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archaeology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 18:54

2024-09-25 Wed

#5630. 츻ؤȤϲ --- رѸ츻ŵ (p. 1647) [hellive2024][khelf][kdee][etymology][terminology][archaeology][history][philology][methodology][lexicology][historical_linguistics][comparative_linguistics]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1212. رѸ츻ŵ٤Ρָ츻ز --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פۿޤϡ98 heldio ΤȤƳŤ줿ֱѸ˥饤2024θ9᤮ۿ줿ɲΥǤǤҤǤƤرѸ츻ŵδŪʲʸ򡤳ɤʤɤƤȤݤɽǤ¿ΥꥹʡۿǤİޤ꤬Ȥޤ
khelf ƣ蘆ʷرˤ MC ̳ᡤֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡΤ lacolaco ޤˤȿĿФ󤬲äꡤ45ʬ֤νɲΩޤ˥åʴǤǻȤʤäƤޤرѸ츻ŵ٤Υեʤ餺ȤڤۿȻפޤҤİʲϡоݤȤʤäʸϤκǽ2Ǥ (p. 1647)

1. 츻ؤȤϲ
츻ؤŪϡñβȯ֤ˤỌ̇̄Ѳβǽʤ̤뤳ȤˤäơʸޤʸκǸŤβỌ̇̄ƱޤϿꤷθθȿˤ뤽θΰ֤̻Ū˷ꤹ뤳Ȥˤ롥äơ츻ؤϥեΰʬʤ뤤ϸ°뤬ˡȼȤˤơˡӸؤ̩ܤ˴ϢޤŪ;ڤ͸ųؤ̤Ѥ롥
ѸξǤСѸ줫Ѹ (Middle English: ά ME)ŴѸ (Old English: ά OE) ʳˤޤ̤Ū츻Ūȡ˱ѸΩ̤äƥޥ (proto-Germanic: ά Gmc) (Proto-Indo-European: ά IE) ʳ򰷤̸Ū츻Ȥͤ롥ñθ츻ꤹ뤿ˤϡξ̤̤ơ֤Ϣ³Ʊ˰̣Ϣ³ǧʤФʤʤơѸȤ줬ΩθŪͻѸΩ̸ŪͻԤ٤ȡʤѸŪ椬ӸŪԤ٤ȤϤޤǤʤǤ


嵭ۿơδۤǤ2ϡ¤ϤʤȻפޤ2Ŧޤ1Ĥˡָ츻ؤŪϡάͤθθȿˤ뤽θΰ֤̻Ū˷ꤹ뤳Ȥˤפ򤹤ʤǤɼԤϾʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦伫Ȥ⤳ʸλ̤Ρְ̣פ򤷤ȤƤ⡤줬ɤΤ褦ʡְյפĤΤ򤹤ˤϾλ֤פޤäƤΤɤ⿴ʤȤǤ
2ĤϡǸʬֱѸȤ줬ΩθŪͻѸΩ̸ŪͻԤ٤ȡʤѸŪ椬ӸŪԤ٤ȤϤޤǤʤǤפǤβսˤĤƤϡˤޤǤʤۤɼʤΤȤ䤬ޤȤΤϡŪˤߤ¤ꡤŪͻ̸ŪͻʤǤʤΤˡֱѸŪ椬ӸŪԤ٤פȤΤϡष̷⤷Ƥ褦ʹʤǤ礦2ܤˤĤƤϡθɤСΤ˿դ狼äƤޤˤ衤ʤʤοι⤤ǽ2ǤϤʤǤ礦
1ܤˤĤƻϹͤȤΤǤơָ츻ؤŪϡάͤθθȿˤ뤽θΰ֤̻Ū˷ꤹ뤳ȤˤפβͤƤФȻפޤ
츻ؤȤϲȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡhellog ʲε򻲾ȡ

#466. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ ([2010-08-06-1])
#727. 츻ؤμΧ ([2011-04-24-1])
#1791. 츻ؤϵݤʳؤ (2) ([2014-03-23-1])
#598. Ѹ츻ؤά (1) ([2010-12-16-1])
#599. Ѹ츻ؤά (2) ([2010-12-17-1])

ޤǤΤȤرѸ츻ŵ˴ؿäϡꤷƤС


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-12-1]

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2020-02-08 Sat

#3939. ܤǤ˴ΤƤ (2) [kanji][history][archaeology]

4ǯۤˡ#2505. ܤǤ˴ΤƤ ([2016-03-06-1]) Ȥ񤤤Ĥͥåȥ˥塼ȿʹϢ뿷äƤ23īʹī3̤Ρʤ˺ǸŤʸפȤƬҲ𤷤褦

Ԥ»פǤߤĤäȾʵˤʤˡʸʴˤϤǽ񤫤ƤǽȡʡԤθԤ餫ˤǽ񤫤줿ʸȤйǸŤȤʤ롥ֳƤǤϽǧǤʤäȤʤɤ鿵Ťʰո⤢ꡤƤǤ롥


Υ֥˽񤤤4ǯξϡޤǸȤѤƻȯ줿ˤȤɤޤꡤܤˤŪʸѤζڵȤޤǤǧʤäȯϡ餷ƻʸ񤫤Ƥǽ򼨺ǡܤμŪʸѤγǯ˴ؤ˰ФꤸΤȤʤäСȾʵˤܤˤѤäȤȤˤʤ롥
θ餷Τ˽񤫤ƤʸϡֻҡפȤפȤפȤɤΤΤ褦ƤΤʤȤϤۤȤɳǧǤʤԤΤǿ⶯褦Ǥ롥
ܸüԤθؤȤơǤᤤܤʸѤμäȤСϴ򤷤¤ΤΤ뤳ȤפǤ롥⤷ȯʸѤǯ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ⡤ʤʤƤ⡤¤餫ˤʤФ褤Ȼפ
Ϣơ#3486. ͭʸȯʤäȤƤġġ ([2018-11-12-1]) 򻲾ȡäơ#3138. ȻѤǯ ([2017-11-29-1]) #3545. ʸμƤ3ʸμơ ([2019-01-10-1]) ɤ

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2020-01-06 Mon

#3906. ؤ˸ؤؤŬѤˤĤ (2) [evolution][methodology][biology][archaeology][historical_linguistics][comparative_linguistics][phylogenetics]

ε ([2020-01-05-1]) ˰³ؤˡ˸ؤ˱ѤˤĤơ
Ѥϡֹ͸ųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤפꤷ̤ͤǡʪηؤ¾ʬŬѤ褦ȤݤˤȽФȿŸĤġ֥Ȥ˱̥ץõ᤹뤳Ȥν⤤Ƥ (207--08) ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡ͸ųŪʰʪηǤ롥

