٤Ǥꡤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΥǥܥϤˤ衤ɼѸϾΩʤ¸ߤǤäȤ狼롥ͻϰϤ򥱥ȽΤ˹ƤߤƤ⡤ѤʤϢ¾θ줫μѸʬۤ٤Ƥ餤

#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])
#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])
#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-03 Sat

#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][toponymy][onomastics][irish]

ε#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) 褦ˡѸˤ륱ȼѸ͡ͳ񤷤Ȥ롥ϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) ΥꥹȤʬŪ˽ŤʤΤΡȤˤɾФǡΤʥȼѸȤߤʤΤ󤲤ƤȤȤϡѸ츻ؤ1ͼ Durkin Ǥ롥
Durkin (77--81) ϡűѸΤʶŪˤλΤĤˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤˤ˼Ѥ줿Ȥ Brythonic ϤΥȼѸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥ޤbrock "badger" (OE brocc) ϼȼѸȤäƤ褤ϡ֥ʥޡפɽ魯ȤơѸ badger ˤμ礿ϰ̤åޤǡǤ̤θä
֤ФפϤȤƴؤ bin (OE binn) ᤤѤȤ졤ˤäƤΦ˼ڤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
coomb "valley" (OE cumb) μ¤ʥȼѸǡűѸ줫ߤ뤬Ȥ̾˸줿̾ǤȤƤθŤȼѸ¿űѸǤϤۤ luh "lake", torr "rock, hill", funta "fountain", pen "hill, promontory" ʤɤ󤲤롥
The Downs ˻ĤűѸ dūn "hill" ⡤ФХȼѸǧƤ롥#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1]) ǸȤꡤ䤿ˤʤ߿졦ֻ down ƱʤΤ⤷ȼѸȤȡ֤Ūʸ줬ڤƤΤǤ롥¾ޥˤߤ뤳Ȥ顤ΦμѤȿꤵ롥
֤ĤĤפ̣ crag Ͻ㤬Ѹ첻ȯãˤĤϻĤΤΡȼѸȤƤ롥coble ʿ쾮פƱͤǤ롥
hog (OE hogg) ϥȸͳȤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤϲΤ褦
ˡȵ⤬㴳路Ȥ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦űѸη֤ bannuc "bit", becca "fork", bratt "cloak", carr "rock", dunn "dun, dull or dingy brown", gafeluc "spear", mattuc "mattock", toroc "bung", assen/assa "ass", stǣr/stær "history", stōr "incense", cæfester "halter" ʤɤ󤬤롥Ūʸˤȡgafeluc ϸťɸ쵯ǤϤʤȤƤ롥
ťɸ쵯ȤСۤˤ drȳ "magician", bratt "cloak", ancra/ancor "anchorite", cursung "cursing", clugge "bell", æstel "bookmark", ċine/ċīne "sheet of parchment folded in four", mind "a type of head ornament" ʤɤŦƤ롥तȤ⤦1Ĥνפʸ cross "cross" 󤲤Ƥ
ǶθǥȼѸβǽ⤤ȽΤȤƤϡwan "pale" (OE wann), jilt, twig 롥űѸ trum "strong", dēor "fierce, bold", syrce/syrc/serce "coat of mail" ⤳˲ä뤫⤷ʤ
˻¿פʸȤơrich, baby, gull, trousers, clan 󤲤Ƥ (Durkin 91)

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-07-24 Wed

#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ [celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][welsh][scottish_gaelic][irish]

Ūˡ󥰥ͤȥȿͤδطԤԤδطǤ롥̾夬ή뤳Ȥʤ褦ˡ§Ȥƥȸ줫ѸؤθäήʤäϤʸäήäȤƤ⡤ޤ㳰ŪȤߤ٤Ǥ롥
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) ǼΤȽŤʤ뤬С (58) ꡤ󥰥˱Ѹ˼Ѥ졤ĸߤޤĤäƤΤ󤲤ȡbin (basket), dun (gray), ass (ass < Latin asinus) ٤ΤΤǤ롥ޤȤΥꥹȶͳƱѸäƤΤȤƤ clugge (bell), drȳ (magician) ʤɤ롥
Ѹʹߤˤ⻶ȯŪ˥Ƚ줫μѤߤ줿ʲ̤ˤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦W = Welsh, G = Scottish Gaelic, Ir = Irish) ̤̣Ǥ롥

