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elf - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-11-09 Sun

#6040. īīʹīˡֱѸפᤰ륤󥿥ӥ塼ǺܤƤޤ [notice][sociolinguistics][helkatsu][linguistic_imperialism][world_englishes][elf][elt][hel_education][demography][voicy][heldio]


Hotta-asahi_interview_20251108_re_english_imperialism.png



118ڡˡīʹǥǤ˥󥿥ӥ塼dzѸǤʤȥᡩ ռפȤϡޤεϡƱϢֺܴʹʤפΰĤȤơʬȤؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼ˤơԽ줿ΤǤ
ϢܤôԤꡤֱѸפǰƬˡˤѸΰ֤ŤȡαѸФƻ䤿ϤɤΤ褦פФ褤ˤĤƻǤȤΤϢ򤤤Υ󥿥ӥ塼»ܤǤŤʵ򤤤īʹδطԤ˴տ夲ޤ
줿ǥǤͭȤʤäƤޤեСǤɤߤޤޤ̤Ǥ119ˤīˡƱûǤǺܤͽǤ
ơ󥿥ӥ塼ʵˤƤǤѸ˸ԤΩ줫顤Ѹ줬ˤ̤ۤ夲ƤŪϰ̡ܸüԤѸؽ񤷤򴶤빽¤ŪװơռۤƼäƱѸȤΡפˤĤƤäޤ
ޤŪDZѸ줬̸ (lingua_franca) ȤƵǽƤȤҴŪ¤ǧޤξǡѸ줬Ūϰ̤طʤˤϡΥꥷƥʤɡĤƤͭϸ줬ɤäƻڤȼŪˤƱ¤뤳ȤŦƤޤιȤŪкŪϤθγȻ٤ƤȤŪ¤ϡϳؤ򤹤ǽפǤεϡѸˤˤ礭1ĤǤֱѸȽפȤؤäƤޤ
ˡܿͤˤȤäƱѸ콬񤷤Ȥ빽¤ŪͳˤĤƤ⿨ޤܸȱѸϡȯʸˡηϡäʤɤǶ˾ʤεΥ󤤤Ȥ¤ޤʿǯ٥ǸС˸ߤȤäƤ褤طˤ衼åѽüԤ٤ȡܿͤѸνĹ֤פΤϡषʤȤǤ
ˡñʤμĶơƿͤܿͤδ֤ˤϡߥ˥Ȥʤ뽡ˡʸ̤Ǥζ̹⾯ʤѸǤβäˤֺˡפΤʤȤΤ⤦1Ĥ礭ɤˤʤäƤ뤳ȤŦޤο͡ѸǤβäˤޤ񹳴ʤΤ٤ȡܿͤϤäȤȤˡ֤⤽ɤΤ褦˲äϤ᤿褤ΤפȤǤ򴶤䤹褦Ǥ
ơΤʤǺǤܤƤΤռääΡפǤŪƤϤǤƤޤѸˤҲؤθ˴ŤߤαѸѤμ֤˴դߤŪʥɥХȤʤäƤȻפޤȤʤΤϡαѸü20ͤΤƿͤʤɤüԤϥޥΥƥǤȤ¤Ǥ
ֱѸפˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ linguistic_imperialism Υ夤ϤȤơ͡˵ƤޤǤ Voicy heldio δϢ򤴰⤷ƤȻפޤҤİС

#1607. ѸѸء
#145. 3ʳdzĥƤѸ

ơ̤Ǥ119ˤīûǤǺܤͽǤΤǡ餫⤴ɤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-05-27 Tue

#5874. khelf ྰʴرءˡnote Ϥ [notice][khelf][heldio][voicy][helkatsu][elf][historical_pragmatics][hel_herald]

khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤϡhel (helkatsu) ȱѸڳưˤǤС¿ޤϢǿ˥塼ȤƤ khelf ྰʴرءˤ note Ϥޤɤ


senrui_note.png



ּʾҲεɤȡδؿhelؤλפ褯äƤޤҲŪʻѸˤª륢ץ䡤ELF (English as a Lingua Franca; elf) ˴ؤͻϡαѸΤͤǽפʥȥԥåǤָƤӤפȤ˸Ūʥơޤ⡤Ѹ˸Ĭήռ꡼Ǥ
वˤϡޤ Voicy heldio ˤ١б餷Ƥޤ嵭 note κκǿֱ֡Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸heldioˡ׽бޤȤˤϡбΰ󥯤ȤȤ˵ƤޤΤǡҤε˲İǶνб524#1455. khelf वȥ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƤαѸᤰä --- ϿĤǤ



वϡۤˤ khelf ȯԤرѸ˿ʹؤδƤʤɡkhelf helˤ˹׸ƤƤޤ˳Ϥ줿 note ǤhelˤĤƤ⡤ειȤƤڤߤǤhellog ɼԤγ⤼व note եƤСhel賦Ǥޤޤ夲Ƥޤ礦

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2023-08-12 Sat

#5220. OED World Englishes [world_englishes][elf][oed][variety][notice]

OED Online Υ󥿡եǡѹ줿ɤѲᡤΤ褦 OED ѤƤ1桼ȤƤϡʤǤäƤޤäޤǤäƤ롥ѹľˤرʤɤȡֺäͤפȤȤꤷۤȤ
󥿡ե˴뤿ˡƤʤȤ֥饦Ƥ顤ޤǵŤʤäʤɤ¿ȯǤҲ𤹤 World Englishes ι⤽1Ĥ
OED 2028ǯ˽ǤǤ100ǯޤ롥 "The OED100 project" ˸ơOED ѸؤδؿƤȤѶŪʻ򼨤Ƥ롥OED ԻϤޤä19ȾˤϡѸϤޤֿפǤϤʤäߤǤϱѸ175ͤüԿ͸ʤBritish Council ˤĴ˥󥬥ե󥫤Ȥƻ¾ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥ櫓100ǯ򿶤֤ȡ͡ʱѸѼ郎иɸಽˤäƤϵϲäOED Ѹᤰ뤳ε޷ѲȿǤ͡ѼǰŪ˻ȤƤ䤽ȯѶŪ˺ϿƤ򼨤Ƥ롥
嵭ΥڡϡOED World Englishes ˴ؤ󶡤ϥ֤ȤʤäƤꡤ󥯤ĥƤ륳ƥĤɤ߻İƤǤ⡤ٶˤʤȤ櫓ڡ֤Ƥ롤ѼΰؤΥ󥯤ϽפǤ롥OED ¤˿ʲƤ롪