ʸŪʪȤƤι͸ųŪʪΡַطפȤϲͻ뤳Ȥ礭ʰ̣롥Ūʹ͸ųظФ趯ȿаոΰĤȤơʪŪʸݤȤȯγǰȷˡ򤳤ΰʪˤΤޤŬѤ뤳ȤϤ⤽ޤǤϤʤȤȿǤ롥
ˡʪʪˤä߽ФȤ̣ǡʪʪ櫓ǤϤʤ͸ųŪʰʪˤɬ򹩺Ͽͤ롥ιԤǽ俴ݤ뤤ʸṲ̄ơʪϰʪ߽ФȤ롥ά
оݤǤ륪֥ȤɤΤ褦ʰŪطʤΤȤ褫¹ؤƤϡȯΥѥǤϤʤष줾Υ֥ȸͭͳ˴ؤץǤȲ᤹ФΤǤϤʤżܤϤĤܤܤȤ̤Ȥ̥ץȤʤ롥ͭ򤹤ʪĤǤϤ줾θΤǤϰʤͺ¸ߤηȤƤϤƷȯDzʹԤ롥ޤʤʣüԤʤ뽸ġ²ˤꤷƤϤƸοʲ뤳ȤǤ
֥Ȥ鷺ϥޡɸˤȤʤ󸻤ˤäƥ٥ȤηӽФʪξǤäƤ⡤ȤзַˤƤ餷ξ硤ɽǤġηʤȤХȤ塞γѡˤˤȤŤϡ­­פȤֳѤѤפȤ褦ʲ֤Ƥ櫓ǤϤäƤʤ­ѤηϷΤΥޡˤʤǤ롥
ȤޤäƱͤˡξ󸻤ȤƤΰʪ͸ųŪޡȤߤʤʤСǽ˵󤲤褦ȿऱ뤳ȤǤ


ǤϡȤ֥Ȥꤷؤˤơʬΰ̥ץޡϲˤʤ19˶δӸؤξǤС̥ץβϡѲε§ ("Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze") ȡͭ롿ʤüԽĤΥ罸ȤȤˤʤޤޡϸβȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʰ̥ץޡ꤬ɬ٥ȤȤϤʤϵǤ뤫⤷ʤؤѤӸؤΥƥ㤽ΤΤϽʬͭȤߤƤ褤

ֹ͸ųؤϿʲؤ鲿ؤסʸʲι͸ųء ɧ ԡˡҦ˼2017ǯ125--65.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-09-1]

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2019-07-19 Fri

#3735. ²²ư [indo-european][map][archaeology][comparative_linguistics]

餯3300ǯʹߤΤʳǡ饤ʤ䥫եΥƥåӤ˽ޤäƤĸäꤿΰθϤΥ졤桼饷ΦιΰؤȰư򳫻ϤϿǯλ֤򤫤ơؤϸߤοť뼫ޤǡؤϥ䥤ɤޤǡؤϥ衼åѡΤޤǡäƤȤˤʤäưȤ櫓ȯΤϵ2ǯΤȤȹͤ졤ʹߡŪƱꤵ̱²Ȥ̾桼饷ΦΤ餳dzǧ褦ˤʤ롥ȥ͡ꥢ͡ڥ륷͡ǥ͡ߥ˲񡤥ҥåȲ񡤥ꥷ͡ȿ͡ޥ͡
غǿ˿⡡ڥȥ꡼٤ p.4 20?11ʥɡ衼åѸ²²ưˡפꤹϿޤȤƤʬ䤹ʴϢơ#637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1]) Ͽޤ⻲ȡˡ

Migration of the Indo-Europeans



ǵ󤲤3300ǯȤưϤ˴طǯϡĸ˺ƷȤܤ˴ؤäȡΤ褦ʻȤι͸ųŪʾڵȤΤ碌顤褽ϤФǯǤ롥Ȥ櫓פʥɤϡּءפǤ롥ȤΤϡΥ饤#166. cyclone ȥˡ§ ([2009-10-10-1])#1217. wheel reduplication ([2012-08-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡּءפɽ魯ĸ줬Τ˺ƷƤꡤޤؤΤΤνи͸ųŪ˵4ǯθȤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ĸʬξ¤ꤵ뤫Fortson (38) Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Based on the available archaeological evidence, the addition of wheeled vehicles to this picture allows us to narrow the range to the mid- or late forth millennium: the earliest wheeled vehicles yet found are from c. 3300--3200 BC. If one adds a century or two on that figure (on the assumption that the actual invention of wheeled vehicles predates the earliest extant remains), that means the latest stage of common PIE (the state directly reachable by reconstruction and before any of the future branches separated) cannot have been earlier than around 3400 BC.


Ӹؤȹ͸ųؤΥܤˤꡤŤΤθʬ̱²ưǯ夬餫ˤȤƥ󥰤Ǥ롥

̭ ϯʴƽˡԽԡˡغǿ˿⡡ڥȥ꡼16ǡ񱡡2018ǯ
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-20-1]

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2019-02-26 Tue

#3592. ʸγȻ migrationism diffusionism [history][archaeology][comparative_linguistics][terminology][contact][indo-european]

ĸθϤǯȡĸ줫줬̤سȻƤäȤϡϢưƤ롥ŪƤꡤŪȤʤäƤΡGimbutas ˤ륯륬ʸǤcf. #637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1])ˡ绨ĤˤСĸϵ4000ǯΥƥåӤ˵θ塤ϤؤΰܽˤꡤԤ򼡡֤ƤäȤʥꥪǤ롥
Renfrew βϡGimbutas ΤΤȤۤʤ롥ĸβǯۤɸŤʬϤ򵪸6000--7500ǯȤߤƤˡϤϥʥȥꥢǤȤơγȻϡˤΤȤϡȯ줿ȵѤȤȤˤޤʸŪŤȹͤƤcf. #1117. ĸθϤ Anatolia ([2012-05-18-1])#1129. ĸʬϵ5800--7800ǯ ([2012-05-30-1]
2ĤβˤĤγȻͼΩܤȡԤ migrationismԤ diffusionism ΩȤäƤȤߤʤ롥ϡˤ餺ʸγȻˤĤƹͤ2ĤͼǤ롥Oppenheimer (521, 15) ꡤ줾ߤƤ

migrationism
The view that major cultural changes in the past were caused by movements of people from one region to another carrying their culture with them. It has displaced the earlier and more warlike term invasionism, but is itself out of archaeological favour.

diffusionism
Cultural diffusion is the movement of cultural ideas and artefacts among societies . . . . The view that major cultural innovations in the past were initiated at a single time and place (e.g. Egypt), diffusing from one society to all others, is an extreme version of the general diffusionist view --- which is that, in general, diffusion of ideas such as farming is more likely than multiple independent innovations.


