ܲǤɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơääȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ
ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯѤä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ
ܤαѸ춵ǤϡꥫѸ줬ήȤʤäƤ롥20ȾϥꥫιϤطʤˡŪˤ⥢ꥫѸαƶϤꥫѸ첽 (americanisation) ʹԤƤȤϵʤʡ#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼 ([2011-08-26-1]) ȡˡŪݤƤˤ륤ꥹѸ⺬#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ϿޤǤߤ褦ˡθ̤ϤޤϤˤƸߤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡƱ2ѼϤФΩƼ뤬ȯŸƤꤵѸɸࡤ "World Standard (Spoken) English" (wsse) Ʊ2ѼΤ줫˰פȤȤϤʤΤ륢ꥫѸ줬濴ȤʤäƤȤͽۤ뤬ޤǤδפȤʤȤȤǤꡤξ͡ΩѼ濫뤤ϺѼǤä졤ΤȤƺ¤ѼؤȯŸƤͽۤʴϢơ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1])#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1]) ʤɤεȡˡ
Τ褦ʾͤȡǤ⥢ꥫѸޥȤ뤤ϥꥹѸˤȤѸؽˤϤɬפϤʤʤäƤƤȸİɤȤưŪʱѸǽϤδ餤СͭϤѼͭɽʤɤˤĤơ褯ؽƤ˱ۤȤϤʤäȤǽưŪǽϤ˴ؤƤϡۤɡ֡ѸǤθפˤɬפϤʤʤȤ⤽ɬƤƤΤǤϤʤ
ƤȽǤΤˡˤѸѤŸ˾ Baugh and Cable (394) ʸϤͤˤʤ롥
The global context of English . . . makes the traditional categories [= American English and British English] more problematic and the choices more complex than they were previously perceived to be. American English may be the most prominent source of emerging global English, and yet it will be American English derancinated and adapted in a utilitarian way to the needs of speakers whose geography and culture are quite different. To the extent that Americans think about the global use of English at all, it is often as a possession that is lent on sufferance to foreigners, who often fail to get it right. Such a parochial attitude will change as more Americans become involved in the global economy and as they become more familiar with the high quality of literature being produced in post colonial settings. Many earlier attacks on American English were prompted by the slang, colloquialisms, and linguistic novelties of popular fiction and journalism, just as recent criticism has been directed at jargon in the speech and writings of American government officials, journalists, and social scientists. Along with the good use of English there is always much that is indifferent or frankly bad, but the language of a whole country should not be judged by its least graceful examples. Generalizations about the use of English throughout a region or a culture are more likely to mislead than to inform, and questions that lead to such generalizations are among the least helpful to ask. In the United States, as in Britain, India, Ghana, and the Philippines, in Australia and Jamaica, one can find plentiful samples of English that deserve a low estimate, but one will find a language that has adapted to the local conditions, usually without looking over its shoulder to the standards of a far-away country, and in so adapting has become the rich medium for writers and speakers of great talent and some of genius.
ƽѼΤݤؤ֤ȤȤΤ̯ʤΤʤΤǡˤ䤫˳ؽΥåȤȤʤѼƤǡ¾Ѽ狼κ⼫ͳ˼Ȥ٤ɤʤΤ⤷ʤơΤ褦ʱѸؽη̤ȤơŪdzĴ⤤ѸѼλȤˤʤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤȹͤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1]) ǰѤ (204) ϡȯŸؤήʤɤޤܤΤȤФѲֱǥפƤ롥ɸ졦̸줬ĺˤꡤʻɽΡˤ˾夫ƶڤܤƤ뤬ɽ̤Τ餳Dzߤ˺ѤƤưɤδطˤ⤢롥 *
弫ȤΤȤФѤۤʬ䤹 (202--03)
ĤƤθѲΥǥñǡĺɸ졦̸줬־夫ѲפȤڤǤȡȤ館ƤܤǸ褦ˡ̱դΤȤФǻȤϤ褦ʡֲѲפˤ롥ȤǤޤ˿졤äƤΤϡΤؤɤǤȤФȤꤷƤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ΤȤФ⡤դäȤФȤƤϡΤؤ롥٤¾αƶΤ㤦Τϡ˿ȡ®ȵڤ뤳ȤǤ롥äȤФϥƥӤޥǻȤ뤳Ȥ٤Τ
Ȥǡαǥϡ餷Ƥ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) ۵롥ޤ줿褦ˡܸȱѸνѼϤӤǤ롥ȡǥϡ⤷ȤΤޤαѸѼȤƤϳؤΤˤѤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤȯۤ⤫֡ǥγƽŬ˲ѤƱѸͤˤޤäƤߤ

Ѹˤܸζ̸Τ¸ߤʤθȤ⤤ WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) Ƥߤ (cf. wsse) ޤˤϡܤˤˤΤʤΤǡص塤ߺǤƶϤζȻפ American English ƤߤŪĺ WSSE αƶ϶⤷ʤΤؤΤ餳Ǥ٤礦ѸѼ郎ߤ˱ƶڤܤäƤ롥ˤäƤϡŪѼħΰꥫѸʤɤͭϤѼߡˤ쵤ȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ夫ΰѤ⤸äɽȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ĤƤθѲΥǥñǡĺɸ졦̸WSSE ־夫ѲפȤڤѸѼǤȡȤ館ƤܤǸ褦ˡ̱դΤȤФǻȤϤ褦ʡֲѲפˤ롥ȤǤޤ˿ѸѼ졤äƤΤϡΤؤɤǤȤФȤꤷƤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ΤȤꥫѸ⡤դäȤФȤƤϡΤؤ롥٤¾ѼαƶΤ㤦ΤϡꥫѸ˿ȡ®ȵڤ뤳ȤǤ롥ꥫѸäȤФϥƥӤޥͥåǻȤ뤳Ȥ٤Τ
WSSE American English ĺ˿ȤȤ϶Ǥ롥ǥ˹פˤϡѸѼϤޤʣܸѸѼΤ褦Ӥ뤳Ȥˤꡤƶ褦˻פݥȤϡ(1) ɸಽȤŪʵῴϤȡȤʬŪʱϤȤȤƯƤ뤳ȡ(2) ŪѼ狼濴ŪѼظबήߡˤ®ɸŪѼळȤȤȤ
ͺܸ쥦å١ȽŹҴȿӡ1999ǯ
2ȤƱѸؽݤɸȤѸѼ (the target variety of English) ϡۤȤɤξ硤"Standard English" ɸѸˤϤΤˤ "the Standard variety of English" ɽǤʤ¸ߤΤȻפǤ롥#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1]) ǸȤꡤvariety ȤǰΤޤʤΤ顤the Standard variety λؤΤƤȤʤ餶ʤȤϼǤ롥#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1]) εͽ̤ۤꡤɸѸʤѼޤ fiction Ǥ롥
fiction Ǥ뤳ȤˡɸѸꤹ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣롥Ȥ⡤Τ褦Ѽ¸ߤƤդʤСѸؽɸŪ⡤Ѹ츦оݤޤ餺«ʤ㤨СQuirk et al. Ѹ쵭ҤΥåȤȤƤΤ "the common core" ȸƤǤΤǤꡤɸѸפȻؼƤΤ礭Ťʤ[2009-12-10-1]ε#227. ѸѼΥǥפȡˡޤǯELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ȤǰΩѸΥǥ˴ؤ (model_of_englishes) WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ʤѼоȤ夬äƤʤǡɸѸȤ̤ʤ
λؼоݤª¸ߤΤǤ뤫顤ɸѸȤΤϻζȤTrudgill ϼΤ褦Ϳ
Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other similar situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has nothing in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial language, or with concepts such as 'bad language'. Standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants, and Standard English speakers swear much as others. (5--6)
ɤɤۤªɤʤΤȤꤢϤդŶƤۤʤαѸѲƤ븽ˤơɸѸϤޤޤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
