01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
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2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2024 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2023 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2022 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2021 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2020 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2019 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2018 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2017 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2016 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2014 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2013 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2012 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2011 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

828helwa С֤ͭ note ƱƤ hel (helkatsu) ֥ޥط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ9ޤ̻11ȤʤꡤȤ¤ߤʤƤޤ
ɽΤȤСϡԽѰ1ͤǤ⤢ umisio ˤΤǤʼ̿ȤȤˡޤ륨åźƤޤΤ褦餷Ϥ helwa γưˤääƤƤ뤳Ȥˡƴդǰͯޤ
ýϡָդˤޤĤͤμͳhelwaƥ2024ۡפǤϺƤ helmate ֤ͭ줿ƥķƾҲ𤹤Τǡɤ߱Τ̤ͤФǤ1ǯβƤ夬θǤȤȤˡ褿913ڡˤ˳ŤֱѸ˥饤2025פؤδԴȤʤäƤޤ
ýϤ⤦1Ĥޤ8ܤ˲ͤdzŤ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פΥݤǤ䤫ƤƤޤγڤϿʷϵ뵭ˤʤäƤ뤫Ȼפޤ
˺Ǥϡ6˽Ǥ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å˴Ϣ륳ƥĤ⽼¤Ƥޤäܤ٤ϡykagata ˤ뿷ֿ츻ϥɥ֥åˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפǡѸˤȥɥĸηҤؤ֤ȤΤǤ롤ŪƤǤ
ߤȤʤäϢܼɮؤߤǤ夵Ρ֤äƤޤ̿סlacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡסߡΡֶפʤɤ¤ӤޤϢδƼԤǤ Grace ari camin mozhi gengo εɬɤǤcamin һˤˤܸɤեˤܡפϡեʩоȸˤ˴ؿΤˤȤäƵŤʸꥹȤǤ
ϡGrace ˤHelwa Τߡư2025ǯ9ˡȡԽѰ4̾umisio Galois Lilimi Grace ˤˤ̲Helvillian Խ嵭2025ǯ9ˡޤԽ嵭Ǥϡhelwa ŤʥɤȤʤäƤָ祪ղפ夬äƤꡤhelwa ߥ˥ƥ̤˸̴Ƥޤ
Helvillian ϡhelwa ߥ˥ƥˤȯ helλʪǤ¿γ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤäƤhel˻äйǤ
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪ɤߤ
ˤĤƤϡheldio Ǥ#1552. Helvillian 9椬 --- ýϡ֤ȤФˤޤĤͤμͳסȤƤҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ

رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤618˴Ԥư衤ɾƤޤȯ2֤ǽǤꤷǤ˽ǤǤ֤ˤʤäƤޤ
Ƿľ塤ǤǵդƤʤɤ뵡ޤΤǡĤޤܤΤʤˤɼԤƤŦ⤢ꡤؤ꤬פäƤޤǤˤȿǤƤޤ
ޤǤȽǤδ֤ΰƱˤĤƸɽƤۤȤɼԤ夬äƤޤǡ818դǡҸȤΤΤ餻ץڡꡤϥɥ֥åνǤȼɽ뤳ȤˤʤޤܽϥåƤޤȹǤ
ϽǤǤޤǤδ֤ʴȤˡû٤Ĥ֤⾯ʤäˡûꥹȤȤʤäƤޤޤηʽޤޤƤ˴ؤ뽤ΤߤɽȤʤäƤݡλФȻפޤ
ɽˤĤƤϡ heldio ۿ#1549. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åɽθ yes θ츻Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤѥѥɤǤ뤬ռŪ˾ɳդƱѸˤͤȤѤ餺ʳƤ롥
ܤνʸ (9--10) David Crystal Ƥ롥νʸΤɤޤʸϤȤʤäƤΤ䤬ɤǤȤ櫓ݤ˻Ĥä2Ѥ褦
Some places are included in this book because the people --- in some cases the person --- who lived there played an important role in the development of the standard language. Others are included because they identify the political and social factors that fostered the spread of the language language within the British Isles and around the world. Others are here because they represent the way their communities evolved a linguistic individuality that forms part of the kaleidoscopic mix of varieties we conveniently refer to as 'English'.
It is an exercise in linguistic gazetteering, and one thing that strikes me about it is its highly personal character. It's impossible to say everything relevant about a place --- 100 things must have happened in London or New York that could be said to bear on the development of English. And 100 other places might compete as candidates for a particular theme. Selectivity is inevitable when creating a language's geobiography. No two people's selection for A History of the English Language in 100 Places would ever be the same. The fascination lies in the choices made, and the reasons for them. (9--10)
gazetteering, geobiography ȤѸ줬줤ˤϤޤäƤƵ褤⡤ heldio ۿƤ#1517. etymography ָءפۡȤϢƤǤ롥