γȻͼĤƾ嵭褬ΤƱͤˡ󥰥Υ󥰥ˤĤƤ褦褬롥Ūˤ롤󥰥ˤä轻̱²ȿͤʤܴۤˡ줿ȤäƤˤĤƤεǡ

Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Origins of the British. 2006. London: Robinson, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-27-1]

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2017-10-16 Mon

#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ [anglo-saxon][history][archaeology][map]

ɸˤĤơ#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1]) ǡ Gramley (16) "Pre-Conquest Germanic cemeteries" ꤹϿޤ򼨤ʰʲ˺Ʒǡˡ

Pre-Conquest Germanic Cemeteries

5ᡤƤ餯äȸŤ顤ޥͤ󥰥ɤˤȤ͸ųŪʾڵ򤫤鼨뤬դλˤĤơGramley (16--17) ѤƤ

The earliest evidence we have of Germanic settlement in Britain consists of the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries and settlements in the region between the Lower Thames and Norfolk. Others possibly lay in Lincolnshire and Kent. In Caister-by-Norwich there was a large cremation cemetery outside the town dating from about 400. Similar settlements were found near Leicester, Ancaster, and Great Chesterford. One of the most likely explanations for these settlements, virtually always outside the city walls, was that the Germanic invaders were invited there to protect the British settlements, especially after the Romans withdrew. Much as in other western provinces, the Empire relied on barbarian troops and officers from the late third century on.
  The formal end of Roman rule by 410 did not mean the end of all efforts to protect Britain from external attacks, the most serious of which came from the Scots and the Picts . . . to the north and the sea-borne Saxons among others. It may well have been that the British leaders continued to use Germanic troops after 410 and perhaps even to increase their numbers. For the Germanic newcomers it was probably of no importance who recruited them. They were simply doing what their fathers before them had done. However, without any central power to coordinate defenses the Germanic forces would soon have realized they had a free hand to do as they wished. Soon more would be coming from the Continental coast near the Elbe and Weser estuaries (the Saxons), from Schleswig-Holstein, especially the region of Angeln (the Angels (sic)), from northern Holland (the Frisians), and probably from Jutland (the Jutes).


ˤС449ǯ Hengist Horsa Ȥ塼ȿͤη郎֥ȥͤ˸ƤФǥ󥰥ɤ­Ƨ줿Ȥ뤬ºݤˤϤǤ˥ޥͤϤοǯ饤󥰥ɤ¸ߤƤꡤ5ȾФˤϡΦ֤ƤӴ󤻤Τˡ̣ǽüǤäȤΤǤ롥ޥͤΥ󥰥ɤؤοϡ⤬ۤŷŪʤΤǤϤʤäȹͤ롥
Ϣơ#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2017-10-14 Sat

#3092. Ĥ䤹񤭸դξڵ򡤾ä䤹񤭸դξڵ [writing][medium][grammatology][archaeology]

񤭸դȯʤʸȯϡ̤ܰΤΤŪʤΤεˤˤĤơNicholas et al. ʵŸƤ롥ʸΥ֥ȥ饯Ȥ褤ˤʤäƤΤǡѤ褦 (459)

A comparison of the evidence for the earliest scripts in different parts of the world suggests that an apparent preponderance of ceremonial; and symbolic usage should not be interpreted too literally. It seems to have more to do with archaeological preservation --- the better survival in archaeological contexts of the durable materials preferred as vehicles for ceremonial texts --- than with any deep-seated differences in the function of the scripts. It may well be that the earliest Chinese, Egyptian or Mesoamerican texts were largely as utilitarian in their application as those of Mesopotamia.


ʸǤϡ嵭ȴϢڤߤƤ롥

Some materials survive better than others, and for various reasons scribes chose relatively perishable substances for utilitarian texts, and more permanent vehicles for more formal ones. They were guided not only by the substance's durability, but also by its value and its convenience. Carving an inscription in stone improves its chance of survival for posterity; furthermore, the material may have been chosen for its intrinsic value (whether aimed at the inscription, or at the object, like a bowl or a statue, on which the inscription is found); and the labour of carving the text on a stone is itself an enhancement of the value of the object. As a general rule, therefore, we may expect surviving inscriptions to be those serving ceremonial purposes and found on durable materials. (472)


The main factor in deciding which script style was to be used was not purely the tools and media used for writing but also the content of the text. Likewise the amount of time devoted to a particular inscription (in turn reflecting the value attached to the text) will have had an effect on the form of the script used, with formality on ceremonial, informality on utilitarian vehicles: thus bones and tortoise-shells, though still formal, have more narrative content and generally have more cursive characters than the bronzes. (477)


The medium based for writing depended largely upon the content of the message. Because of the differential preservation of writing media, formal ceremonial texts, written on more durable substances, dominate in the archaeological record, giving a biased picture of the uses of early writing. The occasional survival of more perishable substances, together with certain other evidence, helps to correct this bias. (478--79)


ơȤ "[T]he stimulus to move from individual symbols or emblems to a coherent writing system is more likely to have come from the needs of administration than from a wish to disseminate propaganda." (479) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥񤭸դϡޤǼ̤ܰޤƤȤʷ
εϡʪؤˤĤ䤹Фμͻ벽 (taphonomy) ȯۤȹƤ롥#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤʸεȯãθˤäƤν̺νˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ׻ȡ

Postgate, Nicholas, Tao Wang, and Toby Wilkinson. "The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?" Antiquity 69 (1965): 458--80.

