³ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǡˤ helwa Ǯ֤1ʸIJ˶ƤĶɲμ¶ϿǤVoicy heldio ۿϢưʤ顤̾ιԴ֤Ωˤ©Ƹߤ³Ƥޤ
ī heldio ǿǤϡ64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ȤʤȾʬ (p. 85) ɤϤƤޤ⡤ɤΥϡhelwa/heldio ߥ˥ƥ˷礫ʤإᥤȤǤꡤƱ֤Ǥ Taku ʳءˤǤ
ޤǤ˸Ƥ褦ˡ٥ͥǥȲ״˱ѸήƥѸ¿ϡܤ̤Ƴ줿ʪŪؽŪѸǤΥåȤȤʤʸǤϡñ줬θűѸθηϤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤʸŪʻѻɤΤ褦ꡦꤹ٤ʤΤȤơޤޤƥΤޤѤƤ괰ƱʤäñΥꥹȤįʤ顤ʸۤɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥʸؤ˸ؤˡ˴ؤˤޤƧ߹ǵƤޤҤդ礤
It would be possible to extend these lists considerably by including words that were taken over in their foreign form and not assimilated. Such words as epactas, corporale, confessores, columba (dove), columne, cathedra, catacumbas, apostata, apocalipsin, acolitus, absolutionem, invitatorium, unguentum, cristalla, cometa, bissexte, bibliothece, basilica, adamans, and prologus show at once by their form their foreign character. Although many of them were later reintroduced into the language, they do not constitute an integral part of the vocabulary at this time. In general, the later borrowings of the Christian period come through books. An occasional word assigned to this later period may have been in use earlier, but there is nothing in the form to indicate it, and in the absence of any instance of its use in the literature before Alfred it is safer to put such borrowings in the latter part of the Old English period.
B&C ĶɥβΥؤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 饢ǤޤҲޤƤİˤʤꡤܽɤ̤ơ˭ʤѸˤƧƤС

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

*
514罤۽ŹرѸ춵6ȯ䤵ޤǯ١ƱνʼʷضˤȤȤۿƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ١ȤơϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפϤƤޤ
Ϣ3Ȥʤ뺣ϡ䤬ᥤɮԤȤơֱѸˤ3Ĥ⡧ȤФιͻ̻Ūʼ褵פƤޤΰ夵ˤּҲؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤפؤΤ褦ʷˤʤޤ夵βȤǸդʸϤǤ
εȥϡΰ夵εȥؤΥޡʤ䡤ѥǥȤ٤Ǥ礦ˤȤޤ줿ΤǤ夵ʤ顤ȤƤϡֱѸˤ3Ĥפʤľ˥ȥ뤬ޤޤǤϡ3ĤȤϲϸ夫ͤФȤˤ֤Τۤפ餷饤ִΤ뵭ɮǤ
ǤϡѸˤؤ3ĤȤơӸء ()ʸء (philology)˸ء (historical_linguistics) 夲Ƥޤ1ӸءפǤϡʸ˻ĤʤĸλѤֺƷ ˤȤˡˤä⤫Ӿ夬餻Ĥߤޤ2ʸءפǤϡ1ʸ1˽ɤŪҲŪʸ̮ǫɤ߲Ȥ̣Ҥ٤Ƥޤ3˸ءפǤϡѲ (language_change) Υᥫ˥ηŪɤҲ𤷤ޤ3ԤϤ줾ۤʤʬǤʤּҲȸפȤ줷ƤޤˤäơҲؤȤ夵ȤΥŪʥåȤƻž夲뤳ȤǤʡȴƤޤ
ʤϢܤϷᥤɮԤ夹륹ȤäƤꡤ֤¦ȤźȤäƤޤ夵ϡֱѸˤäƥޥǤ͡פȤդޤ֤ΤۤإͥפΤ뤤饤ִ̤Ǥ⾯θǤƤȤС˾δӤǤ
ϢܵȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1812. Ѹˤ3Ĥ --- رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ3ƤȤƤäޤ碌Ƥİ
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ3Ѹˤ3Ĥ⡧ȤФιͻ̻Ūʼ褵סرѸ춵2026ǯ6桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ51444--45ǡ
ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬㤫ɤȽǤȤ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ
§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.