ޤѸˤξ100ȤȤĿŪǤȤŦ⡤ޤˤ̤ǤϤ롥ȤȤϡ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פʤΩ夲뤳ȤǤ100ѤʤΤ10餤ϤƤ褤⤷ʤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
ε ([2025-08-27-1]) ˰³1821ڡˤ˥Ȥʤä YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥαѸ˥ȡưθԤҲ𤷤ޤԤ³ơƣᥢʤȴδֹ礤˾褻ĤġפʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ夲ƤäƤޤ
Ԥ֡flowerʲ֡ˤ flourʾʴˤƱ츻help, aid, assistanceġֽפϲ㤦Ʊ۵줬¿ΤϤʤá֥ꥹѸݼŪפꤹ36ʬۤɤΥȡǤʲԤǼ夲ʬåꥹȤޤ
(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 01:00 --- ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
(3) 12:31 --- ʤѸˤƱ۵줬¿Τ
(4) 14:33 --- Ʊ۵Ω
(5) 24:58 --- ꥫϤäƱѸϤɤѤäΤ
(6) 31:54 --- ѸϤ줫¿ͲƤΤ
ѸȤޤǤȤϰۤʤ٤鸫ľäȤʤФȻפޤ YouTube Υ顤СѸˤδ֤ˡ
3ۤΤȤˤʤޤ530ʶˤ YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥˤơԤ2ˤ錄ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפʤѸˤƳȡޤեʥζƣᤵȤȤˡ60ʬۤɤäƤޤȤ櫓ϡäۤ¿˻İƤդǻİ10ĶƤޤ
ʸ麽սPLUSɤ伫Ȥ⡤ͽ۳ΤȤ˶äĤĤ⡤ؤꡤ®2Ƥδ褬Ω夬ޤ2Ƥ8ܤ˼Ͽ塤821ڡˤ7ˤԤ20˸Ԥ줾쥪ޤ
ǤΥͥϡ2ƤԤȤʤޤ֡ڱѸ go βϤʤ went ʤΤ۸űѸ -ed Ե§ư줬ǥեȡäʤ֤ʤפ֤ʤפ you ɽΤHe likesĻñˤϤʤ s դꤷơ27ʬۤɤäޤʲʬåꥹȤǺܤޤ
(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 02:25 --- ʤԵ§ưѤΤ
(3) 13:51 --- ʤ you ñǤʣǤ⤢Τ
(4) 20:15 --- ʤñˡ-sפĤΤ
(5) 25:23 --- ͽ
1Ƥ˰³ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ѸˤδȤݤΥȡȤʤäƤޤұѸˤ̥ϤƤС
ܲزڰѰꤪ1ۤɸ92814:00--17:00 ˡ35إߥʡˤɸǤäƤȤˤʤޤѸˤˤƺǤ褯Τ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) ڤȤơѸȯᤰ¿ѲˤĤƵͽǤ
ʤñ name ϡ֥ʥפǤϤʤ /neɪm/ ȯΤroom Ϥʤ֥פǤϤʤ /ruːm/ ʤΤѸؽʤï⤬٤ѤʵǤ礦ѸֻȯδطϰǤϤԵ§ϳؽԡʤӶԡˤǺޤ礭װȤʤäƤޤΡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) طʤˤϡ͡ŪװäƤޤΤʤǤϤʱƶڤܤΤѸѸˤȤ첻ܡפǤβѲϢܥ֥Ǥ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) Ϥᡤ¿εǼ夲Ƥޤ
첻ܤϡǤСαѸΤ٤ƤĹ첻βϢưƶͤΤ褦ѲݤǤҤ name ˤȤСĤ /naːmə/ ȯƤ첻 /aː/ 徺 /ɛː/ /e;ː/ ȤʤꡤǽŪ2첻 /eɪ/ Ȥʤޤ
βѲϹϤηŪޤ٤Ƥñˡ뤤Ϥ٤ƤϰǰΧŬѤ줿櫓ǤϤޤǤοƩԶѰӤθ̤βѲŪʸ̤ˤꡤѸˤߤȯ¿߽Ф˻ޤߤɸѸɸѸΰ㤤䡤Ѹ֤κۤˡ礭ʱƶڤܤƤΤǤ
ΥߥʡǤϡŪѲγפ⤹ȤȤˡ줬¿ͤʱѸȯˤɤΤ褦ʥѥȤͿƤΤˤƤȹͤƤޤ
ܥơޤϡؤѸˤȤϤΤȡѸܤѸޤؤǤ¿ˤȤäƤⶽ̣ơޤȤʤϤǤȤ櫓γعDZѸƤѸ춵ܻؤγˤȤäơ֤ʤѸ֤ȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿äƤΤפȤ̤κŪ䤤ˡŪʻ1ĤͿҥȤ뵡ˤʤȻפޤ
ܥߥʡϡĻرؤǤ̤ȥ饤 (Zoom) ǤΥϥ֥åɳŤȤʤޤؿΤϡҤäйǤʲˡزȤߥʡΤޤ
ڡ35إߥʡѸȯȡ첻ܡס
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2025ǯ92814:00--17:00
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졧 ʣ̤ȡʣ˥饤 (Zoom) Ʊϥ֥åɳ
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150-8366 Խëë4-4-25
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Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³ԤīΥۿޤ
Ʊ621θȾʬBut ǻϤޤʬޤǤإᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤĶɤƤޤ21ʬۤɤλ֤ơä10Ⱦۤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤΤ٤ꡤߡɤˤǮۤäƤйǤ
оݤαʸ夲սޤƷǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 81) Ķɤˤդ礤
62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate. But it would be a mistake to think that the enrichment of the vocabulary that now took place occurred overnight. Some words came in almost immediately, others only at the end of this period. In fact, it is fairly easy to divide the Latin borrowings of the Second Period into two groups, more or less equal in size but quite different in character. The one group represents words whose phonetic form shows that they were borrowed early and whose early adoption is attested also by the fact that they had found their way into literature by the time of Alfred. The other contains words of a more learned character first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries and owing their introduction clearly to the religious revival that accompanied the Benedictine Reform. It will be well to consider them separately.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С

Ρ#5960. ƥֱѸˡܥΥåԡˡ ([2025-08-21-1]) ³82011:30 heldio ۿܥΥå (senbonknock) θԤȤƤϤޤԤ32ʬۤɤǡ7ĤѤʵ䤬夲ޤʲˡԡ2ץˤǼ夲줿ԥץǤбʬäޤ
(1) 00:00 --- ñΥȤɬʤ̤ʤΤ
(2) 05:02 --- ʤɥĸ Krankenhaus Τ褦ññȤ߹碌Ѹ hospital Τ褦ۤʤñȤΤ
(3) 08:07 --- ʤ no θ̾ñˤʤäʣˤʤäꤹΤ
(4) 12:15 --- ʤƱ֤Ǥȯ㤦ñ줬Τ
(5) 16:12 --- ֥⤤פ֥뤤פΤ褦ʱߥåηƻΤ餢äΤ
(6) 22:26 --- ʤѸʸ SVO ʼ졼ư졼ŪˤʤΤ
(7) 26:34 --- ʤ w ϥեǤϡ֥ɥ֥פʤΤˡѸǤϡ֥֥塼פʤΤ
