hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 6 ڡ / page 1 (6)

dialect - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-26 Sun

#6208. Doric Ѹʸ̮ Scottish ¤ˤˤʤΤϤ⤷ [hellenic][greek][koine][scottish_english][scots][dialect][variety][oed]

Ѹˤ Doric Ȥꥷ Doris ʥɡꥹˤ˴Ťƻ줬롥֥ɡꥹΡɡꥹΡɡꥹפʤɤ򸶵Ȥ롥Doric ˤϡȤơΡļ¤ΡʤȤ櫓˥åȥ¤Ρפ⤢롥åȥ¤αѸ줬 Doric ȷƤ뤳ȤΤ˺٤Сä˥åȥAberdeen ʤɤŵŪ Doric Ȥ롥طʤˤϡɤʻ𤬤Τ
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ奮ꥷθˤ򿶤֤ȡ͡ʥꥷϤǡƳƥѤƤƥͤ濴˹Ԥʤ졤ؽѡʸؤôθդȤʤä Attic ˥ꥷΤߤʤ餺إ˥ koiné ȤƹäƤäаޤ롥 Doric ޤऽ¾ϡҲŪˡ̤ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤä
Doric ˽ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäļ¤פθꥷ˸¤餺ŪѤ褦ˤʤä麣٤ϱѸʸ̮òơȤ櫓֥åȥ¤פθӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ϶̣
OED Doric (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤȡꥷΥɡꥹؤ̾ˡȤơǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬˻ȤƤΤ롥

1.b. † Speech or writing likened to the Doric dialect of ancient Greek for its apparent simplistic, unrefined, antiquated, or rustic character. Obsolete. 1657-1888


Τ褦ˡŪˤߤʤ̾졦ƻȤƤˡ17Ⱦ鸫뤬줬Ѹʸ̮ǡ֥åȥ¤פؤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ19äƤǤ롥ޤ֥åȥ¤Ρפ̣ƻȤƤˡƤߤ褦

1.c. Of or relating to Scots, a variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. of or relating to the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1809-

   1809 Were she to stay much in the country, she would acquire some knowledge of our Doric dialect which (I mean in books) is too much neglected by a fastidious generation. (J. Ramsay, Letter 28 September (1966) 263)
   1840 The Scottish dialect of low life as first employed in novels by Sir Walter Scott:..it furnished the benefit of a Doric dialect. (T. De Quincey, Style: No. II in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine September 398/1)
   1933 She has no difficulty in carrying on a conversation, frequently utilising Doric words and phrases. (Scotsman 14 September 10/6)
   1993 The North East Scotland Heritage Trust, formed last year to promote the Doric language and culture, is facing an uncertain financial future. (Scotsman 6 April 5)
   2023 Flora Garry, one of the most important Doric writers of the 20th Century. (Press & Journal (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 13 September 7)


ˡ֥åȥ¤פ̣̾ȤƤˡˤĤƤ⡤ʸ󤲤褦

1.c. Scots (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1832-

   1832 He returned thanks in the Doric of his native hills. (Gentleman's Magazine February 159/1)
   1870 'My Lord,' commenced John, in his purest Doric..'I wad hae thocht naething o't.' (E. B. Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life v. 127)
   1872 The good doctor dropped into the broadest Doric. (C. Gibbon, For the King vol. I. iii. 22)
   1933 He fell readily into the Doric,..using it pithily and with humour. (N. Shepherd, Pass in Grampians iii. 15 in Grampian Quartet (2001))
   1966 As one, who has for years fought for the proper recognition of our North-east dialect, the Doric, I welcomed the gesture of the latest report on the problem. (Aberdeen Evening Express 7 September)
   2023 A book written and published in Doric by pupils from an Aberdeenshire school has been nominated for this year's Scots Language Awards. (Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 5 September 3)


ܲ Aberdeen ںߤƤ뤬Doric Ȥܤˤ꼪ˤꤹ뵡񤬤ޤˤ롥
Ϣơ#5505. 奮ꥷѡ ([2024-05-23-1])#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) ε⻲ȡ

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2026-04-23 Thu

#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ [scottish_english][scots][standard_english][sociolinguistics][variety][dialect][language_shift][contact][gvs][oe][literature][aureate_diction][old_norse][french][latin][celtic]

䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ󥰥˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ󡥤̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡ󥰥ɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11Υ󥰿ȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοե󥹤ȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥե󥹼Ѹ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ񤫤줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ򡤻䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤ­פͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤Ͻ񤭸դäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤ󡥤ϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥ񤭤ޤܤܤ򡥴Ϣơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-24-1]

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2025-11-18 Tue

#6049. ޥ󳤤ޤǥư [dialectology][dialect][isogloss][new_zealand_english][australian_english][variety][geography][dialect_continuum]

˥塼ɱѸȥȥꥢѸδطˤĤƤϡ̻Ū˶Ūˤ͡ʵꡤͻ٤꤬¿ä˥˥塼ɱѸΤۤϡȥꥢѸˤɤۤɰ¸ƤΤ뤤ϤषΩƤΤȤˤơǥƥƥȴؤäƤΤǡǮʤ䤹Τξδ֤˲륿ޥ (the Tasman Sea) ϡξɤαѸѼӤĤƤ붶Τ뤤ϳ֤ƤƤɤʤΤ
εȴϢợ¤롥̾仳ʤɤμξɤϿ͡αˤߤ䤹ᡤ춭Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ櫓ñ졦ˡʬۤǹͤʤС (isogloss) ξɤۤƤȤϤޤʤȸäƤ褤ޥ󳤤Τ褦Ū餫礭ϡȥꥢѸȥ˥塼ɱѸ֤Ƥ뼫ξɤȤʤϤ
Ȥ⤷Ȥˡġñ졦ˡˤäϰۤʤΤΡξѼˤƤξɤۤƤ㤬롥˥塼¦鸫СˤϤʤޥ󳤤Ϥäȥꥢ¦ˤ롤Ȥ̯ʸݤäƤ롥
Bauer ε󤲤Ƥ򸫤Ƥߤ褦 (413)

Interestingly enough, some of the isoglosses distinguishing New Zealand English regional dialects cross the Tasman into Australia. Turner . . . comments that the construction boy of O'Brien is also found in Newcastle, New South Wales. Crib is also found meaning 'lunch' in Australia. Small red-skinned sausages are called cheerios in New Zealand, as they are in Queensland, but not elsewhere in Australia . . . . Polony, mentioned above as an Auckland word, is also found in Western Australia . . . . Slater, which is a widespread New Zealand English word, though originally from the South Island, is also found in New South Wales . . . . Blood nose 'nose bleed' is normal in New Zealand, but restricted to Victoria and South Australia in Australia . . . . New Zealand can thus be seen as part of a larger Australasian dialect area in more ways than just sharing vocabulary with Australia.