OED: World Englishes


Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1]

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2023-03-05 Sun

#5060. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼λޤ [asacul][world_englishes][elf][lingua_franca][link][voicy][heldio]

34ī㡼󥿡ɶˤơ꡼ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸפκǽȤʤ21αѸΤ椯פ̡饤Ǥäޤˤơǯ6˻Ϥޤä4ˤ錄륷꡼λȤʤޤ󤻵夲Ƥäʤˤϡտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ƥ꡼Τμݤ򿶤֤ޤʲǤƤޤ

ѸϸˤƺǤͭϤʸǤѸŪη̡̾䤿ؤǤɸѸװʳˤ͡ʱѸ줬ȯãƤꡤǯϤΤʽ˱Ѹ "World Englishes" ȸƤ֤ȤƤޤ
4Υ꡼ǤϡѸȤϲѸϤˤƤޤdz礷ΤѸεϤɤˤΤƺαѸϤɤʤäƤΤȤä˱ѸˤȤޤ


ܲϵ®ѲƤޤΤ褦ʸˤƿͤȿͤĤʤ󥬡ե󥫤ǤѸȡ䤿ϺɤΤ褦դäƤФ褤ΤѸˤδѸäΥ꡼ֺ¤ϡͤȤȤʤäϤǤ
Ѹ (world_englishes) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤϢ¿ϤƤƤޤʲǤϡȤ櫓ֺ¤ʻĤ󶡤Ƥ󤷤ޤʤɤΩƤƤйǤ
ʤǯ٤Ʊī㡼󥿡ɶˤƿ꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ򳫻ϤޤˤĤƤξܺ٤϶˲Ƥפޤɤڤߤˡ

Ρ1Ѹ硡2022ǯ611ˡ

hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ򳫹֤ޤ

Ρ2󡡤ˤƱѸϳ礷Τ2022ǯ86ˡ

hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס

Ρ3󡡱ƤαѸ2022ǯ101ˡ

hellog #4875. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸפΤ ([2022-09-01-1])
heldio #454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸס

Ρ421αѸΤ椯2022ǯ34ˡ

hellog #4954. īֺ¤4ʺǽˡֱѸˤѸ --- 21αѸΤ椯פΤ ([2022-11-19-1])
hellog #5048. heldio īֺ¤4ʺǽˡֱѸˤѸ --- 21αѸΤ椯פͽԤϤƤޤ ([2023-02-21-1])
heldio #630. Ѹ ENL, ESL, EFL ǥϤ⤦Ť --- 34ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼뤷ޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-02-14 Tue

#5041. ѸεΤ [linguistic_imperialism][youtube][link][elf][language_myth][linguistic_ideology][voicy][heldio]

줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿư#101. Ѹ쥳ץåϤΤ --- ѸȱѸȽͤǤѸȽˤᤰä2ͤǵƤޤФİޤYouTube Υȵǽꤴոʤɤ⤪󤻤ФȻפޤ



hellog ǤѸȽˤ䡤Ū˸ (linguistic_imperialism) ¿夲ƤޤѸäƤϡߤαѸƸŪϰ̤褯ǧƤɬפ뤳ȤϤ󡤤ʤѸ줬ޤƸŪʸˤʤäƤΤȤˤ򲡤ƤȤοȹͤƤޤѸᤰϱѸˤνפǤꡤޤ˱ѸˤθϢ礭׸ǤΤȿƤޤ
伫ȡε˴ؤƤޤΤʰոǤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤ѸŪˤƸŪ¦̤ǧĤġѸ˼Ƥ뤳Ȥⴰ˵䤹뤳ȤǤʤΡĤޤǤʤȹͤƤޤ³ƤȻפޤ
Ѹ˴ؤҤ¿ФƤޤΰϹǤޤ hellog Ϣ뵭ԥååפƤߤޤεΤˤͤޤǡ

#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])
#1073. Ѹ줬¾άƤѥ ([2012-04-04-1])
#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])
#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])
#1194. ¼ɤαѸѤȱѸˡ ([2012-08-03-1])
#1606. Ѹ캹̡ѸƸ ([2013-09-19-1])
#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])
#1785. 츢 ([2014-03-17-1])
#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])
#1838. ʸ ([2014-05-09-1])
#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1])
#2163. 쥤ǥ ([2015-03-30-1])
#2306. ʰ鹧ˡرѸγǡ٤ȱѸȽ ([2015-08-20-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])
#2458. ܸˡرѸ첽϶̱٤첽Τ ([2016-01-19-1])
#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])
#2549. ȤƤαѸ¦̡ ([2016-04-19-1])
#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1])
#2935. ַкѡ줬ڤ뻰Ĥǡס ([2017-05-10-1])
#2986. ˤѸѤΥޡ ([2017-06-30-1])
#3004. ѸˤϱѸʪ줫 ([2017-07-18-1])
#3010. ָο̱ϲܤ̵ۤФʹϤʤס ([2017-07-24-1])
#3011. Ǥ٤ƤŤϵǤ ([2017-07-25-1])
#3012. Ѹϥ󥬡ե󥫤ǤϤʤ꡼˥󥰸졩 ([2017-07-26-1])
#3277. ֱѸפΥɡ ([2018-04-17-1])
#3278. Ҳˤ뤤ϡֿʽСάפδαѸ˻ʬ ([2018-04-18-1])
#3286. ĹˤˤѸۤæơ3 ([2018-04-26-1])
#3302.ֱѸפΤɤä3ʳΡס ([2018-05-12-1])
#3315. ֥ϥ󡦥ɸס ([2018-05-25-1])
#3470. ξԤϲˤäƤ뤫 ([2018-10-27-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])
#3851. ưʪࡤ ([2019-11-12-1])
#4279. ʤѸȤʤäƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-01-13-1])
#4467. ɱѸϡ줿Ѹפ岽Ѹפ ([2021-07-20-1])
#4536. 쥤ǥκˤ3ĤεŪ ([2021-09-27-1])
#4537. Ѹ줫ΰϤˤ̲ "domain loss" ([2021-09-28-1])
#4545. ֱѸϤˤζ̸ˤʤäΤ --- IIBC Υ󥿥ӥ塼 ([2021-10-06-1])
#4829. 19ꥹ̳ͤפֱѸפء ([2022-07-17-1])
#4830. 19ꥹοʪࡦưʪ̣ ([2022-07-18-1])