ѤʵƤäƴԤΥХå饦ɤ͡Ǥ˼¤¿¿ͤʵ䤬Ƥơ¤˥說說ޤ1ĤҤȤĤäȤäȸ礤Ȼפ碌Ǥºݤ˱Ѹˤδ鿼ȥԥåФǤܥΥåפϤϤڤǤ͡
ƥĤȤΤߤȤʤޤĽ뤬Ǥ⤦©ĥޤ礦
ī Voicy heldio #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the VocabularyۿޤإᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤȤȤˡפ֤ Baugh and Cable Ķɲޤ1֤ۤǮɽȤʤޤ1ְʾɤ߿ʤΤ621ΤߤǤ˭ɲλ֤ heldio ϿƤޤͻҤԤȸԤ2ʬơheldio Ȥۿޤ
62ǤϡűѸŪᤤˤƥ줫θŪƶˤĤơȤȤƤޤɤ̣臘ȤȤˡ2ͤΤ٤ڤߤʤ顤űѸȥƥδط˻פڤƤߤƤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 81) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤С
62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
1֤ۤ˸줿 YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥβҲ𤷤ޤ#362. إХԡҥå桪رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ɮ3ͤμɮáǤ40ʬĹܤǡƸ줬߲ξäİŤ餤Ȥ⤢뤫ȻפޤФİ
ưϡƬǻ䤬Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ719ڡˤθī㡼ɶˤƳ֤줿ֿ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åŰɽѡǵǰŤ̡פλκƲˤƼϿ줿ΤǤcf. ([2025-06-07-1])ˡ롤ʼʷءˤƤˤꡤϥɥ֥å3̾ʤǡָإХԤȤȤˤʤäƤޤϤϾäΤǤʤ顤Ԥ߷ͧɹδ3̾ˤϥɥ֥åäˡڤϿޤ
б餷ΤϡޤˤȿĿФ¢رءˡʳءˤǤˤϾ夲Ƥޤ
ϡʤ餷̤츻ؾޤǡӤޤ伫Ȥݤ˻ĤäƤΤϡȤ櫓ȾˤƤξͤˤAI ؤʤ츻פȤ٤ĥǤñθ츻ΤΤˤĤƤϡAI ˿ҤͤС褽ΤȤϤ˽ФƤ롥츻ΤʤʪФճŸǤʤɼԤ褦ˤʪ¤ǤȤϡʹ֤ˤǤʤˤϡäȤޤưˤꡤΥϥɥ֥åΤ⤷Τߤʤ餺츻ؤ츻ҤοʸŪʰյСȻפޤ
Ϣơ伫Ȥ츻ҤΤϺƤ heldio ۿ#1517. etymography ָءפۡ⤼Ҥİ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ε#5959. 2025ǯ٤βƴֱѸˡֵϤޤޤ ([2025-08-20-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡѸˤνֵϤޤäƤޤιֵǤƤ볧ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפᡤֵ11:30¨ǡܥΥå (senbonknock) heldio ۿԤʤޤ60ʬĶĹȤʤޤΩäƤԤγƵޤۿʤ饤Ǥİĺꥹʡγ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿͻҤϲϿƤΤǡī Voicy heldio ˤۿޤĹܤʤΤԡۿˤȸԡʸۿˤ2ʬƤİޤޤ34ʬۤɤԤϤޤʲˡԡ2ץˤǼ夲줿ԥץǤбʬäޤ
(1) 01:25 --- ե٥åȤεϲ
(2) 09:13 --- ʤ괧괧Τ
(3) 14:30 --- ʤ a ñΤȡ֥פɤΤˡñȤƤϡ֥פɤΤ
(4) 16:08 --- ʤѸȯͤϤǤɥαѸ줬ɬɸŪǤϤʤΤ
(5) 20:28 --- ʤѸˤ¿λΤ
(6) 24:36 --- ʤȯʤʸۻˤäƤñ줬Τ
(7) 26:27--- ʸˡϸߤѲƤΤ
(8) 29:30 --- ʤ do β did ʤΤ
ѸˤγؤӻϤηʵŤȤơܥΥåפäƤߤޤǤǤ礦ѸˤؤδؿͯƤޤǤ礦Ľ븷ޤǤ6֤βƥѸˤȴƤȻפޤ
̿βƴܡֱѸˡפ֤ޤ轵ηޤǤ6֤ˤ錄뽸ֵǤ
νֵǤϡܥ֥εȤ߹碌ʤѸˤؤƳޤޤγϡĤǤ⤳εäƤƤޤεƱݤֱѸ˲ƴ 2025Ȥ䤹HPѰդޤΤǡ⤪ϿƤȤ
1. ȥ
1.1. 괧 a an ˤĤ: #831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])heldio #1. ʤ A pen ʤΤ AN apple ʤΡ
1.2. ֱѸˡֵôԤξҲ: note δΥץեheldio #1171. ʾҲ --- Ѹ˸ԤδǤ#2. ʾҲ ([2009-05-01-2])
2. Ѹˤؤ褦
2.1. Ѹˤ̥4: #4546. شλϤޤˡѸˤγؤ ([2021-10-07-1])
(1) Ѹθ180Ѥ
(2) ѸˡʼҲʡˤߥåԻĤʴФβ
(3) Ѥʵ䤳⤷
(4) ѸäƤѸ
2.2. #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1]): ̥ (2) ̤ޤ
2.3. ֤ʤѸˤؤ֤Τפεå: ͡ʳ٤֤ʤؤ֤ΤפƤƤߤޤcf. heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩǤ夲Ƥޤ
3. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ
3.1. #1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1]): ̥ (3) ̤ޤ
3.2. 3166Ѥʵ
3.3. ޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤѤʵ佸
3.4. μͭӥMondDZѸ졦˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ
4. Ѹˤʤ
4.1. #5097. hellog ɤ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-11-1]): 2009ǯ51ƤѸˤΥ֥Ǥ hellog θŪʻȤ tips ɤ碌ơ#5728. 2024ǯ hellog Ǥ褯ɤޤ줿٥50 ([2025-01-01-1]) ⤴
4.2. ƥİ (heldio & hellog-radio): hellog βǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) 2021ǯ62ī6110--20ʬۤɤDZѸˤϤƤޤαѸˤγؤӤΤ˥եƤѸˤ꤬ˤʤޤ#5093. heldio İ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-07-1])#5727. 2024ǯ heldio ۿǤ褯İ줿٥30 ([2024-12-31-1])#5098. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤ hellog heldio Τ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-12-1])#5921. ꥹʡɼˤ heldio 2025ǯ2ȾΥ ([2025-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
4.3. #5091. khelf αסưӡߥåơȥȡ ([2023-04-05-1]): khelf HP X @khelf_keio Instagram @khelf_keio ȯƤޤ
4.4. #5917. رѸ˿ʹ12椬ޤ ([2025-07-09-1]): αѸˤȤ뿷ʹ12Ǥ
4.5. khelf ٥2025ǯǡֱѸ˥ƥ50ŸǤ: ǯ620Ѹˤ칶̳زΥ̿´濴Ȥ khelf СڤɤֱѸ˥ƥġפ־˥åפƤޤ嵭ǤʤȤϡǯ٤Ʊɤ
4.6. ֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥס: 2022ǯ226Ʊ칶ΰʼʱѸءءˤȰ˽2ʿˤȡˤθ6ưƤޤ
5. ֵοʤ
5.1. ֵ饤ɡʥѥդPDFƥȡꥢڡѡвꡤɾˤĤ
5.2. ƥȤرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯܽѥ˥⤢ޤ
5.3. Ѹˤɽ⡧#5830. Ѹ˳ν2025ǡˡ ([2025-04-13-1])#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])heldio ̡Ѹˤ