ʤߤ˰ˤ polony ϡֹ򤿤äפ꤭סslater ϡ֥եʥॷ饸ॷפ̣롥ʪưʪʤɤϰ̤Ф䤹Ǿ嵭ؤΰŪʷ򼨤ƤȤˡӱۤƤ̣ͤ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2025-10-26 Sun

#6026. OED ˤߤ1;̾ I ΰ۷ [personal_pronoun][spelling][variation][oed][dialect][punctuation][through][orthography]

ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤˤֻ¿ˤĤޤ˿Ƽ夲Ƥäˡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#5738. 516ܤ through 򸫤Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲 through ϡɸಽ줿ˡ˴줿䤿ˤȤäƾ׷ŪǤ餢롥
ơ through ˾ȤʤǤȶñŪ۷¿򤴾Ҳ𤷤1;ñ̾ I Ǥ롥ѸǤϥե٥å1ʸɽ蘆뤳̾줬˾塤뤤ˤơɤۤ˭ʻѤ򸫤ƤȤOED I (PRONOUN & NOUN2) ιܤ˷ǺܤƤ variant forms Υ1Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
ʲˡϰθ˽줿 I ΰ۷ǼΰŪʿ˶ä뤫⤷ʤ

α.
(a)
Old English

ich (Northumbrian), ih (Northumbrian)

Old English--early Middle English

ig (rare)

Old English--Middle English

ic

late Old English--early Middle English

hic, icc

late Old English--Middle English

yc

early Middle English

Hic, Hit (transmission error), hyc, Ic, Icc, ick (northern), Iic, Ik (east midlands and northern), it (transmission error), yg

Middle English

ik (chiefly east midlands and northern), ike (east midlands and northern), yk

(b) Scottish
pre-1700 Scottish

ic, ik

β.
(a)
Old English--Middle English; 1900s-- (nonstandard)

i

early Middle English

Hi, hi, Hy, ij, yi, yj

early Middle English--1500s

y

early Middle English--

I

Middle English

a (Yorkshire and Norfolk), e, hij, hy, j, Y

1700s--

a (regional)

1800s--

ah (regional), oi (regional)

(b) U.S. regional (chiefly south Midland and southern)
1800s--

ah, uh

1900s--

Ah, Hi, Oy, oy, u

(c) English regional
1700s--

a (chiefly northern and north midlands)

1800s

ai (Devon), au (northern and north midlands), aye (Yorkshire), ee (northern), eh (Lancashire), eigh (Yorkshire), ha (Yorkshire), O (Yorkshire)

1800s--

Aa (northern), aa (northern), Ah (northern and north midlands), ah (northern and north midlands), aw (northern and north midlands), hah (Yorkshire), Oi, oi

1900s--

A (chiefly northern and north midlands), hi (Worcestershire)

(d) Scottish
pre-1700

i, y

pre-1700; 1800s--

a, I

1800s--

Aw, aw

1900s--

A, Aa, Ah, ah, Eh (Dundee), eh (Dundee), ey (Dundee)

(e) Also Irish English
1800s

a' (northern)

1800s--

a (northern), Oi (southern), oi (southern)

1900s--

A (northern), Ah (northern), ah (northern)

(f) Also Australian
1900s--

Oi, O'i, oi

γ.
(a)
late Old English--1600s

ich

early Middle English

ch (probably transmission error), Hich, hich, icche, ichc, ichs, icht, ics, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic (probably transmission error), iho (transmission error), Iich, iich, yh

early Middle English--1500s

ych

Middle English

Ich, jch, yche

Middle English--1500s

iche

(b) English regional (south-western)
1700s--1800s

ich

1800s

iche (Somerset), ichy (Dorset), ish (Devon), uch, utch, utchy (Somerset)

(c) Irish English (Wexford)
1800s

ich

δ.
(a)
early Middle English

his, is

(b) English regional (south-western)
1700s

ees (Devon), es, Iss (Devon)

1700s--1800s

ise, us (Somerset)

1800s

Ice (Somerset), is (Cornwall), ize

ε. Chiefly English regional (south-western)
1500s

chee

1500s--1700s

che



ưʲ98ֻ줿A, a, a', Aa, aa, ah, Ah, ai, au, aw, Aw, aye, ch, che, chee, e, ee, ees, eh, Eh, eigh, es, ey, ha, hah, hi, Hi, Hic, hic, Hich, hich, hij, his, Hit, hy, Hy, hyc, i, I, ic, Ic, icc, Icc, icche, Ice, Ich, ich, ichc, iche, ichs, icht, ichy, ick, ics, ig, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic, iho, Iic, Iich, iich, ij, ik, Ik, ike, is, ise, ish, Iss, it, ize, j, jch, O, O'i, Oi, oi, Oy, oy, u, uch, uh, us, utch, utchy, y, Y, yc, ych, yche, yg, yh, yi, yj, yk
ʤOED Ǥϡΰľ˼â񤭤ĤƤ롥"(Capitalization in Middle English examples frequently reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)"
ܤˤºݤʸʸλȤʬޤǹθС۷οϤ˿줿 through 516̤ˤϵڤФʤ⤷ʤǤ⡤ä1Ĥεǽ줬Ƥ¿˶äؤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) Τ褦ʴܸǤ顤ܸ餳ˤ˭Ǥ롥

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2025-05-30 Fri

#5877. ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˤ٤Ϣܤ [yurugengogakuradio][notice][language_change][dialect][dialectology][stress][pronunciation][sound_change][japanese][phonetics][heldio]