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2017-06-25 Sun

#2981. ѹˤܻˤλκ [history][archaeology][celtic][geography][review]

ŹʿѤߤˤʤäƤäɤǤߤɧʸȥȡ٤Ǥ롥ӹ͸ųؤζ̣򤽤ܤǤ롥üŪˤСξϰ衤ξ̱²ȤˡŪʸΦ̱²礭ʱƶߤˤȤ館ϡ˰ۤʤäƤȤȤƱư򡤱ѹˤǤϥ衼åѻˤΰȤߤƤΤФܻˤǤϤɤޤǤܻˤȤƤˤǤ(223) ΤȤ
⤦ܤԤηҲ𤹤ˤϡľʸϤѤΤᤤ (236) ϡʸʸΤޤޤŪԤѤ߽Ťͤ椫߽Фƹޤä󼡤μηϡפŤˡΤ褦᤯äƤ롥

ΦʿDzƺĥäʸμηϤ䤽˱äưͼϡĶΰȻ񸻤ˤ䤷ˤơμŪʷΨι⤵椨˼դϰˤ®ˤϤӤäƤäȤȤϡ桼饷ΦȤؿʤư򡤰ĤοʹֽĤΰưȻȤɥޤˤʤ館ơοͤӤȤΥǥƥƥȽŤͤʤޥ˭˽ҤΤǤ롥
äݤ桼饷ΦˤƱͤưʤʰˤνҤդȤ郎˳ؤ͸ųؤǤϡˤä­ĤγθˤȤˡΤ褦ư˿İ⤿餷͡סʯŪʵѤμäƤäƤ͡סʸŤϡֵ͡סˤ˽󤷤ȤƤԤϰΥȤȤǤ⤤٤ֵ̱²פ˴ޤ褦ȤܤȸΩȽ褵򿮤ȡܹ͸ųذή̤ʼ¾ڼȤޤäȤ礭ȿȯλǤλߤ˽ä
Ȥ⤢졤ΥȤϡȤˤκǽãϤǤ֥ƥˤ줾ŪʱƶڤܤĹ꽸Τ褦襤ȼεǰʪ䡤ʿްƯä䲦²ιڤ򤽤˺Фǯ᤮鵪夯餤ޤǤưǤ롥
ȤưκǽŪȤ⤤Φθ񡽡ȥޡȥ֥ƥȤ˴ؤä٤礭ۤʤꡤΤȤϡξϰ褬ɤäθˤߤΰ㤤ȡߤθФ˻롥ΦȤδ֤֤Ƥ볤ä椨˥ޤλۤˤܴۤݤ߹ޤ줿֥ƥǤϡʸʾ٤ʤɡŪʵ޲Ȥκθ򴹥ƥࡽ軰μηϡ˺衼åѼҲΰȤƤθˤߤäƤä
ФäȹΦ֤ƤƤϡľܻ۲뤳Ȥʤ²ȼꡤʯȤͭεǰʪ߽ФȼΥǥƥƥǤ֤ꥹϤ뤫Ĺä䤿ܿͤϡΤ褦ʴѤѤǤ롥ʸססָʯפȡƱΥꥹˤǤϤۤȤѤʤŪʻʬꡤΥȻ˴Ѥ뵳̱²ȿȯܿͤ˳ؼԤ͸ųؼԤδǰޤͳ褹Τ⤷ʤ(237--39)


ܽˤϡŪʻŦ¿㤨СξϰΦȤδطϡ֤˶ޤ볤ˤ㤹Ȥɡ34Ǥꡤʹ֤ǤĥбˤڤΥϳ200⤢ꡤ˱ˤǤϤʤ (233) ޤΥȡפϡ桼饷˶ᤤȤ˥롼ĤꤵƤȤŦ⡤桼饷ΦϤˤͤȤʤꡤ̣ĹǤ (224)
ΰѤκǸˤ⤢褦ˡˡ֥ƥǤ˼ޤƸͭΥǥƥƥʤäΤȤŦ⤪⤷Υߥ󥰤ǰʤä椨ˡäȸζˡŪǥƥƥФʤȤƴؤ˹륱ȤѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤͻ⼨٤(231--32) ѹˤӱѸˤФơ1ĤλͿƤܤȤɤơܡʸ˻ˤФƤ⡥
ȴϢơ#159. ǤäǤʤꥹ ([2009-10-03-1])#2968. ޻Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

ɧʸȥȡ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

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2017-06-12 Mon

#2968. ޻Υ֥ƥ̱ [history][archaeology][celtic]

֥ƥ˻ˤ͡ΰưˤˤäĤɤΤ褦̱²äƤơˤ轻̱뤤϶¸ˤĤơܺ٤Ϥ狼äƤʤ󥰥ľΥ֥ƥ̱Ǥä֥ȿ͡פˤĤƤ⡤ĤɤΤ褦褷ΤˤĤƽ⤢ꡤŪȤʤäƤ롥ʲǤϡ (3--5) (17--22) (7--9) ˰͵򤷤ơʽŪʵҤܤƤ
बߤΥ֥ƥ桼饷Φü˵サƤǸŤκפϡ81ǯΤΤȤƤ롥1ǯεдˤϡˤͥǥ륿ͤʸäͤꡤͤĺνĤߤĤĽ夤Ƥ7000--6000ǯˤʤȡϤΦȴڤΥ줿֥ƥǤ롥ǵ4000ǯ̤ܤϤޤꡤд롥κˤϡ٥ꥢȾ礢뤤̥եꥫߤ͡褷Ƥ褦д22--20ˤΦӡ͡ʤȤѤ줿ڴˤʤˤȸƤФνĤäƤơƼʸ⤿餷ӡͤϡ餯äƤȹͤ롥ȡإ󥸤ɽʸϵ18˱ɤκޤǤˤ羮͡ʽĤޤƤ褦
礦ɤκ2ǯˤϡΦΥץ̮ˡ˥ȿͤȸƤФŪνĤޤƤǯۤɤ衼åѡä沤첤ˤƳĥ6ˤϥ֥ƥˤ褷ƼʸôɤФơŴʸ⤿餷Ĥġ˽夯褦ˤʤäʤȿͤȤäƤѰʸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ줿¿ͤ轻̱Ԥʸȸͭˤ䤫ʸŪΤʤƤȤȤ館ΤŬڤȤϴˤ䤫Ʊäǽ⤢ˡơ֥ƥ˼褷ƤȿͤΤʤǤ濴Ṳ̄ȤǸʬɤ٥륬ͤǤꡤ2ޤǤ˹٤ŴʸȯãƤ²ʬΩƤΥȿͤ1ȾФ޷Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ֥ƥ̱ä

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ
̭ԡˡإꥹˡ١Ǽҡ1998ǯ
ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-10-1] [2017-06-25-1]

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2016-03-06 Sun

#2505. ܤǤ˴ΤƤ [kanji][history][archaeology]

32դ俷ʹīˡֹǸŵθ彣ǽڡפȤǺܤƤפǸڤԤȤʡԤꡤ1鵪2ΤΤȤߤǸŵθڤȤ

λ˽פԹβԤȤʡԤλ渶פǡǸŵθҡȾ?ᵪ?売ˤڤīȾˤäν赡ءϲܤ褷᤬ɮʸ񤯤˻ѤΤȤߤ졤郎ʸʸεͤ뤦ǽפʼ꤬Ȥʤ롥
ϰԹˤĤơֱ褹뷴Ȥߤפȵ֡ʰԹΡ˹£ʸʪθԤפȡʸλѤ򼨺뵭Ҥ⤢롥ԶѤϡθεҤ΢դΤɾƤ롥


ϤˤīȾγϲ褷᤬󤷤Ƥ餷θ餬ѤƤΤȿ¬롥£ʸʪθεϿ򵭤ɮѶä褦ͤľʸ񤤤ƤڵȤϤʤʤʤȤܿͤΰϡɮѶ̤ơӤǤ񵭤ȤưˤϵŤƤʸȤȤϤǤȤ⡤ʸ¸ߤȲͤˤĤơܤʤ鲿ռƤΤǤϤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤϡɽŪʰ̣ǤϤ뤫⤷ʤǤܤ˴ޤƤȤϳΤǤ롥#2386. ܸʸˡʸԡˡ ([2015-11-08-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡܿͤʸʸ餷ӤǼȤʤ褦ˤʤäΤϡФ餯λ塤餯4Ⱦȹͤ롥νڤϡܤʸʸȿǤ꤬Ȥʤꤽ

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2016-03-02 Wed

#2501. Ǵھɼʸȯ (3) [grammatology][writing][archaeology]

[2016-02-29-1], [2016-03-01-1]˰³Schmandt-Besserat ˤ롤ɼȤǴڤΥޤʸʳäΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƹͤ롥4ǯνˡǴڤΥޤȡǴڤƴ (bulla) Ȥ߹碌׽ƥबȯãȹͤƤ롥 bulla ɽ̤ˤϡäƤ3ǴڤΥޤμȿ򤽤Τޤ2ŪȿǤ椬ޤƤ롥ϰβ̣Τ
οʪθƤߤ褦ļˤοʪͤ¶ȼԤ̤ơĮεҤؿʪȤƤ롥ͤϡ˽ФʪȤȤˡμȿ򵭽ҤʣǴڥޤ bulla 򡤱¶ȼԤ˻롥κݡͤ bulla ɽ̤ܿ;θĿͰⲡƤĮԤäƤҤϡ¶ȼԤ龦ʤοʪ켰 bulla ꡤ줬Τοͤμˤä줿ΤǤ뤳ȤˤǧȤȤˡbulla äΥޤ뤳Ȥǡȯ줿ʪμȿäƤ뤫ޤʤɤƤʤǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ۤɵ路ʤˤϡ虜虜 bulla äƳΤɬפϤʤäܿͰ̵¸뤿ˤϤʤ٤ʤۤ褤ǡˡäƤ륳ޤμȿ2Ū˺Ƹˡbulla ɽ̤˥ޤɽ魯ˡԤ߽Ф줿ơ줳ʪɽ魯ʸפȯäΤǤϤʤȤ
䤬ơǴƴ bulla ΤΤɬפǤʤʤäɽ̤ʸᤵФ褫äΤǡñǴĤȤ֤夤ǴĤȤϤäƤ⡤ºݤˤϴʿ櫓ǤϤʤ̷ΤΤ̤Ǥ롥ϡĤƤƴפ碌ΤǤꡤŪϢ³Τ⤷ʤ
⤷βѤʤСʸϰտŪȯ줿ΤǤϤʤषȯ줿ȤȤˤʤ3ΥޤѤ԰٤򤢤ޤصΤ2ΰ֤Ǥꡤι԰٤̤Ȥƽ񵭤Ȥ԰٤Ǥ⤢äȤȤǤ롥

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "The Earliest Precursor of Writing." Scientific American 238 (1978): 50--59.

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2016-03-01 Tue

#2500. Ǵھɼʸȯ (2) [grammatology][writing][archaeology]

ε ([2016-02-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɸ Schmandt-Besserat ƾΤǤ롥1978ǯʸ׻ݤ򵭤
衤ʸεȯŸˤĤƤϡʸ (pictogram) Ϥޤꡤ٤ι⤤ʸؤȿʤȤȤȤƤ켫ΤϸǤϤʤ⤷ʤɥĹ͸ųإब1929ǯ Uruk ȯ̤ǴĤʸˤϡ˾ǸŵʸȤʤ⡤Ǥ٤ι⤤ʸѤƤΤȤϡ̤äʸ¸ߤƤȤ򶯤ʸȯˤĤƤοƶ¥ȤˤʤäSchmandt-Besserat (50) ۩

The fact that the Uruk texts contradict the hypothesis that the earliest form of writing would be pictographic has inclined many epigraphers to the view that the tablets, even though they bear the earliest-known writing, must represent a stage in the evolution of the art that is already advanced. The pictographic hypothesis has been revived anew. The fact that no writing of this kind has yet appeared at sites of the fourth millennium B.C. and even earlier is explained away by postulating that the writing of earlier millenniums was recorded exclusively on perishable mediums that vanished long ago, such as parchment, papyrus or wood.


ơSchmandt-Besserat ϡϤΰפȯ̤ơǴڤΥޤǴڤǤǤƴ (bulla) ¸ߤ˴ؿƤˤĤƤϡǤ1958ǯ A. Leo Oppenheim ȤؼԤˤꡤ2ŤεϿηϤΤƻǤϤʤȤ⤬ƤOppenheim θĤ bulla ˤϡɽ̤48Ĥưʪɽ魯椬ޤƤꡤƴΤʤǥ饫ȲΤdzäƤߤȡ줾ưʪ򤫤ɤäޤԤä48äƤΤǤ롥Ϥ餯׾εϿѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȿ¬졤ʸεʳΤȲᤵ줿ƻǯϵ1500ǯۤɤȤ줿ȯΥޤäȤäȸŤؤȯ줿Ȥ顤ʸˡʵڤӤʳޤ᤿ˡˤϿǯȤϤDz夲뤳ȤȤʤä
Schmandt-Besserat ĴǤϡΤ褦ǴڤΥޤ9ǯ鵪2ǯ˵ڤĹ֤ˤ錄äϢ³Ūˡ褫ڤ뤳ȤΤʤbulla ϵ4ǯˤϸʤˡεϿˡưꤷηϤȤƼ졤ƤȤSchmandt-Besserat (56--57) Ϥޤʤ9ǯۤɤλˤηϤ߽Ф줿ΤȤߥ󥰤ˤĤơȷкѤνиȤʹּҲѲ˵ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥

It cannot be a coincidence that the first tokens appear early in the Neolithic period, a time of profound change in human society. It was then that an earlier subsistence pattern, based on hunting and gathering, was transformed by the impact of plant and animal domestication and the development of a farming way of life. The new agricultural economy, although it undoubtedly increased the production of food, would have been accompanied by new problems. / Perhaps the most crucial would have been food storage. Some portion of each annual yield had to be allocated for the farm family's own subsistence and some portion had to be set aside as seed for the next year's crop. Still another portion could have been reserved for barter with those who were ready to provide exotic products and raw materials in exchange for foodstuffs. It seems possible that the need to keep track of such allocations and transactions was enough to stimulate development of a recording system. / . . . The Neolithic period and the succeeding Chalcolithic period, or Copper Age, in western Asia lasted about 5,000 years. Over this substantial span one finds surprisingly few changes in the tokens, a fact that may indicate how well suited to the needs of an early agricultural economy this recording system was.