5.4. ǯ٤ΡֱѸˡθ: #5939. 2025ǯѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2025-07-31-1])#5393. 2023ǯ١1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵơ ([2024-02-01-1])heldio #974. 1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵ --- 2023ǯǡ
6. 饤Ǵ줿ѸѤʵ¨ܥΥå
ʾ塤1֡Ƥθ⡤ŪʳѸ˥饤դڤߤϢơ#5593. 2024ǯ٤βƴֱѸˡֵϤޤޤ ([2024-08-19-1]) ɤ
ʤѸˤؤ֤Τ¤ä顤ޤ#444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪

812˴Ԥ줿罤۽ŹرѸ춵968ǤˤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åνɾǺܤޤɾԤعع͡ι߷δʤǤؤŪɾƤԤȤɤɤޤ
618˴Ԥ줿رѸϥɥ֥å٤νɾ䴶ۤˤĤơͥåȤǤϤǤ͡ʷǾ夬äƤƤޤλΤ˽ɾǺܤΤϡۤܽƤȤäƤ褤Ȼפޤ
νɾƤˤĤơǤޤܤҲ𤹤뤳ȤϤǤޤɾȥȤơָûƳΡָפδפˡפȷǤƤꡤܽκΥĥܤƤȤפǤäѤǤɾǤϡܽζŪñȤǤεҤ˸ڤꡤס餷סֲͤפȤΥݥƥʸդ¤ǤޤȤ櫓ܽȾΥơ̤ιܤѸν¿ƤޤǸ1ǤϡýؤΡ֤뤪פȤŪɽȤƤޤ餿ơܽΰտޤǫˤ夲Ƥȴޤ
⡤ҡرѸ춵9˼äơνɾɤߤС
νɾϡ heldio Ǥ#1537. I my/me/mine 佼ˡ --- رѸ춵9ˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤νɾǺܤޤȤƼ夲ޤ⤪İ
߷ δʡֽɾ߷ ͧ ɹ δˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ʸҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2025ǯ9桤2025ǯ68ǡ

ī㡼ɶǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ƤޤΥڡǿʹΤΥǤϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñȤơޤǤƤޤˤθߤä줺Ĥạ̈襤رѸ츻ŵʸҡοǤ꤬ˡդ⤿餹äȯäƤޤ
٤823ιֺ¤ϲƴ2ܤޤޤ츫ʿޤ guy Ȥ˾ʤꡤξñ줬ɤäƤŪʰ̣εפɤ뤳ȤäϤޤή줫;̾ (personal_pronoun) ꡤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ꡤƸͭ̾ͳ褹eponymλޤǡϼߤ˹äƤޤ1ñ줫鸫ƤѸˤΥʥߥȸѲ̯̣¸ʬˤڤߤ
ˡϿɶǤľܼ֡饤äΤ줫Ӥޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤴ѰդƤޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤä߾ܺ٤īڡǤǧޤ
ʤιֺ¤θɤˤĤƤ heldio #1539. 823īֺ --- guy ̣臘ѸˡȤƤäƤޤ⤢碌ƤİйǤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
إᥤȤ ari 711ˤȤ note #340ReviewA History of the English Language in 100 Placesꤹ뵭Ƥ롥ari ϡ鵤ˤʤäƤܡפȤƸڤƤˤȤäƤƱǡĤɤ⤦ȻפĤĤê̲餻Ƥֵˤʤܡפä

˥ѥѥɤϤ֤뤪⤷Ρ־פܤƱѸˤȤۤϡѸ˵ҤˡȤۤƤ뤷ºݤ˴ոƤ褦˻פ롥夸äɤ߿ʤƤ٤ʬΤˤܼ100ξƤ
FOREWORD BY DAVID CRYSTAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH
(1) UNDLEY COMMON --- the earliest written English (c.475)
(2) CANTERBURY --- the adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)
(3) HAMMERWICH --- Mercian English, our ancestor dialect (c.700)
(4) MONKWEARMOUTH --- naming the English language (731)
(5) YORK --- the influence of Danish on the English language (866)
(6) WINCHESTER --- West Saxon English and King Alfred (871)
(7) CERNE --- Classical Old English (c.1000)
(8) HASTINGS --- the influence of French on the English language (1066)
(9) DUNFERMLINE --- the English language in Scotland (1068)
3. MIDDLE ENGLISH
(10) PETERBOROUGH --- the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the end of Old English (1155)
(11) READING --- the English language in popular song (c.1235)
(12) WESTMINSTER --- the recovery of the English language (1362)
(13) KILKENNY --- the English language in Ireland (1366)
(14) ALDGATE --- the development of Middle English (1374)
(15) CHANCERY STREET --- Chancery English (c.1419)
(16) ST PAUL'S CHURCHYARD --- the English language and the book trade (1456)
(17) PEMBROKE --- the English language in Wales (1457)
4. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNITY
(18) BRUGES --- the English language and the printing press (1474)
(19) COLOGNE --- the Bible in English (1525)
(20) PARIS --- the beginnings of punctuation in the English language (1530)
(21) CARLETON --- the influence of Latin on the English language (1531)
(22) NORTHOLT --- spelling and the Great Vowel Shift (1551)
(23) ARCHANGEL --- business English (1553)
(24) STRATFORD --- the development of Early Modern English (1564)
(25) CHICHESTER --- English grammar (1586)
(26) HAMPTON COURT --- the English language and the King James Bible (1604)
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORLD ENGLISH
(27) JAMESTOWN --- the English language in the Americas (1607)
(28) HAMILTON --- the English language in the West Indies (1609)
(29) THE MERMAID TAVERN --- the refining of English punctuation (1623)