Ϣ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#145. 3ʳdzĥƤѸ⤪İ


Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1] [2023-04-17-1]

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2022-07-28 Thu

#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy [voicy][heldio][standardisation][elf][wsse][world_englishes][elf][gengo_no_hyojunka]

ܲǤ⹭ɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơä򤦤äȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶ᤯ˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ



ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥󥹥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ

߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-28 Thu

#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy [voicy][heldio][standardisation][elf][wsse][world_englishes][elf][gengo_no_hyojunka]

ܲǤ⹭ɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơä򤦤äȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶ᤯ˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ



ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥󥹥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ

߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-20 Wed

#4832. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳס [history][sobokunagimon][elf]

#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ ([2022-07-14-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ŵΡ֥ץ (1--8) ˤϡѸˤγάҤƤ롥ֱѸסֱѸסָűѸλסѸλסֶѸλסְĸȥޥĸס֥ƥȥޥ󥹽פȤФüŪ˱ѸˤƤ롥
ץκǽǤϡפѤʵֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳפؤθڤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Ѹ줬Τ褦ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳϤȤƤޤ3ˤޤȤ뤳ȤǽǤ
1. ѹǰʸ
2. ĶȤƤƹζδ
3. Ѹ켫ΤνȺ
Ѹϡѹˤ뿢̱η̤ˤǰѤξѸȤ˹äƤϤˤο̱ϤǤθѸޤѸȤʤޤ̱ϤΩˤ⤽ͭ顤Ϥˤưۤʤä̱²֤֡ĤʤաפȤ¿ι񡹤ǻѤ³ƤޤкѡȤƤƹζδǤƹȯͤαDz衦ڡݡġ󥿡ͥåȡѥiPhone ʤɤѸιŪڤ˵ڤܤƶ礭ΤǤޤѸ켫Τħʤ̾ʤưλˡʤɤ¾θӤƴñǤꡤؽưפǤ̵Ǥޤ


ѸܤǤθȤƤŪ褯ֽʡͳ3Τ褦˻פ롥ä13ˤĤƻϰ°פƱդǤʤ
1ܤˤĤƤϡפȤ餫ɽˤꡤѹȱѸŪ¦̤ʤƤˤʤ롥ȤΤϡѸϤۤɡ֤줤פʤȯŸƤ櫓ǤϤʤǤ롥ѹȤƤȤȤϳΤ˻¤ɽǤϤޤ˱ѸΤ褦˻פΤǤ롥­Ǥͭפ˿ƤˤȤɤޤꡤѸ¦̤ˤϰڿƤʤ
2ܤˤĤƤϡä˰Ϥʤ
3ܤˤϤ򴶤롥ѸˤϡˤäƳΤˡֽפȡֺפȤΤ⤷ʤ椨ˡֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäפȷ뤿ˤϡҴŪʺܳŪʵɬפǤ롥ϤǤ⡤ưŪˤ⡤ۤȤɤʤƤʤΤĤޤꡤ3ܤϤޤǰʡͳפˤȤɤޤ褦˻פ롥
ޤ­ˤơ̾ʤưλˡʤɤ¾θӤƴñǤꡤؽưפǤפȤ뤬ФƤ͡ȿǤ롥ޤ̾ưηˤĤơ¾θӤƴñפȤȤΡ¾θפϡ餯Ʊŵμݤ餹ȥƥ졤ɥĸ졤ե󥹸ʤɤΡ¾ΰפǰƬ֤Ƥ뤫Ȼפ뤬⤷ȤʤС¾θפǤϸ­餺ˤ7θ줬Τ
ˡ˵Τ˾嵭εȤƤ⡤̾ʡפŪñǤȤŦˤĤƤϡѸΡֿפ¾θפʣǤäʣǤȼĥǤͳϤʤꤵƤȤܤθˤƤ⡤ƥ꡼ȤƤϡñפȡʣפ2ब̤ˤȤɤޤʤŪʡξפˤĤƤϹθƤʤȤˡ뤤ϡʤҤä᤿̰ΤŪñȤȤ
ˡǧȤƤʾʤȤȳʤ̤˸СŪñפǤϤȤϸˡ̾ưηŪñȤäơʤɡʳδ¿θܤθ줺ˡѸθηϤΤȤŪñǤȼĥǤ뤫ɤϡ˵Ǥ롥ʤȤĿͤˤȤäơʤơ餯¿ܤγؽԤˤȤäơ˱Ѹ¾¿θ٤ƤֳؽưספʸǤϷ褷Ƥʤ褦˻פʤ줳ȸСΤˤ̤ǤϤ뤬ˡ٤ҴŪ᤬ȤϤ褯ΤƤ (cf. #293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. 񤷤ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1])#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2020-09-21-1]
ʾεꡤϾ嵭3ä1ܤ3ܡˤϡֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳפǤϤʤֱѸŪƸǧʸͳפʤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥

ʡƻ 㥵󡡡صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ

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2022-06-23 Thu

#4805. "World Englishes" "ELF" ζ¸ܻؤ [world_englishes][elf][lingua_franca][sociolinguistics]

αѸʸ English in the World ɤ߿ʤƤ뤬Ϣ͡ʵؤȤʤͤηˤ Seidlhofer (48) "World Englishes" "ELF" ߴطˤĤơΩǤϤʤ¸Ǥ٤ȼĥƤ롥

Conclusion: Live and let live
This volume is intended as a contribution to an exchange of views and a constructive debate between proponents of World Englishes, or nativized varieties of English, and proponents of EIL, or ELF. It seems to me that each group (although the 'groups' themselves are of course abstractions and constructions) can benefit from learning more about what is happening in the field of 'English in the World' as a whole, and again, I am hopeful that this collection will make this possible. There are certainly important differences between World Englishes and EIL --- simply by virtue of the very different sociohistorical and sociocultural settings in which these Englishes have arisen and are being used. But acknowledging and understanding these differences does not have to entail the setting up of what are actually false dichotomies, such as WE vs EIL, pluricentric vs monolithic, tolerance of diversity vs prescribed rules. It is perfectly clear that the functions of language are manifold in all societies, and that any language serves the purposes of identification and communication. Identification with a primary culture on the one hand and communication across cultures on the other are equally worthwhile endeavours, and there is no reason why they should not happily coexist and enrich each other.


1ĤϱѸѸؤʬƤϤȤƤ "identification" ѡ⤦1ĤϱѸޤȤᤢƤῴϤȤƤ "communication" ѡ Seidlhofer ϡѸȤǧ2ĤȿѤŦΥХ󥹤뤳ȤνĥƤ롥ϻ伫ȤƤѸѤѤȤפ롥Ϣưʲε򻲾ȡ

#1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])
#1521. ޲ȷ ([2013-06-26-1])
#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])
#2922. ¾μҲṲ̄Τ꤫ȤƤθ캹̡ ([2017-04-27-1])
#2989. Ѹ줬ǤϤʤΤϲ⸽ߤƱ ([2017-07-03-1])
#3671. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (1) ([2019-05-16-1])
#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])

Seidlhofer, Barbara. "English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle: What It Isn't." English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 40--50.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-01-1]

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2022-06-21 Tue

#4803. ֱѸסֱѸʣΡסֽѸ [terminology][world_englishes][elf][variety][model_of_englishes]

ѸȴϢơRubdy and Saraceni Tom McArthur ˥󥿥ӥ塼ɤ2006ǯεʤΤǡȤʤäƤϸŤȤиŤȻפ뤫⤷ʤMcArthur ռͽŪʱԤäƤꡤαѸˤƤ⽽ʬ˻ͤˤʤ롥
ݥȤϡѸȤоݤ (1) ֱѸ (the English language)(2) ֱѸʣΡ ('the English language complex')(3) ֽѸ ('the Englishes', 'the English languages') 3ĤؤǹͤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤƤRubdy and Saraceni (29) 顤󥿥ӥ塼ʹƤߤ褦

Q9 In some countries of Asia and Africa, English has become 'nativized' and begun to be considered an Asian or African language, and not one that is owned exclusively by any one speech community. For this reason some sociolinguists are of the view that it may be more realistic to recognize a plurality of standards. Given this view, if 'the English language' needs to be pluralized into 'the English languages', what does ELT stand for?

A9 I'm glad you raised this one. It fits my own observations over many years, as summed up in The English Languages (Cambridge, 1998). English is such an immense language that for me it has been essential to have at least three models. First there is English as a 'conventional' language ('the English language'), useful on a day-to-day basis but for me only the starting point for the second model ('the English language complex'), which has many varyingly distinct subentities, and finally to the third model of English as a continuum of recognizably distinct languages ('the Englishes', 'the English languages'), dominated by the educated standards of various countries that provide basis (particularly through the norms of the US and UK) of a 'World Standard English'. Most learners have no interest in all of this. If, as I hope, they are lucky, they will learn an English appropriate to their needs and situation, and expand (perhaps creatively) as and when they feel the need.


䤿ѸȤˤĤȤˡ3ؤΤؤαѸˤƤΤפǤ롥λüԤδ֤ȤƤؤƤȡѸӤˤʤ뤫줯餤Ѹ̯ˤʤäƤƤȤΤǤ롥
ϡؤ̾αѸμȤǶȤˤ (1) ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ѸˡѸؤμȤǤϤ⤦ѸѼκʬΰռ⤯ʤꡤΤ (2) ȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȻפռŪˡѸפŪʸ̮Ǥϡʤ (3) ªȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʬϤγ٤ߤ礭ۤʤˤ⤫餺դˡֱѸפ English ȤƸڤ줬ʤΤޤʤΤǤ롥ѸΤ񤷤Τ
McArthur αѸѤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])#4501. αѸѼˡ --- McArthur "Hub-and-Spokes" ǥ ([2021-08-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ׻ȡ

Rubdy, Rani, and Mario Saraceni. "An Interview with Tom McArthur." English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 21--31.
McArthur, Tom. "The English Languages?" English Today 11 (1987): 9--11.
McArthur, Tom. "English in Tiers." English Today 23 (1990): 15--20.
McArthur, Tom. "Models of English." English Today 32 (1991): 12--21.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 94.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-01-1]

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2022-06-18 Sat

#4800. Lingua Franca Core ؤȽ [world_englishes][lingua_franca][elf][lfc][elt][standardisation][language_planning]