14 crag (G/Ir), flannel եͥ (W), loch (G).
15 bard ͷ (G), brog (Ir), clan ² (G), glen ë (G).
16 brogue ¤ (Ir/G), caber (G), cairn (G), coracle (W), gillie ²Ĺν (G), plaid ʻҼʤθݤ (G), shamrock ĥ᥯ (Ir), slogan (G), whisky (G), usquebaugh .
17 dun (G/Ir), tory ȡ꡼ (Ir), leprechaun ץۡ (Ir).
18 claymore Ϥη (G).
19 colleen (Ir), ceilidh (Ir/G), hooligan Ԥ(Ir).
20 corgi (W).
 (W).

ʾ塤С (58--59) ˵äϢơ#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

 礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ

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2018-03-09 Fri

#3238. [language_shift][language_death][bilingualism][diglossia][terminology][sociolinguistics][irish][terminology]

ܥ֥Ǥϡ (language_shift) ٤夲ƤϸäͤƤߤ褦Trudgill Crystal Ѹ콸ˤС줾켡Τ褦ˤ롥

language shift The opposite of language maintenance. The process whereby a community (often a linguistic minority) gradually abandons its original language and, via a (sometimes lengthy) stage of bilingualism, shifts to another language. For example, between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries, Ireland shifted from being almost entirely Irish-speaking to being almost entirely English-speaking. Shift most often takes place gradually, and domain by domain, with the original language being retained longest in informal family-type contexts. The ultimate end-point of language shift is language death. The process of language shift may be accompanied by certain interesting linguistic developments such as reduction and simplification. (Trudgill)


language shift A term used in sociolinguistics to refer to the gradual or sudden move from the use of one language to another, either by an individual or by a group. It is particularly found among second- and third-generation immigrants, who often lose their attachment to their ancestral language, faced with the pressure to communicate in the language of the host country. Language shift may also be actively encouraged by the government policy of the host country. (Crystal)


ؤϸĿͤ佸Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬奢ɤǼƤȤꡤ򤫤ơ٤äȿʤळȤ¿ϢơؤϤФ bilingualism ʳͳȤ⤢뤬Ȥˤ줬ٲ diglossia ξ֤߽Ф⤢뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ
ޤؤϰ̱δ֤䤹Ȥ⿨Ƥ뤬ާƸС͡ưȤ˸ؤϵ䤹ȤȤʡ#3065. ԻԲ¡ء ([2017-09-17-1]
ɤŪ˵äʤ뤤Ϻ³Ƥ˸ؤˤĤƤϡ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2016-12-30 Fri

#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽 [irish][terminology][linguistic_ideology]

פȤѸˤĤơ#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1])#1926. ܸܿ͡üԡ ([2014-08-05-1])#2603. פꡤƤӡ ([2016-06-12-1]) εǹͤƤפȡפȤܼŪ˰ۤʤ복ǰǤ롥 (one's mother tongue) ȤϡĿͤǽ˽ŪʻѸǤȤߤʤƤΤȤǤꡤƻŪʤΤǤ롥 (one's national language) ȤϡפǤȤŪ˺ѤƤؤ塤ŪʤΤǤ롥줾Ѹˤ٤ȿФǤ뤳Ȥդ
ŵŪܤޤäܿͤξ硤ۤȤɤΥǡܸפΩĤäơθǤϡפȡפѸȤʬɬۤȤɴ줺ƤפѤ­Ƥͤ¿ΤǤϤʤźΤ褦Ωʤʤɤ̤ȤäƤ褤ϤС¿ο͡ˤȤäơפȤ롥
Τͤ줿ط褽ñ̤ǸȤ̣㤬ε#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1]) Ǥ夲ɤ˸롥رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ٤ɤޤΤʤäΤɿͤϡɸή礦˻ȤȤ⡤Ȥˤθֻ䤿פǤϤʤֻ䤿פɽ뤳ȤȤˤϾ˽Ҥ٤ѸκȤ꤬ޤޤƤ뤬ष͡ѸΤۣ椵ʤơɸФ뼫λפξɽƤΤȲ᤹ۤĤޤꡤֻ䤿ʤ뤳ȤСפȤ˥奢󥹤˶ᤤ̣ǡֻ䤿פȸƤǤΤȡ
(25--26) ϡ1999ǯ˹Ԥʤä󥱡Ĵμͳ󤫤顤ɸɽɽ򽸤᤿

our true language
our national tongue
our native language
our native tongue
our own language
OUR language
our mother tongue
our original native language