(30) SALISBURY --- the English language and the language of the law (1631)
(31) HOLBORN --- making English the language of science (1660)
(32) TRINITY COLLEGE --- English proverbs (1670)
(33) PHILADELPHIA --- the development of Midland American English (1682)
(34) NÎMES --- using place names to make up new words (1695)
(35) BOSTON --- the development of New England English (1704)
6. THE STANDARDS AGENDA
(36) LICHFIELD --- setting standards for the English language (1709)
(37) TEMPLE --- the idea of an English Language Academy (1712)
(38) CANONGATE --- British spelling (1760)
(39) SMOCK ALLEY --- English elocution (1762)
(40) MONTREAL --- the English language in Canada (1763)
(41) KEW GARDENS --- botanical English (1771)
(42) KOLKATA --- the birth of linguistics and the origins of English (1786)
(43) MARYLEBONE --- the language of sport (1788)
(44) SYDNEY --- the English language in Australia (1788)
(45) ST MARY-LE-BOW --- Cockney English (1803)
(46) COUPVRAY --- the English language in Braille (1809)
(47) MONROVIA --- the English language in West Africa (1822)
7. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
(48) STOCKTON-ON-TEES --- the English language and the steam engine (1825)
(49) HARTFORD --- establishing an American standard for English (1828)
(50) CHENNAI --- the English language in India (1834)
(51) ST MARTIN-LE-GRAND --- the English language and the Uniform Penny Post (1840)
(52) WAITANGI --- the English language in New Zealand (1840)
(53) THE STRAND --- English as a language of satire (1841)
(54) BALTIMORE --- the English language and the telegram (1844)
(55) SALFORD --- literacy and free libraries (1850)
(56) HANNIBAL --- English comic writing (1851)
(57) HYDE PARK --- industrialization and its impact on English (1851)
(58) TIMES SQUARE --- The New York Times (1851)
(59) MANCHESTER --- the vocabulary of English and the thesaurus (1852)
(60) BERDICHEV --- exophonic English (1857)
(61) CHRISTCHURCH COLLEGE --- English nonsense (1865)
(62) LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLL --- English place names (1868)
(63) EXETER PLACE --- the English language and the telephone (1876)
(64) CAPE TOWN --- the English language in South Africa (1881)
(65) DUBLIN --- extreme English (1882)
(66) GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)
8. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
(67) POLDHU --- the English language and the radio (1901)
(68) NEWGATE --- the English language and prison patter (1902)
(69) NEW ORLEANS --- African American English (1902)
(70) FLEET STREET --- tabloid English (1903)
(71) NEW YORK --- the language of crosswords (1913)
(72) HAYMARKET --- rule English (1914)
(73) GUERNSEY --- modern English usage (1926)
(74) PORTLAND PLACE --- BBC English (1926)
(75) OXFORD --- the Oxford English Dictionary (1928)
(76) BLETCHLEY PARK --- English language and code (1939)
(77) EMPIRE STATE BUILDING --- the language of advertising (1941)
(78) ISLINGTON --- plain English (1946)
(79) ETON --- the English of the English upper class (1956)
(80) LIVERPOOL --- British urban English (1963)
(81) ATLANTIC CITY --- sexist English (1968)
9. THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
(82) SEA OF TRANQUILLITY --- English on the moon (1969)
(83) LOS ANGELES --- the language of e-mail (1969)
(84) BELMOPAN --- the English language in Belize (1970)
(85) ST PANCRAS --- the British Library (1973)
(86) ISLAMABAD --- the English language in Pakistan (1973)
(87) THE BRONX --- language of rap (1973)
(88) SAN JOSE --- the English language and text preservation (1975)
(89) SINGAPORE --- English in Singapore (1987)
(90) GENEVA --- the language of the World Wide Web (1991)