Ǥ royal we 餷űѸ㤬ĤƤ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
Voicy heldio ˤ#1212. رѸ츻ŵ٤Ρָ츻ز --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פۿޤϡ98 heldio ΤȤƳŤ줿ֱѸ˥饤2024θ9ۿ줿ɲΥǤǤҤǤƤرѸ츻ŵδŪʲʸɤʤɤƤȤݤɽǤ¿ΥꥹʡۿǤİޤ꤬Ȥޤ
khelf ƣ蘆ʷرˤ MC ̳ᡤֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡΤ lacolaco ޤˤȿĿФäꡤ45ʬ֤νɲΩޤ˥åʴǤǻȤʤäƤޤرѸ츻ŵ٤Υեʤ餺ȤڤۿȻפޤҤİʲϡоݤȤʤäʸϤκǽ2Ǥ (p. 1647)
1. 츻ؤȤϲ
츻ؤŪϡñβȯ֤ˤỌ̇̄Ѳβǽʤ̤뤳ȤˤäơʸޤʸκǸŤβỌ̇̄ƱޤϿꤷθθȿˤ뤽θΰ֤̻Ū˷ꤹ뤳Ȥˤ롥äơ츻ؤϥեΰʬʤ뤤ϸ°뤬ˡȼȤˤơˡӸؤ̩ܤ˴ϢޤŪ;ڤųؤ̤Ѥ롥
ѸξǤСѸ줫Ѹ (Middle English: ά ME)ŴѸ (Old English: ά OE) ʳˤޤ̤Ū츻Ūȡ˱ѸΩ̤äƥޥ (proto-Germanic: ά Gmc) (Proto-Indo-European: ά IE) ʳ̸Ū츻Ȥͤ롥ñθ츻ꤹ뤿ˤϡξ̤̤ơ֤Ϣ³Ʊ˰̣Ϣ³ǧʤФʤʤơѸȤ줬ΩθŪͻѸΩ̸ŪͻԤ٤ȡʤѸŪ椬ӸŪԤ٤ȤϤޤǤʤǤ
嵭ۿơδۤǤ2ϡ¤ϤʤȻפޤ2Ŧޤ1Ĥˡָ츻ؤŪϡάͤθθȿˤ뤽θΰ֤̻Ū˷ꤹ뤳ȤˤפʤǤɼԤϾʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦伫Ȥ⤳ʸλ̤Ρְ̣פȤƤ⡤줬ɤΤ褦ʡְյפĤΤˤϾλ֤פޤäƤΤɤ⿴ʤȤǤ
2ĤϡǸʬֱѸȤ줬ΩθŪͻѸΩ̸ŪͻԤ٤ȡʤѸŪ椬ӸŪԤ٤ȤϤޤǤʤǤפǤβսˤĤƤϡˤޤǤʤۤɼʤΤȤ䤬ޤȤΤϡŪˤߤ¤ꡤŪͻ̸ŪͻʤǤʤΤˡֱѸŪ椬ӸŪԤ٤פȤΤϡष̷⤷Ƥ褦ʹʤǤ礦2ܤˤĤƤϡθɤСΤ˿դ狼äƤޤˤ衤ʤʤοι⤤ǽ2ǤϤʤǤ礦
1ܤˤĤƻϹͤȤΤǤơָ츻ؤŪϡάͤθθȿˤ뤽θΰ֤̻Ū˷ꤹ뤳ȤˤפβͤƤФȻפޤ
츻ؤȤϲȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡhellog ʲεȡ
#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])
ޤǤΤȤرѸ츻ŵ˴ؿäϡꤷƤС

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ǯβƤΩ夲̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ̾ (onomastic) ʸɤൡ¿ʤäƤ롥 hellog Ǥ⡤Clark ȤƸűѸ̾ؤ˴ؤϤƤ
Clark ʸκǸǤ롥Ѹ̾ؤ椷褦Ȼפä顤μȳи礬롤ȤΤȡʡḷȡˤߤƤΤäޤɤǤƱѸ̾ؤؤδؿʲĤ줿ɼԤκǸΤܤˤơ֤䡼פȤʤʤȡ餬ҥҥ䤹ۤɤǤ롥
Because lack of context makes name-etymology especially speculative, any opinion proffered in a survey or a name-dictionary must be considered critically, as basis for further investigation rather than as definitive statement. Anyone wishing to pursue historical name-studies of either sort seriously must, in addition to becoming conversant with the philology of the relevant medieval languages, be able to read Medieval Latin as well as modern French and German. Assessing and interpreting the administrative records that form the main course-material is the essential first step in any onomastic study, and requires understanding of palaeographical and diplomatic techniques; competence in numismatics may on occasion also be needed. Onomastic analysis itself involves not only political, social and cultural history but also, when place-names are concerned, a grasp of cartography, geology, archaeology and agrarian development. Any student suitably trained and equipped will find great scope for making original contributions to this field of study.
