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2025-08-31 Sun

#5970. ַ Helvillian 9椬ޤ [helwa][heldio][notice][helmate][helkatsu][helvillian][link][hee][helwa_contents_for_hellive2024][hellive2024][hellive2025][petit_hellive_from_yokohama]


helvillian_202509.png



828helwa С֤ͭ note ƱƤ hel (helkatsu) ֥ޥط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ9ޤ̻11ȤʤꡤȤ¤ߤʤƤޤ
ɽΤȤСϡԽѰ1ͤǤ⤢ umisio ˤΤǤʼ̿ȤȤˡޤ륨åźƤޤΤ褦餷Ϥ helwa γưˤääƤƤ뤳Ȥˡƴդǰͯޤ
ýϡָդˤޤĤͤμͳhelwaƥ2024ۡפǤϺƤ helmate ֤ͭ󤻤줿ƥķƾҲ𤹤Τǡɤ߱Τ̤ͤФǤ1ǯβƤ夬θǤȤȤˡ褿913ڡˤ˳Ť򹵤ֱѸ˥饤2025פؤδԴȤʤäƤޤ
ýϤ⤦1Ĥޤ8ܤ˲ͤdzŤ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פΥݤǤ䤫ƤƤޤγڤϿʷϵ뵭ˤʤäƤ뤫Ȼפޤ
˺Ǥϡ6˽Ǥ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å˴Ϣ륳ƥĤ⽼¤Ƥޤäܤ٤ϡykagata ˤ뿷꡼ֿ츻ϥɥ֥åˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפǡѸˤȥɥĸηҤؤ֤ȤΤǤ롤Ū񿴤򤽤ƤǤ
ߤȤʤäϢܼɮؤߤǤ夵Ρ֤äƤޤ̿סlacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡסߡΡֶפʤɤ¤ӤޤϢδƼԤǤ Grace ari camin mozhi gengo εɬɤǤcamin һˤˤܸɤե󥹸ˤܡפϡե󥹸ʩоȸˤ˴ؿΤˤȤäƵŤʸꥹȤǤ
ϡGrace ˤHelwa Τߡư2025ǯ9ˡȡԽѰ4̾umisio Galois Lilimi Grace ˤˤ̲Helvillian Խ嵭2025ǯ9ˡ᤯ޤԽ嵭Ǥϡhelwa ŤʥɤȤʤäƤָ祪ղפ夬äƤꡤhelwa ߥ˥ƥ̤˸̴Ƥޤ
Helvillian ϡhelwa ߥ˥ƥˤȯ helλʪǤ¿γ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤäƤhel˻äйǤ
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪ɤߤ
ˤĤƤϡheldio Ǥ#1552. Helvillian 9椬 --- ýϡ֤ȤФˤޤĤͤμͳסȤƤҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ


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2025-08-30 Sat

#5969. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åٽǤȼɽθ [notice][hee][heldio]


hee_front_cover.jpg



رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤618˴Ԥư衤ɾƤޤȯ2֤ǽǤꤷǤ˽ǤǤ֤ˤʤäƤޤ
Ƿľ塤ǤǵդƤʤɤ뵡񤬤ޤΤǡĤޤܤΤʤˤɼԤ󤻤ƤŦ⤢ꡤؤ󤢤꤬פäƤޤǤˤȿǤƤޤ
ޤǤȽǤδ֤ΰƱˤĤƸɽƤۤȤɼԤ夬äƤޤǡ818դǡҸȤΤΤ餻ץڡꡤϥɥ֥åνǤȼɽ뤳Ȥˤʤޤܽ򤪻ϥåƤޤȹǤ
ϽǤǤޤǤδ֤ʴ򤷤Ȥˡû٤򸫤Ĥ֤⾯ʤäˡûꥹȤȤʤäƤޤޤηʽޤޤƤ˴ؤ뽤ΤߤɽȤʤäƤݡλФȻפޤ
ɽˤĤƤϡ heldio ۿ#1549. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åɽθ yes θ츻Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ



߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-29 Fri

#5968. ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פϤ⤷ˤʤꤽ --- HEL in 100 Places νʸ [notice][review][hel][historiography][variety][world_englishes][100_places]

#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤѥѥɤǤ뤬ռŪ˾ɳդƱѸˤͤȤѤ餺ʳƤ롥
ܤνʸ (9--10) David Crystal 񤤤Ƥ롥νʸΤɤޤʸϤȤʤäƤΤ䤬ɤǤȤ櫓ݤ˻Ĥä2Ѥ褦

   Some places are included in this book because the people --- in some cases the person --- who lived there played an important role in the development of the standard language. Others are included because they identify the political and social factors that fostered the spread of the language language within the British Isles and around the world. Others are here because they represent the way their communities evolved a linguistic individuality that forms part of the kaleidoscopic mix of varieties we conveniently refer to as 'English'.
   It is an exercise in linguistic gazetteering, and one thing that strikes me about it is its highly personal character. It's impossible to say everything relevant about a place --- 100 things must have happened in London or New York that could be said to bear on the development of English. And 100 other places might compete as candidates for a particular theme. Selectivity is inevitable when creating a language's geobiography. No two people's selection for A History of the English Language in 100 Places would ever be the same. The fascination lies in the choices made, and the reasons for them. (9--10)


gazetteering, geobiography ȤѸ줬줤ˤϤޤäƤƵ褤⡤ heldio ۿƤ#1517. etymography ָءפۡȤϢƤǤ롥
ޤѸˤξ100ȤȤĿŪǤȤŦ⡤ޤˤ̤ǤϤ롥ȤȤϡ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פʤΩ夲뤳ȤǤ100ѤʤΤ10餤ϤƤ褤⤷ʤ


Lucas-Mulvey-History_front_cover.png



Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-28 Thu

#5967. YouTube ʸ麽սPLUSפˤƱѸˤ̥Ϥ Part 2ʸԡ --- ʤѸˤƱ۵줬¿Ρ [notice][youtube][helkatsu][hel_education][sobokunagimon][synonym][loan_word][lexical_stratification][ame_bre]



ε ([2025-08-27-1]) ˰³1821ڡˤ˥󥨥Ȥʤä YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥαѸ˥ȡưθԤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤԤ³ơƣᥢʤȴδֹ礤˾褻ĤġפʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ夲ƤäƤޤ
Ԥ֡flowerʲ֡ˤ flourʾʴˤƱ츻help, aid, assistanceġֽפϲ㤦Ʊ۵줬¿ΤϤʤá֥ꥹѸݼŪפꤹ36ʬۤɤΥȡǤʲԤǼ夲ʬåꥹȤ򼨤ޤ

(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 01:00 --- ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
(3) 12:31 --- ʤѸˤƱ۵줬¿Τ
(4) 14:33 --- Ʊ۵Ω
(5) 24:58 --- ꥫϤäƱѸϤɤѤäΤ
(6) 31:54 --- ѸϤ줫¿ͲƤΤ

ѸȤ򡤤ޤǤȤϰۤʤ٤鸫ľäȤʤФȻפޤ YouTube Υ󤫤顤򤤤СѸˤδ֤ˡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-27 Wed

#5966. YouTube ʸ麽սPLUSפˤƱѸˤ̥Ϥ Part 2ԡ --- ʤ3ñ -s դΡ [notice][youtube][helkatsu][hel_education][sobokunagimon][verb][suppletion][3ps][personal_pronoun]