(91) HELSINKI --- the English language and texting (1993)
(92) SWARTHMORE --- the language of the blog (1994)
(93) NICHOLSON STREET --- global reading phenomenon (1995)
(94) WINDRUSH SQUARE --- multicultural London English (1998)
(95) SAN FRANCISCO --- Twitter English (2006)
(96) BEVERLY HILLS --- Teen Speak (2008)
(97) KIGALI --- English as an official language (2008)
(98) NEWCASTLE --- the English language and contemporary regional accents (2011)
(99) BEIJING --- English and Mandarin (2012)
(100) VIENNA --- English as a global lingua franca (2012)
10. AFTERWORD
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
餷줫 hellog Ǥޤ˿ƻȤƤ
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

1ۤΤȤˤʤޤ719ڡ22:30-23:30 ZIP-FM Υ饸ȡѡʥƥŴʿˤLimelight
Limelight~̴~ʥ饤饤ȡˡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åԤ1͡ɹʰζءˤȽб餵ޤ
νб Podcast ȤƤۿޤ嵭ͥΡ#120 ɹפȤİȤǤΤǡˬƤߤƤ43ʬۤɤȤǤ
618˴Ԥ졤Ǥ˽ǤФƤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å˴ؤϤѸˤ˴ؤŪ˭٤ٶˤʤޤ2ͤηڲʥȡɬİǤʲˡλȡήޤȤޤ
ڿҲ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡѸθ츻ơޤˤܤȤƤѸˤ3ͤåȤǽΤǤޤǡ츻ܤϡȤǤϤʤ̸ͤ˽¿äΤǤμΤʾ˴ŤĤġǤɤʪȤƳڤ褦פƤޤͤˤСּۤɷʤꤹǤŪդ⤷äפȤХݥȤäȤΤȡ
ڸ츻ҤѽФ֥ˡ§ס
ϥɥ֥å椫Ū꤬Ҳ𤵤ޤ1Ĥ֥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ǤƸäͭ̾ʥηޤȤΤǡ衼åѤθǤ⥲ޥɡʱѸ졦ɥĸ졦ʤɡˤ˸벻Ѳˡ§Ǥ㤨Сֻפ̣Ѹ tooth ϡƥեǤ dent- ʤɤȤʤޤƬ /t/ /d/ δطΤ褦ˡ벻̤β˵§ŪбѥꡤȱѸ¾θΤĤʤ꤬ƤޤŴʿ֤ؤפȴʤʹäƤޤ͡
ڱѸϼڤʪ餱
äϤˡѸ줬¿ñڤƤˤؤȹޤƥե줫μѤϤܸ줫μѤճ¿kawaii ʤɤñϺǶѸǤ褯ܤˤޤȤ櫓ե줫¿θ줬äطʤˤϡɤեλ۲ˤäˤطƤ뤳Ȥˤޤ
ܺä
ܤμɮβǶϫȤơͤϡְ̣ۤȤѲƤʤñפŤ餫äҤ٤Ƥޤ츻ɤäƤѲ˳ñϡȤƤäˤåԡ֤ۤȤɻȤѤäƤʤפʤɤȤʤ⤢äǤanimation ιܤΤ褦ˡճʸ츻ŪĤʤ꤬ꡤ⤷⤢äȤΤȤǤñθϥƥ animāre ̿פˤꡤanimal ưʪפȤ츻Ūطˤޤ
wild θ츻ϡֿפä
⤦1Ĥܤ٤ȤƼ夲줿Τ wild Ǥʤʤܤ줿ΤǤ礦ˡǤϡֹӡΡפȤạ̈ǻȤޤ츻ɤȸűѸ weald ֿפ̤ޤ俹ΥˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬޤ
ڥȤΰճʱ
ȡϸ츻ä龮ͤηءʤձफͧͤϤФݿͤΥ㤤ˤϥȥӤȤߡܤΥǥȤ⤢뤽ǤΥݡĿʹ˼̿ܤäۤɥѥȤäȤǽŪˤϾͤضȤӡ1ͤǤФƻء2010ǯˡ֥磻ɤפǥ֥쥤Ȥˤϡͤ⤿ؤäǤ
ڸűѸ츦ؤƻ
ѸˤȤνвػ塥Ѹ졦ɥĸ졦եؤDZѸˤ̥ϤƳˤʤָŤ夫פȴ졤űѸ츦ϤȤΤȡűѸˤ̲Υɤ˹ߡtake Τ褦Ūñ⤳λ̲줫äƤޤ
ڲڤȱѸ
ػ塤ӡȥ륺̴ˤʤäȤѸ칥ΤäȤʤޤХ٤İߡλ˿ǼȱѸ˿Ƥ褦ˤʤäȤΤȡפФζʤȤơLet It BeפƤޤ
ڤ줫θ̴
θˤĤƤϡAI ץߥȤäʸغβΥѥưФ륽եȤ֤ȤȤ˳ȯȤޤʹ֤ܤǤϽʤǡΨŪʬϤȤǤץ饤١ȤǤȤ䥯եȥӡ¤ϤƤȤΤȡڤʪȤäȼȾ¤Υӡڤѥ֤ꡤŹˤܤ֤ơְߤʤɤ֤ˤΤ̴Ǥ
ڼ㤤ͤؤΥå
Ǹˡ줫ѸˤѸ츻֤㤤ͤءѤʵؿˤƤۤפȤΥå̤ФǤϤʤ餳֤ʤפȻפäڤˤؤӤ³Ƥۤȸޤ
ȤϽϡѸˤοäȷڲʻ̤꺮ꡤꥹʡȤƤ⸪ϤȴƳڤƤˤʤäƤޤͤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ιƻʹ褦̥Ūʤä꤬Ȥޤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥ŪʥϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ
Ϣ crocodile θֻˤĤĴ٤Ƥ뤬βɽ˴ؿäꥷ κροκόδειλος 3ˤߤ ει 2Ż (digraph) ƥ˼ޤݤˤ crocodīlus Τ褦1Ĥ첻ݻƤ롥ѸֻǤ⡤Τ crocodile i 1ʸΤߤɽ
Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡꥷñ줬Ū뤤ľŪ˱Ѹ˼ޤݤˤϡĤΥѥȤǤϤ뤬Upward and Davidson (220--21) ˤСѸֻ˴ؤƴˤʤŪʿˤߤ롥
Gr EI transliterated as E or I
Although a digraph, Gr EI perhaps represented a simple vowel sound rather than a diphthong, and was liable to misspelling in classical Gr as just iota or eta.
Latin transliterated Gr EI as either E or I, not as EI. Direct transliteration from Gr to Eng giving EI, as in eirenic, kaleidoscope, pleistocene, seismic, protein, Pleiades typically date from the 19th or 20th centuries, and have therefore not come via Lat. The contrast between such modern transliterations and the older Lat-derived ones is seen in pairs such as apodeictic/apodictic 'demonstrably true' (< Latin apodicticus < Gr apodeiktikos), cheiropractic/chiropractic, Eirene/Irene.
Lat gave Eng an arbitrary spelling variation by tending to transliterate Gr EI as E before a vowel and as I before a consonant: thus panacea, truchea (< Gr panakeia, tracheia) but icon, idol, lichen (< Gr eikōn, eidōlon, leichēn), and similarly with crocodile, dinosaur, empirical, idyll, pirate. Note, however, angiosperm (< Gr aggeion) with I before O, and hygiene (< Gr hugieinē) with E before N preventing a repetition of I in *hygiine.
Underlying the Y of therapy, idolatry is Gr -EIA (Gr latreia 'worship', therapeia) whereas Gr -IA underlies the Y of theory, history (< Gr theōria, historia).