ε#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1]) Lingua Franca Core (LFC) ƳLFC 󼨤줿طʤˤϡѸ (world_englishes) λˤäơαѸؽԡȤ櫓 EFL γؽԤϡŪʱɸѼ䤽¾ϤɸŪȤߤʤƤѼΤǤϤʤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) EIL (= English as an International Language) ȾΤѼؽΥåȤȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤѸ춵Ѥ줹롥αѸüԿ͸Τ餯Ⱦʬʾ EFL üԤǤꡤǤ LFC ºŤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäơ̱Ūפ˸뤫⤷ʤ
LFC ФȽŪʰո⤢롥LFC ⡤ŪʱɸѼƱͤˡñʤɸǤˤȤɤޤ餺ϤȤʤäƤϤʤȡϤμŤΤ鿷ΤؤȤؤȤȤˤʤʤ̱ŪǤȤʤС⤽ؼԤ䶵ԤͰŪˡ֥פȤ󼨤ȤȤ̷ϤĤߤǤϤʤ
Tomlinson (146) ϡLFC Τ褦ʤΤꤷɸѸפŤԤʤȤ԰٤ "arrogant" ǤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥

But, are we not being rather arrogant in assuming that it is we as applied linguists, language planners, curriculum designers, teachers and materials developers who will determine the characteristics of a World Standard English? Is it not the users of English as a global language who will determine these characteristics as a result of negotiating interaction with each other? We can facilitate the process by making sure that our curricula, our methodology and our examinations do not impose unnecessary and unrealistic standards of correctness on our international learners, and by providing input and guiding output relevant to their needs and wants. But ultimately it is they and not us who will decide. To think otherwise is to be guilty of neo-colonist conceit and to ignore all that we know about how languages develop over time.


ɸफϤ䤳Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Tomlinson, Brian. "A Multi-dimensional Approach to Teaching English for the World" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 130--50.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-01-1]

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2022-06-17 Fri

#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" [world_englishes][lingua_franca][elf][lfc][epenthesis]

ε#4798. ENL ǤθѲϡֳ׿פǡESL/EFL Ǥϡְִ㤤ס ([2022-06-16-1]) ǰѤ Jenkins (37) ϡELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) γˤȤʤħȯˤƤ롥ϡĴη̡͡ʱѸѼǧ줿ħǤꡤΤ ELF ѤˤƤƽפʹܤȤȤˤʤ롥

The Lingua Franca Core (LFC)
   1. Consonant sounds except for substitutions of 'th' and of dark /l/
   2. Aspiration after world-initial /p/, /t/ and /k/
   3. Avoidance of consonant deletion (as opposed to epenthesis) in consonant clusters.
   4. Vowel length distinctions
   5. Nuclear (Tonic) stress production and placement within word groups (tone units)


ħ EFL ˤƳˤȤϤʤʤΤǤ (Jenkins 37)

Non-core features:
   1. Certain consonants (see Lingua Franca Core no. 1)
   2. Vowel quality
   3. Weak forms
   4. Features of connected speech such as elision and assimilation
   5. Word stress
   6. Pitch movement on the nuclear syllable (tone)
   7. Stress-timed rhythm


ܸüԤŵŪˤߤѸȯ嵭Ρ֥פƤϤƤߤȡread lead ϤȤˡ֥꡼ɡפȯƤޤƬ /r/ /l/ ζ̤ Core no. 1 ˴ޤޤΤǡħȤƤҤȤȯʬɬפ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥첻 (epenthesis) /ri:d/ ǤϤʤ /ri:do/ ȯ줿ȤƤ⡤ħˤϴޤޤʤᡤƤ (cf. Core no. 3)

Jenkins, Jennifer. "Global Intelligibility and Local Diversity: Possibility or Paradox?" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 32--39.

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2022-06-13 Mon

#4795. ɸѸ졤Ѹ졤ELF λߥǥ [standardisation][world_englishes][elf][lingua_franca][elt][model_of_englishes]

ε#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 Standard English World Englishes ȤΩκϿȤ櫓Ѹ춵ˤƤ϶顦ؽΥåȤ򲿤ˤ뤫Ȥľ뤹뤿ᡤ򤱤Ƥ̤ʤǤ롥Rubdy and Saraceni ϡ2ĤΩ EIL/EFL Ȥ3ǤߥǥͤϤˤƼΤ褦˻ŦƤ (6)

Towards simplifications: the teaching and learning of English
While an exhaustive description of the use of English is a futile pursuit, with regard to the teaching and learning of English in the classroom such complexities have necessarily to be reduced to manageable models. The language of the classroom tends to be rather static and disregardful of variation in style and register and, more conspicuously, of regional variation. One of the main issues in the pedagogy of English is indeed the choice of an appropriate model for the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. Here 'model' refers to regional variation, which is the main focus in the whole volume. In this sense, the choice is seen as lying between three principal 'rival' systems: Standard English (usually Standard British or Standard American English), World Englishes, and EIL/ELF (English as an International Language/English as a Lingua Franca).