2025ǯ7



ǯ١ʳäɤƤϢܤޤط YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸ο󤬡٤ˤơ֤ȤФѲĤޤפꤷƼɮƤ륷꡼ǤѲ (language_change) ȤȤ⤹ŪǷɱ󤵤줬ʥơޤ˸ơθԤؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤Ƥγ˿ȤŪʴǤǯ٤ܻȯԤˤȤĤƤޤޤ
Ϣ3Ȥʤǿ6ǤϡȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹפꤷơѲΤʤǤä˺ŪȤ벻Ѳ (sound_change) Ƥޤ伫ȡѸ˸ΤʤDz֤Ѳ礿եɤȤƤˡΥơޤˤϤȤ櫓ؿޤƴԤ˰鷺εϿ˿ɤΤޤ
ѲϸѲˤΥߥƥ꡼Ǥ롤ȻϹͤƤޤäʸˡѲƤƤ⤷ΤǤưδפȤʤֲפʤɤΤ褦ˤѤΤȤ䤤ϡǤª̥ŪʤΤǤȤǤ˵礹뤳Ȥ¿ˡؤʿãؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤ƥäƤޤι⤤ȥԥå򤳤ۤʬ䤹ƳƤʸϤ򡤻ϤޤɤȤޤ
ϡ֤ʤȯѤΤפȤѤʵ䤫Ϥޤޤʿϡμפư1ĤĴﴱΥࡼʱưפؤߵᡤʤȯڤˤȤüԤԹ˵ޤϸؤǡֺǾϤθ§ (The Principle of Least Effort) ȤƤΤǤ䤿̵ռΤˡȯڤؤѲƤ롤Ȥ櫓Ǥ
⤷θ§ŪʤС٤ƤȯϤɤɤά졤㤨첻Ϥ٤ۣ첻˼̤ƤޤǤ礦ȡߥ˥ƻȤƵǽ˴٤äƤޤϤǤ¤ϤʤäƤʤޤ󡥤ˡֻߤפȤʤϤƯƤ뤫Ǥ
ˤĤơʿϼΤ褦˻ŦƤޤ (p. 171) ָȤΤϲ櫓ǤϤޤñʸˡʤɡۤηϤ̩ܤˤäƤޤ顤Ȥη͹礤ǡˤϿʤޤʤȤ𤬤ޤ
Τ˲ϸäʸˡȤäηϤ¾ιǤȸǤӤĤƤޤơʿϲѲܼ򼡤Τ褦˳ˤޤ (p. 172) ֤ĤޤȯѲϡĴԹǥ饯Ȥưȡ¾ιǤΤǶĥطݤʤ鵯櫓Ǥ
ֶĥطפȤˡѲΥʥߥबŽ̤Ƥޤ͡˰ĥϤȡ˹⤦ϡɹΤʤǡϾɤưѤѤƤޤεϡʣʥץ¸ߤȤǤʤɼԤˤ´ƤޤҳˤεľɤǤФȻפޤ
󤴾Ҳ𤷤 heldio Ǥ#1459. ѲΥߥƥ꡼ --- إ饸οΡϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤİС



ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧ȯȥȤϤɤܤ --- ˸ؼԡʿã餵ʹס١ҡ2025ǯ6桥2025ǯ168--75ǡ

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2025-04-29 Tue

#5846. [geolinguistics][geography][terminology][linguistics][dialectology][dialect][language_change][terminology]

ܥ֥ǤĤεǸڤƤ (linguistic geography or geolinguistics) Ȥʬ롥ָءءפȤпˡء (dialectology) פ⤫֤ؤϤȤϰۤʤ롥ξʬϴϢؿΰŤʤΤϻ¤ǤϤ롥ܸظŵ٤ָءפɤǤߤ褦

ʤ󤴤꤬ˡڲؤȤ⤤ȼʸŪĶȤδϢͻѲ򤢤ȤŤװŪʬ۹¤餫ˤʳء츽ݤŪʤΤʬ򤷡줾ŪѰˤĤƤιͻȯ롥äȤƼΤ褦꤬롥(1) θ츽 A Ϣ³Ūΰľ硤ΰγθ츽ݤˤϡŪʴϢäȹͤAʬۡˡ(2) Ω츽 AB ΰ褬ŪܤƤˤϡܿƮ褬ꡤŪ˰¾Ƥ礬¿ȹͤABʬۡˡ(3) A ΰδ֤ˡA ΰʬǤ B ΰ褬ǧϡ㳰ơ쵭βỌ̇̄ηӤĤ̵«θˤäơB ΰξüǡ̵طƱ A ȤϹͤʤȤŪˡŤι A ΰ򿷤ȯ B ʬǤƸ줿ȹͤABAʬۡˡʸ濴ǿɽ줬ϤȡޤǤѸ줬¦˲롥μβ٤ȡȤԻԤ濴ˡΥ˱ƴĤΤդ뤤ȤϰؤǤŤۤ濴󤯤˸롥ݤ뤿ĹˤϡפȤҸ̥ޥޡͤѤ(3) δŤˤŤʤäΤȤǤ롥ʾϡФȤФŪŪʬۤƤƤȤǤ롥оϰΤΤʤɤñ̤ȤΤޤǡ롥оݤϡŪݤ֤Ȥ¿ޤǤʤʸˡݤ¾ˤڤ֡Ūʸˡˤ뤳Ȥ顤ָϿޤκפ칩Ȥ롥Ͽ޾Ǥ츽ݤʬΰγϤפȤǰϤޤ줿ϰˡΩ̸ݤ¸ߤʤȤΤǤϤʤϰ褬뤫Ǥ롥оݤȤ뤳Ȥ顤¨ؤȤͤ뤬ϡؤȸؤ̤ƣͿϡؤηϤΰؤ֤Ť롥İɧϸŪݤϤָءפФơФˡפŬѤ󾧤롥


ؤϡʸϤȴΤǤС֤ȤФŪŪʬۤƤƤפ˿ԤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ̻ŪǸء뤤ư֤δѻؤܼȡϤߤƤ롥

ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-04-21 Mon

#5838. Ϥޤ --- ˤ٤Ϣܤ [yurugengogakuradio][notice][language_change][geolinguistics][geography][dialect][dialectology][homonymic_clash][japanese][heldio]