[2012-04-27-1]ε#1096. Modiano ƱߥǥפǡModiano ʸ "International English in the Global Village" ˼줿ѼŪѸѤΥǥҲ𤷤Modiano ϡɾȤȿơˡ̤ʸ "Standard English(es) and Educational Practices for the World's Lingua Franca." ȯɽǤϡǥǥ뤬ƤʰʲƱʸ p. 10 οޤȤ˺ˡ

ǤǤϡŪʱѸѼ郎ϤۤƤꡤ줾줬ۤʤäΨǤϤ뤬 "The Common Core" °ħȤæħ碌äƤ뤳ȤĴƤ롥ǤϡBritish English American English Τ褦ŪʼѼȡEFLѼޤʳѼȤδ֤˺Ϥʤ˥եåȤ˰֤ŤƤ롥 The Common Core γ¦괬ΰϡ The Common Core ǤǽΤħ亣 The Common Core 鳰ǽΤħ«ɽ路The Common Core ήưä濴Ǥ뤳Ȥ롥ơEIL (English as an International English) ϡ The Common Core ȤѼȤƤ롥ΥǥϡSvartvik and Leech ˤ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1]) Ӥ뤬The Common Core ήưŬʤɽƤǤɾǤ롥
ʾϥǥΤʸϤȤɽΤModiano ʸФȽ1ĤˡEIL (English as an International Language) ɤΤ褦ѼؤΤ狼ʤȤΤäȽ˱ơModiano Ϥδפ "standard English" ˤȤǡΤ褦ɽƤ롥
. . . the designation "standard English" includes those features of English which are both used and easily recognized by the majority of people who speak the language (what is operative in a lingua franca context). (11)
Standard English should be a composite of those features of English which are comprehensible to a majority of native and competent non-native speakers of the language . . . . (12)
ʸ⤷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤEIL ʤ "standard English" ʤ "the common core" (11) ʤѸ뤳ȤΤ롥۲줿ѸѼħϡޤˡȤ館ɤʤȤˤ롥ϡ̼ߤΥΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ΥΤʷͿ褦ȤС prescription Ϳ뤷ˡʤʤ٤Ūˤʤʤ褦 prescription Ѱդ뤿ˤϡ̩ description ˴ŤƤʤФʤʤسԤʤΤ describe ΤϹޤ롥description prescription ֤˾äƹԤդ֤ãȤΤŪɸȤʤΤǤϤʤ뤤ϡιդ˷ΤԤĤȤˡ⤢ξˤϡEIL "standard English" Ȥǰ̩ȤƤˤȤɤƤΤȤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
Modiano θʸϡΤȤʸ礭ȯŸƤ櫓ǤϤʤѼȿȤŪʱƼΤαѸѤФ˯ϡԤ㤷ʤäƤ롥㤨СǡǤ롥
A linguistic chauvinism, or if you will, ethnocentricity, is so deeply rooted, not only in British culture, but also in the minds and hearts of a large number of language teachers working abroad, that many of the people who embrace such bias find it difficult to accept that other varieties of English, for some learners, are better choices for the educational model in the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. (6)
A great many people in the UK do not speak "standard English" if by standard English we mean forms of the language which are comprehensible in the international context. (7--8)
Modiano αѸǥ˻ξФΤϡɽ魯ǥǤȤʾˡ̤αѸѤꤷ褦ȤǥǤꡤۤδޤޤ줿ǥǥȤϡĤǤ⤽δܤ롥Jenkins (22--23) ɾȡ
Modiano, Marko. "International English in the Global Village." English Today 15.2 (1999): 22--28.
Modiano, Marko. "Standard English(es) and Educational Practices for the World's Lingua Franca." English Today 15.4 (1999): 3--13.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