3ۤΤȤˤʤޤ530ʶˤ YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥˤơԤ2ˤ錄ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפʤѸˤƳȡޤե꡼ʥ󥵡ζƣᤵȤȤˡ60ʬۤɤä򤷤ƤޤȤ櫓ϡäۤ¿˻İƤդǻİ10ĶƤޤ
ʸ麽սPLUSɤ伫Ȥ⡤ͽ۳ΤȤ˶äĤĤ⡤ؤ򤷤ꡤ®2Ƥδ褬Ω夬ޤ2Ƥ8ܤ˼Ͽ塤821ڡˤ7ˤԤ20˸Ԥ줾쥪󥨥ޤ
ǤΥͥϡ2ƤԤȤʤޤ֡ڱѸ go βϤʤ went ʤΤ۸űѸ -ed Ե§ư줬ǥեȡäʤ֤ʤפ֤ʤפ you ɽΤHe likesĻñˤϤʤ s դꤷơ27ʬۤɤäޤʲʬåꥹȤǺܤޤ

(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 02:25 --- ʤԵ§ưѤΤ
(3) 13:51 --- ʤ you ñǤʣǤ⤢Τ
(4) 20:15 --- ʤñˡ-sפĤΤ
(5) 25:23 --- ͽ

1Ƥ˰³ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ѸˤδȤݤΥȡȤʤäƤޤұѸˤ̥Ϥ򴶤ƤС

Referrer (Inside): [2025-08-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-26 Tue

#5965. Ѹȯȡ첻ܡ --- 928ˤθ塤ܲزβإߥʡˤƤäޤ [notice][gvs][phonetics][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel][academic_conference][vowel][diphthong]

ܲزڰѰꤪ1ۤɸ92814:00--17:00 ˡ35إߥʡˤɸǤäƤȤˤʤޤѸˤˤƺǤ褯Τ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) ڤȤơѸȯᤰ¿ѲˤĤƵͽǤ
ʤñ name ϡ֥ʥפǤϤʤ /neɪm/ ȯΤroom Ϥʤ֥פǤϤʤ /ruːm/ ʤΤѸؽʤï⤬٤ѤʵǤ礦ѸֻȯδطϰǤϤԵ§ϳؽԡʤӶԡˤǺޤ礭װȤʤäƤޤΡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) طʤˤϡ͡ŪװäƤޤΤʤǤ⹭ϤʱƶڤܤΤѸѸˤȤ첻ܡפǤβѲϢܥ֥Ǥ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) Ϥᡤ¿εǼ夲Ƥޤ
첻ܤϡǤСαѸΤ٤ƤĹ첻βϢưƶͤΤ褦ѲݤǤҤ name ˤȤСĤ /naːmə/ ȯƤ첻 /aː/ 徺 /ɛː/ /e;ː/ ȤʤꡤǽŪ2첻 /eɪ/ Ȥʤޤ
βѲϹϤηŪޤ٤Ƥñˡ뤤Ϥ٤ƤϰǰΧŬѤ줿櫓ǤϤޤǤοƩԶѰӤθ̤βѲŪʸ̤ˤꡤѸˤߤȯ¿߽Ф˻ޤߤɸѸɸѸΰ㤤䡤Ѹ֤κۤˡ礭ʱƶڤܤƤΤǤ
ΥߥʡǤϡŪѲγפ⤹ȤȤˡ줬¿ͤʱѸȯˤɤΤ褦ʥѥȤͿƤΤˤƤȹͤƤޤ
ܥơޤϡؤѸˤȤϤΤȡѸܤѸ򶵤ޤؤǤ¿ˤȤäƤⶽ̣ơޤȤʤϤǤȤ櫓γعDZѸ򶵤ƤѸ춵ܻؤγˤȤäơ֤ʤѸ֤ȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿äƤΤפȤ̤κŪ䤤ˡŪʻ1ĤͿҥȤ뵡ˤʤȻפޤ
ܥߥʡϡĻرؤǤ̤ȥ饤 (Zoom) ǤΥϥ֥åɳŤȤʤޤؿΤϡҤäйǤʲˡز񥵥ȤߥʡΤ󤷤ޤ



ڡ35إߥʡѸȯȡ첻ܡס

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2025ǯ92814:00--17:00
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Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-25 Mon

#5964. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īΥۿޤ
Ʊ621θȾʬBut ǻϤޤʬޤǤ򡤥إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤĶɤƤޤ21ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơä10Ⱦۤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤΤ٤ꡤߡɤˤǮۤ߼äƤйǤ
оݤαʸ夲սޤƷǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 81) Ķɤˤդ礤

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate. But it would be a mistake to think that the enrichment of the vocabulary that now took place occurred overnight. Some words came in almost immediately, others only at the end of this period. In fact, it is fairly easy to divide the Latin borrowings of the Second Period into two groups, more or less equal in size but quite different in character. The one group represents words whose phonetic form shows that they were borrowed early and whose early adoption is attested also by the fact that they had found their way into literature by the time of Alfred. The other contains words of a more learned character first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries and owing their introduction clearly to the religious revival that accompanied the Benedictine Reform. It will be well to consider them separately.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.


[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-24 Sun

#5963. ƥֱѸˡ׽ܥΥåʸԡ [senbonknock][sobokunagimon][voicy][hel_education][notice]



Ρ#5960. ƥֱѸˡ׽ܥΥåԡˡ ([2025-08-21-1]) ³82011:30 heldio ۿܥΥå (senbonknock) θԤ򥢡ȤƤϤޤԤ32ʬۤɤǡ7ĤѤʵ䤬夲ޤʲˡԡ2ץˤǼ夲줿ԥץǤбʬäޤ

(1) 00:00 --- ñΥȤɬʤ̤ʤΤ
(2) 05:02 --- ʤɥĸ Krankenhaus Τ褦ññȤ߹碌Ѹ hospital Τ褦ۤʤñȤΤ
(3) 08:07 --- ʤ no θ̾ñˤʤäʣˤʤäꤹΤ
(4) 12:15 --- ʤƱ֤Ǥȯ㤦ñ줬Τ
(5) 16:12 --- ֥⤤פ֥뤤פΤ褦ʱߥåηƻΤ餢äΤ
(6) 22:26 --- ʤѸʸ SVO ʼ졼ư졼ŪˤʤΤ
(7) 26:34 --- ʤ w ϥե󥹸Ǥϡ֥ɥ֥פʤΤˡѸǤϡ֥֥塼פʤΤ

Ѥʵ󤻤ƤäƴԤΥХå饦ɤ͡Ǥ˼¤¿¿ͤʵ䤬󤻤Ƥơ¤˥說說ޤ1ĤҤȤĤäȤäȸ礤Ȼפ碌Ǥºݤ˱Ѹˤδ鿼­ȥԥåФǤܥΥåפϤϤڤǤ͡
ƥĤȤΤߤȤʤޤĽ뤬Ǥ⤦©ĥޤ礦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-23 Sat

#5962. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the VocabularyۿޤإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤȤȤˡפ֤ Baugh and Cable Ķɲ򳫤ޤ1֤ۤǮɽȤʤޤ1ְʾ򤫤ɤ߿ʤ᤿Τ621ΤߤǤ˭ɲλ֤ heldio ϿƤޤͻҤԤȸԤ2ʬơheldio Ȥۿޤ
62ǤϡűѸŪᤤˤƥ줫θŪƶˤĤơȤȤƤޤɤ̣臘ȤȤˡ2ͤΤ٤ڤߤʤ顤űѸȥƥδط˻פڤƤߤƤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 81) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤С

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-22 Fri

#5961. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åԤαư --- YouTube ֤Τۤإͥפ [youtube][inohota][hee][notice][helkatsu][asacul][etymology][etymography]

1֤ۤ˸줿 YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥβҲ𤷤ޤ#362. إХԡҥå桪رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ɮ3ͤμɮáǤ40ʬĹܤǡƸ줬߲ξäİŤ餤Ȥ⤢뤫ȻפޤФİ



ưϡƬǻ䤬Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ719ڡˤθī㡼󥿡ɶˤƳ֤줿ֿ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åŰɽѡǵǰŤ̡פλκƲˤƼϿ줿ΤǤcf. ([2025-06-07-1])ˡ롤ʼʷءˤƤˤꡤϥɥ֥å3̾ʤǡָإХԤ򻣤ȤȤˤʤäƤޤϤϾäΤǤ򤤤ʤ顤Ԥ߷ͧɹδ3̾ˤϥɥ֥å΢ä򼴤ˡڤϿޤ
б餷ΤϡޤˤȿĿФ¢رءˡʳءˤǤˤϾ夲Ƥޤ
ϡʤ餷̤츻ؾޤǡӤޤ伫Ȥݤ˻ĤäƤΤϡȤ櫓ȾˤƤξͤˤAI ؤʤ츻פȤ٤ĥǤñθ츻󤽤ΤΤˤĤƤϡAI ˿ҤͤС褽ΤȤϤ˽ФƤ롥츻Τʤʪ򸫽ФճŸǤʤɼԤ褦ˤʪ¤ǤȤϡʹ֤ˤǤʤˤϡäȤޤưˤꡤΥϥɥ֥åΤ⤷Τߤʤ餺츻ؤ츻ҤοʸŪʰյСȻפޤ
Ϣơ伫Ȥ츻ҤΤϺƤ heldio ۿ#1517. etymography ָءפۡ⤼Ҥİ

߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-21 Thu

#5960. ƥֱѸˡ׽ܥΥåԡ [senbonknock][sobokunagimon][voicy][hel_education][notice]



ε#5959. 2025ǯ٤βƴ󥰡ֱѸˡ׹ֵϤޤޤ ([2025-08-20-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡѸˤνֵϤޤäƤޤιֵǤƤ볧󤫤ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ򽸤ᡤֵ11:30¨ǡܥΥå (senbonknock) heldio ۿԤʤޤ60ʬĶĹȤʤޤΩäƤԤγ󡤤Ƶޤۿʤ饤Ǥİĺꥹʡγ󡤤꤬Ȥޤ
ۿͻҤϲϿƤΤǡī Voicy heldio ˤۿޤĹܤʤΤԡۿˤȸԡʸۿˤ2ʬƤİޤޤ34ʬۤɤԤϤޤʲˡԡ2ץˤǼ夲줿ԥץǤбʬäޤ

(1) 01:25 --- ե٥åȤεϲ
(2) 09:13 --- ʤ괧괧񤷤Τ
(3) 14:30 --- ʤ a ñΤȡ֥פɤΤˡñȤƤϡ֥פɤΤ
(4) 16:08 --- ʤѸȯͤϤǤɥαѸ줬ɬɸŪǤϤʤΤ
(5) 20:28 --- ʤѸˤ¿λΤ
(6) 24:36 --- ʤȯʤʸۻˤäƤñ줬Τ
(7) 26:27--- ʸˡϸߤѲƤΤ
(8) 29:30 --- ʤ do β did ʤΤ

ѸˤγؤӻϤηʵŤȤơܥΥåפäƤߤޤǤǤ礦ѸˤؤδؿͯƤޤǤ礦Ľ븷ޤǤ6֤βƥѸˤȴƤȻפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-08-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-20 Wed

#5959. 2025ǯ٤βƴ󥰡ֱѸˡ׹ֵϤޤޤ [hel_education][hellog][heldio][hellog_entry_set][link][helkatsu][notice][khelf][inohota][hel_herald]

̿βƴ󥰲ܡֱѸˡפ֤ޤ轵ηޤǤ6֤ˤ錄뽸ֵǤ
νֵǤϡܥ֥εȤ߹碌ʤѸˤؤƳޤޤγϡĤǤ⤳εäƤƤޤεƱݤֱѸ˲ƴ 2025Ȥ䤹HPѰդޤΤǡ⤪ϿƤȤ



1. ȥ
1.1. 괧 a an ˤĤ: #831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])heldio #1. ʤ A pen ʤΤ AN apple ʤΡ
1.2. ֱѸˡ׹ֵôԤξҲ: note δΥץեheldio #1171. ʾҲ --- Ѹ˸ԤδǤ#2. ʾҲ ([2009-05-01-2])
2. Ѹˤؤ褦
2.1. Ѹˤ̥4: #4546. شλϤޤˡѸˤγؤ ([2021-10-07-1])
(1) Ѹθ180Ѥ
(2) ѸˡʼҲʡˤߥåԻ׵ĤʴФβ
(3) Ѥʵ䤳⤷
(4) ѸäƤѸ
2.2. #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1]): ̥ (2) ̤ޤ
2.3. ֤ʤѸˤؤ֤Τפεå: ͡ʳ٤֤ʤؤ֤ΤפƤƤߤޤcf. heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩǤ夲Ƥޤ
3. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ
3.1. #1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1]): ̥ (3) ̤ޤ
3.2. 3166Ѥʵ
3.3. ޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤѤʵ佸
3.4. μͭӥMondDZѸ졦˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ
4. Ѹˤʤ
4.1. #5097. hellog ɤ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-11-1]): 2009ǯ51ƤѸˤΥ֥Ǥ hellog θŪʻȤ tips ɤ碌ơ#5728. 2024ǯ hellog Ǥ褯ɤޤ줿٥50 ([2025-01-01-1]) ⤴
4.2. ƥİ (heldio & hellog-radio): hellog βǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) 2021ǯ62ī6110--20ʬۤɤDZѸˤϤƤޤαѸˤγؤӤΤ˥եƤѸˤ꤬ˤʤޤ#5093. heldio İ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-07-1])#5727. 2024ǯ heldio ۿǤ褯İ줿٥30 ([2024-12-31-1])#5098. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤ hellog heldio Τ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-12-1])#5921. ꥹʡɼˤ heldio 2025ǯ2ȾΥ󥭥󥰡 ([2025-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
4.3. #5091. khelf αסưӡߥå󥹥ơȥȡ ([2023-04-05-1]): khelf HP X @khelf_keio Instagram @khelf_keio ȯƤޤ
4.4. #5917. رѸ˿ʹ12椬ޤ ([2025-07-09-1]): αѸˤȤ뿷ʹ12Ǥ
4.5. khelf ٥2025ǯǡֱѸ˥ƥ50ŸǤ: ǯ620Ѹˤ칶̳زΥ̿´濴Ȥ khelf СڤɤֱѸ˥ƥġפ־˥åפƤޤ嵭Ǥ­ʤȤϡǯ٤Ʊɤ
4.6. ֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥס: 2022ǯ226Ʊ칶ΰʼʱѸءءˤȰ˽2ʿˤȡˤθ6ưƤޤ
5. ֵοʤ
5.1. ֵ饤ɡʥѥդPDFƥȡꥢڡѡвꡤɾˤĤ
5.2. ƥȤرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ʸҡ2016ǯܽѥ˥󡦥⤢ޤ
5.3. Ѹˤɽ⡧#5830. Ѹ˳ν2025ǡˡ ([2025-04-13-1])#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])heldio ̡Ѹˤ
5.4. ǯ٤ΡֱѸˡθ: #5939. 2025ǯѸˤμȤ̤ƲؤӤޤ ([2025-07-31-1])#5393. 2023ǯ١1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵ򽪤ơ ([2024-02-01-1])heldio #974. 1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵ򽪤 --- 2023ǯǡ
6. 饤Ǵ󤻤줿ѸѤʵ¨ܥΥå




ʾ塤󥰤1֡Ƥθ⡤ŪʳѸ˥饤դ򤪳ڤߤϢơ#5593. 2024ǯ٤βƴ󥰡ֱѸˡ׹ֵϤޤޤ ([2024-08-19-1]) ɤ
ʤѸˤؤ֤Τ¤ä顤ޤ#444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪


Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-08-21-1]

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2025-08-19 Tue

#5958. 罤۽ŹرѸ춵9ˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤νɾǺܤޤ [hee][notice][review]


eigokyouiku_20250812_front_cover.png



812˴Ԥ줿罤۽ŹرѸ춵968ǤˤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åνɾǺܤޤɾԤعع͡ι߷δʤǤؤ󹥰ŪɾƤԤȤɤɤޤ
618˴Ԥ줿رѸϥɥ֥å٤νɾ䴶ۤˤĤơͥåȤǤϤǤ͡ʷǾ夬äƤƤޤλΤ˽ɾǺܤΤϡۤܽƤȤäƤ褤Ȼפޤ
νɾƤˤĤơǤޤܤҲ𤹤뤳ȤϤǤޤ󤬡ɾȥȤơָûƳΡָפδפˡפȷǤƤꡤܽκΥĥܤ򲡤ƤȤפǤäѤǤɾǤϡܽ񤫤ζŪñȤǤεҤ˸ڤꡤ򤤡ס餷סֲͤפȤΥݥƥʸդ¤ǤޤȤ櫓ܽȾΥơ̤ιܤѸν¿⿨ƤޤǸ1ǤϡýؤΡ֤뤪פȤŪɽȤƤޤ餿ơܽΰտޤǫˤ夲Ƥȴޤ
⡤ҡرѸ춵9˼äơνɾɤߤС
νɾϡ heldio Ǥ#1537. I my/me/mine 佼ˡ --- رѸ춵9ˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤νɾǺܤޤȤƼ夲ޤ⤪İ



߷ δʡֽɾ߷ ͧ ɹ δˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ʸҡˡסرѸ춵١罤ۡˡ2025ǯ9桤2025ǯ68ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-18 Mon

#5957. 823ڡˡīֺ¤βƴ2guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][personal_pronoun][eponym][grammaticalisation][semantic_change][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu]


asacul_20250726.png



ī㡼󥿡ɶǤαѸ˹ֺ¤³ƤޤΥڡǿʹΤΥ꡼Ǥϡ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñȤơޤǤƤޤˤθߤ򴶤ä줺Ĥạ̈襤رѸ츻ŵʸҡοǤ꤬ˡդ⤿餹äȯäƤޤ
٤823ιֺ¤ϲƴ2ܤޤޤ츫ʿޤ guy Ȥ˾ʤꡤξñ줬ɤäƤŪʰ̣εפ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤäϤޤή줫;̾ (personal_pronoun) ꡤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ꡤƸͭ̾ͳ褹eponymλޤǡϼߤ˹äƤޤ1ñ줫鸫ƤѸˤΥʥߥȸѲ̯̣¸ʬˤڤߤ
ˡϿɶǤľܼ֡饤󻲲äΤ줫Ӥޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤴ѰդƤޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤä߾ܺ٤īڡǤǧޤ
ʤιֺ¤θɤˤĤƤ heldio #1539. 823īֺ --- guy ̣臘ѸˡȤƤäƤޤ⤢碌ƤİйǤ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-17 Sun

#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places [notice][review][toc][hel][historiography][100_places]

إᥤȤ ari 711ˤȤ note #340ReviewA History of the English Language in 100 Placesꤹ뵭Ƥ롥ari ϡ鵤ˤʤäƤܡפȤƸڤƤˤȤäƤƱǡĤɤ⤦ȻפĤĤê̲餻Ƥֵˤʤܡפä


Lucas-Mulvey-History_front_cover.png



˥ѥѥɤ߻Ϥ᤿֤뤪⤷Ρ־פܤƱѸˤȤۤϡѸ˵ҤˡȤۤƤ뤷ºݤ˴ոƤ褦˻פ롥夸äɤ߿ʤƤ٤ʬΤˤܼ󼨤100ξ󤲤Ƥ



FOREWORD BY DAVID CRYSTAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH

(1) UNDLEY COMMON --- the earliest written English (c.475)
(2) CANTERBURY --- the adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)
(3) HAMMERWICH --- Mercian English, our ancestor dialect (c.700)
(4) MONKWEARMOUTH --- naming the English language (731)
(5) YORK --- the influence of Danish on the English language (866)
(6) WINCHESTER --- West Saxon English and King Alfred (871)
(7) CERNE --- Classical Old English (c.1000)
(8) HASTINGS --- the influence of French on the English language (1066)
(9) DUNFERMLINE --- the English language in Scotland (1068)

3. MIDDLE ENGLISH

(10) PETERBOROUGH --- the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the end of Old English (1155)
(11) READING --- the English language in popular song (c.1235)
(12) WESTMINSTER --- the recovery of the English language (1362)
(13) KILKENNY --- the English language in Ireland (1366)
(14) ALDGATE --- the development of Middle English (1374)
(15) CHANCERY STREET --- Chancery English (c.1419)
(16) ST PAUL'S CHURCHYARD --- the English language and the book trade (1456)
(17) PEMBROKE --- the English language in Wales (1457)

4. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNITY

(18) BRUGES --- the English language and the printing press (1474)
(19) COLOGNE --- the Bible in English (1525)
(20) PARIS --- the beginnings of punctuation in the English language (1530)
(21) CARLETON --- the influence of Latin on the English language (1531)
(22) NORTHOLT --- spelling and the Great Vowel Shift (1551)
(23) ARCHANGEL --- business English (1553)
(24) STRATFORD --- the development of Early Modern English (1564)
(25) CHICHESTER --- English grammar (1586)
(26) HAMPTON COURT --- the English language and the King James Bible (1604)

5. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORLD ENGLISH

(27) JAMESTOWN --- the English language in the Americas (1607)
(28) HAMILTON --- the English language in the West Indies (1609)
(29) THE MERMAID TAVERN --- the refining of English punctuation (1623)
(30) SALISBURY --- the English language and the language of the law (1631)
(31) HOLBORN --- making English the language of science (1660)
(32) TRINITY COLLEGE --- English proverbs (1670)
(33) PHILADELPHIA --- the development of Midland American English (1682)
(34) NÎMES --- using place names to make up new words (1695)
(35) BOSTON --- the development of New England English (1704)

6. THE STANDARDS AGENDA

(36) LICHFIELD --- setting standards for the English language (1709)
(37) TEMPLE --- the idea of an English Language Academy (1712)
(38) CANONGATE --- British spelling (1760)
(39) SMOCK ALLEY --- English elocution (1762)
(40) MONTREAL --- the English language in Canada (1763)
(41) KEW GARDENS --- botanical English (1771)
(42) KOLKATA --- the birth of linguistics and the origins of English (1786)
(43) MARYLEBONE --- the language of sport (1788)
(44) SYDNEY --- the English language in Australia (1788)
(45) ST MARY-LE-BOW --- Cockney English (1803)
(46) COUPVRAY --- the English language in Braille (1809)
(47) MONROVIA --- the English language in West Africa (1822)

7. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

(48) STOCKTON-ON-TEES --- the English language and the steam engine (1825)
(49) HARTFORD --- establishing an American standard for English (1828)
(50) CHENNAI --- the English language in India (1834)
(51) ST MARTIN-LE-GRAND --- the English language and the Uniform Penny Post (1840)
(52) WAITANGI --- the English language in New Zealand (1840)
(53) THE STRAND --- English as a language of satire (1841)
(54) BALTIMORE --- the English language and the telegram (1844)
(55) SALFORD --- literacy and free libraries (1850)
(56) HANNIBAL --- English comic writing (1851)
(57) HYDE PARK --- industrialization and its impact on English (1851)
(58) TIMES SQUARE --- The New York Times (1851)
(59) MANCHESTER --- the vocabulary of English and the thesaurus (1852)
(60) BERDICHEV --- exophonic English (1857)
(61) CHRISTCHURCH COLLEGE --- English nonsense (1865)
(62) LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLL --- English place names (1868)
(63) EXETER PLACE --- the English language and the telephone (1876)
(64) CAPE TOWN --- the English language in South Africa (1881)
(65) DUBLIN --- extreme English (1882)
(66) GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)

8. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

(67) POLDHU --- the English language and the radio (1901)
(68) NEWGATE --- the English language and prison patter (1902)
(69) NEW ORLEANS --- African American English (1902)
(70) FLEET STREET --- tabloid English (1903)
(71) NEW YORK --- the language of crosswords (1913)
(72) HAYMARKET --- rule English (1914)
(73) GUERNSEY --- modern English usage (1926)
(74) PORTLAND PLACE --- BBC English (1926)
(75) OXFORD --- the Oxford English Dictionary (1928)
(76) BLETCHLEY PARK --- English language and code (1939)
(77) EMPIRE STATE BUILDING --- the language of advertising (1941)
(78) ISLINGTON --- plain English (1946)
(79) ETON --- the English of the English upper class (1956)
(80) LIVERPOOL --- British urban English (1963)
(81) ATLANTIC CITY --- sexist English (1968)

9. THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

(82) SEA OF TRANQUILLITY --- English on the moon (1969)
(83) LOS ANGELES --- the language of e-mail (1969)
(84) BELMOPAN --- the English language in Belize (1970)
(85) ST PANCRAS --- the British Library (1973)
(86) ISLAMABAD --- the English language in Pakistan (1973)
(87) THE BRONX --- language of rap (1973)
(88) SAN JOSE --- the English language and text preservation (1975)
(89) SINGAPORE --- English in Singapore (1987)
(90) GENEVA --- the language of the World Wide Web (1991)
(91) HELSINKI --- the English language and texting (1993)
(92) SWARTHMORE --- the language of the blog (1994)
(93) NICHOLSON STREET --- global reading phenomenon (1995)
(94) WINDRUSH SQUARE --- multicultural London English (1998)
(95) SAN FRANCISCO --- Twitter English (2006)
(96) BEVERLY HILLS --- Teen Speak (2008)
(97) KIGALI --- English as an official language (2008)
(98) NEWCASTLE --- the English language and contemporary regional accents (2011)
(99) BEIJING --- English and Mandarin (2012)
(100) VIENNA --- English as a global lingua franca (2012)

10. AFTERWORD

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY




餷줫 hellog Ǥޤ˿ƻȤƤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-28-1] [2025-08-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-16 Sat

#5955. ZIP-FM ΡLimelightפ˾ɹ󤬥Ƚб --- رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƸäƤޤ [notice][hee][grimms_law]


kozuka_in_limelight.png



1ۤΤȤˤʤޤ719ڡ22:30-23:30 ZIP-FM Υ饸ȡѡʥƥŴʿˤLimelight
Limelight~̴~ʥ饤饤ȡˡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åԤ1͡ɹʰζءˤȽб餵ޤ
νб󤬡 Podcast ȤƤۿޤ嵭ͥΡ#120 ɹפȤİȤǤΤǡˬƤߤƤ43ʬۤɤȤǤ
618˴Ԥ졤Ǥ˽ǤФƤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å˴ؤϤ󡤱Ѹˤ˴ؤŪ˭٤ٶˤʤޤ2ͤηڲʥȡɬİǤʲˡλȡήޤȤޤ



ڿҲ

رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡѸθ츻ơޤˤܤȤƤѸˤ3ͤåȤǽ񤤤ΤǤޤǡ츻ܤϡȤǤϤʤ̸ͤ˽񤯥¿äΤǤμΤʾ˴ŤĤġǤɤʪȤƳڤ褦פƤޤͤˤСּۤɷʤꤹǤŪ΢դ⤷äפȤХ󥹤ݥȤäȤΤȡ

ڸ츻ҤѽФ֥ˡ§ס

ϥɥ֥å椫Ū꤬Ҳ𤵤ޤ1Ĥ֥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ǤƸäͭ̾ʥ෻ηޤȤ᤿Τǡ衼åѤθǤ⥲ޥɡʱѸ졦ɥĸ졦ʤɡˤ˸벻Ѳˡ§Ǥ㤨Сֻפ̣Ѹ tooth ϡƥե󥹸Ǥ dent- ʤɤȤʤޤƬ /t/ /d/ δطΤ褦ˡ벻̤β˵§Ūбѥ󤬤ꡤ򤹤ȱѸ¾θΤĤʤ꤬ƤޤŴʿ֤ؤפȴʤʹäƤޤ͡

ڱѸϼڤʪ餱

äϤˡѸ줬¿ñ򳰤ڤƤˤؤȹޤƥե󥹸줫μѤϤܸ줫μѤճ¿kawaii ʤɤñϺǶѸǤ褯ܤˤޤȤ櫓ե󥹸줫¿θ줬äطʤˤϡ󥰥ɤե󥹤λ۲ˤäˤطƤ뤳Ȥˤ⿨ޤ

ܺ΢ä

ܤμɮβǶϫȤơͤϡְ̣ۤȤѲƤʤñפ񤭤Ť餫äҤ٤Ƥޤ츻򤿤ɤäƤѲ˳ñϡ񤭼ȤƤä򹭤ˤåԡ֤ۤȤɻȤѤäƤʤפʤɤȤʤ⤢äǤanimation ιܤΤ褦ˡճʸ츻ŪĤʤ꤬ꡤ⤷񤱤⤢äȤΤȤǤñθϥƥ animāre ̿᤭פˤꡤanimal ưʪפȤ츻Ūطˤޤ

wild θ츻ϡֿפä

⤦1Ĥܤ٤ȤƼ夲줿Τ wild Ǥʤʤܤ줿ΤǤ礦ˡǤϡֹӡΡפȤạ̈ǻȤޤ츻򤿤ɤȸűѸ weald ֿפ̤ޤ俹Υ᡼ˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬޤ

ڥȤΰճʱ

ȡϸ츻ä龮ͤηءʤձफͧͤϤФݿͤΥ󡥼㤤ˤϥȥӤȤߡܤΥǥȤ⤢뤽ǤΥݡĿʹ˼̿ܤäۤɥѥȤäȤǽŪˤϾͤ󤬳ضȤӡ1ͤǤФƻء2010ǯˡ֥磻ɤפǥ֥쥤Ȥˤϡͤ⤿ؤäǤ

ڸűѸ츦ؤƻ

ѸˤȤνв񤤤ػ塥Ѹ졦ɥĸ졦ե󥹸ؤDZѸˤ̥Ϥ򴶤ƳˤʤָŤ夫פȴ졤űѸ츦Ϥ᤿ȤΤȡűѸˤ̲Υ󥰤󥰥ɤ˹ߡtake Τ褦Ūñ⤳λ̲줫äƤޤ

ڲڤȱѸ

ػ塤ӡȥ륺̴ˤʤäȤѸ칥ΤäȤʤޤХ٤İߡλ˿ǼȱѸ˿Ƥ褦ˤʤäȤΤȡפФζʤȤơLet It Beפ󤲤Ƥޤ

ڤ줫θ̴

θˤĤƤϡAI ץߥ󥰤ȤäʸغβΥѥưФ륽եȤ֤ȤȤ˳ȯȤޤʹ֤ܤǤϽʤǡΨŪʬϤ򹭤ȤǤץ饤١ȤǤȤ䥯եȥӡ¤ϤƤȤΤȡڤʪȤäȼȾ¤Υӡڤѥ֤ꡤŹˤܤ֤ơְߤʤɤ׶֤ˤΤ̴Ǥ

ڼ㤤ͤؤΥå

Ǹˡ줫ѸˤѸ츻֤㤤ͤءѤʵؿˤƤۤפȤΥå̤ФǤϤʤ餳֤ʤפȻפäڤˤؤӤ³Ƥۤȸޤ




ȤϽϡѸˤοäȷڲʻ̤꺮ꡤꥹʡȤƤ⸪ϤȴƳڤƤˤʤäƤޤͤ󡤡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ι򡤤ƻʹ褦̥Ūʤä򡤤꤬Ȥޤ

߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-15 Fri

#5954. ֻҶפ̣űѸ bearn她åȥ bairn ˤĤ --- ykagata Υ֥ [hee][german][dialectology][oe][scottish_english][scots][germanic]


ykagata_blog_heartyfluid_re_baby.png



إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥Ūʥ꡼ϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿꡼2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ򤪤⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ᤯̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤򤬡˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-08-14 Thu

#5953. ꥷ ei αѸؤμޤ [digraph][vowel][diphthong][greek][latin][loan_word][borrowing]

Ϣ crocodile θֻˤĤĴ٤Ƥ뤬βɽ˴ؿäꥷ κροκόδειλος 3ˤߤ ει 2Ż (digraph) ƥ˼ޤݤˤ crocodīlus Τ褦1Ĥ첻ݻƤ롥ѸֻǤ⡤Τ crocodile i 1ʸΤߤɽ
Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡꥷñ줬Ū뤤ľŪ˱Ѹ˼ޤݤˤϡĤΥѥ󤬤ȤǤϤ뤬Upward and Davidson (220--21) ˤСѸֻ˴ؤƴˤʤŪʿ񤤡ˤߤ롥

          Gr EI transliterated as E or I

Although a digraph, Gr EI perhaps represented a simple vowel sound rather than a diphthong, and was liable to misspelling in classical Gr as just iota or eta.
   Latin transliterated Gr EI as either E or I, not as EI. Direct transliteration from Gr to Eng giving EI, as in eirenic, kaleidoscope, pleistocene, seismic, protein, Pleiades typically date from the 19th or 20th centuries, and have therefore not come via Lat. The contrast between such modern transliterations and the older Lat-derived ones is seen in pairs such as apodeictic/apodictic 'demonstrably true' (< Latin apodicticus < Gr apodeiktikos), cheiropractic/chiropractic, Eirene/Irene.
   Lat gave Eng an arbitrary spelling variation by tending to transliterate Gr EI as E before a vowel and as I before a consonant: thus panacea, truchea (< Gr panakeia, tracheia) but icon, idol, lichen (< Gr eikōn, eidōlon, leichēn), and similarly with crocodile, dinosaur, empirical, idyll, pirate. Note, however, angiosperm (< Gr aggeion) with I before O, and hygiene (< Gr hugieinē) with E before N preventing a repetition of I in *hygiine.
   Underlying the Y of therapy, idolatry is Gr -EIA (Gr latreia 'worship', therapeia) whereas Gr -IA underlies the Y of theory, history (< Gr theōria, historia).


ۤñʷǤʤʬ뤬Ⱦˤäơꥷ줫ľܼѤʤΤƥͳƤδܼѤʤΤ뤳ȤȤΤ϶̣#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ۵롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2025-08-13 Wed

#5952. crocodile αѸ --- MED ֻǧ [spelling][etymological_respelling][french][loan_word][borrowing][metathesis][me][animal][med]

ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲ󤲤Ƥ뤹٤ƤƸ롥

(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.


˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-29-1]

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2025-08-12 Tue

#5951. crocodile αѸ --- OED Ǹ츻ֻǧ [spelling][etymological_respelling][french][latin][greek][italian][spanish][loan_word][borrowing][metathesis][me][animal][oed]

#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco 󤫤Υ󥹥ԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥

Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).


ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥ󥹽ˤƤ夷Ѹؤե󥹸ͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile Ϥز󵢤ȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե󥹸 cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4򼨤

c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)


θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-29-1] [2025-08-13-1]

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2025-08-11 Mon

#5950. ַ Helvillian 8椬ޤ [helwa][heldio][notice][helmate][helkatsu][helvillian][link][hee][dictionary][lexicography][gcs]


Helvillian_202508.png



728helwa ΥС֤ͭ note Ƥ hel (helkatsu) ֥ޥط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ8ƤޤĴ³Ƥꡤ̻10Ȥʤޤ
ɽΤȤϡꥹʡ Ko μֲФμ̿ȥåϤ450ǯˤԻȤΤȤǤƤ򴶤ޤԻǮhelǮ
³ƺýּ񤫤餳ȤФΤפꤷơ (dictionary) 伭 (lexicography) ˴ؤƽ񤫤줿󤻽ƤޤɮƬΤϡѸ˸ʴرءˤˤOED μʸˡǤʸ (Great Complement Shift; gcs) ȤơOED 򥳡ѥȤѤ뤳ȤƤޤθ塤夵mozhi gengo ari 󤫤ý˴Ϣʣε³ޤ
ý2Ĥ629˳Ť줿̾ŲղפǤղۤƤ Lilimi ˤݡӻ伫ȤΥݤǺܤƤޤʷǺܤƤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åľλϤޤäᡤƱˤĤƤ¿ε󤻤ƤޤԤ1ͤȤơ夲˹׸ޤƴտ夲ޤari 󡤤~ߤ󤵤mozhi gengo 󡤶󤵤umisio ˤƤޤ
Ϣܤ䤽¾Υ쥮顼ߤǤߡΡֶסcamin "faux amis" ꡼ari αѸˡѸ춵֥夵ΡѤʵ׵mozhi gengo ΰ֥ʤƤǤ褤Ǥ͡ˤʤɤεǤޤΡֱѸθ츻ΩŪ˳ڤˡפϡ伫ȤǤƤֱѸõ3åȡפͭʻȤϪƤäƤޤ󤵤ΡHelvillian 7ɤǡűѸ­Ƨ褦פ Helvillian ȸűѸؤΥǤumisio ˤ뵭ito 󥸥祤2ܡפϡɥ ito ̥ϤƤޤ
᤯ϡGalois ˤHelwa Τߡư2025ǯ8ˡHelvillian Խ嵭2025ǯ8ˡǤhelwa դhelβߡ̤褬Ÿ˾Ƥޤ
Helvillian ϡhelwa ߥ˥ƥˤȯhelλʪǤ¿γ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤäƤhel˻äйǤ
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪ɤߤ
ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ2ۤɤҲ𤷤ƤޤȤ櫓ԤԽƼԤȤľ̤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİ

#1521. Helvillian 8椬 --- ýϡּ񤫤餳ȤФΤ
#1532. Helvillian 8ξҲ by ԽѰ --- ץѸ˥饤 from ͡


[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-10 Sun

#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][but][conjunction][adverb][preposition][conversion][pragmatics][link]

726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ󤫡#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤ


lib/asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_04_20250726_mindmap_large.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤3ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])

꡼μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤС

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-09 Sat

#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco 󤫤Υ󥹥ԥ졼 [voicy][heldio][kdee][spelling][metathesis][etymological_respelling][folk_etymology][animal]



heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ롤note Υ꡼ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ crew crocodile ޤǤζ̣츻꤬夲Ƥ롥
Τʤ crocodile ܤƤ뵭Ҥθȥڥ󥰤δˤ⤭ĦˤƤꡤؤ̣줿1ľ lacolaco ȡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פˤƤ񤤤̤뵡Τǡheldio ۿΥǤheldio ΥۿȤƸƤΤǡcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤꤪİС
ۿǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡcrocodile طʤˤϡꥷ졤ƥ졤ե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥʤɤؤäƤ롥Ѹ˾ֻȤƤϸɸŪ crocodile ϤΤۤcocodril Ϥ̤˻Ȥ줿夬äѸǤ16ʹߤ˥ƥֻαƶ crocodile Ϥˡפ줿Ȥаޤꡤޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥r ΰ֤ͤȡˤž (metathesis) हⵯäƤ뤫Τ褦˸롥r ΰư2ȤĹΥ˵ڤǤꡤñʤ벻žȸˤ񤬤ΤΤǤꡤָ̤̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴ؤȤƵ뤳ȤǤcf. #5840. ಻ --- Υߡ*ĥޥᡤĥХᡤĥХ ([2025-04-23-1]
ˤ衤crocodile θȥڥ󥰤ϡʤʤޤߤǤꡤ˱Ѹ˸太⤷ȥԥåȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤lacolaco ˸ŪȤ˴դĤġʤ KDEE ɼԡˡ⿼ꤷƤ

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-29-1] [2025-08-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-08 Fri

#5947. ܸˤ³Ȥϡ (3) --- [japanese][conjunction][terminology][word_formation][morphology][etymology][greek][pos][adverb]

ȡܸ³ (subjunctive) ˤĤơܸʸˡ缭ŵ٤򻲾ȤƤϡƱʸܸ³θˤĤƳѤ (387--88)

³칽Ū˸ȡ¾ʻ줫žΡưڤӡޤʤ᤬ɤˡư̾ؼ˽줬ܤƴŪ˸ꤷΡʤȡˡơ椨ˡȤǡˤʤɤǤ롥Ǥ⡤Ū³ȤϤۤȤɤʤĤޤꡤȤܸǤ³줬ȯãʤäɤ⡤夬ˤĤơߤŪ³ɽ򤱤ơʬŪоݲǺŪ˴ϢŤ褦Ȥޤ졤βǡθžϢ첽ˤä³ĤФȹͤ롥


ܸ³ˤϡȤȤν³Ϥʤޤ¾ʻ줫Τ¿ȤȤλϡѸ³ˤƤƱǤ롥ǤŪ³ȤäƤ褤 and Ǥ顤ĸ "in" ̣ *en ͳ褹ȤΤ顤٤ࡥ
Τˤơ³ϸŵꥷʸˡˤΩʻȤǧƤꡤˤ̤ƺǤФʻ1ĤȤäƤ褤εȤʤȡճ¾ʻθʤɤŪƤΤˤʤȤʬäƤ롥³Ի׵ĤǤ⤷
ܸʸˡ뤬³ǧ᤺ˡΰȤƤȤ館ʸˡ⤢äȤõƤ㤨СĹͺ侾绰Ϻϡ³ȤʻǧƤʤعʸˡǤϡ³ϡ֤켫Τΰ̣ƤǡԤɽΰ̣ƸԤɽ˴طŤȤ̵ǽǧͳ顤ΩʻȤǧƤƱp. 387ˡ

桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١񱡡2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-07 Thu

#5946. ܸˤ³Ȥϡ (2) --- ʬ [japanese][conjunction][terminology][pos][semantics]

ε ([2025-08-06-1]) Ǥϡܸˤ³ (conjunction) ˤĤŪŪʴ鸫Ʊܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) ˰͵򤷤ợŪʴͤƤߤ褦

̣夫鸫³εǽĤޤɽƤɤΤ褦ʤΤȤƼơԤɽˤɤΤ褦˴طŤʤ³뤫ˤĤƤϡ⤬ФƤ뤬Τ褦̤ΤǤ
ޤȤεȤƸ郎ΩȴطŤ־³פȡȵδطʤñ˲äƸ³³פȤ̤롥־³פϡŪɬȤƤε롤Ĥޤλμ̮ά˱褦褦Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ֽ³סʽܡˤȡŪɬȤƤε̷⤷ơĤޤ꼫̮άΤ褦˵դäƸ郎Ω뤳Ȥɽֵ³סʵܡˤȡΩȤȤʤäƸΩ뤳Ȥɽ³פȤʬ롥ơΤ줾ϡλ֤ΩȤƼ뤳Ȥɽֳפȡλ֤ΩȤƸ³ֲפȤʬ롥³פˤϡİʾλ򡤶Ū¤٤ƽҤ٤Ū³פȻŪˤʤ٤Ҥ٤߲áסİʾλ椫Ĥ򤹤뤳Ȥ򼨤סԤ̤ΤȤФǽҤ٤ƱסԤͳʤɤҤ٤ֲסԤȤϻѤƽҤ٤뤳Ȥ򼨤žפ롥ޤȤƼʸȤȡΤ褦Ǥ롥
A;³
(1)³ʽܡ
ʥ˳顤ǡäơ椨
ʥ˲ʤ顤СȤ
(2)³ʵܡ
ʥ˳ɤ⡤ˡɡɤ⡤Ȥ
ʥ˲ȤƤ
(3)³
ʥ˳ǡ
ʥ˲Ȥ

(1)³ʽܡˡäơ椨
(2)³ʵܡˡȤǤ⡤Τˤ⤫餺
(3)³ȡ
(4)󡡵ڤӡ¤Ӥˡޤ
(5)߲áơĤǡ줫顤
(6)򡡤Ȥ⡤뤤ϡ⤷ϡ
(7)Ʊ󡡤Ĥޤꡤʤ㤨Сפˡפ
(8)⡡ʤʤ顤ȤΤϡâäȤ
(9)žơȤǡǤ


ʾܸ³ΰ̣Ūʬˤʤ뤬򤽤ΤޤޱѸ³˱ѤȤɤΤ褦ˤʤŪʬˤĤʤΤ뤤ϻ𤬰ۤʤΤۤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ͤˤϤʤ

桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١񱡡2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-06 Wed

#5945. ܸˤ³Ȥϡ (1) --- [japanese][conjunction][terminology][pos][syntax]

ΤȤ³ (conjunction) ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥̸Ū³뤳ȤɤޤDzǽʤΤʬʤΤʤȤ̸ˤơ³פʻ褦ȤߤϤʤƤ
ȤϤ㤨ܸˤ³ɤΤ褦˰ˤĤƤ顤ŪʲޤߡޤߤǤ롥ۤɰˤǤ⤢ΤϤҤȤޤܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) 국ҤΰѤνȯȤ

³ ʤĤˡʻΰġΩdzѤʤñȤ³Ȥʤ롥ԤɽˤƤƸԤɽʸˤ˴طŤʤ³롥³줬³Τϡʸ˰֤硤ññ졤ʸϢʸˤʸϢʸˡʸƬ˰֤硤ʸʸܤǤ롥①ññֻޤۤ②ʸʸɮڥǽ񤯡③ʸʸϤɤϤޤߤäƤ④Ȥ³硤³ϸƬѤ롥ŪˡȤơʸΤƸʸΤ³ꡤʸƸ³ꤹʤɡΥꥨ󤬤롥ʤΤ³ˤä³ʸϡ³ǤǤ⡤ʸʤȹͤ٤⤷ʤ


³줬³뤫ȤˤĤơʤ뤤ϡ˵ƤϤʤܼʤɤθ̤ηǤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤȤʷŪñ̤顤Ȥ礭Ūñ̤ˤޤǵڤ֤ȤȤϡճä³ϡɤñ̤Ǥ³ǤȤħ餷Τ
ܸˤ衤Ѹޤθˤ衤ŪʻʬȤΤ뤬ΤʤǤ³Ϥʤü褦˻פƤ2İʾθǤĤʤǽǤˡֶ֤ʤʻȺǧĤĤ롥

桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١񱡡2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-08-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-05 Tue

#5944. 󽾰̲ --- Ω [insubordination][syntax][conjunction][subordinator][language_change][terminology][may][pragmatics][speech_act][word_order][inversion]

³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. 򻲾ȤƤȤ󽾰̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾᤬ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥

Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.

(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)

It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.


ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥󽾰̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-04 Mon

#5943. Ƴ³ȯãΥԡϽѸ [emode][conjunction][subordinator][syntax][pos][preposition]

Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ

The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.

(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
     b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
     c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)


Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-03 Sun

#5942. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υǥ󥰥ڡ (LP) ޤ --- 729νǽ赭ǰ [hee][notice]


hee_lp_front_cover.png



1Ⱦۤ618߷ͧᡤɹȤζȤơҤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å (= HEE) 尴ޤܽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ hee γƵǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʤȤ¿αѸ춵ؽԤ겹ȿ򤤤ȯ2֤ǽǤꡤ729˽ǽȤʤޤξڤơɼԤγͤ˿괶տ夲ޤ
ơνǽΥߥ󥰤ǡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ƥ뿷ؤӤܽޤ˼Ƥʤä˸츻ؽΩäƤءŪˤϤȤλפ顤Τߥǥ󥰥ڡ (LP) ޤˬƤߤƤ
LP ϼΤ褦˻Ϥޤޤ

ʤΤäƤñ줬Ѹˤ򳫤

    ǻȤñ졢¤ˤƤޤܽϡ1000δܸˡθ츻̣ȯˡޤǤǫ˲⡣ġñʪ̤ơѸȤαȥʥߥδʤαѸؽ꿼국˻ĤΤѤޤ


ޤLP ǤϡܽȡƱҤ鴩ԤƤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԡˤȤϢȤˤĤƤ⿨Ƥޤإϥɥ֥å٤Ǹ츻ؽγڤĤߡ˿̤θ츻õᤷʤäȤˤϡŪdzؽŪʡؼŵ٤ؤȿʤळȤǤޤ2ϡѸθ츻õ᤹ǤŪʥӤǡؽʳ˱ߤ䴰礦طˤޤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ϡṇ̵̃ʵȤưŵ뤿ܤǤϤޤ1ĤҤȤĤñ줬ʪ˼򷹤ظ˹ʱѸˤؤɼԤ򤤤ʤΡּפǤhellog ɼԤγˤ⡤Ұ٤ LP ˤ̤ФȻפޤ1ͤǤ¿αѸ춵ؽԤѸˤ­Ƨ뤳ȤäƤޤ

߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-02 Sat

#5941. ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡ --- heldio/helwa dz [voicy][heldio][helwa][helkatsu][hee][notice][petit_hellive_from_yokohama][helvillian][helmate]


petit_hellive_from_yokohama_20250802.jpg



82ڡˡhelwa ˤΥإᥤȤ󤿤濴Ȥ10̾ͤϤ˽뤷֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פꤹ heldio/helwa βۿ٥Ȥ򳫺ŤޤʴرءˤϽؤʾءˤȤäȤޤѸ˹֤ͭīͼޤDZѸˤ˴ؤ뤢줳ԤͻҤVoicy heldio/helwa ۿȤǤ
ĤޤꡤΥ٥ȤϸϻüԤΤߤĤΤǤϤޤhellog ɼԤ heldio/helwa ꥹʡγ⡤ұѸҤ1ˤդ礤ФȻפäƤޤ
ʲˡͽꤷƤۿ塼ƤޤͥåȻˤ饤ۿ񤷤ʤäꡤξʷϵ夬꼡ǡۿ֡ơޡбԤϽѹƤǽޤޤǥ塼ƤǤˤαդ



ڡ10:00ٷƤĤ12:30ޤǡˡ

helwa ۿOED λȤƻͤ
cf. वˤ HelvillianOEDμʸˡ

heldio ۿ֤ʤο䤷³פ
cf. heldio #1520. ʤο䤷³򶵤Ƥ

heldio ۿcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤ
cf. lacolaco ˤǿֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡ׵

heldio ۿHelvillian 8ξҲ by ԽѰ
cf. Helvillian 8

ڡ13:30ٷƤĤ17:00ޤǡˡ

helwa ۿYou Ϥʤ helwa ˡ
cf. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)

heldio ۿ䤷θ츻αñ --- رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åٽǵǰ
ܶϼԤξϤ󡤤ƻüԤγȤȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å

heldio ۿּεפǸűѸ첻 --- Wulfstan
cf. Ϥˤ Helvillianּε̣臘űѸʸΡ

heldio/helwa ۿѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå from ͡ԡ
व󡤾Ϥ󡤻üԤγȤȤ˿͵꡼Ϥ




̤ꡤƤǤƲΡۿϤΤΤ餻ϡVoicy εǽǤΤˡҤε Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)եƤФȻפޤޤΤ٤ƤۿİǤ褦νǤ⤢ޤΤǡҥץߥꥹʡۿֱѸˤ (helwa)轵ڤθ6ۿ800ߡ̵ˤˤ⤪꤯
ۿϡꥹʡγ󤫤ΥȤ⤪ԤƤޤϤǮ򾯤ǤⴶƤйǤǤϡΡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פۿɤڤߤˡ
Υ٥ȤΤˤĤƤϡī heldio ۿ#1525. ϡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פDZѸҤ⤪İ


[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-01 Fri

#5940. YouTube ֤ΤۤͥפǡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åٴľνŹᤰˤĤƸäƤޤ [youtube][inohota][hee][notice][helkatsu]

727ˤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥǤ#357. Ѹ˴ؤ͡Ѹ˴ؿͤʤɬȡ --- ǤȤ롪رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ۿޤҤİ13.5ʬۤɤۿǤˡ



ưǤ⿨ƤȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åȯ619ڡˤˡΥС4̾ȸҤαĶôԤ2̾η6̾ǡ緿Ź3Źޤ󤷤ƤޤοˤΡ֤ΤۤײϿȤȤ⤢äơޤäŹᤰʡҲʸءˤζʳư褫ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ˤưϿФä72ʿˤˡ#5919. YouTube ֤Τۤͥפ350ǰȤƥ饤ۿԤʤޤ ([2025-07-11-1]) ¤Ϥθˡ#5914. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ȯ2֤ǽǷꡪ ([2025-07-06-1]) λ¤򡤻伫ȤΤäФȤߥ󥰤ǤȤȤǡ350ǰΡ֤Τۤ饤פǤ⡤Ϥ궽ʳͻҤϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ȯ2֤ǽǤꤷơĤ729ʲСˤ˽ǽȤʤޤŹκ߸ˤ褷ޤޤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤¿ܤ˿졤̤ƱѸˤδ֤˹äƤȤ˴ԤƤޤ
ưȴϢơhellog #5901. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥եȥ󥸤Կ3Źᤰ򤷤Ƥޤ --- 4ͤδ ([2025-06-23-1]) 碌ƤȤ

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