ȷкѤνиˤʣʲ׽ɬפȤʤꡤβˡ1ĤȤǴڤΥޤλѤͰƤ졤ʸȯˤ׸ȤʥꥪSchmandt-Besserat (59) ηѤ롥

To summarize, the earliest examples of writing in Mesopotamia may not, as many have assumed, be the result of pure invention. Instead they appear to be a novel application late in the fourth millennium B.C. of a recording system that was indigenous to western Asia from early Neolithic times onward. In this view the appearance of writing in Mesopotamia represents a logical step in the evolution of a system of record keeping that originated some 11,000 years ago.
   On this hypothesis the fact that the system was used without significant modification until late in the fourth millennium B.C. seems attributable to the comparatively simple record-keeping requirements of the preceding 5,000 years. With the rise of cities and the development of large-scale trade the system was pushed onto a new track. Images of the tokens soon supplanted the tokens themselves, and the evolution of symbolic objects into ideographs led to the rapid adoption of writing all across western Asia.


ȤǡĤϡǴڤΥޤȡ졤εɽ̤˹ߤĤƴȤƤ bulla Ȥ߹碌ΤʤפƻȤʤΤǤ롥ǴھɼΥƥˤĤƤϡεǹͤ롥

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "The Earliest Precursor of Writing." Scientific American 238 (1978): 50--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-02-1]

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2016-02-29 Mon

#2499. Ǵھɼʸȯ (1) [grammatology][writing][archaeology][map]

ʸȯ˴ؤ벾ϤĤ뤬¸ǸŤʸ󶡤Ƥ᥽ݥߥϤڤ췲ǴڷʸεǤϤʤȤ⤬롥᥽ݥߥʸˤ־ɼפ̤ȤܤǴڤΥޤʸθĤǤϤʤȤʸˡ٤路 (41--42) ⡤βƤ褦Ǥ롥

4ǯ3000ǯˡ᥽ݥߥʥꥷ mesos ֿˡסpotamos סˤȤ̿̾ΤȤȤʤäĤꥹȥ桼եƥȤˤϤޤ줿ʸ᡼ʸо줹롥ʸ˲ŪȯĤΤ⤽αƶƤʸȯǤ롥ʸνиϾʤȤѰۤʤĤΰҤ˷ӤĤ롥ԲŪҡϡΰҤǤ롥Ȥ⤫̿ηϡʥɡˤȤȤϡ̿ηϤͭ륰롼פ䶦ƱΤ¸ߤȷդޤ̿ηϤˤäǽ¸ߤȤĤʤ롥ʸ߽ФƱΤϡΤˤȡ1928ǯʹߤȯפȤʤäƤ桼եƥκߤϥ᥽ݥߥ˰֤륦륯ʺǤϥ륫ˤȤ̾ĮΥ᡼ä̱ǤäʸεǽϡθϤη֡Ĥޤ귡Ф줿ޤϻΤ֤ĤƤ뤪Ӥ־ɼסά͡礭α߿ܡ̡̡Ф褦ξɼ㤨«κݤݾڤΰ̣ɽ魯뤷ȤäѤ򤷤ƤƬӤϤΤ˹դ硤Ƭξɼ⤷ϤƬǾħŪɽ魯ʣξɼǴڤεΤΤǤ롥
줫餳Ǵڶ̤޼ΤƤˤĤƵܤ뤳ȤפĤ褦줬줿Ǵڶ̤οƤߤʬ뤳Ȥ򵭺ܤȤȤǡ̵̤ʤȤ򤷤ȤϤ餯򤷤ʤä褦ʸκϤƤǤäĤޤ꽸ġ㤨зӤοˤɼο򤽤ˡο򥷥ܥ饤ƵȤȤǤ롥


Ǵھɼʸȯϡ͸ųؼ Schmandt-Besserat ƾΤǤꡤʸε˴ؤ뽾ε˰ФꤸΤȤơߤǤ⤭ƽפʸȤʤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϡεǼ夲롥
ʲˡ᥽ݥߥ濴ȤϿޤ Comrie et al. (164) ƸƤ

Map of the Near East

륤᥸󡦥 ʸ Ρ ʸˡ١Ͻн˼1998ǯ
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "The Earliest Precursor of Writing." Scientific American 238 (1978): 50--59.
Comrie, Bernard, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky, eds. The Atlas of Languages. Rev. ed. New York: Facts on File, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-02-1] [2016-03-01-1]

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2016-02-23 Tue

#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 [history][anglo-saxon][map][archaeology]

ޥɤν̱²5˥֥ƥؿάаޤˤĤƤϡ˳ؤ͸ųؤˤ͡ĴȸڤԤʤƤε1ĤȤȤǵ󤲤褦ȻפѸ˳路 Gramley (14--15) "The Germanic migrations" ꤹǡ󥰥ͤ "push-factors" ˤꡤͤ "pull-factors" ˤ֥ƥؤäƤȤҲ𤷤Ƥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

In ancient times the peoples of Europe periodically moved from their homelands to new territories. Just why they migrated is a matter of conjecture and surely differed from case to case . . . . The major reason mooted is overpopulation, which led smaller groupings (rarely if ever a whole people) to move off to find sufficient land to settle on. On occasion pressure came from outside invaders such as the Huns, who pushed various peoples further to the west and caused them to try to find lands in the Roman Empire. Drought or other natural catastrophes might also have forced groups to pull up stakes and look for (literally) greener pastures. All of these points might be understood collectively as push-factors. The migration of the Angles to Kent was probably such a case since it seems that whole clans moved. . . . Pull factors . . . are also often seen as motivation for migration. Raids by bands of young warriors, perhaps younger sons without land, seem to have been quite frequent. While many of them were just that, raids, from which the men returned home with booty of all sorts, on other occasions, they settled in the areas invaded and, after removing the male competitors they had defeated, took the indigenous women as wives. This may apply to the Saxons, whose pattern of settlement in the English Midlands with small and equal allotments suggests a well-regulated system of distributing spoils. Furthermore, since the Saxons practiced primogeniture, smaller allotments would suffice, while the larger ones in Kent suggest more the Angles' system of gavelkind . . . . / Other pull-factors may be found in the changing structure of Germanic society under the influence of Roman expansion and Roman culture. The Roman Empire represented a high standard of living with well-established associations of power and prestige. In the case of England, even after the withdrawal of the Roman legionnaires there would have been no abrupt change.