[2009-11-30-1]ε#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥפǼ Kachru Ʊߥǥϡ20ȾˤѸѤɽ魯ȤƹƤƱ͡Ƚˤ⤵餵Ƥ㤨С21ˤ1999ǯʸǡModiano (24) ϼΤ褦Ŧʤ顤Kachru ǥۤɬʤ
Ʊߥǥϡꥹ濴Ȥγ¦رѸ줬ȤäƤäȤŪʰ֤äȤǥǤ롥ѸѤϰ˸ꤵƤ櫓Ǥʤ21θߡäȤǥͭǤϤʤ
Τ褦ŪƤޤȡInner Circle ѼüԤǤϤ뤬Inner Circle μϰ˽ǤʤüԤŬڤ˰֤Ť뤳ȤǤʤʤ롥㤨бѸȤƿͤƹʳ˺߽ŻƤʤӻʤΤ顤Υǥϸ¤§ǥȤϤʤ
ƱͤˡInner Circle μϰ˽Ǥ뤬Inner Circle δްդøŪѼäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ͡㤨СꥹѸüԡˤ⤿롥Τ褦üԤ⡤ΥǥǤϤޤ֤Ťʤ
ƱߥǥϡѸ줬ŪʹѡꥹȶŪʹѤȶӤĤƤȤͤٻƤ롥
Modiano μĥС̻ŪˤϱѸ줬ꥹȤϤפȤγƹسȤäƤȤꤷʤŪˤϱѸѤϰ˸ꤵƤ櫓Ǥʤϰ褬ͥ٤ϤʤפȤȤˤʤKachru ǥϡѸˤ¦̤Ĵ뤭餤ꡤѸѤθŬڤɽ魯ǤϤʤȤɾǤ롥
Modiano ƤȤФΤϡŪ˹ѸѼήĪäȤΤǤǽϤŻ뤷ŪʼѼΥǥKachru ƱƱߤοޤModiano "The centripetal circles of international English" ȸƤǤ롥

ѸβͤϹŪ٤ι⤵ˤȤŰŪʥץ饰ޥƥ˴ŤǥǤꡤˤʸξݤפڤɤڤ곫ܼŪȤơEIL (English as an International Language) ɤΤ褦ѼؤΤŪѼȤ¸ߤΤȤä䤬롥
Modiano ʸΤˤϡ6̾ɾȤˤ¨¤ȿǺܤƤ (28--34) 碌ɤޤ롥ǤϻξΥȤƤꡤEIL ˤĤƤŪΤʻŦä㤨СKaye (32) "It is much easier, I think, to say what IE is not than what it is." Ȥơinternational English λؼоݤΤȤ館ɤΤʤŦƤꡤ Modiano "a general term which includes all of the varieties which function well in cross-cultural communication" ȤФơ"But what is meant by 'function well'?" ȵ褷Ƥ롥Crystal WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ˤ褽ѼؤȻפ뤬줬ʤΤꤹ뤳ȤJenkins (21--22) ˤ Modiano ǥɾ롥
Modiano, Marko. "International English in the Global Village." English Today 15.2 (1999): 22--28.
Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2009.
ؤδŪʹܤ˴Ϣܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥեι¤ؼ André Martinet (1908--99) ѸαƺˤĤͤ1995ǯʸȯΤɤǤߤ (see André Martinet)
衼åѤǤŪ˱ѸγؽȤХꥹѼ郎ǤꥢꥫѸȤƤŪŪʸŪˤ̩Ǥ륤ꥹػظΤϼȤмǤ롥Ѹ˸¤餺衼åѤ˵ꥫΦؤ礷衼åѤμˤĤƤƱǧ롥衼åѿͤˤȤäơڥȤѼǤϤʤڥѼݥȥȤХ֥饸ѼǤϤʤݥȥѼեȤХ٥åѼǤϤʤեѼ
Ѹۤ lingua franca ȤƤ䤬礭ʤäƤȡѼκ⤿餹礭ʤäƤ롥ȤФˤĤƤϡ¾塤ʤȤäƤ褤äȤФˤĤƤȯϻ˸ˤʤ롥Martinet ϡȤηиȤơꥫǽпϤʹ줿Ȥ France [frɑːns] ȥꥹȯȤFlorence ʹְ㤨줿Τǡʹߤ [fræns] ȯ褦ȤԥɤҤ٤Ƥ (124)
Martinet ϡ餷ˤĤƳڴŪǤ롥Ѥ˴ؤƺѤƤĴǽȲ褷ƤȤͤߤΥߥ˥̩ˤʤäƤƤ븽ߡۤʤˡФ봲ƤȤμ« (convergence) μ¤˿ʹԤƤꡤ餺Ŭڤʲߤȡ
Comme toutes les langues évoluent à chaque instant pour satisfaire aux besoins changeants de ceux qui les emploient, nous sommes tous, sans nous en douter, dressés à comprendre et à accepter des formes et des valeurs que nous ne pratiquons plus ou que nous n'avons jamais pratiquées, mais que nous avons entendues et identifiées depuis notre enfance. (126)
٤ƤθϡλѼԤѤ椯˱٤˿ʲƤ椯Τ顤䤿Ϥߤʡ˵դȤ⡤Ϥʤäꡤ٤ȤΤʤ֤ͤǤϤʤҶκʹƤǧƤ֤ͤǤƤ롥
Crystal ͽ WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ϡꥫѸäȤФߤȤʤäơαѸüԤĴäƤ椯ȤȯŸƤ椯ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ뤬 Martinet ΰѤϤŪʻͿƤȤ뤫⤷ʤ (see wsse )
Ѽ convergence 뤤 conversion ˤĤƤϡ[2010-10-09-1]ε#530. ꥫѸ conversion / diversionפȡ
Martinet, André. "Quelle sorte d'anglais pour les plurilingues à venir?" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 109 (1994): 121--27.
ǶᡤѸθѲηˤĤĴ٤뵡äϢϡޤǤˤʲΤ褦ʵʤȤĥƤεˤǰäƤ
#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1])
#795. ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ® ([2011-07-01-1])
#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1])
#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪ ([2011-01-09-1])
#339. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ ([2010-04-01-1])
#386. Ѹ˵äƤѲ礭 ([2010-05-18-1])
ʰʾ礷##860,795,625,622,339,386 ɤ
Ū˽äƸѸ20ʹߤȤȡȾȸȾȤǤϱѸ괬ĶϷѤƤ롥ޤ1990ǯȾаʹߤˤϡELF (English as a Lingua Franca) Ȥɽʹ褦ˤʤꡤǤαѸΰ֤Ťϡ21ꤹ뤳ȤϤʤޤޤѲƤ椯ΤȻפ롥ѸμҲŪΩ줬ѲˤĤơѸ줬ŪˤƤƤ椯ȤȤưפ褦
Barber ϡ20ȾФλǤαѸʼȤब "Received Standard" ȸƤ֥ꥹɸѸˤθѲˤĤƹͻƤ뤬ˤ2ĤĬήǧȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
On the one hand, there has been a trend towards greater uniformity, a levelling out of differences; on the other hand, there has been an increased reluctance to accept as a norm what has hitherto been considered the standard form of the spoken language. In sum the effect has been to make the language more mixed. (16)
ɸѼޤ͡ʥꥹѸѼħŪäܤɸѼؤǦӹǤƤȤĬήȡɸѼϰ̤ΤΤ㲼ƤƤȤĬήǤ롥ϡɸɸब礷ʤ⡤2dzä褦ƱŪѼ郎ޤĤĤȤƶɤƶ¬Ǥ뤳ȤϡɸѸƤѲʤΰˤϡɸѸ˸ꤵ줿餹пѲȤߤʤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤƸСñɸѼˤǤ¸ߤƤܤɸѼذƤȤȤ⤢ꤽȤȤǤ롥ϡ (dialectal borrowing) Ȥ˶ᤤBarber ȤɽǸСΰѤֻǼ褦 "changes in acceptance" ʼƤѲˤȤȤˤʤ롥
Because of the change which is going on in the concept of standard English, and because of the social changes of the post-war period, some of the linguistic changes which we shall note will be changes in acceptance, rather than changes in actual usage. Usages which are not new, but which have previously been considered non-standard, are now coming to be accepted as standard by increasing numbers of educated speakers (though not always by the speaker of R. S. [Received Standard] proper). (28--29)
Barber ⤯奤ꥹɸѸθѲĬήϡǤ "dialectal mixing" ηǤ뤬ãϡ20ȾФȤŪᤤʳǡƱĬήꥹɸѸǤʤѸˤѻ뤳ȤŦ˸롥ʥꥫѸϤʴפȤʤαѸѼ郎礤ˤ䤫˶Ѱ첽ƤΤǤϤʤȤѻǤ롥
[W]ith the great increase in world-wide communications, it is probable that the various forms of English spoken in the world are now influencing one another more than formerly, and that the trend to greater dialectal mixing is therefore taking place in English on a world scale. (21)
ϡCrystal WSSE (World Standard Spoken English) ˶ᤤͤǤ롥[2010-10-09-1]ε֥ꥫѸ conversion / diversionפǿ줿褦ˡȿ뷹αѸ줬¤ˤʤäƹԤ diversion η̵뤹櫓ˤϤʤELF ܻۤؤƤɸѸγΩȤϡBarber 1964ǯδѻľɾͤȹͤ롥
Barber, Charles. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. Alabama: U of Alabama P, 1964.
