Joseph Wright ˤ English Dialect Dictionary Υ饤ǤǤ EDD Online ˤĤơManfred Markus Ψ Innsbruck ؤΥब饤ץȤκǽʳ̤Ȥ Version 4.0 ɽȤξޤInnsbruck EDD Online 4.0 Based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898--1905) Ǥ

Ϥޤ EDD Online ˭٤ʵǽȤʤƤʤΤǤβǧǤꡤϿ˼Ƥ줿вεǽ¤ƤݤǤ
Markus ˤȤΥȥư5ʬˤ⤢ޤΤǻİᤷޤʼȤϴطޤưκǸΥ֥åηʿ˿åƺȥꥢ˹Ԥʤɤۡˡ
EDD ˤĤƤϡhellog ǤϰʲεǼ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȳ
#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1])
#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1])
#2694. EDD Online (2) ([2016-09-11-1]) ȡ
²Ǥϡֵפȡ2פ̩ܤʴطˤޤܸǤסʡʿġˤȤ褦ˡ2Ĥδ֤ɤưɽݤˡ2פؤäƤȤΤǤ뵤ޤǤξԤδطϤϤ뤫ǻ̩ǡäΥ٥ηŪ˸߲ƤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021Τر줿ֵϤĤ 2 ġϡλ¤ˤĤӸؤδܺ٤˲⤷ƥĤǤӸؤ츻˴ؿΤɼԤˤȤäơ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤ
嵭ƥɤСθäΤʤˡֵפȡ2פǻ̩ʴطФȤǤޤǵ䤬ͯޤʤ²ΰǤѸθäˤϡΤ褦ʴطۤȤɸʤΤǤ礦ƥĤ1ˡΤ褦ˤޤ
ɸŪʱѸˤϥޥΡ2ͳΡֵפ̣ñϻĤäƤʤEnglish Dialect Dictionary Online ˤХΥåեɥ㡼٤Υåץ㡼 tweag/tweagle ֵǡפȤñ줬ĤäƤ롥
ǸΡĤäƤפ˥ҥȤޤƥǤƤȤꡤŤϱѸˤɥĸ¾ΥޥΤ褦 "two" ˤȤŤֵפδϢ줬̤¸ߤΤǤűѸ켭ȡäȼΤ褦ʸФĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
twēo "doubt, ambiguity"
twēogende "doubting"
twēogendlic "doubtful, uncertain"
twēolic "doubtful, ambiguous, equivocal"
twēon "to doubt, hesitate"
twēonian "to doubt, be uncertain, hesitate"
twēonigend, twēoniendlic "doubtful, expressing doubt"
twēonigendlīce "perhaps"
twēonol "doubtful"
twīendlīce "doubtingly"
ΤĤϽѸޤѤƤޤθ塤٤ƻ¾ѤȤʤäƤޤͳϡ1066ǯΥΥޥ;ȤǡȵŪˤƱǤƥե줫μѸˡä֤ƤޤäǤޥŪ "two" 饤åŪ "duo" ء줤äѤñۤȤ櫓Ǥ/t/ /d/ δطˤĤƤˡ§ (grimms_law) ȡˡѸǡֵ2פƤߤȡ
doubt, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtingly, dubiety, dubious, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitably
ʤɡˤ٤ /d/ ǻϤޤ륤åϼѸǤΤʤ dubious Τ褦ֻ <b> ̤ /b/ ȯ륱ȡdoubt Τ褦 <b> ȯʤʤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)ˤߤƤΤѸŪˤϤ⤷Ǥ (cf. #3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])ˡ
Τ褦˥ޥϤθűѸñ줬Ѹʹߤ˥åϤμѸ֤줿ȤΤϡѸ˾Ϥդ줿ݤǤΥ⤷ΤϡñȯǤ֤ǤϤʤϢ줬ä֤줿ȤǤŪˤϤؤ̣ݤȹͤƤޤ (cf. #648. űѸθäѸ ([2011-02-04-1])ˡ
ƸѸǤ "two" ǡֵ2פɽ魯ϤۤȤɸʤʤäΤǤǸ1ĤοѤɽȤ be in/of two minds about sb/sth (= to be unable to decide what you think about sb/sth, or whether to do sth or not) Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ʸȤ I was in two minds about the book. (= I didn't know if I liked it or not) ʤɡ
ɸϡ#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1]) ȴϢƤꡥ19ˤѸʸؤѸˤȤʬȯãϡȯŸͻӤǿʤǤȤ¤ŦƤ (43) ƱݤΤȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
19衼åѤΥʥʥꥺΤ濴ŪäΤ Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Ի James Murray (1837--1915), The English Dialect Dictionary (1896--1905) Խ Joseph Wright Ǥä19ϱѸμءʸءʸˡβǤꡤMurray OED Խ֤λ (The Age of Empire (1875--1914)) ΰפΤǤ롥OED ϡ1888ǯ A New English Dictionary (NED) Ȥ1Ǥ1928ǯ˴뤷θä11Ȥơ1933ǯ˴̸ά
γĥȸʳؤȯŸ¹ԤƤ롥Furnivall (1825--1910) Ѹƥȶ (The Early English Text Society: EETS) ΩΤ1864ǯꥹΩ1873ǯΤȤǤäAnglo-Saxon Old English ȸƤѤΤ⡤Τ褦ʹȤȸβ뷹̵طǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
OED EDD ԻϡŪˤϷ褷ƹȥץȤǤϤʤĿŪʻȤˤʤäΤΡäƤʤ줿ȤǤϡ¾ιȥץȤ˶ᤤʤäƤȤȤǤ롥
ߡ䤿ϱѸˤޤѳؤθˤơ OED ʤβǡˤβäˤꡤ"Old English" ȤƾΤΤ褦˻ȤäƤ뤬ΥġѸ줬ΩƤطʤˡˤؤäƤ뤳ȤõƤʤФʤʤ
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1]) ˴ϢơɲŪHorobin (60) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