ۤñʷǤʤʬ뤬Ⱦˤäơꥷ줫ľܼѤʤΤƥͳƤδܼѤʤΤ뤳ȤȤΤ϶̣#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ۵롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ

728helwa ΥС֤ͭ note Ƥ hel (helkatsu) ֥ޥط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ8ƤޤĴ³Ƥꡤ̻10Ȥʤޤ
ɽΤȤϡꥹʡ Ko μֲФμ̿ȥåϤ450ǯˤԻȤΤȤǤƤޤԻǮhelǮ
³ƺýּ餳ȤФΤפꤷơ (dictionary) 伭 (lexicography) ˴ؤƽ줿ƤޤɮƬΤϡѸ˸ྰʴرءˤˤOED μʸˡǤʸ (Great Complement Shift; gcs) ȤơOED ѥȤѤ뤳ȤƤޤθ塤夵mozhi gengo ari ý˴Ϣʣε³ޤ
ý2Ĥ629˳Ť줿̾ŲղפǤղۤƤ Lilimi ˤݡӻ伫ȤΥݤǺܤƤޤʷǺܤƤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åľλϤޤäᡤƱˤĤƤ¿εƤޤԤ1ͤȤơ夲˹ޤƴտ夲ޤari ~ߤmozhi gengo umisio ˤƤޤ
Ϣܤ䤽¾Υ쥮顼ߤǤߡΡֶסcamin "faux amis" ari αѸˡѸ춵֥夵ΡѤʵmozhi gengo ΰ֥ʤƤǤ褤Ǥ͡ˤʤɤεǤޤΡֱѸθ츻ΩŪ˳ڤˡפϡ伫ȤǤƤֱѸõ3åȡפͭʻȤϪƤäƤޤΡHelvillian 7ɤǡűѸƧ褦פ Helvillian ȸűѸؤΥǤumisio ˤ뵭ito 祤2ܡפϡɥ ito ̥ϤƤޤ
ϡGalois ˤHelwa Τߡư2025ǯ8ˡHelvillian Խ嵭2025ǯ8ˡǤhelwa դhelβߡ̤褬Ÿ˾Ƥޤ
Helvillian ϡhelwa ߥ˥ƥˤȯhelλʪǤ¿γ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤäƤhel˻äйǤ
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪ɤߤ
ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ2ۤɤҲ𤷤ƤޤȤ櫓ԤԽƼԤȤľ̤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİ
#1521. Helvillian 8椬 --- ýϡּ餳ȤФΤ
#1532. Helvillian 8ξҲ by ԽѰ --- ץѸ˥饤 from ͡
726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ롤note ΥֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ crew crocodile ޤǤζ̣츻꤬夲Ƥ롥
Τʤ crocodile ܤƤ뵭Ҥθȥڥδˤ⤭ĦˤƤꡤؤ̣줿1ľ lacolaco ȡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פˤƤ̤뵡Τǡheldio ۿΥǤheldio ΥۿȤƸƤΤǡcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤꤪİС
ۿǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡcrocodile طʤˤϡꥷ졤ƥ졤ե졤ꥢ졤ڥʤɤؤäƤ롥Ѹ˾ֻȤƤϸɸŪ crocodile ϤΤۤcocodril Ϥ̤˻Ȥ줿夬äѸǤ16ʹߤ˥ƥֻαƶ crocodile Ϥˡפ줿Ȥаޤꡤޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥r ΰ֤ͤȡˤž (metathesis) हⵯäƤ뤫Τ褦˸롥r ΰư2ȤĹΥ˵ڤǤꡤñʤ벻žȸˤΤΤǤꡤָ̤̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴ؤȤƵ뤳ȤǤcf. #5840. --- Υߡ*ĥޥᡤĥХᡤĥХ ([2025-04-23-1])ˡ
ˤ衤crocodile θȥڥϡʤʤޤߤǤꡤ˱Ѹ˸太⤷ȥԥåȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤lacolaco ˸ŪȤ˴դĤġʤ KDEE ɼԡˡꤷƤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ȡܸ³ (subjunctive) ˤĤơܸʸˡ缭ŵ٤ȤƤϡƱʸܸ³θˤĤƳѤ (387--88)
³칽Ū˸ȡ¾ʻ줫žΡưڤӡޤʤɤˡư̾ؼ˽줬ܤƴŪ˸ꤷΡʤȡˡơ椨ˡȤǡˤʤɤǤ롥Ǥ⡤Ū³ȤϤۤȤɤʤĤޤꡤȤܸǤ³줬ȯãʤäɤ⡤夬ˤĤơߤŪ³ɽơʬŪоݲǺŪ˴ϢŤ褦Ȥޤ졤βǡθžϢ첽ˤä³ĤФȹͤ롥
ܸ³ˤϡȤȤν³Ϥʤޤ¾ʻ줫Τ¿ȤȤλϡѸ³ˤƤƱǤ롥ǤŪ³ȤäƤ褤 and Ǥ顤ĸ "in" ̣ *en ͳ褹ȤΤ顤٤ࡥ
Τˤơ³ϸŵꥷʸˡˤΩʻȤǧƤꡤˤ̤ƺǤФʻ1ĤȤäƤ褤εȤʤȡճ¾ʻθʤɤŪƤΤˤʤȤʬäƤ롥³ԻĤǤ⤷
ܸʸˡ뤬³ǧ᤺ˡΰȤƤȤ館ʸˡ⤢äȤõƤ㤨СĹͺ侾绰Ϻϡ³ȤʻǧƤʤعʸˡǤϡ³ϡ֤켫Τΰ̣ƤǡԤɽΰ̣ƸԤɽ˴طŤȤ̵ǽǧͳ顤ΩʻȤǧƤƱp. 387ˡ
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
ε ([2025-08-06-1]) Ǥϡܸˤ³ (conjunction) ˤĤŪŪʴ鸫Ʊܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) ˰͵ợŪʴͤƤߤ褦
̣夫鸫³εǽĤޤɽƤɤΤ褦ʤΤȤƼơԤɽˤɤΤ褦˴طŤʤ³뤫ˤĤƤϡ⤬ФƤ뤬Τ褦̤ΤǤ
ޤȤεȤƸ郎ΩȴطŤ־³פȡȵδطʤñ˲äƸ³³פȤ̤롥־³פϡŪɬȤƤε롤Ĥޤλμ̮ά˱褦褦Ǥ뤳Ȥֽ³סʽܡˤȡŪɬȤƤε̷⤷ơĤޤ꼫̮άΤ褦˵դäƸ郎Ω뤳Ȥɽֵ³סʵܡˤȡΩȤȤʤäƸΩ뤳Ȥɽ³פȤʬ롥ơΤ줾ϡλ֤ΩȤƼ뤳Ȥɽֳפȡλ֤ΩȤƸ³ֲפȤʬ롥³פˤϡİʾλŪ¤٤ƽҤ٤Ū³פȻŪˤʤ٤Ҥ٤߲áסİʾλ椫Ĥ뤳ȤסԤ̤ΤȤФǽҤ٤ƱסԤͳʤɤҤ٤ֲסԤȤϻѤƽҤ٤뤳Ȥžפ롥ޤȤƼʸȤȡΤ褦Ǥ롥
A;³
(1)³ʽܡ
ʥ˳顤ǡäơ椨
ʥ˲ʤ顤СȤ
(2)³ʵܡ
ʥ˳ɤ⡤ˡɡɤ⡤Ȥ
ʥ˲ȤƤ
(3)³
ʥ˳ǡ
ʥ˲Ȥ
B³
(1)³ʽܡˡäơ椨
(2)³ʵܡˡȤǤ⡤Τˤ⤫餺
(3)³ȡ
(4)ڤӡ¤Ӥˡޤ
(5)߲áơĤǡ줫顤
(6)Ȥ⡤뤤ϡ⤷ϡ
(7)ƱĤޤꡤʤ㤨Сפˡפ
(8)⡡ʤʤ顤ȤΤϡâäȤ
(9)žơȤǡǤ
ʾܸ³ΰ̣Ūʬˤʤ뤬ΤޤޱѸ³˱ѤȤɤΤ褦ˤʤŪʬˤĤʤΤ뤤ϻ𤬰ۤʤΤۤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ͤˤϤʤ
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
ΤȤ³ (conjunction) ˴ؿƤ롥̸Ū³뤳ȤɤޤDzǽʤΤʬʤΤʤȤ̸ˤơ³פʻ褦ȤߤϤʤƤ
ȤϤ㤨ܸˤ³ɤΤ褦˰ˤĤƤ顤ŪʲޤߡޤߤǤ롥ۤɰˤǤ⤢ΤϤҤȤޤܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) 국ҤΰѤνȯȤ
³ ʤĤˡʻΰġΩdzѤʤñȤ³Ȥʤ롥ԤɽˤƤƸԤɽʸˤ˴طŤʤ³롥³줬³Τϡʸ˰֤硤ññ졤ʸϢʸˤʸϢʸˡʸƬ˰֤硤ʸʸܤǤ롥①ññֻޤۤ②ʸʸɮ뤤ڥǽ③ʸʸϤɤϤޤߤäƤ④Ȥ³硤³ϸƬѤ롥ŪˡȤơʸΤƸʸΤ³ꡤʸƸ³ꤹʤɡΥꥨ롥ʤΤ³ˤä³ʸϡ³ǤǤ⡤ʸʤȹͤ٤⤷ʤ
³줬³뤫ȤˤĤơʤ뤤ϡ˵ƤϤʤܼʤɤθ̤ηǤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤȤʷŪñ̤顤Ȥ礭Ūñ̤ˤޤǵڤ֤ȤȤϡճä³ϡɤñ̤Ǥ³ǤȤħ餷Τ
ܸˤ衤Ѹޤθˤ衤ŪʻʬȤΤ뤬ΤʤǤ³Ϥʤü褦˻פƤ2İʾθǤĤʤǽǤˡֶ֤ʤʻȺǧĤĤ롥
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. ȤƤȤ̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥
Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.