ʤߤ˾嵭ȤƤ褦ˡGramley (17) ϥȤ򽱤ä礿뿯άԤϡŪʥ塼ȿͤȤϡष󥰥ͤǤȤѤƤ롥
ʤˤС449ǯ Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians ν̱²֥ƥ˿ȤˤʤäƤ뤬͸ųŪʾڵˤСޥ̱²ϤΩ5Ƭˤϳμ¤˥֥ƥ˵サƤGramley (16) ϡ"Pre-Conquest Germanic cemeteries" ꤹάϿޤʲΤ褦ͿƤ롥

Pre-Conquest Germanic Cemeteries

ܵǰäƤȴϢơGramley αѸ˳ѥ˥󥵥Chapter 1: The Origins of English (PDF) (p. 23) ɲŪʲ⤬ΤǡȤ줿ޤܥ֥椫#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1]) ε׻ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

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2013-04-01 Mon

#1435. The Caistor rune [runic][inscription][archaeology][germanic]

󥰥 Norfolk ˤ޻˷Ƥ줿Į Caistor-by-Norwich ڤѤᱴΤʤ顤Υ (roe-deer) ιǺä (astragalus) ȯƤʸߤ Norwich the Castle Museum ݴɤƤˡƱᱴ϶ȯƤꡤȤͷȤѤ줿Τ˥롼ʸƤΤ󥰥ɤȯ줿롼ʸȤƤϤ줬ǽΤΤǤ롥ʸˤ raihan ɤʸ󤬤ꡤ "roe-deer" ɽ魯ȹͤƤ롥

The Caistor astragalus


ʸΤİյϤĤ롥ޤH ɽ魯롼ʸ˲1ܤߤ뤬2ܤβϤ Anglo-Frisia ϤΥ롼ʸ (futhorc) ȰۤʤꡤΥ롼ʸ (futhark) Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨺[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפ򻲾ȡˡβ1ܤ H ν񤭼ϡǥޡդ꤫褿ǽ롥
ˡǤ롥˸ ai ϥޥĸ2첻ȤɤƤȹͤ졤ޥӸؾפʾڵȤʤäƤ롥ʤ֥Υפɽ魯űѸθ roha Ǥꡤraihan ϤŤʳˤ뤳θζ޷ "from a roe" ۤɤΰդꤵ롥Υκɽ路ƤΤθñȤߤʤƤ褤ɤˤĤƤϵ롥
פʤΤϡ񤫤줿ǯ夬400ǯȿꤵ뤳ȤŪ449ǯ Anglo-Saxon ͤΥ󥰥ɤؤΰưǯۤˡޥѤԤ East Anglia Ϥ˽Ǥ餷ȤȤˤʤ[2010-05-21-1]ε#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽפ򻲾ȡˡ
#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 the Undley bracteate ϡƱ East Anglia Ǥ Suffolk ڤƤ뤬5ȾΤΤǤꡤAnglo-Frisia ϤΥ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥
ξʤΥ롼ʸδްդȤϡоŪȤȤˤʤ롥ξԤˤĤƤϡCrystal (12) ׻ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-19-1]

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2012-05-30 Wed

#1129. ĸʬϵ5800--7800ǯ [indo-european][archaeology][glottochronology][family_tree][lexicology]

ĸθζȻˤĤơ#637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1]) ڤӡ#1117. ĸθϤ Anatolia ([2012-05-18-1]) εǡGimbutas ξƻ Kurgan expansion hypothesis Renfrew ξƻ Anatolian farming hypothesis 򤽤줾쳵ѤĸʬλˤĤơԤϵ4ǯԤϵ6000--7500ǯ̤ȤƤꡤΩƤ롥
ε#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ׼ˡѤøӸؤرѤߤ͡ȽƤ׳ؼԤϤȽ򥨥ͥ륮ؤơȹ٤ʼˡԤ߽ФƤǯǤϡGray and Atkinson ²87ˤĤ2449оݤˡʲʪؤΥǥ˴ŤƷ׻㤬롥
פäƤϾˤǤ褦ˡȤƤ뤫פǤ롥Gray and Atkinson θǤ¿ξȤƤꡤȷɾ뤿ˤϡΤɤǧƤ椯ɬפ롥Ȥ櫓ʪؤμˡΤޤӸؤ˱ѤǤΤɤʪȸϲȤܼŪɬפ[2011-07-13-1]ε#807. ޤʪޤפ򻲾ȡˡʾ꤬ѤƤꡤˤ Gray and Atkinson θŬڤɾ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̣ΤǡʤȤҲ𤹤ˤͤ롥ʲˡGray and Atkinson ʬǯΰƷǤ褦 (437)

Gray and Atkinson's Family Tree of Indo-European

οޤˤȡĸ줬 Hittite Ȥ¾θ췲2ʬ䤷Τ8700BP(=6700BC)Anatolia ȤŤϤ᤿ȲǤ롥⤷ΤϡItalic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic Ƥ餯 Indo-Iranian ޤᡤΩäɤ®ʬƤ椯5--4ǯ˴ѻ뤳ȤϡŪˤ Kurgan expansion hypothesis 礹롥ȤȡξΩΤǤϤʤष䴰ΤȤª (Gray and Atkinson 438)
ˤҤ٤褦ˡηɾǤΩˤϤʤʲʪؤθ褫Ƹ׳ؤοˡȯȤ褦ˡ¾ʬϢƳغŪĩߤϥƥ󥰤Ǥ롥

Gray, Russell D. and Quentin D. Atkinson. "Language-Tree Divergence Times Support the Anatolian Theory of Indo-European Origin." Nature 426 (November 2003): 435--39.