ε[2011-01-14-1]ǡThe Brown family of corpora λѤǰƬˡ2Ѽ2ΥӤˤäƴѻ롤ܤٺ˴ؤ Mair (109--12) ˵äƳ⤷ŪʷǤޤȤ褦ȤΤLeech et al. (43) Ǥ롥ǤǰƬˤΤ The Brown family of corpora 4ѥ ( Brown, Frown, LOB, F-LOB ) Ūʥ٥ǤĤͭѤѸƳƤ롥
(a) regionally specific change: Ѽˤ̻Ѳ뤬¾Ѽˤϸʤ硥դˡʤɤΤ褦ѲǤξѼ̻Ѳ regionally general change ȸƤФ롥
(b) convergent change: ξѼǼ«̻ѲƤ硥դˡʬѲƤ divergent change ȸƤФ롥
(c) parallel change: ξѼʿŪ̻ѲƤ硥˵Ƥ contrary change ȸƤФ롥
(d) different rates of change: ξѼƱ̻ѲƤȤƤ⡤Ѳ®٤ۤʤäƤ礬롥®٤褽ƱǤСsimilar rates of change ȸƤФ롥
(e) different starting/ending points: ξѼ̻Ѳγϻ뤤ϽλۤʤäƤ硥褽ƱߥǤСsimilar staring/ending points ȸƤФ.
(f) the follow-my-leader pattern: ξѼʿŪ̻ѲƤ뤬¾ɤƤȹͤ硥(c) β̶ʬȹͤ롥
ȳݤ碌ʣ褹1Ѽ˸ꤷƤ̻Ѳ桤뤤2Ѽ夲ƶŪӤ븦Ǥ齽ʬʣ꤬ΤǤ뤫顤2Ѽ2ΥӤθ椬ʣˤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫Ǥ
ѸѼ Americanization 1ĤĬήǤȤȡѼ郎 AmE ȤŪˤɤΤ褦̻ѲФƤ뤫ûŪ˴ѻ븦ϤɤɤƤ뤫⤷ʤޤAmE ǤȤΤΤȤ⤷줺塤WSSE ( World Standard Spoken English ) 䥤ɱѸʤ̤Ѽ郎ˤʤäƤ椯Ȥǽ⡤ʤȤʬŪˤǤʤѼαƶϤˤ뤿ˡ"diachronic comparative corpus linguistics"2Ѽ2Ӹ椬ϤäܤƤΤǤϤʤ
Mair, Christian. "Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics 6 (2002): 105--31.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
ѸʸˤѲȤȤ̤ꤵƤΤϡȯʸˡäʤɤθηϤιǤѲȤȤŪѲ ( linguistic change ) ȸƤܤ
⤦1Ĥΰ̣ǤѲꤦ롥ϼҲŪʴˤѲǡ㤨мҲˤѸΰ֤ŤǤȤѸ줬Ѥʬ䵡γǤȤѸȤμҲŪǽѲؤҲŪѲ ( sociolinguistic change ) ȸƤܤ
Ѹˤ̤ˤϤ2Ѳ̤ɬפ뤬2ԤϸߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤҲŪѲŪѲͶƤϡְ㤤ʤѸˤˤ롥Ĺ餯ƥեΤӤΤȤϲäƤѸ줬Ѹꥤꥹ뤲ƤѸ줬ꥹΤʬΰ ( domain ) Ѥ褦ˤʤꡤ˱ֻɸಽʤǤ³Ѹˤϡʸˡ¿졤ѸεϤΩ줿
ҲŪѲŪѲǯǤϡѸ줬 ELF ( English as a Lingua Franca ) ȤƹȤ褦ˤʤȼWSSE ( World Standard Spoken English ) ȸƤФ뿷פαѸѼ郎ĤĤ롥WSSE Ǥϡϰ迧ζȯ뷹ȤʾϡѸ줬ƻᤵҲŪǽбƸŪѲȤ
ǤϡդαƶĤޤŪѲҲŪѲͶϤΤϡŤ˵٤ϡ㤨СֱѸʸˡñ㲽餳ϰ̤ǤΤפȤ褦Ƥݤ˴طƤ롥ʲ2Ĥ̿ˤơ (1) 椨 (2) פȤǤ롥
(1) Ѹʸˡñ㲽ʸŪѲ
(2) Ѹ줬ϰ̤ʼҲŪѲ
Ѹ̤ˤĤƤҤ1ͤǤ Crystal Ϥ¯ȤऱƤ (7--10) Crystal ΰոˤϻǡ(1) (2) ⤿餷Ȥ̴طϤʤȤͤǤ롥äѸ줬ϰ̤ΩʬĬή˾ȤޤäǤϡ(1) (2) 岡뤯餤θ̤ϤΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥ΰոϡ (1) 椨 (2) פȤľܤΰ̴طտޤΤǤϤʤ
ŪѲη̤ȤƼҲŪѲȤ餫ʻϰΤΤ
Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
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