ΥѡޥǤʤȱѸ̾ؤθ̳ޤʤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Crystal θѸ켭ŵѥѥȤäƤơtheolinguistics ȤܤܤαޤäʬΤȶätheo- ϥꥷͳϢǡֿפɽ魯ʸ̤ˤСֿءפȤʤ롥⤦Ȥֽءդ褤ΤOED ˤΩवƤʤʲCrystal (484) ɤǤߤ褦
theolinguistics (n.) A term which has been used for the study of the relationship between LANGUAGE and religious thought and practice, as illustrated by ritual, sacred texts, preaching, doctrinal statements and private affirmations of belief. The distinctiveness of religious language usually takes the forms of a special set of VARIETIES within a language, but special scripts and languages (as with Ge'ez in the Ethiopian Church) may also be found, and considerable attention needs to be paid to PHILOLOGICAL enquiry, given the way much religious language takes its origin from old texts and practices.
ȸδطˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ religion Υդ͡ʳ٤夲ƤΤ褦ʴؿФʬ̾ĤƤȤΤʤä㤨С嵭ȴϢοȤơ#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-22-1]) #5233. ָդν --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-25-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
˾嵭ǶäΤϡǸʬǤȤ philology ʸءˤȤδطܤƤ뤳ȤݼˤĤƤϻؿƤ#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1]) ʤɤǿƤδؿλϤ⤽ theolinguistic ʤΤäȤˤʤ롥
"theolinguistics" --- ̾ͿȡоݤޤȤޤäΤ˸ƤʬνҤȤ㤨мΤ褦ʤΤǤƤ褦ʤؿƤ
Chilton, Paul A. and Monika Weronika Kopytowska. Religion, Language, and the Human Mind. New York: OUP, 2018.
Hobbs, Valerie. An Introduction to Religious Language: Exploring Theolinguistics in Contemporary Contexts. Bloomsbury, 2021.
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.

ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ6˳ҤǤƤޤ15--20αʸˡӤѲ¾Ū˵ҤƤޤܽΥˡϡ6̾θԤγơθ¬ŪĴƤ뤳ȤǤġξϤɤΤ褤ǤܤܤƾϤޤɤΤ褤Ȼפޤ
ܽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Voicy heldioYouTube ͡ˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ heldio ǤüʰءȤ̲2#831. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (2)ۿޤϡѸθѲ椹ݤǺߡ̥ϤʤɤܤǽŪˤϸˡᤰ̵ȯŸޤ35ʬۤɤβȤʤޤ֤ΤȤˤɤ
βäơܽҲ𥷥ФäȤˤʤޤƤޤǤδϢƥĤؤΥĥäƤޤԤİĤܽɤǤȤΤ⡤Ḥ̂襤Ȼפޤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
hellog #5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-27-1])
hellog #5242. ü20αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-09-03-1])
hellog #5249. üȸѸθѲ˸椹뤫ˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-09-09-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #824. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (1)
heldio #831. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (2)
heldio #837. 18αѸʸˡѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ʢ 2023/09/15(Fri) θ嵭
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Ϣε#5225. ̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1])#5226. ̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ ([2023-08-18-1]) ǰѡȤƤ Clark (453) ꡤ⤽űѸ̾ (onomastics) θ (source-materials) ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤǧƤ
The sources for early name-forms, of people and of places alike, are, in terms of the conventional disciplines, ones more often associated with 'History' than with 'English Studies': they range from chronicles through Latinised administrative records to inscriptions, monumental and other. Not only that: the aims and therefore also the findings of name-study are at least as often oriented towards socio-cultural or politico-economic history as towards linguistics. This all goes to emphasise how artificial the conventional distinctions are between the various fields of study.
Thus, onomastic sources for the OE period include: chronicles, Latin and vernacular; libri vitae; inscriptions and coin-legends; charters, wills, writs and other business-records; and above all Domesday Book. Not only each type of source but each individual piece demands separate evaluation.
ŪʸűѸʸŪȤϾۤʤǧ졤̣ȤϤʸŪ椫礭Ƥ櫓ǤʤʸؤǤƤ븶ϤפʤΤѤκǸˤ褦 "each individual piece" βͤõȤⶦ̤롥ͭ̾ϰ̤ñƱ꤬ᡤ;פ˿ŤפȤϤꤽ
ᤰˤĤƤϰʲεȡ
#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])
#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])
#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])
#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
2112ꡤջʵءˤδʷءˤˤ붦ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ҤȯȤʤäƤޤA5ǡ264ڡǹ3,960ߡˡǤ hellog, Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio), YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥ ʤɤǤҲ𤷤ƤޤԤˤܽΰ⡦ؤΥޤȤΥڡˬ䤯

ܽǤϡ3ϡֲֻפ56ǡΤʤǤŪΤǤѸֻ˸ưŸ˾ҤƤޤޤȤʬѤޤ (96--97)
ֻθˤĤƤϡҤ̤ꡤʸؤξڵľܴؤʬȤܼŪ˽פǤʤ⡤Ū˷ڻ뤵Ƥаޤ롥ѸֻήȤˤLALME ̿פϡΤ褦ĬήȿžФȯξڵȤƤֻפֻ켫ȤΩΤȤɵͤȤǧȤäƤƤ롥ֻѲϡϤΤʸҲءѸʤɤδߤʤ顤˭ʬȯŸƤǽƤ롥Ȥ櫓ǯαѸˤǤϳƱѸѼؤδؿޤäƤƤꡤֻθ¿Ѽ˾碌ΤƤƱˡоŪʰ֤ˤɸѼɸಽȤвƤΤǤϤʤͽۤ롥
ֻ˸ʬΰѤˤѸֻˤζŪƱϤΤʤ¿夲Ƥޤֻ˴ؿΤϡ3ϤɤߤФȻפޤƱϤԤǤ伫ȤֻؤδؿȿǤ٤ֻؤθڤ¿Ȼפޤ
ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ
μͭӥ Mond ˴Ƥ1αѸ˴ؤ뵿ФƲޤ䤤ϡֶĴ do, does, did ϡĤиΤǤ礦פǤ

Ĵ do ȤϡŵŪˤϼΤ褦ˡǤʿʸˤơǤϤʤǤ뤳ȤФȤѤޤ
Why didn't you come to the party last night? --- But I díd còme.
I díd stùdy very hard, but I didn't pass the exam.
I'm sorry we don't have hamburgers, but we dó hàve pizzas.
ǤޤѸ˾夤ĶĴ do иˤ뤳ȤϴñǤϤޤȤΤϸѸȰۤʤѸѸǤϡʿʸˤƶĴˡǤʤ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) Ū褯ѤƤǤdo ˶뤫ݤϽդɤ뤳ȤǤʸ̮Τߤ˰¸ȽǤʤФʤʤˡԤμŪɤ߹ߤͿƤޤǽ⤤ΤǤ
ˡ OED Ǥ do, v. 32d θȤƵƤޤǽ5ʸޤǰѤޤ
d. In affirmative sentences, used to give emphasis, esp. in contrast with what precedes or follows.
The stress is placed upon the auxiliary, as in the perfect and future tenses. There may be inversion of order as well.
In many Middle English and early modern English examples it is impossible to be certain that the use is emphatic.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. viii. l. 164 (MED) And so bileeue I lelly..Þat pardoun and penaunce and preyers don sauen Soules þat han sunget.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin (1899) vi. 101 Loke ye, do not lye; and thow do lye, I shall it know wele.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. f. 27v But these same..doe manye times more offend..than those who doe commit them [1738 tr. S. Guazzo Art Conversat. 52 Than those who actually commit them].
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. iii. 188 And so will hee doe, for the man doth feare God, howsoeuer it seemes not in him, by some large iestes hee will make.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. i. 27 Vio. Thou art a merry fellow, and car'st for nothing. Clo. Not so sir, I do care for something: but..I do not care for you.
OED ˤȽc1390 Piers Plowman λȤʤäƤޤǤ don sauen (= do save) Ĵ do ˡʤΤɤʤΤȽǤˤϡ깭ʸ̮θǤοŤʵɬפǤ礦Ҥ OED ȤɡΤޤƤޤ櫓ˤϤޤǫʸƤᤵΤǤ
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βѲθˤĹ Krug (2017) ˤ褯Ƥ뤳
ǯκǤפʸȤ Stenbrenden (2016) 뤳
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Ritt (2012) 첻פˤϥꥺץ饹θ궯ȤäΧŪʴͻäɬפȼĥƤ뤳
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ܽϡҤǿѸءإ22ͽˤ21ȤƤΰ֤Ťǡ켫ΤѲȯŸ³륨ƥʬǤֱѸˡפȡֱѸʸءפβ40ǯۤɤθư֤Ĥġ̤ؤοƤȤݤȤʤäƤޤʤܽαʸȥ Current Trends in English Philology and Historical Linguistics Ǥ
ܽǼ夲ƤϡѸ˸ĬήŸ˾ȥǡֻǤѸʬǸơޤõΥեȤѤǤۤɤкαѸʬDzȤܤƤΤδФȻפޤܤˤܽơۤϰʲ̤Ǥ
ʸŻҲʤ20νװʹߤϡѸ˸ˤƤ⥳ѥƼǡ١ɸŪѤ褦ˤʤꡤѸʸŪŸ뤲Ѹ˸ȸѸ츦椬ήƱѸؤʬ֤ϢȤʤΤ⡤λħǤ롥ܽϤĬήѲªʤ顤ֻ濴˺ǿαѸ˸Ҳ𤹤ȤȤˡͭѤŻŪˤĤƤ롥
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ܽˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ʤɤΤǾȯƤͽǤĹȤ³ܤˤʤФȻפäƤޤɤꤤޤ
ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ
ε#4689. YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥߤޤ ([2022-02-27-1]) ǡʼȶƱ YouTube ͥߤݤʥޤֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤǤϡ̤ȤǡֱѸءפΤΤäƤߤޤ
ȤμϻˤȤäƤϤǤμǤơäȹͤƤޤޤϡֱѸˡפǤ̣ǡֱѸءפ1ʬǤޤǤֱѸءפιֵôƤаޤޤγˤϡֱѸؤȤϲפͤƤƤʤäȤȤ˵ŤޤȤäƤޤܵ䤦ȤƤʤä褦Ǥ
üŪˤСֱѸȤоݤȤؤǤפȤȤǤˤϻαѸˤѸʸؤޤޤޤѸΥΡֵϡפ˴ŤسؽȤϰ褷ѸΤΤޤޤֵҡפΤѸؤǤȡĤޤꡤȤ櫓ѸȤ̸åȤ˹ʤäƸ椹ؤѸؤǤȤǧǤ
ǧϡüŪˤäơֱѸؤȤϱήθؤǤפȤȤǤåȤȤ⥢ץؤѸȤ櫓Ǥ㤨СܸоݤȤƤƤѸؤΩĤȤΩǤΤˡѸؤΥץѤʤºݤΤȤܸ椷ƤȤϡܤδϢزǤʸʤرǤ⤷Фи뤳ȤǤδѤ餤СήΡֱѸءפβ⤦ʤޤ
ɤֱѸءפˤ⤤ȤꤽȤȤˡʤ鵤ŤޤǤϡѸؼŵʤɤǤϡֱѸءפϤɤΤ褦ƤΤȲƤߤȡʤȺܤäƤʤΤǤƺܤʤȤʤΤǤ礦¤ϼǤϤʤȤΤλȯǤ
ǤϱѸؤζʽǤϤɤȡޤ긵ˤäоȡѸؤδá٤Ƥߤޤ֤ޤפ p. ii ˼Τ褦ˤޤ
ߤʤϡֱѸءפʹȡޤٶƤֱѸפȲ㤦ΤȻפȤǤ礦ֱѸءפȤΤϡѸȤդɤΤ褦ʻȤߤˤʤäƤ뤫ͤؤΰΰǤĤޤꡤѸβñ졤ʸäʤɤɤΤ褦ʻȤߤˤʤäƤꡤˤɤΤ褦ʵ§Ǥ뤫餫ˤ褦Ȥ븦ʬǤ
ϡΤȤ䤬ƤֱѸءפ˶ᤤȻפޤѸλˤȤäƤϡǤϤäʪʤȤƤޤ
ѸؤäƲʤΤǤ礦͡ªϽͽʤΤȻפޤλ¤ϰճȤӤäǤιͤϤϤǤ礦
ʤֱѸˡפ餱餺ǤȤꤢ#225. ֱѸ˸פȤϡ ([2009-12-08-1]) դ
졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡоȡѸؤδá١ǡ2013ǯ
ɸ̤ʼȶƱ YouTube ˤְʼδѸظإͥߤޤ
ưֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤΤʤǤƤޤֱѸءؤäƲʤΡפȤդ꤫Ϥơ줾ʬʰϼҲءǧθءĤϱѸˡˤδ顤Ѹ̤˴ؤ͡ŪˤϤƤޤϼʾҲŪʷϵǤϤɤɤǻʤäƤȻפޤһİƤߤƤͥϿɤ
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ˤϡǤ˻ Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸Ǥ⡤2٤̡ۤб餷ƤƤޤʤλͤΤ٤ˤ٤ơä¿İƤ褦ǤǤ͡
֡رѸλˡ١ʤˤԡʼȤ̡2021ǯ917
̡ʼȡֱѸ쿷֡פ2021ǯ1022
ߤ YouTube ͥμݤϡ2ͤαѸظԤˤ븪Τʤˤ٤ꡤȤäȤǤˤƤλİԤǰƬˡֱѸءؤäƲפȤȤϤޤѸ̤˴ؿΤˤİƤ館褦ƤǤȻפäƤޤ
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ܥ֥Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ȹ碌ơְʼδѸظإͥꤤޤ
Ѹ˸ǤϡѸȤ櫓18ɸŪȯƱȿƤ18ȤСλפǤꡤˤĤƤФޤ˵ϼ (prescriptivism) λǤ롥#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ɽȤơɸŪǵŪȯ뼭ȽǤ줿äɸŪϰҲϿ;ϤʤɤʤȿƤ
ͤƤߤСϼθȤΤϡ֡ȤȯˡѤ٤פȤǤϤʤ֢ȤȯˡѤ٤餺פ⤯Ȥ¿Ĥޤꡤػߤ٤Ȥ֢פɸŪʸɽ路ƤΤȲǤΤǤ롥äΤ뤳ȤϡʤΰŪʸ촷뤳ȤˤĤʤΤǤ롥ʸؾξڵ (evidence) ɥȤưΤɤǤ֤ȤäƤ褤Beal ʸϡޤˤΤɤǤ֤ϪƤƤ롥Beal (345--46) ηѤ褦
I hope that I have demonstrated that, even though the authors of these works [= prescriptive works] were prescribing what they viewed as 'correct' pronunciation, a proto-RP used by educated, higher-class speakers in London, they were often acute observers of the variants which were proscribed. In telling their readers which pronunciations to avoid, they provide us with a record of precisely those non-standard features that were most salient at the time. Such evidence can fill in the gaps in the histories of dialects, provide answers to puzzles such as those surrounding the reversal of mergers, and, perhaps most importantly, can provide time-depth to the 'apparent-time' studies so prevalent in current variationist work.
ʸؤˤƤϾڵ꤬ǽפǤ뤳ȤƹͤƤ롥
Beal, Joan C. "Marks of Disgrace: Attitudes to Non-Standard Pronunciation in 18th-Century English Pronouncing Dictionaries. Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology. Ed. Marina Dossena and Roger Lass. Bern: Peter Lang,2003. 329--49.
#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡס ([2021-10-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBeowulf ܤȤΥƥȤϡ"myth of the longevity of English" ϽФΩΤ˹ƤʸŪʺ˴Ťơ700ǯȿꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤѸȱʸؤŪȱӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤ʸŪ˳Ĵι⤤ȤäƤϡäƤĤȤʤ롥
Beowulf βͤƭΡֿáפ줿Τϡ19äȤդɬפǤ롥ʤλäΤʤ㤨ХؤϤޤä16ʤɤǤϤʤäΤWatts (52) ϡ줬19ŪʸݤǤ뤳ȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
As a whole the longevity of English myth, consisting of the ancient language myth and the unbroken tradition myth, was a nineteenth-century phenomenon that lasted almost till the end of the twentieth century. The need to establish a linguistic pedigree for English was an important discourse archive within the framework of the growth of the nation-state and the Age of Imperialism. In the face of competition from other European languages, particularly French, it was perhaps necessary to construct English as a Kultursprache, and one way to do this was to trace English to its earliest texts.
üŪˤСꥹϡꥹΰҿгŪ˷뤿ˡξħǤѸȤ줬Ĺͭ뤳ȤäƼɬפäȤȤŪ§ΩӤ OED Ի⡤19ʸ̮ΤʤǤȤ館ɬפcf. #3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])ˡ
16ˤϡˤޤΤ褦ưŤ¸ߤƤʤä16Υɤˤ̤δؿäϡإ7ˤäƳ줿ФΥƥ塼ī˸ҤŤ뤫ƥإ8ˤäΩ줿ѹ뤫ȤȤäŪΤˡΥޥīŤˡꥹȶʸŵˡΧѸȤǽƤȤŪ¤Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥ塼īϤȤ櫓פɤ֤ƤǤ뤫顤ŪʥƥȤΰˤϿŤäBeowulf Τ褦̱²ΥƥȤˤϡŪˤäƤۤɤδؿʤäȤ櫓Watts (52) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The dominant discourse archive at this particular moment of conjunctural time [= the sixteenth century] was religious. It was the struggle to assert Protestantism after the break with the Church of Rome that determined the focus on religious, legal, constitutional and historical texts of the Anglo-Saxon era. The Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century sustained this dominant discourse and relegated interest in the longevity of the language and the poetic value of texts like Beowulf till a much later period.
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
츦塤ϤʤƤϤʤʤǤ롥ܥ֥濴ŪǤѸ˸ˤƤ⡤ƻμ̻ŪʼϤʤƤϤʤʤġȤƿͤκäΤǤ롥ԻԤθ٤ȿǤƤΤԻԸĿͤΥХ⤫äƤΤǤ롥츦Τˤϡդռ˼ʤӸμˤѤɬפΤΤ褦ʤƥեʴϰռγ֤뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сҿ OED ξǤдְ㤤ϤʤʤɤŪʿƤޤȤϤ褯롥
Ѹܤȡ㤨бѸ˾αѸ켭Ȥ 1604ǯ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall ȡⲼäƵϼϤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language ȤǤϡԻ줿طʤۤʤи٤ۤʤΤǡƱФʤɤ٤ȤƤ⡤ˤϳΤ̻ŪѲȿǤƤǽϤΤΡ⤽ԻտޤۤʤȤθƤʤˤܤ˹礦⤷ʤColeman (99--100) ŦƤ롥
For example, the title of Cawdrey's Table Alphabetical (1604) explains that the dictionary was compiled "for the benefit and help of ladies, gentlewomen, or any other unskillful persons. Whereby they may the more easily and better understand many hard English words, which they shall hear or read in scriptures, sermons, or elsewhere, and also be made able to use the same aptly themselves" (spelling modernized). Similarly often quoted is the preface to Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755):
When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and energetic without rules: wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be disentangled, and confusion to be regulated; choice was to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selection. (Johnson 1755: Preface)
These quotations illustrate changing ideas about the status of English and the purpose of a dictionary. Cawdrey acknowledged that the vocabulary of English was varied and challenging, but apparently did not consider this to be a problem. His purpose was to help uneducated people struggling to understand loans from classical and modern languages: the deficit was in English speakers, not the language. Johnson, on the other hand, considered the exuberance of English to be problematic in itself, and for him the priorities were regulation and control of the language.