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2012-05-18 Fri

#1117. ĸθϤ Anatolia [indo-european][archaeology][map][pictish]

[2011-01-24-1]ε#637. 륬ʸĸפǡĸθϤˤĤơŪͭϤ Gimbutas ˤҲ𤷤饤ʡեΥƥåӤ˱ɤƤ륬ʸ (the Kurgan culture) ô꤬3500--2500ǯۤɤλؤγȻ򳫻ϤԤ衹轻̱ѤƤäȤڽ񤭤Ǥ롥
Фơ͸ųؼ Renfrew ϰӤȿФؤĥäƤRenfrew ˤС7ǯޤǤ̤ꤦĸ Anatolia 뤤üȯȤŤؤä̱ŪʿŪˤäȳϤ˺դƤäȤGimbutas Renfrew ϡϡȻˡΤ٤ƤǿøΩƤꡤĸȤƤϡߡǤܤ٤Ǥ롥ʲRenfrew μĥΤ褯ޤȤޤä1989ǯʸꡤRenfrew 򼨤

(1) 1962ǯ V. Gordon Childe ˤäƽ󵯤줿Υƥåӵ⤬ǯ Gimbutas ˤ䶯졤¿ι͸ųؼԤƤ뤬ϡʤд絬̱²ưȤŪƤʤ(108--09)
(2) Gimbutas ⤬ȤƤ褦ˤϡ͸ųŪʪ̱²Ū˷ӤĤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̱²ȸŪ˷ӤĤ뤳ȤǤʤˡʸѲܤɬפ롥(109)
(3) ϰѤ줬ؤˤ4ˡ롥(a) "initial colonization", (b) Schleicher Ū "divergence", (c) Schmidt Ū "convergence", (d) "replacement" Ǥ롥(109)
(4) replacement ˤ4֤롥(a) "elite dominance", (b) invaders that "take advantage of power vacuum", (c) pidgin creole , (d) the introduction of a new "subsistence economy" ("the coming of farming"). (110)
(5) 衼åѤ˵7ǯˤ⤿餵줿ȤϡAnatolia ⤿餵줿(110)
(6) 嵭 replacement (a) ϡԤͥ줿Ѥ¦¦μҲȤʤ뤬Ԥ Childe Gimbutas ǤϤޤDzˤԤγΩϥ衼åѤǤƼ夫ΤȤǤ롥(110)
(7) ̱Ȥλ¹Ȥˤ͸äˤäơȤŤʤưƤäȤ "the wave-of-advance" model Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza ˤä󵯤Ƥ(111) Ȥˤ͸ΨĤ50ܤȻꤷ125ǯ̱ͤ18kmưȲꤷƻȡ1ǯ1km®٤ǰưŤȤȬ˳ȤȤηˤСAnatolia Ȥ衼åˤɤĤΤ1500ǯۤɤǤꡤ͸ųؾȯȹפ롥(110--11)
(8) ºݤˤϡ̱ܽԤ轻̱ȤŪ˶ΤǤϤʤ轻̱٤̱ܽԤؤӼäȤ¿äʥꥷХ륫Ⱦ硤沤ꥢʳǤϤΥäȻפˡξˤϡؤ®٤ߤʤäϤǤ롥ơΤ褦ʾˡΰ³ĹĤä줬 Basque, Estruscan, Iberian, Pictish ʤɤǤϤʤ(111)
(9) ǤϡȤƥåӤ Anatolia ŤΤǤϤʤεդǤ뤳Ȥ򾧤Ƥ뤬饤ʤ˽̤ξڵϤꡤ͸ųŪˤٻ롥(113)
(10) Υ衼åѤؤϵ6500ȡ衼åѤˤϤޤꤵƤϤ뤫ĹϢ³ݤäƤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤƼˤŴˤ⡤"sudden discontinuity" ϤʤäȤˤʤ롥(113)
(11) The Nostratic Theory ([2012-05-16-1]ε#1115. Nostratic ²פ򻲾ȡˤμƳ Illich-Svitych Dolgopolsky ĸθϤ Anatolia ȹͤƤAfro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Dravidian üԤΰŪʴطȤƤꡤThe Nostratic Theory ĸ Anatolia ȤĴ¤롥(114)

ʾ Renfrew Υå󥹤ϡ2ʸ󤵤

Its [the new theory's] immigrants come from Anatolia rather than from the steppes and at a date (6500 B.C. or so) several thousand years earlier than has generally been suggested. My hypothesis also implies that the first Indo-European speakers were not invading warriors with a centrally organized society but peasant farmers whose societies were basically egalitarian and who in the course of an entire lifetime moved perhaps only a few kilometers. (113)


θϤγפˤĤƤϡ֤3ϡֹ͸ųؤο---륬ʸȶᤰäơ(99--135) ɤߤ䤹  *     *     *     *  

Renfrew, Colin. "The Origins of the Indo-European Languages." Scientific American 261 (1989): 106--14.
廰ذθζõ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1993ǯ

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2010-11-20 Sat

#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ [history][runic][writing][archaeology][inscription][bl][direction_of_writing]

Ѹǵ줿¸ǸŤʸϡΥ Anglo-Frisian ϤΥ롼ʸ ( the runic alphabet ) ǹޤ줿ûʸǤ롥1982ǯ Suffolk Undley ȯ줿ľ2.3cmζΥ ( the Undley bracteate ) ˹ޤƤꡤǯϵ450--80ǯΤΤȤ롥ޥ Angles, Saxons, Jutes 餬Φ֥ƥذܽƤˡȰ˳ϤäƤΤȹͤ롥βϡThe British Museum ΥǸ뤳ȤǤ롥
򤫤֤äƬβǻϵͤοʹ֤ͿƤ롥餫Υ޷ Romulus Remus οä۵μϡ̤Ⱦʬۤɤˤƥ롼ʸ麸˹ޤƤ롥Τ3줫ʤûʸǡȸζڤϾŴݤǼƤ롥޻ž̤ȰʲΤ褦ɤ롥

The Runic Letters on the Undley Bracteate
( u d e m æ g æ m æg og æg )

= gægogæ mægæ medu
= ?she-wolf reward to kinsman
= This she-wolf is a reward to my kinsman


Τ褦ʻϤ뤬ܺ٤ʬäƤʤä˺ǽθ gægogæ ϰ̣Ǥꡤʲζ餷Ʋ餫μŪ귿Ȥ롥
줬1500ǯǺǤפȤʤΡ¸ǸŤεϿǤ롥
David Crystal ƸȤޤήƴưȤΥˤĤƤϡCrystal ˤưˤȴϢ⤪ᡥThe British Library 1112ǯ43ޤdzƤѸŸ Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices θƤʪ1ĤǤ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002. 181.

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