2025ǯ5



ǯ١ط YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸ο󤬡٤ˤơ֤ȤФѲĤޤפϢܤƤޤԤؤΥ󥿥ӥ塼̤ơ󤬸Ѳ (language_change) ˤĤƻ׺򿼤ƤδǤָѲ߿פʤơˤȤäƿ޷ΡָѲפޤǥե㡼ʸݻʤɡǤ礦줬ɤ櫓ˤΤǤγڤߤǤǯ٤ϹɤȤǤ
ϢܤνȤʤ4ϡֺ֡۲פư --- ҲؼԡʼʹפꤷƸΥꥨ󤬰ޤҲ𤹤ǿ5ǤϡϤޤ --- ؼԡϺʹפꤷơѲȸؤ꤬夲Ƥޤ
ءʤȴźʤѸʤΤǤ礦ѸǤ "geography of language" Ȥ "geolinguistics" ȤƤФޤ伫Ȥ業ꥢȤƱѸˤΤʤǤѸ (dialectology) ˿ƤǤƤꡤΰ­ʰʾˤͤùǤаޤΤǡؤȤˤϲؤޤ
8ڡˤ錄뵭ɤȤȤϻۤɤΤǤǮʶ줷ˤʤꤽʤΤǹ˹ԤȻפޤŪˡޤϾФǤޤ

ȤФϰ躹ϤʤޤΤ
Ωפ

Ʊ
äѲʸˡѲ
ȴդι
Ըʲ֡
ǺǹࡤܸθϿ

ˬͤ줿ԤܸؤϺǤܸؤ꤬ŸƤޤٻΡַμ¡׸ᤰϿޤʤɤ󼨤졤ư֤Ƥޤ
夲٤꤬˭٤Τǡ hellog Ϥ٤ǤȤɤƤȻפޤϢܡѲ˴ؿΤ볧˶ᤷޤ

ʰʲ嵭2025/05/05(Mon)
󤴾Ҳ𤷤 heldio Ǥ#1436. ؤȤϡ --- إ饸οΡϢܡ֤ȤФѲĤޤפȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ



ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧Ϥޤ --- ؼԡϺʹס١ҡ2025ǯ5桥2025ǯ172--79ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-04-23-1]

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2024-08-02 Fri

#5576. ɸͤ --- ܸˤȱѸˤζ [historiography][japanese][hel][dialect][variety][diachrony][standardisation][oe][review]


Konno-Nihongo_front_cover.png



ǯ4˽Ǥ줿ܸˤοǤVoicy heldio ۿ#1158. 󡡡ܸȴ --- ˡʤդˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2024ǯǴñ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
Ϥפʵ͡ŸƤΤǤǤ pp. 9--10 1Ѥޤ

ޤǤϡɻܸˤĤơֲסָáסʸˡˡסʸɽΤ褦ˡʬʬƵҤʿ»塤һƱͤ˵ҤƤȤ꤫ȤƤɻ塤ʿ»ϤˤäƤΤǡ줾̤Ρֶ֡פȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ĤʤƤȤ館ƤɤϤ狼ʤȤ⤤롥ʤʤСɤȵԤǤϡ֤ۤʤ뤫ĤޤɻܸȻפäƤܸϤСפǤꡤʿ»ܸȻפäƤܸϤСֵפǤꡤۤʤʤΤ㤦ΤȤǽˤӽƤʤԹȤޤǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤˤܤۤɬפ롥ޤꤽθϤʤƤƤʤȻפ롥


λŦܸˤΤߤʤ餺Ѹˤˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤǡܤͤޤѸˤǤ⡤űѸΡɸפϥ󥰥ΥȥǤѸʹߤΤϡ󥰥פȤĤ¾ħɥȤʤޤ
űѸȸѸθŪۤݤˡ̻ŪѲפ⤫٤Τ̤Ȼפޤ٤ƤΤűѸΥȥȸѸΥɥȤȤդɬפޤκۤϡ̻ŪѲǤϤʤȿǤƤǽΤǤ̻ŪѲξؤäƤ륱¿Ǥ礦ݥȤϡּǤϤʤּθʤФʤʤȤȤǤϡˤɤݤ˾դǤ

󡡡ܸȴ --- ˡʤȤФˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-27-1] [2024-08-16-1]

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2024-05-23 Thu

#5505. 奮ꥷ [greek][dialect][dialectology][hellenic][koine][lingua_franca]

褯ΤƤ褦ˡ奮ꥷͤϥꥷʳθ졦̱²ˤĤƤϡ֥ХХפλ뤹򼨤ꥷˤĤƤϤɤΤ褦˸ƤΤRobins (15) ˡ奮ꥷ¾Ф٤䥮ꥷνؤδ㺹⤷Ƥս꤬롥ä˸Ԥ򰷤äƤսѤ褦

. . . . the Greek designation of alien speakers as bárbaroi (βάρβαροι, whence our word barbarian), i.e. people who speak a language other than Greek, is probably indicative of their attitude.
   Quite different was the Greek awareness of their own dialectal divisions. The Greek language in Antiquity was more markedly divided into fairly sharply differentiated dialects than many other languages were. This was due both to the settlement of the Greek-speaking areas by successive waves of invaders, and to the separation into relatively small and independent communities that the mountainous configuration of much of the Greek mainland and the scattered islands of the adjoining seas forced on them. But that these dialects were dialects of a single language and that the possession of this language united the Greeks as a whole people, despite the almost incessant wars waged between the different 'city states' of the Greek world, is attested by at least one historian: Herodotus, in his account of the major achievement of a temporarily united Greece against the invading Persians at the beginning of the fifth century B.C., puts into the mouths of the Greek delegates a statement that among the bonds of unity among the Greeks in resisting the barbarians was 'the whole Greek community, being of one blood and one tongue'.