ȯƤդȸȯ٤ȿƤդۤʤäƤȤϥѸ츯ˤߤ֤ͤ츽ݡפˡȤɽᰥؤʤ

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-12-29 Thu

#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ [irish][ireland][demography][celtic][map]

ɤˤ륢ɸ줫Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) Ǽ夲ؤϸߤʹɸ (irish) ϤޤΤ˻ѤƤ롥ɸѤμ֤ˤĤơ (20--20) εҤվ񤭤ˤޤȤƤߤ褦

奢ɤǤΥߥ˥μήϱѸǤ
ɸΤߤäüԤ¸ߤʤ
Ū˥ɸѤΤϡ͸2%٤Ǥ
2011ǯιĴˤȥɸüԡʡ֥ɸ줬äüԡסˤ177ͤǡ3аʾο͸40.6%
ɶ¹ˡ8ˤϥɸ줬 (national language) Ǥ1ѸǤ뤳ȤƤʱѸ2Ѹ
ɸϡ¿ΥɿͤˤȤäƳعdzؤָǤ
̱²Ǥ륢ɸ뤳ȤϸؤλŻ˽ɬܤǤꡤ⤯ɾ
ɤϡ2010ǯ2030ǯޤǤΡ20ǯάפǥɸȱѸΥХ󥬥Ǥ¤䤹ײΩƤƤ
ϤǤϥɸϡ֥ (Gaelic) ȾΤ졤ϰϡ֥륿ϥȡ (Gaeltacht) ȸƤФ

Ǹ˿줿륿ϥȤϡ濴˾ȤߤƤʤˤϥåȥɤΥϰޤˡÚdarás na Gaeltachta Υۡڡˤȡ"The Gaeltacht covers extensive parts of counties Donegal, Mayo, Galway and Kerry --- all along the western seaboard --- and also parts of counties Cork, Meath and Waterford." 񤭤롥ʲ˴ñϿޤƸƤʡ#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1]) Ͽޤ⻲ȡˡ

Map of Gaeltacht

ɸˤγάˤĤƤϡBackground on the Irish Language εͭѡϢơɤˤˤĤơ#762. ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-12-24 Sat

#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand]

ļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκɤδ֡ɤǿʹԤƤɸ줫Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ʿפʸΤǡܺ٤Ƥ롥եɥ̤ƹ̱οˤޤ⤦ȤĴ١ɱѸθŪʬϡܿ˴ؤŪʹ׸ܸ⤦ƤȴʤȤηپʤɡɤߤɤ¿奢ɤθˤĤơΤ褦˰̸ɤߤ䤹񤫤줿ܤФȤϴޤ٤Ǥ롥
ԤϡɤˤؤȤʼҲ˸ŪʸԤʤäơŻǤϤʤüԽŻ٤Ȥ뤳ȤƤ롥

錄ϸ򤽤ΤޤޤʸݤȤȤ˹ͤȤޤѼԡʤüԤ򤽤濴֤ȤФᤰ뤵ޤޤʸݡʤȤСܿѲѡɡå󥰡ˤϤ٤üԤβߤΤȤˤ롥Τ褦ʤȤϤޤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ٤Τ褦ʸƤ줿ɼԤϡʳθ򤷤Ť餤⤷ʤºݤƤƤʬӹͻˤƤϡޤޤװΤȤ˸ѤˤüԡפξݤơܼʳŪ˲褦ȤߤΤΤȤۤƤطʤ⤢롥ġp. 55


ѤˤȤꡤؤɮƬȤ˴ؤǤϡüԤμξݡפӻǤ롥Ȥ櫓üԤŻ뤹ϤʬǤҲؤǤ顤ʤǤ֤ˡĤΤޤˤüԤδ餬ʤʤäƤ뤳ȤФФǤ롥
üԡʵڤӥߥ˥˴ؤ뤽¾ο͡ˤʤи줿ꤨʤȤ¤ƳǧȤüԤξݤؤչԤͤޤȤưפǤ롥ؤüԤߤȤɬפʤΤΤȤϡܥ֥Ǥ⼡εʤɤǷ֤Ƥ