17 Cawdrey ϱѸüԤˤȹͤƤ18ȾФ Johnson ϱѸ줽ΤΤˤȹͤƤԻΥݥꥷߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥
ɸˤǤ̤ŪϸΩŪʾǤϤʤײǽ⤤Τռ˼СṲ̄ơ̻ŪʸѲξڵʤȤ⡤ƻθ٤ǤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤŪϻȤ褦Ǥ롥
Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 98--110.
伫Ȥ Shakespeare θܳŪ˸椷ȤϤʤѸˤεҸˤƤ뤳ȤΤǤʤ礭оݤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ츦Ȥ Shakespeare ؤܤ19Ⱦ˻ϤޤꡤߤޤǤ¿̤ѤƤʸˡϿѥǡ١ƤοϤꤷʤߤȤƥѥѤ͡ư褦ǡShakespeare ͵Ѥ餺Ǥ롥
Busse and Busse (811) ˡ¾˰͵ΤǤϤ뤬Shakespeare θθˤĤơ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤṲ̄ɬפȤơ줾վƤ롥ޤ3Ĥ¦̤顥
1. English as it was about 1600
2. Shakespeare's interest in his language
3. Shakespeare's unique use of English
Shakespeare θפ᤹3ΤߤȤʤνѸΤΤʤˤ֤Ť餵 Shakespeare θջȤħ֤ФȤݤޤ1פǤ롥ơShakespeare θФؿ٤Ȥ2¦̤ʤõꤿ
Shakespeare θθ4ĤŪˤĤơ
1. to enable the speaker of Present-day English to share as far as possible in the responses of the original audience;
2. to draw attention to the manner in which Shakespeare handles the language of his time for artistic purposes;
3. to use the language of Shakespearean drama as data on which to base conclusions about Elizabethan English in general; and
4. to provide illuminating information about various aspects of Shakespeare's linguistic background, in particular, the attitude to the language of his time.
⸽Ūʸ츦ŪǤȤȤˡ¤¿ʬ philological ŪǤ롥
Ϣ #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) ȡ¾ shakespeare οεɤ
Busse, Ulrich and Beatrix Busse. "Early Modern English: The Language of Shakespeare." Chapter 51 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 808--26.
#4172. DzΤȶ͡٤θԤˤ OED ԻˡξҲʸ ([2020-09-28-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Dz褬轵ɥ硼ȤʤäΤǷ˴Ѥ˹ԤޤOED ʽǡԻʹ֥ɥޤǤͥХ줷ʤ٤ˡȤꤢۤҤ٤ƤȻפޤ
ϥΥեDzǤϾʤ餺եƤơݤѤäƤ褦ʡդˤСޤ̣äȤȡDzѤȤǡΥΥե餷̥Ϥ˵Ť
OED ԻطʤȤ¤ᤷäǤ뤳ȤƤ褯ʬä
OED ꥹȤƤΰҿäŪ˴褵졤Ի줿¤褯ƤѸʳء˻Ūʴ顤ϤȤƤסȤʤɤǵȻפäƤݥȡ
DzǤ OED Ȥ˿Ƥս꤬ʤʤϤˤΤǡOED μȤƤפäۤʤä褦ʡDz貽ˤϻʤäѤʹ֥ɥޤ̤˽椷Ƥͻҡ
Murray ΤڤȤ⤤٤ OED Խ紴ˤ EETS ΩԤǤ⤢ Furnivall ȤƤɤ̣ФƤǤϤޤƤʤäʬʤΤǡDzǤäʤäϤꡤFurnivall ŷӤ̥ŪʱѸʸػ˾νץ顥
ֶ͡פȥ硼ڥα鵻äʥ롦֥ΡΡפ⽽ʬɤäȤϤˡ
ǤƤ OED ԻδطˤĤƤϡҰʲεɤǤߤƤʵåȤȤƤˡOED θѤ뤫⤷ޤ
#304. OED ץȤΤΤ ([2010-02-25-1])
#638. ŪȤȤƤ OED Ի ([2011-01-25-1])
#644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭 ([2011-01-31-1])
#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])
#4131. ꥹˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1])
ε#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƱƥĤۤʤ٤įƤߤThe OED in two minutes ǸƤѸûϿΥƥĤǤ롥
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