ѺǸΥإɥȥ (8.114.2) ؤθڤ̣餯奮ꥷͤΤʬƤꥷ¸ߤߤǧƤơۤʤȤªƤϤۤʤȤªƤʤäʤ륮ꥷϡꥷ̱²ʥڥ륷йơˤޤȤ夲̤ƤȤȤ
ͤƤߤСꥷ dialect Ȥñ߽ФΤǤꡤ֤ʿಽ̸ (koine) ؤäǤ⤢äϢơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1])
#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1])
#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])
#1391. lingua franca (4) ([2013-02-16-1])

Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-26-1] [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-08-03 Thu

#5211. Innsbruck EDD Online 4.0 [dialect][web_service][corpus][lmode][lexicography][edd][dictionary][notice]

Joseph Wright ˤ English Dialect Dictionary Υ饤ǤǤ EDD Online ˤĤơManfred Markus Ψ Innsbruck ؤΥब饤󲽥ץȤκǽʳ̤Ȥ Version 4.0 ɽȤξޤInnsbruck EDD Online 4.0 Based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898--1905) Ǥ


Innsbruck EDD Online 4.0 Based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898--1905)



Ϥޤ EDD Online ˭٤ʵǽȤʤƤʤΤǤβ᡼ǧǤꡤϿ޾˼Ƥ줿вεǽ¤ƤݤǤ
Markus ˤȤΥȥư5ʬˤ⤢ޤΤǻİ򤪴ᤷޤʼȤϴطޤ󤬡ưκǸΥ󥹥֥åηʿ˿åƺȥꥢ˹Ԥʤɤۡˡ
EDD ˤĤƤϡhellog ǤϰʲεǼ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȳ

#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1])
#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1])
#2694. EDD Online (2) ([2016-09-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2023-06-28 Wed

#5175. ɸಽλδط [standardisation][dialect][dialectology][prestige][language_death]

ɸಽ (standardisation) ϡ1ĤѼˤҲŪ˰ҿΤѼȤߤʤơθҲ˹ƤǤ롥ȡ¾Τ٤ƤѼϡŪ˼ҲŪͤ㤯ʤꡤϰϤޤäƤȤˤʤ꤬̤ȤơɸѼϻ˻뤳Ȥ⤢
嵭θɸಽλδطɬŪʤΤǤϤʤɸಽʹԤƤĤ³뤳ȤϤ뤷ºݤ˱Ѹˤܸˤʬ̤ꡤĤäƤ롥ޤɸಽȤΩơǤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȤϤɸಽλδ֤˲餫ΰ̴ط륱¿˰㤤ʤJones and Singh (100) ξԤ̯ʴطˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥

It should be pointed out, of course, that the standardisation of a language does not automatically entail the loss of its associated dialects: English dialects are still spoken today, many centuries after the emergence of standard English. However, we will see that the rise of a standard is mainly the result of sociopolitical and cultural factors and that its purpose is to unite the speech community, through knowledge of a codified, uniform variety. The rise of a standard is therefore likely to have a hand in dialect death for although the elevation on one variety to the standard leaves the other dialects intact, the fact that the standard language is the only one deemed appropriate for 'official' functions such as the media, education and government and is ultimately regarded as a symbol of loyalty for the whole community means that its associated dialects are often felt to be 'inferior' by their speakers and come to be reserved for non-official functions, such as for use with family and friends. As upward mobility comes to be attached to the standard language, dialects cease to be transmitted to the next generation and eventually stop being spoken.


ϢƼε⻲Ȥ줿

#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])
#3457. ܤξǴ졦 ([2018-10-14-1])
#3666. ΤƤɸѤΤΤƱ ([2019-05-11-1])
#4256. ָλפεåȡ ([2020-12-21-1])

Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.

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2023-06-14 Wed

#5161. ϥݥμҲ --- ֱѸˡפο͵ƥĤ [hel_contents_50_2023][khelf][harry_potter][sociolinguistics][dialect]

4ȾФ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǯٻϤȤŸƤֱѸ˥ƥ50Ĥ˴ޤȼ hellog ɼԤγͤˤϡ鿽夲ޤλƥۥäȤ褦ʡ䤷褦ʵǤ
֤λȤȤǡΡ#5160. 4α --- ֱѸ˥ƥ50פο͵ƥĤ ([2023-06-13-1]) ˰³ˤȤ櫓Ƥ͵ƥĤҲ𤷤ޤ̿γˤ66Υƥ#44. ϥ꡼ݥåȱѸǤ


#44. ϥ꡼ݥåȱѸ



Ҳ񥤥ꥹν̿ޤȤƤΥϥݥˡ¤ϰ衦ҲˤȿǤƤ롤ȤݤϺƥĤǤȤƤ褯ƤꡤˢҲʳˢν˥ꥹ𤬾Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ¤ˡоȤǡϥݥƱͤ˰ޤޤŪˤϿޤꡤ䥦֥꥽ؤΥ󥯤⽼¤Ƥޤ1ĤγؽѥƥĤȤƽ¤ƤꡤĹɤ߷Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦󡤤Ҥɤ

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2023-06-10 Sat

#5157. ʤ dialect Ȥ줬16ˤʤäƸ줿Τ [terminology][dialect][standardisation][stigma][prestige][vernacular][voicy][heldio]

dialect ȤѸˤĤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǼ夲#740. dialect פθ츻İ



ѸᤰäƤ hellog Ǥ#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) #2753. dialect Ф language ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-09-1]) ǹͤƤ
Ѹˤδ餪⤷Τϡ1Ĥθ͡ʸǤפγǰΤΤΤ褦ΤƤΤΡб dialect ȤѸϡ16ȾФˤʤäƤ褦䤯졤⤽줬ʵŪˤϥꥷ̤뤬˥ե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸǤȤ¸ΤΤȻפŪʳǰФơŪijäѸݤ dialect Ƥ줿ȤΤ̣
16ȾФȤСѹͥ󥹴ΤޤäʤǤ롥դˤĤƤ⡤ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵϤȤƶĤƤǤ롥ƱȾˤơռޤꡤʥ顼ǤѸŵιߤؾǤŤȤפƤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ϺǤ롥
ҿ (prestige) ΤѸɸ߽ФȤˤƤϡŪ˿ΰҿΤʤɸŪʱѸФƽ (stigma) Υåƥ뤬դ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ƥ䤬ơְΤɸפȡܤפȤΩŪʹޤƤ롥
¤Ϥι޼Τϡ߿äְΤƥ졦ꥷСܤʥ顼פǤ롥ȤѸե󥹸ʤɤγƥʥ顼Ȥƻ夲졤ɸ줬Ƥ˵ڤӡΩޤϡְΤɸСܤפؤȥ饤ɤΤǤ롥ǡΩޤθϤΤޤޤǤ뤳ȤդơΩθԡܤפƤ줿Ѹ줬 dialect(s) äȤȤǤϤʤΩ˿Ѹ򤢤ƤäΤ⤷ʤ
פ餢ä dialect Ȥ̾Ϳ褦ȤưŤΤϡޤǥʥ顼ιռιޤäˤʤäƤ顤ȤȤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) vernacular γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2023-06-08 Thu