#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])
#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1])

ȤϤϰפǤ롥δȤΤϤޤΤǡȴȡüԤδθʤؤäƤޤηϤΤΤΩӤؤΤ٤ƤȤ櫓Ǥʤηϡˤüԡʽġˤͻ硦Ĵ¤ָ (invisible_hand) Τ褦ʸѲܤƤƤʡ#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡؤȤƤ⡤ηϡˤüԡʽġˤδطˤĤƺ٤äͤƤߤƤ褦˻פ롥

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-02-19 Fri

#2489. ʸ [ogham][runic][alphabet][writing][grammatology][direction_of_writing][celtic][irish][pidtish]

ʸ (ogham) ϡ衤륺󥦥롤ޥ硤ƥåȥɤΰ4ʹ˻ޤѤ줿20ʸʤ륢ե٥åʸηϤ1Ǥ롥ȥꥢʸʤ뤤ϥޥ󡦥ե٥åȡˤꥢͤμͳƤϤΥȸüԤäѷΤ餷ɤإꥹȶŤȼΥȡꥹȶȯã뤢ˤѤ³줿Ūˤϥ롼ʸ (runic) Ȥⲿ餫δطȤƤʡ#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿ˡʸȤ̾ϡ롼ʸäȤ륲ޥǥ (Odin) 륢ɿ (Ogma) ͳ褷λͺۤοͰƼԤǤƤ롥ʸǽɽƤϥȸΤۤԥȸ (Pictish) ⤢褦ΤƤ375ʾäΤ300ۤɤϥɤϤǸĤäƤ롥
ʸλСʤƸ¸Ƥʤ餯ںˤγѤ˹ߤĤ줿ñʴŪʼǤ롥ûʸϤˤ̺ĹɬפȤʤ뤿ᡤĹʸϽ񤫤Ƥʤñ㤵ϤʸϵǤޤǻȤƤʸΤʤǡäȤ̯ʤΡ (207) ɾ֤ʸϡˤʤäƤĤ줿⡼륹ȤΰŹԤäȤäƤ褤褦˻פ (209) ȽҤ٤Ƥ (cf. #1805. Morse code ([2014-04-06-1]))
ʸνˤĤƤϽĤ˲͡뤬Encylopædia Britannica 1997 Ǥ "In many cases the ogham inscriptions run upward." ȤڤƤꡤ#2483. (4) ([2016-02-13-1]) ȴϢƶ̣
Comrie et al. (188) ꡤΥץ򼨤

Ogham in Comrie et al.

Comrie et al. (189) ˤϡʸεˤĤưʲΤ褦ä

The origin of the script is uncertain. Some scholars have speculated that Ogham is based upon a secret finger-language of the Druidic priests, citing a medieval Irish manuscript in which such a finger-code is described. It has also been proposed that the script developed under the influence of the Latin or Greek alphabets and the Germanic runes .


ۤ˥ʸΥץϡOmniglot: Writing Systems & Language of the World Ogham alphabet ˤܤΤ׻ȡ

ʸסزɡʸ١˼1999
Comrie, Bernard, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky, eds. The Atlas of Languages. Rev. ed. New York: Facts on File, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-13-1]

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2014-07-29 Tue

#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings [history][irish][ireland][standardisation][linguistic_imperialism][ame][new_englishes][bilingualism][historiography][model_of_englishes][esl][efl][elf]

Mesthrie and Rakesh (12--17) ˡ"INTEGRATING NEW ENGLISHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPLEX" ꤹϤꡤWorld Englishes 뤤 New Englishes ȤŪʻαѸˤΤȤ館Ƥꡤ
ѸγȻϡͭ˰鸽ߤޤǡ4Ĥ crossings ˤʹԤƤȤ1 crossing ϡ5ȾФޥ̱²֥ƥϤäƤΰܽάؤʳ顤ݥȥ˥뤢뤤ϥݥȥ۵褦ʣαѸѼ¿֡ܿǤ¸ߤƤʣαѸѼȤƤϡ󥰥²²塼²ʤɤδ֤̱²Ѽζ̤ܽ餫餢äܽϰѼҲѼȯãߤ줿¿֤ӸܿȤƤϡظȤƤΥȸαƶظȤƤΥƥȤܿ˵ظȤƤθťΥɸȤκʤɤŦ롥ȥˤäƤϡ1000ǯ˱Ѹ˾ƽ񤭸դɸबȯŸ³ΥޥˤषοϡѸɸѼ "the first decline" ȸƤ٤ (13)
2 crossing ϡѸ1164ǯ Henry II ɤݤΡѸγȻؤΤȤѸ줬ɤذܿ줫̤ȤƤ夹뤳ȤϤʤäष󥰥ɤο̱ԤϥɤƱƤ椭Ѹ⼺줿ܤϡ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Ѹ줫ѸˤơѸ˾2ܤν񤭸դɸಽư󥰥ɤˤ󥰥ȯɸѼϡʹߡߤ˻ޤǡѸˤøŪϰ̤Ƥ20äƤΥꥫѼȯŸˤꡤޤ20Ⱦߤ褦ˤʤäɸѼ狼æ뷹򼨤ѼĹˤꡤøŪϰ̤Ū˲äƤƤ롥ϰ̤㲼ϡ󥰥ɤδߤСѸɸѼ "a second decline" (16) ȸƤ٤"a second decline" ˤƤϡ"the first decline" ΤȤΤ褦ɸѼ綠ΤΤ䤨櫓ǤϤʤȤդϤޤ¸ߤ³ƤꡤꥫѼ䤽¾ѼȤδ֤Ūϰ̤㲼ƤȤˤʤ
ǡѸʹߤϡ󶯤ˤϤο̱ϻۤŸƤѸγȻˤĤƤϡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤѸϤΥꥹʤȥꥫˤηǤ뿢̱ϼΤȤǡΥ뤳ȤˤʤäΥˤϡȤƤαѸѼ郎üԤȤȤ˰ܿ줿 ("colonies of settlement") ⤢СкŪŪȤ뿢̱ϻۤˤƱѸ줬2Ȥƽ줿 ("colonies of exploitation") ⤢äԤ the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, St. Helena, the Falklands ʤɤΤ ENL ϰ衤Ԥϥեꥫ䥢Τ ESL ϰбʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#409. ̱ϲͼǤߤ World Englishes ʬ ([2010-06-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡƤο̱ϻۤäƤʤݸΤȤƤϰ̤и Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq ʤɤǤϡESL EFL ŪʱѸѼ郎ߤ롥ޤ20ʹߤϱƤο̱ϻۤˤľŪˤϷиƤʤȤ⡤ܡ񡤥ϤϤǡEFL 뤤 ELF ȤƤαѸѼ郎ؤФƤ롥ǤϡѸüԤο͸ưɬȼʤѸ4 crossing äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ˾ơѸȤ줬üԤ̤ΰưȼ鷺˳ȻƤΤ
Ѹ˾4Ĥ crossings ˤϤ줾˰㤤ߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ݥȥ4 crossing ռǡ crossings 򿶤֤ȡѸ˵ҤΤοƶΤǤϤʤλ¤ϡꥹˤ˴ѤȤ̤Ȥ롥

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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2014-01-06 Mon

#1715. Ireland ˤѸ [irish][ireland][irish_english][history][map]

Fennell (198--200) 󤹤ǡɤˤѸѤˤˤĤάҤ롥ɤˤѸαƶŪ˵Ҥǡפʻ3Ĥ롥1Ĥϡɤ˥󥰥Υޥ󷳤 Henry II (1133--89) μ1171ǯǤ롥ΤȤˤϱѸϰҿ줺˥ɸüԤˤꥢɲƤޤä1366ǯ Statutes of Kilkenny ˤѸϰ̤䶯ܺʤ줿̤ϽФʤä1550ǯ˽פؤȿȯ顤ץƥȤħѸФƥȥåħ륢ɸȤޤФ졤16桤ɤˤѸΩä  *
³17--18ϡѸαƶ˴ؤ2ȤƽפʻȤʤäλ󥰥ɿͤϥץơߤ뤳Ȥˤꥢɤ̱ϲ18ˤϥɤԻǤϱѸΰҿޤꡤɤλؤҿƱѸؤ֤褦ˤʤäΩưä1790ǯˤϡǤ¿ΥɿͤѸäޤǤˤʤäƤ
Ūʱƶڤܤ3ϡ1800ǯϢˡ (Act of Union) ˤꥢɤꥹʻ礵ưʹߤλǤ롥ѸϰҿξħȤʤꡤȿФ˥ɸȯŸ˸Ȱռ褦ˤʤä²λϻҶ򥤥󥰥ɤäƶ餹ޤǤˤʤä20ˤ J. P. Synge, Sean O'Casey, W. B. Yeats ʤɤɱѸˤʸسưᡤѸΰҿϤ˹ޤä1800ǯλǤϥɿ͸βȾɸȤƤ1851ǯˤϤΨ23%ޤǸ1900ǯˤ5%ˤޤƤ1900ǯˤϡ¤85%Ķ͸ѸñüԤȤʤäƤΤǤ롥19˱ѸüΨäطʤȤơ4Ĥװͤ (Fennell 199)