ǥ饤ХȤʤǥȤƸڤƤ Standard English, World Englishes, ELF ϡ줾ˤ ENL, ESL, EFL ָαѸѤбƤȹͤcf. #173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ͸ ([2009-10-17-1]
Standard English 濴˿Ѹ춵ϡENL üԡʤȤ櫓ƱѸüԡˤˤȤäƳͭŪ˰ҿդƤѼǤ⤢֥֥ϡפȴǤ롤ѸüΤΤʤǡ졦ȤüԤϾɤǤ뤳Ȥդ
World Englishes ϡϤѸüԡȤ櫓 ESL üԤŪѤƤѼޤ᤿ѸѼΤǤ롥ESL üԤϱѸüԿ͸礬礭ˤѸѤΤˤפʱƶڤܤͽۤƤ롥򺣡World Englishes ݡפܤƤͳ⡤ˤ롥
ELF ϡѸüԡȤ櫓 EFL üԤΩθѸѤǤ롥ѸϹݥߥ˥ΤƻǤȤŪǽŪ¦̤Ż뤷ѸªӥͥΰǡѸüԤɤѸѤƥߥ˥ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ŪˤϡΤɤϰȤľŪ˷ӤĤƤ餺¸θġѼ郎ȼθܤȤƤȤΩŪѼǤ롥EFL üԤϱѸüΤΤʤ礬Ǥ礭ؤʤѼȤ ELF ܤƤȤ櫓ELF ǰԤȤ餤ꡤμ֤ϲʤΤͰŪ˺ꤹ٤ΤʤΤɤ꤬롥

ܤαѸ춵ϡŪˤ餫 Standard English нŤäǯ͡ʱѸƤȤ World Englishes Ūʸ⸽ƤȤϤΩäƤȤϸѸ춵ŪȤƤ ELF ˸줹褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϸ

Ρֻߡץǥϡ3ĤαѸѤΤѤΤȤǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥ष3ơɤ줯餤γǥ֥ɤ뤫ȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-01-1]

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2021-11-04 Thu

#4574. ELF 2Ĥħ --- ˾¾Υ󥬡ե󥫤Ӥ [elf][lingua_franca][history][latin]

ѸϸǺǤͭϤʥ󥬡ե (lingua_franca) ǤꡤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca; cf. elf) ȸƤФƤ롥˾塤λ夽λǡפȤªƤΰˤơۤʤüԤȤ͡δ֤Ƕ̸ȤѤƤͭϤʥ󥬡ե󥫤¸ߤƤ㤨С󥹥åȸ졤ꥷ졤ƥ졤ӥ졤ݥȥ졤ե󥹸졤ʤɤϤƼΤʤǥ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƵǽƤˤġ
21θˤơʤäϵ嵬ϤΡפǤˤˤƤϡѸ줬󥬡ե󥫤ôäƤ櫓Υ󥬡ե󥫤٤ưۤʤϤΤELF κݤäħϲʤΤJenkins (549) ϡ(1) Ϥ礭ȡ(2) ¿αѸüԤȤƤαѸüԡ Kachru Τ "expanding circle" °͡ǤȤ2󤲤Ƥ (cf. #217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]))

ENGLISH as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) has much in common with other lingua francas (contact language used by people who do not share a first language) that have existed over many centuries. Languages such as Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Portuguese among others have all, at various times, served lingua franca functions, while English itself has been a lingua franca since the late 16th century, when the countries of the outer circle . . . were first colonised by the British. ELF differs from all the previous lingua francas, however, in terms of its scale. Because English has become so closely bound up with the phenomenon of globalization . . . , it is spoken by larger numbers of people across a far wider range of countries than is true of any other lingua franca past or present, including earlier manifestations of English. And the majority of these people, perhaps as many as two billion . . . , come from the countries of the expanding circle . . . . These are countries, particularly in mainland Europe, East Asia, and, to a lesser extent, Latin America, where English is neither a mother tongue nor a postcolonial language. So although ELF is used as a contact language both across and within all three of Kachru's circles, inner, outer, and expanding, it is above all an expanding circle phenomenon . . . .


ͤƤߤ2ĤȤ⼫ħΤ褦˻פ뤬˺줺˲Ƥɬפ롥ELF ˾ΰյϡ˾¿ο͸ؤäƤȤȡƲ "expanding circle phenomenon" ǤȤȤ
󥬡ե󥫤ȤѸ줽켫ΤˤĤƤϡ#1086. lingua franca (1) ([2012-04-17-1])#1087. lingua franca (2) ([2012-04-18-1])#1088. lingua franca (3) ([2012-04-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ޤ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƱѸȤФӤƥˤĤƤϡ#4504. ƥ褷ȱѸιԤ ([2021-08-26-1])#4505. פȤƤΥƥȱѸȤǡƱDzۤʤ뤫 ([2021-08-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Jenkins, Jennifer. "English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle." Chapter 27 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 549--66.

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2018-11-15 Thu

#3489. ŪŪ꥽ΡֲΡפη̤ȤƤαѸ첽 [war][elf][lingua_franca][history]

ƣ (279--80) ϡѸ줬ŪʥХĹŪطʤȤơη̡ŪŪ꥽ѸήȤȤƤ롥

ͺȲʳصѤˤĤơꥫꥹʤȥϢˤϵɥġȥꥢ沤ˤλ񻺤वܤͭSҥ塼ơҲۤư٤Ȥꡤ沤ѸؤμͤæСưˤäư廰͡ǯΥꥹꥫΤ礭ˤưϻȬǯʸΥե󥹤ƨ楰Ρ饤ꥹΦͺ˿ܤ롥
ꥹ褷ʸҲϤγؼԤߤƤ⡤IСSեȡFϥݥˡKݥѡLȥ󥷥奿˲Ȥ˸¤ȡʥͥߥˤ᡹Ȱ塻ȬǯѡˡGȥMեꡤEܥ֥ܡࡤNڥʡMݥA֥륯ġġγγ׿ԤϡۤȤɤơ뤤ϼŪ褷ͤӤȤǤ롥Ѹ줬ŪʥХˤʤäΤϡȤǤ


(303) ϡꥹˤӤΥɤ1ĤȤơֲΡפ󤲤Ƥ뤬ޤ˥ꥹ䥢ꥫϳŪΤˤäơѸʸˤ᤭夲ƤȤ
˿Ƥ楰ΤϱѤ˴ؤơαѸ˾ΰյˤĤơ#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1]) ʤɤǿƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿Υΰ̱ˤŪƶˤĤƤϡ#3436. ѸϽȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1]) (4) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ ɧإꥹ10֡١ȽŹҴȿӡ2013ǯ

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2018-10-27 Sat

#3470. ξԤϲˤäƤ뤫 [japanese][world_languages][lingua_franca][elf][demography][sociolinguistics]

(245--46) ϡܸˤˤʹȾˤ̤ͥᤰ褤ָפȤʤ顤̤˸ξԤˤäƺΤʤΤˤĤƤ롥

ޤˡξԤϡñʸλѿ͸ʤɤˤäƤޤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ҤȤˤθϼԤθ줬¿ν̱ξ˷פȤä礬롥
ޤεϡŪˡʤˤ줽켫Τι¤ˤäƤޤΤǤʤ
ȤС첻ο¿餱Ȥ̾ȿ̤뤫龡ġȤäΤǤϤʤθ줬쵡ǽ˴ؤơҲŬǤƤ뤫ɤȤäϤ롥ˤҤĤƤСʣʼҲ񵡹бǤ뤫ȤäȤɽʸΤμ䡤ʪؤθǽǤ뤫ȤäƤʤɤ롥ˡ쥳ߥ˥󤬡¾Υߥ˥ͥȡɤۤڤΥƤ뤫Ȥäʤɤ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤȤϡ餯񤭤ȤФʸΤγΩȡΥδطˤ롥
ñʤѿ͸κϸξԤθˤʤʤȤ⤷¿ԤλѸ줬μҲʣбơǤ˽Ҥ٤쵡ǽᡤ夵¿οͤӤȤΤ߹ǤϤȤäΤƤȤȤȷӤĤ褦ˤʤСϡƤȸǤФơ¯Ūʾϡ쵡ǽ̤ǡˤĤ礬¿˻פ롥ޤλѿ͸¿θҲηкŪŪʸṲ̄ͥ˷ӤĤơΰҿȤäΤطʤˤʤ뤳ȤϤꤦ롥ΤȤ褤ɤˤͤˤäƤ⡤ȤؤθɬפȤʤäƤ롥


ϿŤʵŸƤ롥üԿ͸칽¤ΤΤľܤ˸ξ˹׸ȤȤϤʤ餬μҲŪʵǽ˺ѤꡤѤ줿ꤹСθ¤ˤƴŪ˹׸뤳ȤϤꤦȤǤ롥ɤΤȤҲŪǤߤƽƾԤؤι׸ˤĤȤȤʤΤǡüԿ͸칽¤ΡľŪʡ׹׸٤ϤۤܥȹͤƤ褤ΤѸŪ첽פͤǡȤƤפǤ롥
Ѹ첽θäƤϡϢȤơ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1])#2935. ַкѡ줬ڤ뻰Ĥǡס ([2017-05-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ΤȤ褤ס Ƶԡˡܸˡ١罤۽Ź1977ǯ243--86ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1] [2021-10-06-1]

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2017-07-26 Wed

#3012. Ѹϥ󥬡ե󥫤ǤϤʤ꡼˥󥰸졩 [lingua_franca][linguistic_imperialism][elf][native_speaker_problem]

Ϣ夲Ƥ뤬8ýֱѸ1塤ܸĤ뤫פɲáºˤܸ׸ˤʤꤦ뤫ǡܸפȤǡˤܡʸˤΥץ쥼󥹤뤿ˡ¿ˤȯʤ٤ȤƤʤƤ롥

ֱѸפ˴ФԤϡѸʳθˤȯˤäȿ˼ȤޤʤФʤʤѸʳθˤäȯФƤäҴˤʤʤФʤʤ¿θüԤФơθդǸ꤫뤳ȤϡܤФ붦ƤӳФޤ̤礭ޤθȯˤϡѸ줢뤤ϱѸüԤˤ륹꡼˥󥰤ФƤʤŤߤ롥(57)


ǸˤֱѸ줢뤤ϱѸüԤˤ륹꡼˥󥰡פȤ˰̣ĹǤ롥󥬡ե (lingua_franca) ȤƤαѸ (elf) ˤϡʤѸ줬üԡˤΡֶϤפ̤ƤȤȤȤƤ롥ݥƥʱѸѤ
֥꡼˥󥰡פȤϡͥƥʱѸѤɽ魯ѸȤ軰Ԥͳ뤳Ȥǡΰտޤ̣פ줿ĤƤޤȤްդ롥ˡϤˤ븡ܤȤʴޤߤ鴶 (cf. native_speaker_problem) Τ褦˱Ѹ򸫤ϡ"English as a Language of Censorship" (= ELC) ʤɤθƾΤƤ褦ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤϱѸϰȤ館ƤȤ櫓ǤϤʤѸ˸¤餺׸ϰ̤ˤǤСɬ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƤ¦̤ ELC Ū¦̤碌ĤΤȻŦƤˤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1]

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2017-06-30 Fri

#2986. ˤѸѤΥ [world_englishes][lingua_franca][linguistic_imperialism][elf][new_englishes][variety]

ܤʸˤʤɤꥢԡ뤷ꤹݤˡ޲ȤƱѸѤ٤Ȥȯۤϡ̤ǤϤʤȤ̱²Υǥƥƥ˴ؤ򡤱ѸΤ褦 lingua_franca Ѥȯ뤳ȤϡܤǤΤȡ侩٤ȤȹͤƤ롥
¾ϰǤϤɤäˡեꥫ䥢¿֤Ƥƿ̱Ϥο͡ιȤ̱²Υǥƥƥ˸ڼ¤ɽȻפȤ޲ȤƵ콡ι줿ѸѤȤȤϡ̷ޤǤϤʤƱȤϡƿ̱Ϥʤ餺Ȥ⡤äαѸѼȤѤƤ륫ֳϰʤɤˤƤϤޤ롥ºݡΥޤϡܡʿ͡ˤˤȤäƤ̵ǺߤξʤϰǷ㤷ŪȤʤäƤǤʸɽԤǤʸŤˤơϤȤǮ
Crystal (279--80) ꡤΥޤȤιˡܼˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥս

The problem is greatest for poets, novelists, and dramatists in the newly independent nations, where there is often considerable antagonism towards English, seen as a symbol of colonial oppression. The dilemma is acute. Should they use the 'enemy's' language, with all the alien awkwardness that comes with the use of a second language for literary expression, in order to achieve an international audience? Or should they use their mother tongue, for which they have an immediate sensitivity, but which will place severe constraints on their potential readership? The solution, many writers maintain, is to concentrate on developing the English of their own region, making it into a language which belongs to them, and with which they can identify. 'Our method of expression', wrote the Indian author Raja Rao, 'has to be a dialect which will some day prove to be as distinctive and colorful as the Irish or the American . . . The tempo of Indian life must be infused into our English expression.' And the call for new Englishes, personal, evocative, and dynamic, has been echoed by second-language writers around the world, in South-east Asia, East and West Africa, and by first-language writers in Jamaica, South Africa, and New Zealand.


ΤäȤơɿͤλ Kamala Das μѼŪʱѸѤƤߤ褦 (Crystal 280)

. . . I am Indian, very brown, born in
Malabar, I speak three languages, write in
Two, dream in one. Don't write in English, they said,
English is not your mother-tongue. Why not leave
Me alone, critics, friends, visiting cousins,
Every one of you? Why not let me speak in
Any language I like? The language I speak
Becomes mine, its distortions, its queernesses
All mine, mine alone. It is half English, half
Indian, funny perhaps, but it is honest.
It is as human as I am human, don't
You see? It voices my joys, my longings, my
Hopes, and it is useful to me as cawing
Is to crows or roaring to the lions . . .
                    The Old Playhouse and Other Poems (1973)


ϡɸѸܻؤῴϤ¿ͲѸѼαϤ븽ˤơ٤ʴפǥåγʹȤʤ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1] [2017-07-03-1]

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2017-05-10 Wed

#2935. ַкѡ줬ڤ뻰Ĥǡ [elf][sociolinguistics][lingua_franca][linguistic_imperialism][language_myth]

English ǤϤʤ Englic äפ󾧤ڤϡ줬󥬡ե󥫤ȤڤƤ椯طʤˤ礭ʬɸ3ĤǤ롤Ƥ롥ؤʵʤΤǡΤޤްѤƾҲ𤷤褦ڡpp. 35--37ˡ

Ѹ줬ޤäΤϱѸ줬ȤƤ褯ǤƤƽ䤹ȸͤޤ米ǤˤȡۼԤθٶʤʤͤŪʾ𶷤СɤθǤƱޤޤ
¤Ͽʹ֤θϤɤ줬Ū񤷤ȤפȤϤʤΤǤ¾οʹ֤ˤȤäƤߤʳؤ٤롥Ȥ˳ؤФʤȶϫ¿ȤΤϻ¤ǤȡפʤȤظʸ佡ΰ㤦ϳؽΤ˶ϫȤȤǤȤäƤߤСʬθȥפ㤦ϳؤ֤Τ˻֤ȤäǡܼŪ٤ȤΤϺޤ
פˡѸ줬ܼŪ˰פäȤޤäΤǤϤޤ󡥥ꥹȤδ⤬Ĥγۤϵʤ˥󥸥åδβǤۤޤʤȤϤޤäưˤʤäȡ줬ޤѸ˳ȤϤäΤǤ
Ƽˡ奢ꥫ̵ͣλܼȤȤơкѤθޡѡȶ᤯Ƥ櫓ǤΥꥫθ˶Ϥʱƶڤܤ³椨ˡ˱Ѹ줬Τ褦˹ޤäΤǤкѻۤȷۤȤϤۤȤɤξɽ΢Τδطˤޤ
줫⤦ĤθϽǤ̥ϤΤ붯ϤʽȡνȷӤĤƤ졤ȤХඵϥӥ졤Υꥹȶϥƥ䥮ꥷȤդˡ줬ôȤƹޤäƤ櫓Ǥɤ⡤ȤΤϿʹ֤ǤϤʤΤǡɬο͡ʸȼкäƤޤ
Τ褦˸줬˹ޤ븶ϡ̤Ϸ̤Ͻ̤ϷкѡλĤȤޤ


кѡΤۤˤ⡤줬ڤʤ뤤Ͽ͡ؤܤؤǤ⤦1Ĥ褦˻פ롥ϡפǤ롥ǤˤäƸ줬Ū˰٤ޤڤȡθͭϤǤ˹ޤäƤꡤ͡뤳Ȥˤפ¿̤˵ڤ֡кѡȤäꤵ줿ΰˤȤɤޤ餺ؽѡѡ̡ʸʤɡͤ¿ʬǡθؤ֤Ȥβͤ褦ˤʤ롥ϳؤȸƤ֤Τͥƥ֤ȴʤСѶŪΥѥȸƤؤƤ褤
򤳤ƤܤˤѸ춵顦ؽǮǭݻҤѸؤФʤФʤʤȤǰϡŪưŤ˻٤ƤȤϡΡפˤȤ礭ΤǤϤʤˤԤǺФƤȤϤ̤ܤɸ3ǤȤ¤õƤ٤
Ѥκǽˤ̤ꡤֱѸϴñȤʤäפȤ¯ϡ˺ĤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

סؤʤϱѸ廊ޤ١ڻ˼󥿡ʥʥ롤2011ǯ

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2016-12-17 Sat

#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ [ame][webster][standardisation][academy][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][elf][popular_passage]

Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤ򼨤ƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯񤤤Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦

   The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
   . . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
   It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."


Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥󥰥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 򤹤۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥ򤷤ƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäब󤲤Ƥ͸ס󥰥ɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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