#5155. ꥹλϸѸ˨꤬ߤѸܳʲ [dialect][history]

ɸ˴Ϣϡ#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) Ǽ夲λ뤬ߥ󥰤ˤĤ­
Horobin (105--06) ϡλ뤬Τ15--16줬Τ18ȤߤƤ롥

It is in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that we witness the beginnings of dialect prejudice; an early instance can be tranced in the writings of a chronicler named John Trevisa, who complained that the Northumbrian dialect was so 'scharp, slitting [biting] and frottynge [grating] and unshape [unshapely]' that sotherners like himself were unable to understand it. In the early seventeenth century, Alexander Gill, writing in Latin, labelled 'Occidentalium' (or Western dialect) the 'greatest barbarity' and claimed that the English spoken by a Somerset farmer could easily be mistaken for a foreign language.
   Despite such remarks, the social stigmatization of dialect was not fully articulated before the eighteenth century, when a provincial accent became a badge of social and intellectual inferiority. In his Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724--27), Daniel Defoe reported his encounter with the 'boorish country speech' of Devon---known to the locals as jouring---which was barely comprehensible to ousiders. Having heard a schoolboy read the following lesson from Scripture: 'Chav a doffed me cooat, how shall I don't, chav a wash'd my veet, how shall I moil'em?' (Song of Solomon 5:3), Defoe records his astonishment at finding that the 'dexterous dunce' was reading from a copy of the standard text: 'I have put off my coat, how shall I put it on, I have wash'd my feet, how shall I defile them?' In this brief anecdote we witness many of the same assumptions and prejudices that are associated with dialect speech in English today.


ѤǿƤ John Trevisa 1326--1402ǯԡȤʤΤǡ̩ˤλʥ14ȤȤǤճᤤȤݤǤ롥λ뤬󥰥ɼҲˤưŪʴԤäȤȤɬ̣ʤޤǸδԤˤĤʤʥȤߤ㤬ᤤ˴ѻȤȤ
ʹߡ17Ⱦ Alexander Gill ޤᡤλ򼨤ڵϤäƤ뤬λĬ餫˿ǻʤäƤΤ18ΤȤȤľܤĤʤ륤ꥹλδϡ18ˤ褽夷ȤäƤ褤

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

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2022-07-30 Sat

#4842. ѸˤλϤޤ꤫餹Ǥ˺ä [variety][dialect][germanic][oe][jute][history][oe_dialect][anglo-saxon][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture]

1860ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Marsh ˤѸ˹ֵϿѥѥ᤯äƤ롥Marsh ˤС󥰥졤ʤűѸϡΦ֥ƥ˻ޤ줿κΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤƥ֥ƥ "aboriginal" ʸȤϸʤΤ "indigenous" ʸǤϤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤϺΤʤǤϤ "diversity" 򼨤"obscure", "confused", "imperfect", "anomalous", "irregular" ǤȤʲϢսѤ롥

§15. It has been already shown that the Anglo-Saxon conquerors consisted of several tribes. The border land of the Scandinavian and Teutonic races, whence the Anglo-Saxon invaders emigrated, has always been remarkable for the number of its local dialects. The Friesian, which bears a closer resemblance than any other linguistic group to the English, differs so much in different localities, that the dialects of Friesian parishes, separated only by a narrow arm of the sea, are often quite unintelligible to the inhabitants of each other. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon language itself supplies internal evidence that there was a great commingling of nations in the invaders of our island. This language, in its obscure etymology, its confused and imperfect inflexions, and its anomalous and irregular syntax, appears to me to furnish abundant proof of a diversity, not of a unity, of origin. It has not what is considered the distinctive character of a modern, so much as of a mixed and ill-assimilated speech, and its relations to the various ingredients of which it is composed are just those of the present English to its own heterogeneous sources. It borrowed roots, and dropped endings, appropriated syntactical combinations without the inflexions which made them logical, and had not yet acquired a consistent and harmonious structure when the Norman conquest arrested its development, and imposed upon it, or, perhaps we should say, gave a new stimulus to, the tendencies which have resulted in the formation of modern English. There is no proof that Anglo-Saxon was ever spoken anywhere but on the soil of Great Britain; for the 'Heliand,' and other remains of old Saxon, are not Anglo-Saxon, and I think it must be regarded, not as a language which the colonists, or any of them, brought with them from the Continent, but as a new speech resulting from the fusion of many separate elements. It is, therefore, indigenous, if not aboriginal, and as exclusively local and national in its character as English itself.


űѸ˴ؤ Marsh ΤƶͥƤȻפɾˤꡤιֵϿꥹĺ˽Ǥ줿ȤطʤǰƬ֤Ƥ٤ѤκǸˤ "exclusively local and national in its character as English itself" ⡤ʸ̮Dz᤹ɬפ褦˻פ롥
űѸˤĤƤϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1])#4439. űѸϺȤƻϤޤä ([2021-06-22-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Marsh, George Perkins. Lectures on the English Language: Edited with Additional Lectures and Notes. Ed. William Smith. 4th ed. London: John Murray, 1866. Rpt. HardPress, 2012.