(1) the expansion of the railways out from English-speaking Dublin and Belfast;
(2) the spread of education, first in unofficial 'hedge' schools and then in the national schools from 1831, where English was promoted and the use of Irish actively discouraged;
(3) dramatic demographic change caused by famine and the massive emigration to America and other countries from 1830 to 1850. The famine particularly decimated the Irish-speakers in the west of Ireland, possibly halving the number of speakers.
(4) the association of English with progress, modernization and an international voice. . . . [E]ven nationalist politicians in Ireland preached their message in English, in the knowledge that it would bring them a wider audience.


1916ǯΥ˪θˤʤäơɸ줬ɤΥǥƥƥȤƤߤʤ褦ˤʤäѸδפϤǤФȤʤäƤߤ⡤ɤEUˤΩϱѸȤƤΩäƤ뤷Dublin ιԻԤȤƤ̾ѸäƤȤ⤤ΤǤ롥

Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.

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2011-05-30 Mon

#763. shamrock [ireland][irish][loan_word]

ε֥ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1]) ǥ󥯤 BBC ε ˡøФäѥꥶ٥μ̿ǺܤƤФϥɤħ뿧ǤꡤɰդʧäƤǤ롥

Queen's Visit to Ireland

ɤФȷӤĤΤϡФ硤Ȥ櫓 shamrock Ǥ롥shamrock ܸǤϡ֥ĥ᥯󥲡ĥ֥ĥ᥯פʤɤȸƤФƤꡤŪ˸륯Сʤɤλդοʪ򹭤ؤǤ롥shamrock ϥɤι֤ǤꡤϤˤѤƤ̱Ūʿʪ

Shamrock

shamrock ۤɤޤǤ˹̱ŪʤΤϡɤμ St. Patrick (389?--461?) ⤬ؤäƤ롥St. Patrick ϡ5˥ɤإꥹȶ᤿֥ƥпȤοʪǤ롥㤤Ȥ˥ɤȤƤ졤֥ƥƨäȤиĤ˥ɤΤȤ˺줺붵դȤƺƤϰȤ롥ɤؤɤʧäʸߤºݤ˼ؤ©ƤʤˤʤɿĤƤ뤬äͭ̾ʤΤ shamrock λդˤäƻ̰Τζ⤤Ȥˤꡤshamrock Ūꥹȶ񥢥ɤξħȤ褦ˤʤä
ɿͤΥɷϰ̱ˤȤä St. Patrick ۤɰƤͤϤʤ317 St. Patrick's Day ȤƽŪ¯ŪʽˤȤʤäƤꡤä˥ɷϰ̱礭ŪȯϤäƤ륢ꥫǤϲޤ᤿祤٥ȤȲƤ롥ǤϤ٤ƤФ˺̿ʲϤӡޤǤˡ shamrock ȤˤĤ롥
shamrock θ츻ϡɸǥСؤ seamar ˻ؾդ줿 seamróg Ǥ롥줬16Ⱦ˱ѸäƤѸäΤʤ˥ɸ줫μѸ¿Ϥʤ ([2011-05-23-1]) shamrock ϺǤ⥢ɤ餷Ѹ1ĤȤΤƤ롥
ʤߤˡɶ¹ιˤФޤޤƤ뤬ФϥȥåȤƤΥɤħƤ롥󥸤ϥ󥸸ˤʤǥץƥȤξħϤδ֤ˤäξꥹȶ²δ˾ɽǤ롥

National Flag of Ireland

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