. . . Old English had a number of words that began with the consonant cluster <fn>, pronounced with initial /fn/. This combination is no longer found at the beginning of any Modern English word. What has happened to these words? In the case of the verb fneosan, the initial /f/ ceased to be pronounced in the Middle English period, giving an alternative spelling nese, alongside fnese. Because it was no longer pronounced, the <f> began to be confused with the long-s of medieval handwriting and this gave rise to the modern form sneeze, which ultimately replaced fnese entirely. The OED suggests that sneeze may have replaced fnese because of its 'phonetic appropriateness', that is to say, because it was felt to resemble the sound of sneezing more closely. This is a tempting theory, but one that is hard to substantiate.
ޤǤˤϡƬҲΤߤʤ neese neeze η֤ĤäƤ뤳ȤդEDD Online NEEZE, v. sb. ˤСʲ̤ neese, neease, neesh-, neze ʤɤΰֻǧ롥

long <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
19Ⱦ20ȾˤơȯŸӸؤʸؤ̤ߤĤ OED EDD ԻȤʤǤػˤȤƤߤȼ¤˲ڡȤ뤬ȹȼΥǥ٤ƤȤ¦̤˺ƤϤʤʤRomain (48) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The energetic activities of intellectuals such as James Murray, Joseph Wright, author of the English Dialect Dictionary, and others were central to the shaping of European nationalism in the nineteenth century, a time when, as Pedersen (1931--43) puts it, 'national wakening and the beginnings of linguistic science go hand in hand'. Historians such as Seton-Watson (1977) and Anderson (1991) have observed how nineteenth-century Europe was a golden age of vernacularising lexicographers, grammarians, philologists and dialectologists. Their projects too were conceived as children of empires.
Willinsky (1994) singles out the OED, in particular, as the 'last great gasp of British imperialism'. It captured a history of words that fit well with the ideological needs of the emerging nation-state. As Willinsky observes (1994: 194), the OED speaks to a 'particular history of national self-definition during a remarkable period in the expansion and collapse of the British empire'. Murray's tenure as editor of the OED coincided roughly with the period which historian Eric Hobsbawm (1987) has called the Age of Empire, 1875--1914. With the OED, Murray and other editors were engaged in establishing England and Oxford University Press's claim on the English language and the word trade more generally.
#644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭 ([2011-01-31-1]) Ƭǡ19ȾС衼åѳƹǤϡӸȯŸȤ˾äơŪ§˴Ť緿Ի褵ƤפȽҤ٤ӸȯŸȡפΤΤ衼åѤĬή˻٤ƤȤäƤ褤Ӹؤ̪δطˤäΤǤ롥
ʡ츦 OED ѤȤνǤԻ줿طʤ˻פڤȤȤϤޤʤ⤷ʤλ¤ΤäƤ٤
OED ˤĤƤΤäϡ#2451. åסOED Online ˿Ƥߤ ([2016-01-12-1]) ĥäɤEDD ˤĤƤϡ#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1])#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1])#2694. EDD Online (2) ([2016-09-11-1]) ȡ
Romaine, Suzanne. "Introduction." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 1--56.
#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡJoseph Wright ˤ The English Dialect Dictionary ŻҲץȤ Innsbruck ؤǿʤƤĤǶᴰȤΤ餻ޤǥ־ΥӥǤϥȼɬפäľܼͳ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤä EDD Online ɤ

ǽ⽼¤Ƥꡤ㤨оΥåȤΤ褦ˡȴϢƼ˸ڤƤϰϿdzǧǤ뵡ǽ롥礦ɸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˴ؤĴδطǡڤƤϰ褬ϿdzǧǤȻפäƤäΤǡ
ޤΤθ The English Dialect Dictionary ΥڡȤƳǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡdialect area, part of speech, phonetic, etymology, usage label, source, morphemic, time span ʤɳƼ參ƥˤ륵ǽ
ѥޥ˥奢ǤΤǡȤʤ餢줳ȤäƤߤ뤳Ȥ᤹롥
Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.
εEDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) EDD Online Ҳ𤷤ޤ English Dialect Dictionary ΤΤˤĤΤäƤʤлȤʤʤȤΤȤ˵Ťǡˤ狼Ĵ٤
Joseph Wright (1855--1930) ϡOxford ؤ Max Müller θǤȤӸؤٳؤǤ롥ɥĤ Heidelberg ؤˤƥꥷ첻θιѹäϥޥӸؤűѸ졤Ѹʸŵ¿ɮɥӸؤοѹӤ礭ɾƤ롥
Wright αѸؤˤιϡSkeat Furnivall Խ졤λꤸƴ EDD ǤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ65400Ǥˤ10θФ50ʸޤޤ졤OED 䴰Ѹ켭ȤߤʤȤǤ롥Wright Ȥ Preface (v) ǽҤ٤Ƥ "the largest and most comprehensive Dialect Dictionary ever published in any country" ϡߤǤѤ⤤EDD ϿƤΤϡդεҤˤ "COMPLETE VOCABULARY OF ALL DIALECT WORDS STILL IN USE, OR KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN IN USE DURING THE LAST TWO HUNDRED YEARS" Ǥ롥ȤƤ϶ѸäݤʤäƤ롥
Markus Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information ˤȡEDD β͡ƥǥ벽줿 EDD Online ΰյϡ3ĤʬعǤǽƤˤȤ3ʬȤϡhistorical dialectology, historical spoken English, historical linguistics (esp. lexicology) Ǥ롥ѸˤǤϼŪȤƤʬͳϸԤδؿηǡȤϡ椹뤿ƻΩƤѰդƤʤäȤƶƤȻפ롥ƻǽˤʤäȤäɬ⤽ʬ夬ȤȤǤϤʤʤȤ⤳ޤǰʾ®٤Ǥʬθ椬ʤƤ椯ȤˤϤʤ³ĿͤȤƤѤǤ륷ͤƤ椭
ʤߤˡEDD ʸˡפ English Dialect Grammar (1905) ȤƴԤƤꡤWright ʬǤ벻ȷ֤ѲƤꡤͤ⤤
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.
ۤ reference corner ˡŤᤫˤμΤƤʬǤϤޤȤȤϤʤʤȻפäƤǯʸ˴Ϣ eyes ʡܡפʣˤбѸνѸ丽ѸǤɤΤ褦ȯãʬۤѲƤĴ٤ɬפꡤΤȤˤμΤƤä褦˻פʤ̤ Hotta (2005) ˤꡥ[2009-12-02-1]εeyes ɽ172ֻ̤פ⻲ȡˡJoseph Wright ˤ6Τμ The English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) Ǥ롥
ʹߤ⤿ޤ˳Ϥääزǡμ饤줿Τäפ֤ EDD ˿ɤȻפ®Ƥߤ뤳ȤˤInnsbruck ؤ Prof. Manfred Markus ǤԤ̳ SPEED (Spoken English in Early Dialects) ץȤ̤ EDD Online beta-version Ǥ롥ǤϴǤǤϤʤȤĤĤ⡤Ǥ˸εǽ˭٤˼Ƥ˭٤ƳѻڤʤۤɡˡؽѸѤ˻ѵĤ̵ǥǤ롥ѥޥ˥奢⻲ȡ
®ѵĤƥƤߤĴ٤बʤˤȤäƤϡڤ˿ǭ˾ȽᤷʡФ측 eye Ƥߤꤷơʢǰʡˡʤ"structured view" ɽȡǤꤺäȸ䤹ΤǤǤͭѡˡMarkus زǤƤ̤ꡤ͡ʸǽΤ褦Ǥ롥Ф측ʸϤΤȡdialect area ǤϸˤäƤ county ٥ϰǤ롥usage label Ǥ٥٥롤̣٥denotation, simile, synonym ʤɡˡѥ٥derogatory, slang ʤɡˤξ꤬ǽǤ롥etymology εǽäƤ롥Ȥ߹碌Сϰθ줫μѸäδطʤɤƤ뤫⤷ʤˡͤäƤϡޤ EDD ɤΤ褦ʼEDD Online ɤΤ褦ʵǽƤΤؤФʤС
EDD ΤΤˤĤƤϡVARIENG (Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English) ˷ǺܤƤ롤Markus ˤ Wright's English Dialect Dictionary computerised: towards a new source of information 褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ʸ嵭2022/10/21(Fri)EDD SPEED ؤΥڤƤΤȯEDD Ͽɤ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "A Historical Study on 'eyes' in English from a Panchronic Point of View." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 20 (2005): 75--100.
Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary. 6 vols. Henry Frowde, 1898--1905.
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