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2022-03-03 Thu

#4693. YouTube 2ơʣ3ñEbonics [youtube][notice][plural][3sp][aave][sociolinguistics][dialect][ame_bre][link][hellog_entry_set]

227˳ߤְʼδѸظإͥ2ƤޤɸѸפꥹΡä顤ܿ͡ڤäΤˡѸؤؤԡǤ



ĤѸءѸˤ˴ؿääֱѸʣȤϲ䡩פǤäȤϤޤꡤƱ -s Ĥʤư3ñä˰ܤꡤ3ñǤ -s ΤĤʤꥹ뤾Ȥ˵ڤӤޤˡ٤ϥꥫˤޤӲФǸˤϹͱѸꡤȤ櫓 Ebonics ãޤ10ʬ֤αѸؤΤڤǤС
ȴϢܥ֥εʲ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礷ɤߤɤ

#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#4255. ʤ̾ʣư3ñƱ s ʤΤǤ ([2020-12-20-1])
#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1])
#3653. Ebonics ([2019-04-28-1])
#2672. ꥹѸȯˡꥫѸʸˡ˼ҲŪʲ֤ͤ ([2016-08-20-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-09-1]

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2021-09-08 Wed

#4517. World Englishes θؤΰ狼 [world_englishes][dialectology][dialect][variety]

Ϣ World Englishes ʱѸѼˤε񤤤Ƥ뤬ѤƤ͡ʱѸνѼȤϰ̤ѸǤбѸνˤۤʤʤ (dialect) ΤȤѼ (variety) ȸƤؤƤΤϡ¿ʤȤмDz¤ʼҲؤδȤ٤ΤǡؽŪʸʬ뤳Ȥ򤷤ĤĻѤƤ뤬ƤξϡפΤۤʬ䤹ϻפäƤ롥
ǤϡWorld Englishes θϱѸΡء (dialectology) ȤߤƤ褤ΤȤȡ Yes No ȤȤؽѸξ "dialectology" ȤѸ⡤ˤäƼ깤ĤƤ롥"English dialectology" Ȥˤϡꥹ䥢ꥫνθؤΤŵŪǤꡤȤХɱѸ䥸ޥѸθؤ "English dialectology" ȤϸʤؽѤ⤢äƤʤȤ⤢Τ濴ѸȤäƤ褤
Τ褦ʼ깤ơϰˤäѰۤ͡ʱѸפΤȤ "dialect(s)" ȤߤʤΩСɱѸ䥸ޥѸơ1Ĥ "dialect" ˰㤤ʤ򸦵椹뤳Ȥ "English dialectology" ˹׸뤳Ȥˤʤߡɤ餽Τ褦ʸϴǤ롥ɱѸ䥸ޥѸθ "World Englishes" θȤƸڤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʸƤؤˡѸؤΡְǡפָ롤ȤäƤ褤⤷ʤENL Ѽ ESL Ѽ͡ǰۤʤΤȤȤ⡤Ϥ̤ο¤ޤǤ褦ˤפΤǡˤĤƤʾεϹƤ
嵭ƧޤĤĤϡŪ "English dialectology" ȡ򺣤Ȥߤ٤Ƥ "World Englishes" θϡä᤹ܶ٤ȹͤƤ롥Υꥹ䥢ꥫǺʬƤ䡤ꥹˤƸűѸ줫鸽Ѹޤ¿ͤ¸ߤƤŪʽˤߤ˭٤ѰۤWorld Englishes ֤ˤߤ˭٤Ѱۤ٤ơˤƤ̤ˤƤäƤȤϻפʤǤ롥ŪʵϤǤСΰѤˤʤꥹ䥢ꥫαѸζʬۤѸȤ٤뤳Ȥϡֳʰ㤤פΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤݡѸ줬顤㤨Х֥ƥǰƬˤƤ⡤ŪѰۤϻפΤۤ˭äΤǤ롥
嵭λιͤȤ褽Ʊݤ Anderwald (265) θѤ롥

Perhaps most importantly, the recent dialectological and sociolinguistic study of non-standard varieties has shown the enormous breadth of variation that English in Britain and the United States already demonstrates. Whenever we find patterns in World Englishes that diverge from standard British or American English, it is of the utmost importance to take this internal variability into consideration. Bearing in mind Chambers's idea of vernacular universals, comparing constructions in Englishes worldwide with just the codified standard(s) is comparing apples with oranges, or, worse, with just one orange. We might find that what looks like an exotic feature of a variety of English in the southern, eastern or other hemisphere, is perhaps mirrored in an isolated dialect area in the Scottish Highlands, in a village in Ireland, or in an undocumented variety of the English Midlands. The call thus is for researchers of World Englishes to take note of the extensive dialectological work that is currently underway on varieties in non-standard 'homeland' varieties, to avoid this kind of mismatch, and ultimately misanalysis.


αѸ˸ˤ濴ŪʥơޤѸؤˤΤ츫ȤΥƤ褦ˤߤ븽 World Englishes ˴ؿ󤻤ƤΤϡΤ褦ͳǤ롥

Anderwald, Lieselotte. "World Englishes and Dialectology." Chapter 13 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 252--71.

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2021-06-22 Tue

#4439. űѸϺȤƻϤޤä [dialectology][dialect][oe_dialect][anglo-saxon][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture][numeral][superlative][be][suppletion]

ŪʱѸ˵ҤˤȡűѸϡ5ȾФ˥󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤʤޥζƽ̱²ߤ˾ۤʤäȤƥ֥ƥϤäƤȤϤޤ롥ΡֱѸפϡ̱²ȤνҤäΤΤ򤷤Ƥ褤θ塤űѸ˳Ϥ줾Ϥ˺դĤȯỴ̈Ǥϸˤޤ³󥰥ɽۤ
嵭θϡ5Ⱦа衤ߤˡʤޤäȤϤ鷺ȤˤۤɸäƤʤäȤȤƤ롥#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡűѸϤ⤽ܿ (dialect_contact) (dialect_mixture) λʪǤϤʤȤ⤢롥8θűѸˤϤޤʤθŪ¿ѻ뤬ϸŤ̤ܿƿؤޤѤݤŵŪˤߤ븽ݤȤΤǤϤʤ
Trudgill (2045--46) Nielsen 򻲾ȤĤġ˵ȤߤűѸθŪ¿ζ3󤲤Ƥ롥

1) Old English had a remarkable number of different, alternative forms corresponding to Modern English 'first', and, crucially, more than any other continental Germanic language. This variability, moreover, would appear to be linked, although in some way that is not entirely clear, to variability and differentiation on the European mainland: ærest (cf. Old High German eristo); forma (cf. Old Frisian forma); formest (cf. Gothic frumists); and fyrst (cf. Old Norse fyrst).
2) Similarly, OE had two different paradigms for the present tense of the verb to be, one derived from Indo-European *-es- and apparently related to Old Norse and Gothic; and the other deriving from Indo-European *bheu and relating to Old Saxon and Old High German. The relevant singular forms in Table 130.1

Table 130.1: Singular forms of the present tense of the verb to be (Nielsen 1998: 80)
 GothicOld NorseOld English IOld English IIOld SaxonOld High German
1SGimemeombeombiumbim
2SGiseseartbistbistbist
3SGistesisbiðis(t)ist


3) Old English also exhibited variability, in all regions, in the form of the interrogative pronoun meaning 'which of two'. This alternated between hwæðer which relates to Gothic hvaóar and W. Norse hvaðarr, on the other hand, and hweder which corresponds to O. Saxon hweðar, on the other.


嵭 1) "first" ηŪ¿ˤĤƤϡѸǤϤ뤬#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ط롥2) be ư줬Ū佼ˡ (suppletion) ˤĤƤϡεˤ뤫⤷ʤȤƶϱԤ̤佼ˡλͻݤΥҥȤˤʤ
űѸˤϡʸŪˤʾ̤ʤȤͳѶŪˤΤ񤷤ͿΤΤȤƼƤޤȤ¿ʸΩĻˡפΤۤ¿ܿ礬äǽꤷƤߤȡʻƤ褦˻פ롥
ܿΰŪʲϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) ɤ

Trudgill, Peter. "Varieties of English: Dialect Contact." Chapter 130 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2044--59.
Nielsen, Hans Frede. The Continental Backgrounds of English and its Insular Development until 1154. Odense: Odense UP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-30-1]

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2020-12-25 Fri

#4260. ջȤȤϡ --- ȤФˤĤ [purism][register][dialect][language_change][prescriptivism]

ջȤ˴ؤơסʤפɾ뤳ȤӤǤ롥ȴդʤʷϵȯϡ֤դ󤭡פǤϤʤ֤դ󤤤פˤ֤פǤϤʤˤ֤ϡפν̤˸ջȤˤϵŪȿƤꡤ˾Ȥ餷ȽǤ櫓
Ūˤ --- ҼŪˤ --- ջȤˡפ¸ߤʤʤפȤܤäȤƤ⡤ϡʤפȤϡष̤ʤפ֤դ路ʤפ˶ᤤȤ¿
Hughes et al. (16) ϸջȤ "correctness" ˤĤơ3̤Ƥ롥

   The first type is elements which are new to the language. Resistance to these by many speakers seems inevitable, but almost as inevitable, as long as these elements prove useful, is their eventual acceptance into the language. The learner needs to recognize these and understand them. It is interesting to note that resistance seems weakest to change in pronunciation. There are linguistic reasons for this but, in the case of the RP accent, the fact that innovation is introduced by the social elite must play a part.
   The second type is features of informal speech. This, we have argued, is a matter of style, not correctness. It is like wearing clothes. Most people reading this book will see nothing wrong in wearing a bikini, but such an outfit would seem a little out of place in an office (no more out of place, however, than a business suit would be for lying on the beach). In the same way, there are words one would not normally use when making a speech at a conference which would be perfectly acceptable in bed, and vice versa.
   The third type is features of regional speech. We have said little about correctness in relation to these, because we think that once they are recognized for what they are, and not thought debased or deviant forms of the prestige dialect or accent, the irrelevance of the notion of correctness will be obvious.


1ΤΤϡѲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ɽतǤ롥Ԥޤ᤿ˤĤݼŪʿرĤ顤ФСʤפȥåƥŽˡʤɤǤ롥¿ϻ֤ȤȤ˸춦ƱΤΤʤǹ졤׸ˡؤȳʾ夲Ƥ
2ΤΤϡˡΤΤȤϡѤְ̤㤨ƤޤȤregister δΡ֤դ路פȤʬ䤹ӥˤ뤳Ȥ켫ΤʤҤΤȤȤȤƤʬ䤹
3ΤΤϡϰ˴ؤǤ롥ɸѤͽʸ̮ϰθˡѤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ñϰθˡäʬꡤ򤬲򤱤СջȤȤϤߤʤʤʤ
ǤջȤʤפȻפäȤ줬ҼŪΩ줫ɤΤ褦˲Ǥ뤫Ť˹ͤƤߤȤ⤷

Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.

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2020-12-21 Mon

#4256. ָλפεå [hellog_entry_set][language_death][statistics][world_languages][linguistic_right][language_shift][dialect][linguistic_imperialism][ecolinguistics][sociolinguistics]

Ҳؤμǡָλ (language_death) ˿ȡؿij¿ܲ121ȤϥڡǸ줬ƤȤ¤Τȡʤ饷åΤΤȤ٤ΩˤܸȤѤƤꡤ٤ؤĶǤѸ̳ΤʤdzؽƤԤˤȤäơǴΤ줬ˤۤ¿¸ߤȤȤϡưפǤʤˤʤʿŪܿͤˤȤäơָλפȤϤ̣DZ󤤹ä
ܹˤΤʣ롥ޤȸСλࡤʤȤοȤʹȤ
ѸɮƬȤŪʱƶϤĶʸϡ¿μ微λ򾷤ƤΤݤȤ⤢롥⤷ȤСѸΤ褦ʸϻŪʸǤꡤԤȤߤʤ٤ʤΤ⤷微ߤȤΤǤСïɤΤ褦˵ߤΤ⤽ߤɬפΤʤΤ餬Ѥָ֡סʸ츢ˤĿͤǧȤʤСθĿͤ˲ݤֵ̳פϲˤʤ
Τ褦ˡָλפͤϤȡ٤³ȵ󤬤äƤ롥ҲؤȤΥơޤǤ롥˻񤹤뻲͵Ȥָλפεåɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-28-1]

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