(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)
It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.
ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ
The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.
(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)
Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.

1Ⱦۤ618߷ͧᡤɹȤζȤơҤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å (= HEE) 尴ޤܽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ hee γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʤȤ¿αѸ춵ؽԤ겹ȿȯ2֤ǽǤꡤ729˽ǽȤʤޤξڤơɼԤγͤ˿괶տ夲ޤ
ơνǽΥߥǡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ƥ뿷ؤӤܽޤ˼Ƥʤä˸츻ؽΩäƤءŪˤϤȤλפ顤Τߥǥڡ (LP) ޤˬƤߤƤ
LP ϼΤ褦˻Ϥޤޤ
ʤΤäƤñ줬Ѹˤ
ǻȤñ졢¤ˤƤޤܽϡ1000δܸˡθ츻̣ȯˡޤǤǫ˲⡣ġñʪ̤ơѸȤαȥʥߥδʤαѸؽ꿼국˻ĤΤѤޤ
ޤLP ǤϡܽȡƱҤ鴩ԤƤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԡˤȤϢȤˤĤƤƤޤإϥɥ֥å٤Ǹ츻ؽγڤĤߡ˿̤θ츻õᤷʤäȤˤϡŪdzؽŪʡؼŵ٤ؤȿʤळȤǤޤ2ϡѸθ츻õ᤹ǤŪʥӤǡؽʳ˱ߤ䴰礦طˤޤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡṇ̵̃ʵȤưŵ뤿ܤǤϤޤ1ĤҤȤĤñ줬ʪ˼ظ˹ʱѸˤؤɼԤʤΡּפǤhellog ɼԤγˤ⡤Ұ٤ LP ˤ̤ФȻפޤ1ͤǤ¿αѸ춵ؽԤѸˤƧ뤳ȤäƤޤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

82ڡˡhelwa ˤΥإᥤȤ濴Ȥ10̾ͤϤ˽뤷֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פꤹ heldio/helwa βۿ٥ȤŤޤྰʴرءˤϽؤʾءˤȤäȤޤѸ˹֤ͭīͼޤDZѸˤ˴ؤ뤢줳ԤͻҤVoicy heldio/helwa ۿȤǤ
ĤޤꡤΥ٥ȤϸϻüԤΤߤĤΤǤϤޤhellog ɼԤ heldio/helwa ꥹʡγ⡤ұѸҤ1ˤդ礤ФȻפäƤޤ
ʲˡͽꤷƤۿ塼ƤޤͥåȻˤ饤ۿʤäꡤξʷϵ夬꼡ǡۿ֡ơޡбԤϽѹƤǽޤޤǥ塼ƤǤˤαդ
ڡ10:00ٷƤĤ12:30ޤǡˡ
helwa ۿOED λȤƻͤ
cf. वˤ Helvillian 8ýOEDμʸˡ
heldio ۿ֤ʤο䤷³פ
cf. heldio #1520. ʤο䤷³Ƥ
heldio ۿcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤ
cf. lacolaco ˤǿֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡ
heldio ۿHelvillian 8ξҲ by ԽѰ
cf. Helvillian 8
ڡ13:30ٷƤĤ17:00ޤǡˡ
helwa ۿYou Ϥʤ helwa ˡ
cf. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)
heldio ۿ䤷θ츻αñ --- رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åٽǵǰ
ܶϼԤξϤƻüԤγȤȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å
heldio ۿּεפǸűѸ첻 --- Wulfstan
cf. Ϥˤ Helvillian 7ýּε̣臘űѸʸΡ
heldio/helwa ۿѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå from ͡ԡ
वϤüԤγȤȤ˿͵Ϥ
̤ꡤƤǤƲΡۿϤΤΤ餻ϡVoicy εǽǤΤˡҤε Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)եƤФȻפޤޤΤ٤ƤۿİǤ褦νǤ⤢ޤΤǡҥץߥꥹʡۿֱѸˤ (helwa)轵ڤθ6ۿ800ߡ̵ˤˤ⤪꤯
ۿϡꥹʡγΥȤ⤪ԤƤޤϤǮǤⴶƤйǤǤϡΡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פۿɤڤߤˡ
Υ٥ȤΤˤĤƤϡī heldio ۿ#1525. ϡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פDZѸҤ⤪İ
727ˤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥǤ#357. Ѹ˴ؤ͡Ѹ˴ؿͤʤɬȡ --- ǤȤ롪رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ۿޤҤİ13.5ʬۤɤۿǤˡ
ưǤƤȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åȯ619ڡˤˡΥС4̾ȸҤαĶôԤ2̾η6̾ǡ緿Ź3ŹޤƤޤοˤΡ֤ΤۤײϿȤȤ⤢äơޤäŹᤰʡҲʸءˤζʳư褫ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ˤưϿФä72ʿˤˡ#5919. YouTube ֤Τۤͥפ350ǰȤƥ饤ۿԤʤޤ ([2025-07-11-1]) ¤Ϥθˡ#5914. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ȯ2֤ǽǷꡪ ([2025-07-06-1]) λ¤伫ȤΤäФȤߥǤȤȤǡ350ǰΡ֤Τۤ饤פǤ⡤Ϥ궽ʳͻҤϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ȯ2֤ǽǤꤷơĤ729ʲСˤ˽ǽȤʤޤŹκ߸ˤ褷ޤޤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤¿ܤ˿졤̤ƱѸˤδ֤˹äƤȤ˴ԤƤޤ
ưȴϢơhellog #5901. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥եȥԿ3ŹᤰƤޤ --- 4ͤδ ([2025-06-23-1]) 碌ƤȤ
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