hellogѸ˥֥               ǿ     helhub (The HEL Hub) 2016-03     ڡ     ɽ    

hellogѸ˥֥ / 2016-03-01

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

2016-03-01 Tue

#2500. Ǵھɼʸȯ (2) [grammatology][writing][archaeology]

ε ([2016-02-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɸ Schmandt-Besserat ƾΤǤ롥1978ǯʸ׻ݤ򵭤
衤ʸεȯŸˤĤƤϡʸ (pictogram) Ϥޤꡤ٤ι⤤ʸؤȿʤȤȤȤƤ켫ΤϸǤϤʤ⤷ʤɥĹ͸ųإब1929ǯ Uruk ȯ̤ǴĤʸˤϡ˾ǸŵʸȤʤ⡤Ǥ٤ι⤤ʸѤƤΤȤϡ̤äʸ¸ߤƤȤ򶯤ʸȯˤĤƤοƶ¥ȤˤʤäSchmandt-Besserat (50) ۩

The fact that the Uruk texts contradict the hypothesis that the earliest form of writing would be pictographic has inclined many epigraphers to the view that the tablets, even though they bear the earliest-known writing, must represent a stage in the evolution of the art that is already advanced. The pictographic hypothesis has been revived anew. The fact that no writing of this kind has yet appeared at sites of the fourth millennium B.C. and even earlier is explained away by postulating that the writing of earlier millenniums was recorded exclusively on perishable mediums that vanished long ago, such as parchment, papyrus or wood.


ơSchmandt-Besserat ϡϤΰפȯ̤ơǴڤΥޤǴڤǤǤƴ (bulla) ¸ߤ˴ؿƤˤĤƤϡǤ1958ǯ A. Leo Oppenheim ȤؼԤˤꡤ2ŤεϿηϤΤƻǤϤʤȤ⤬ƤOppenheim θĤ bulla ˤϡɽ̤48Ĥưʪɽ魯椬ޤƤꡤƴΤʤǥ饫ȲΤdzäƤߤȡ줾ưʪ򤫤ɤäޤԤä48äƤΤǤ롥Ϥ餯׾εϿѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȿ¬졤ʸεʳΤȲᤵ줿ƻǯϵ1500ǯۤɤȤ줿ȯΥޤäȤäȸŤؤȯ줿Ȥ顤ʸˡʵڤӤʳޤ᤿ˡˤϿǯȤϤDz夲뤳ȤȤʤä
Schmandt-Besserat ĴǤϡΤ褦ǴڤΥޤ9ǯ鵪2ǯ˵ڤĹ֤ˤ錄äϢ³Ūˡ褫ڤ뤳ȤΤʤbulla ϵ4ǯˤϸʤˡεϿˡưꤷηϤȤƼ졤ƤȤSchmandt-Besserat (56--57) Ϥޤʤ9ǯۤɤλˤηϤ߽Ф줿ΤȤߥ󥰤ˤĤơȷкѤνиȤʹּҲѲ˵ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥

It cannot be a coincidence that the first tokens appear early in the Neolithic period, a time of profound change in human society. It was then that an earlier subsistence pattern, based on hunting and gathering, was transformed by the impact of plant and animal domestication and the development of a farming way of life. The new agricultural economy, although it undoubtedly increased the production of food, would have been accompanied by new problems. / Perhaps the most crucial would have been food storage. Some portion of each annual yield had to be allocated for the farm family's own subsistence and some portion had to be set aside as seed for the next year's crop. Still another portion could have been reserved for barter with those who were ready to provide exotic products and raw materials in exchange for foodstuffs. It seems possible that the need to keep track of such allocations and transactions was enough to stimulate development of a recording system. / . . . The Neolithic period and the succeeding Chalcolithic period, or Copper Age, in western Asia lasted about 5,000 years. Over this substantial span one finds surprisingly few changes in the tokens, a fact that may indicate how well suited to the needs of an early agricultural economy this recording system was.


ȷкѤνиˤʣʲ׽ɬפȤʤꡤβˡ1ĤȤǴڤΥޤλѤͰƤ졤ʸȯˤ׸ȤʥꥪSchmandt-Besserat (59) ηѤ롥

To summarize, the earliest examples of writing in Mesopotamia may not, as many have assumed, be the result of pure invention. Instead they appear to be a novel application late in the fourth millennium B.C. of a recording system that was indigenous to western Asia from early Neolithic times onward. In this view the appearance of writing in Mesopotamia represents a logical step in the evolution of a system of record keeping that originated some 11,000 years ago.
   On this hypothesis the fact that the system was used without significant modification until late in the fourth millennium B.C. seems attributable to the comparatively simple record-keeping requirements of the preceding 5,000 years. With the rise of cities and the development of large-scale trade the system was pushed onto a new track. Images of the tokens soon supplanted the tokens themselves, and the evolution of symbolic objects into ideographs led to the rapid adoption of writing all across western Asia.


ȤǡĤϡǴڤΥޤȡ졤εɽ̤˹ߤĤƴȤƤ bulla Ȥ߹碌ΤʤפƻȤʤΤǤ롥ǴھɼΥƥˤĤƤϡεǹͤ롥

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "The Earliest Precursor of Writing." Scientific American 238 (1978): 50--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-02-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

ǽ: 2026-06-26 03:46

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow