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ε[2010-12-30-1]ǡAcademic Word List (AWL) ƳαѸ˥֥ȤƴؿΤϡAWL ǤäƼ줿θýΤʤǤʤ줬ɤޤޤƤ뤫ȤǤ롥570ä顤ʲ45줬ä
acknowledge, albeit, aware, behalf, draft, forthcoming, furthermore, goal, hence, highlight, income, input, insight, layer, likewise, network, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, offset, ongoing, outcome, output, overall, overlap, overseas, seek, shift, so-called, sole, somewhat, straightforward, tape, target, task, team, thereby, trend, undergo, underlie, undertake, welfare, whereas, whereby, widespread
570457.89%ʤΤǡͽ̤γϾʤˤϤäȾͤФΤǤϤʤƧǤΤǡճ˾ʤʤʤȴΤ¤Ǥ롥Academic Word List Ȥˤ Greco-Latin θ줬줳100%ꡤ10⤢¿ۤȻפǤΤǤ롥ΥꥹȤįƤƤʤۤɤɻפäout- over- ƬȤƤļ¼ŪʸΥƥΩİǡalbeit, furthermore, hence, likewise, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, thereby, whereas, whereby ʤɤεǽŪʸˡŪʥƥܤˤĤforthcoming, ongoing, overall, so-called ʤɤʣǤʤƻ1ƥʤƤȹͤ
ȤϤäƤűѸ쵯ǤȤϸ¤ʤ㤨Сoutput ʤɤ1839ǯФǤ롥ǺǽˡǤʤפɽΤϤΤǤ롥
ʤΤȤϤߤʤʤ Greco-Latin ǤʤȤƤϡťΥɸ줫μѸ bond, bulk, link, odd 䥪줫μѸ trigger ä츻ԾܤΤΤȤƤ job ⤢롥
Ѹθÿȵ̳ˤĤƤϡʲΥ⻲ȡ
[2010-06-30-1]: ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-03-02-1]: Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: ѸμѸεȳ (2)
Ѹ춵伭ؤʬ Academic Word List (AWL) ȤýΤƤ롥1998ǯ Avril Coxhead The Academic Corpus Ȥ350줫ʤȼѥȤ˱Ѹ춵Ѥ˳ȯ570Ȥʹ碌 word family ȸƤФˤʤýǡѤ٤ι⤤줫ʤäƤ롥
⤦ܤ AWL θмΤ褦ˤʤ롥(1) word family ѥ Arts, Commerce, Law, Science Υ֥åȤ٤Ƥˤĺʬ줿28ʬΥ֥åȤβȾ롥(2) word family νи٤ѥΤ100Ķ롥(3) word family ѥγǺ10롥(4) GSL ( General Service List ) (1953) κ2000Ͻ ( see [2010-03-02-1] ) . (5) ͭ̾Ͻ(6) et al, etc, ibid ʤɤκѥƥɽϽ
Ƹ줿ý AWL ǡAWL Headwords ӥɤǤ롥word family ٤ι⤤110 Sublists Ȥƥ롼ʬƤꡤ٤ƹ碌ȥѥΤ9.8%ʤȤ
ǶξѱѱѼϸ¤ AWL νǧƤ褦2006ǯǤ Longman Exams Dictionary ڤˡ2007ǯ Longman Advanced American Dictionary, 2nd ed.2009ǯ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th ed. ʤڼǤ AWL θƤ ( Dohi et al., p. 174 ) Macmillan, Collins COBUILD ϤǤƱͤǤ롥ܲ AWL ɾ Dohi et al. ˤȰʲ̤Ǥ롥
It remains to be seen whether Coxhead's AWL will continue to be used, will be revised or replaced in future advanced learners' dictionaries, because not all scholars concur with her AWL. . . . The AWL could be regarded for the time being as "a quick reference" for academic vocabulary until more research bears fruit . . . . (100)
Ϣ The AWL Highlighter ʤġ뤬ꡤ˱ʸƥȤȡAWL äϥ饤ȤƤ롥䤬ǶѸʸΥȥ1235ǻƤߤ顤Sublist 10 ޤǤΥ٥128줬ϥ饤Ȥ줿Τ10.36%Ǥꡤacademic ٤Ϲʤ!?
Dohi, Kazuo, Tetsuo Osada, Atsuko Shimizu, Yukiyoshi Asada, Rumi Takahashi, and Takashi Kanazashi. "An Analysis of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Fifth Edition." Lexicon 40 (2010): 85--187.
Murray OED 1 (1884) νʸ˴ "General Explanations" (xvii) ǡѸäιΤ褦ɽ
. . . the English Vocabulary contains a nucleus or central mass of many thousand words whose 'Anglicity' is unquestioned; some of them only literary, some of them only colloquial, the great majority at once literary and colloquial, --- they are the Common Words of the language. But they are linked on every side with other words which are less and less entitled to this appellation, and which pertain ever more and more distinctly to the domain of local dialect, of the slang and cant of 'sets' and classes, of the peculiar technicalities of trades and processes, of the scientific terminology common to all civilised nations, of the actual languages of other lands and peoples. And there is absolutely no defining line in any direction: the circle of English language has a well-defined centre but no discernible circumference.
ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤMurray οޤȤ˺ˡ

Murray Τθ֤ϡ濴ˤޤäƤ뤬˸ˤĤޤФˤʤǤؤȾäƤ椯Ȥ롥ޤοޤϡ夫鲼ظä LITERARY, COMMON, COLLOQUIAL, SLANG ȸäδŪʳشطƤǤ⤹Ƥ롥
εϤؤ롤ѸθäˤäƤϲ餫ŪȤߤɬפMurray Τ "nebulous masses" ΥϤȤߤȤͭѤ͡Ĵɬפ⤷ʤ㤨 LITERARY ξ ARCHAIC OBSOLETE ȤɲŪꤷƤ褤⤷ʤͭ̾Ϥοޤظ夢뤤̼¸ߤƤȹͤɬפϿޤȤ뤬Τɤդޤ뤫꤫ǤϤʤ
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. 2--3.
ε[2010-12-27-1]˰³18αѸ켭ˡΤˤ1755ǯ Samuels Johnson (1709--84) ǰŪʼ A Dictionary of the English Language 魯ޤǤ18Ⱦμˤά⤹롥Ҥˤ Jackson (pp. 36--42) ͤˤ
18ˤʤȡ¾⼭˼Ͽcompleteness ܻؤԻƤ롥꤬J. K. ʤʪˤ A New English Dictionary (1702) Ǥ롥οʪϡEdward Phillips New World of English Words 1706ǯ˲ļ餬 Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum (1708) 路 John Kersey ƱʪǤȹͤƤ롥A New English Dictionary ɸϰʲ̤Ǥֻžԡˡ
A New English Dictionary: Or, a Compleat Collection Of the Most Proper and Significant Words, Commonly used in the Language; With a Short and Clear Exposition of Difficult Words and Terms of Art.
The whole digested into Alphabetical Order; and chiefly designed for the benefit of Young Scholars, Tradesmen, Artificers, and the Female Sex, who would learn to spell truely; being so fitted to every Capacity, that it may be a continual help to all that want an Instructor.
28,000ϿμμȤֻ뤳Ȥ˸ƤꡤϿյΤˤäΤǤ롥
Ͽ뼭Իϩȡ17Ⱦ2Ĥθ츻 Stephen Skinner Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae (1671) ƿ̾ Gazophylacium Anglicanum (1689) ȯãؤäơNathaniel Bailey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) 줿40,000Ͽμ Johnson μ¤18ɽɾȽμȤƷפ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Bailey ³ Dictionarium Britannicum: Or a more Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant (1730) Ǥ롥 Johnson ԻδäȤƻȤǤꡤŪ礭18Ⱦ "complete" ܻؤ¾μ⤪ Bailey 2μäƤȤäƤ褤
Benjamin Martin Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749) 路Τ夷ơJohnson Իײ Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥ˱Ѹ켭ˤϿʻޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Jackson, Howard. Lexicography: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
1Ѹ켭Ȥʤä Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ˤĤơ[2010-11-24-1], [2010-12-04-1], [2010-12-21-1], [2010-12-22-1]γƵˤѸ켭ˤˤ17ϤεǰŪ켭äƱ桤Ʊͤ켭³ȽǤ줿17Ϥޤ켭ȤäƤ褤
A Table Alphabeticall ϤӤӲ줿John Bullokar An English Expositor: Teaching the Interpretation of the hardest words used in our language (1616) Ǥȡο͵ˤäԤϱƤʤäExpositor Ϥ¿θФϿƤФǤʤ"sundry olde words now growne out of use, and divers termes of art, proper to the learned" ޤǤ3ǤŤͤ塤1663ǯǤƿ̾ܤ졤ʹ1731ǯޤǺǤ³Ȥ͵ä
Cawdrey Bullokar μ˱ƶĤġΥ饤ХȤƽи⤦1Ĥ켭 Henry Cockeram The English Dictionarie (1623) Ǥ롥ϳͳؽ "Strangers of any Nation" оݤ˿ƤǡԤμȤϰۤʤ롥1670ǯޤDz³졤͵ؤä
Thomas Blount Glossographia (1656) ˽Ф츻ػˤάҤ[2010-12-16-1]εǤ줿Blount ϥƥѸΥƥǤθʤ "historical observations" εҤܳŪʴؿƤμԻԤäޤαѸ켭ǽפȤʤֽŵפϤΤ Blount Ǥ롥
ˡEdward Phillips The New World of English Words (1658) 蘆졤θФ11,000˵ڤ1696ǯ5ǤǤϡ17,000ˤդ줢äƤ롥Elisha Coles An English Dictionary (1676) ǤϡŸChaucer Gower Ѥʤɡˤޤ25,000Ͽ
Τ褦ˡ171Ѹ켭ϼϿ¤Ƥä§Ȥ ( everyday vocabulary ) ϼϿ줺ޤ켭ȤȤȴФƤʤäߤǤϼΤ褦˻פޤνиˤϡ18ԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥
ʾ塤17Ѹ켭άˤҤäƤ Jackson (pp. 33--36) ͤˤ
Jackson, Howard. Lexicography: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
2010ǯ12˥߳Ф´ʸΥȥꥹȥåפ롥2009ǯΥꥹȤ[2010-01-18-1]ȡ
"Buzzword"ήԸ˸븽奤ꥹҲܼҲ
äˤ륢ꥫѸΥꥹѸؤαƶ --- ʪáء̤ʬ濴 ---
奢ꥫѸˤդ help ʸǤ to ȸ --- ȯå٥ȱˡδ ---
ḽѸˤ must, have to, have got to ΰ̣ --- ʸˡѲδ ---
Ѹ¤η ---ž---
19ˤեѸʬŪħ
Ϳʸؤɽֻtoפȡforפΰ㤤 --- ֻưλỊ̇礤 ---
ֻ in on ˤƤ --- ̻ŪʬۤοܤỌ̇̄ǰδ ---
ɱѸΩʣ
ʸ쥳ѥѤwhom λˡߤʬ --- whom ñΤ "ֻwhom" Ӥ濴 ---
On Transfer from Strong Verbs to Weak Verbs
ɽˤ sweet ΰ̣̤ --- sweet smell, sweet voice, sweet smile 濴 ---
1218ˤ괧 a, an ʬ
Ѹˤ;ʣ̾ɽ ---you guys ä濴---
ǯ٤ħϡ[2010-11-16-1]Ǽ夲饤ѥȤƳȤ⤢äơѥѤ椬ĤäȤǤ롥ʬȤƤѤ餺͡ạ̇̄ǯ٤ߤ줿ʸ˴ؤͤϤʤäѸѼƺ̻ŪѲҲؤؤδؿ⸫졤ܤ variation ˭٤ǤϺǯ٤渪ɾ
Google ΤѥġƤGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Labs εϤȲǽ礭˶ä2004ǯ1500ܤǥ벽Ƥ Google Υ֥åȤȤʤ520ܡ5000ѥѸΤۤե졤ɥĸ졤졤ڥ졤줬ޤޤƤ뤬ѸǤ British English, American English, English, English Fiction, English One Million 饵֥ѥǤ롥ħϡꤷ5ޤǤθ٤51500--2008ǯˤˤ錄äפդɽƤ뤳ȤGoogle θεˤ롥
Ϥ礭ƥѥȤƤɤɾ٤ʬʤҤȤޤϤdzڤ嵭εˤĤΥץ뤬뤬ѸŪʴؿץȤ burnt burned ʬӤäΤǡEnglish, American English, British English 3֥ѥդФƤߤ
ˡǯ٤´ΰäҼڤ̤ AmE on the street, BrE in the street ȤֻѤκۤ Google Books Ngram Viewer dzǧƤߤAmerican English British English Τ줾Υ֥ѥϤ줿դϰʲ̤ꡥ

in on ϶ΰ̣ʡֳϩǡפּȤơפˤʤɤˤ¸뤿ñʷ֤ӤǤԽʬϤĤ롥
[2010-08-16-1], [2010-08-17-1]εǰä gorgeous ˤĤƤĴ٤Ƥߤ19ˤήԤäƤ20ˤܤǤäηƻ줬American English ˤ1980ǯʹߡƤ֤ƤƤ褯狼롥British English ǤĴ
ѥذ̤ˤ뤬ġλѤϥǥǤ롥ʸŪʴϡ[2009-12-28-1]εǾҲ𤷤 American Dialect Society ˤ "Words of the Century" "Words of the Millennium" ΥΥߥ͡ȸƤߤȤ⤷
¾Υ饤ѥˤĤƤ[2010-11-16-1]ȡ
˾塤ѸֻױưΤۤܤ٤ƤԤ˽äƤ뤳Ȥ [2010-12-20-1], [2010-12-23-1]εʤɤǸƤǤϡʤޤǴְ㤤ʤԤΤʣϤǤ롥ֻױư˶̤Ūʸ⤢ġαưͭŪʸ⤢Crystal (276) ˤСΤ褦װȤ
ǤŪˡȤˤĤƤͤϿˡ˽ˤ
ɽֻ䤷ʤ硤ɤαѸѼȯϤȤƺѤ뤫Ȥ꤬
ֻκˤäƲȤ "communication barrier" ( see [2009-05-13-1] )
ƲԤϼβװƤΤΤȹͤ뤿ᡤԴ֤Ŷפʤ
¾ˤͤͳϤȻפȤǸΥ֥쥹ȤԤʤäη̤վǤޤȤʻΰո⤤Ĥˡ
⤽̱̽ˤֻפɬϴʤΤǤϤʤ
ŪƸΥ줷ֻװƤ¿̱̽ʤǼ褦Ȥ褦ʰƤϽФʤ
ѸϤǤƤˤ⤫餺ƤʤɳƹΩֻװƤΩƤƤ⺤7ϤǤϡΤʤ֤פҲ𤵤ƤꡤŪư⤢äȤ狼롥
29ǯ֤˸ľ줿1130βѴɽ196ɲä줿ǽǶȳƼľбɤƤ뤳Ȥߤȡֻפٲˤ϶Ȼ֤ȥͥ륮ꤹ뤳Ȥǰ ( see 30ѴɽѴ29ǯ֤긫ľYOMIURI ONLINE俷ʹ )
ΨȼΨ⤤ǤֻפϤĤƤΤ褦ʰζؤǤʤ̱Τ˱ƶڤ֤ΤǡεϤ礭ʤ꤬Ǥ롥餳¸ΤǤϤʤ
ɤѼȯϤȤƺѤƤ⡤ȯϻȤȤѲΤǤ뤫顤ɽ§Ƥ椯̿Ǥ
ʾΤ褦˥ǥåȤ¿ʤǡ˸礦åȤʤ
դֻפΥåȤƤäΤ˾Ū˿ʤäؽԡʱѸüԤǤüԤǤˤˤȤäƽ䤹Ȥؽ塦θ̤̤Ȥȡֻλ֤ṳ̂뤳Ȥ̤γؽ˻֤ȥͥ륮Ƥ줿ꡤη֤Ǥʤΰ̣Τۤ˰ռ椵ʤɤΰոФ֥쥹ȤǤ餫˥ǥåȤΰոΤۤ¿Ф줿
ǤϡΤ褦˼³ǥǥåȤ¿ֻפΩƤյϤɤˤ (p. 14) ˤСʲ̤Ǥ롥
֤Τϡ̣ǾɤˤüʻۤǤä˱ǤФ줿Ѹ˴ؤ뼫ռȥץåϡŪʹļҲŪʸŪطʤΤȤǾ줿ΤʤΤǤ롥
ѸˤǤ13ʹߡ³ŪֻפƤƤȤɤǤɤλˤֻԤڽФƤ¤ϡֻפȤͤԻʪäƤȹͤ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 276--77.
塡رѸβɤ̴ꥹ֤ͤױư˰Ȭ?強ޡ١ҡ2009ǯ
[2010-12-20-1]ε19ʹߤֻױưäȤŪʲװƤ1Ĥˡͭ̾ Shavian Alphabet 롥ȤˤֻԤǤ⤢ä George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) ΰ1958ǯ˳Ť줿ֻץƥȤˤơ467ͤθԤΤʤ龡夬ä Kingsley Read ȯե٥åȤǤ롥첻ȻҲζ̤Τˤʤ졤ǤΩȿǤƤʤηŪԤΥϻⲻͽۤǤʤ48ʤ뤬and, of, the, to бάʸʤɤɲä롥Shaw η Androcles and the Lion Υե٥åȤǽǤƤ뤬ԥե٥åȻѤ3ʬ2ۤɤΥڡǰǽȤʥڡ߷פ
Shavian translator Υڡǡ"This blog is concerned with anything about the history of the English language" Ȥʸ Shavian Alphabet ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥Τû褦˻פ롥

ֻױưĤʤȤƤϡShaw Isaac Pitman (1813-1897) 1837ǯȯɽ®ˡ20ȾФ˽ѤƤPitman ®ˡե٥å Phonotypy ȯƤ롥Phonotypy ˤ Shavian Alphabet ˤ衤οե٥åȤֻפ˰۾ʴؿο춸ʿ͡ˤȯǤꡤ̤ˤϤޤǼʤäۤȤɤαѸֻפϡΤ褦˰ο͡ǮǽäƤޤΤŪ¤Ǥ롥ˤ⤫餺ߤǤʣγư³Ƥ롥ξ䤫˵ѤƤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤʸˤȤäʸͿΤΤǤϤʤ٤ŤʤΤǤ뤳ȡ˵³٤Ǥ뤳ȤѸֻפˤʪäƤ褦˻פ롥
Shavian Alphabet ˤĤƤϰʲΥȤȡ
ʸ Omniglot Shavian Alphabet
Shavian alphabet - Wikipedia
ε[2010-12-21-1]˰³Robert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ꡥλ˾ΰ̸ѱѼˤϡαѸ䤽줬ҲΤʤ֤Ƥ͡ʾҤޤޤƤ롥A Table Alphabeticall ˤޤĤ륨ȥȥȤǤ⤤٤¿ʲ˵
(1) [2010-12-04-1]εǰѤ褦ˡȥڡˤϡμ̱̽ΤפѸDz⤹뤳ȤݤȤƤ뤳ȤƤ롥β³1⡤ܼνǰտޤõǽפʤΤǡǤѤ褦
Whereby they may the more easilie and better vnderstand many hard English wordes, which they shall heare or read in Scriptures, Sermons, or elswhere, and also be made able to vse the same aptly themselues.
ǤϡCawdrey ԻԤǤ¼ԤǤäȡǤ Puritan ȤƶɤܤĤƺȽˤʤäƤȤطƤ롥ʤɤˤޤޤˤưİˤ褯뤫忴Ƥⶵ Cawdrey ΰָ̤롥ºݤˡطѸ¿ФȤƺѤƤ ( Simpson 15 )
(2) Siemens ʬˤȡʸΤˡФʻ줴Ȥ˰ι¤ǧ롥ϼˤǤפʻǤ롥Siemens ʸ Siemens: Lexicographical Method in Cawdrey DZǽ
(3) ǻȤƤֻˤϴˤ䤫ɸಽ뤬 ( see [2010-12-04-1] ) ˡ ( punctuation ) ˤϤ줬ʤ㤨СΤ˥ԥꥪɤξ⤢Сߥξ⤢ꡤʤ¿ ( Simpson 22 )
(4) 츻ϼ塥ƱμǤ츻Ʊ褦ϼǤꡤλȤƤ̵ʤФ̵ǤХƥѸǤ뤳ȤȤ졤ե䥮ꥷξˤϾά椬դ롥Τ褦¦줬Τߤǡʾθ츻ͿƤʤ
(5) Cawdrey ȡynckhorne termes ʸ "To the Reader" ǹ⤷Ƥֻžԡˡ
SVch as by their place and calling, (but especially Preachers) as haue occasion to speak publiquely before the ignorant people, are to bee admonished, that they neuer affect any strange ynckhorne termes, but labour to speake so as is commonly receiued, and so as the most ignorant may well vnderstand them: . . . .
(6) ʤ鸫Фϥե٥åȽ¤Ǥ뤬äȤɼԤˤȤäƤϤϼΤȤǤϤʤä褦ȤΤϡCawdrey Ͻʸ "To the Reader" ǼΰλؼΤ褦ˤƤ뤫Ǥ롥
If thou be desirous (general Reader) rightly and readily to vnderstand, and to profit by this Table, and such like, then thou must learne the Alphabet, to wit, the order of the Letters as they stand, perfecty without booke, and where euery Letter standeth: as (b) neere the beginning, (n) about the middest, and (t) toward the end. Nowe if the word, which thou art desirous to finde, begin with (a) then looke in the beginning of this Table, but if with (v) looke towards the end. Againe, if thy word beginne with (ca) looke in the beginning of the letter (c) but if with (cu) then looke toward the end of that letter. And so of all the rest. &c.
(7) ǤǤ2543줬Ф˺Ѥ줿³1609, 1613, 1617ǯǤǤϤ줾3009, 3086, 3264ؤ䤵줿2ǰʹߤ Cawdrey ȤؤäפʤȤ顤ľ˴ʤäΤǤϤʤȿ¬ƤˡJohn Bullokar An English Expositor: Teaching the Interpretation of the hardest words used in our language (1616) ƤϡA Table Alphabeticall ο͵ϰ쵤˿ꤨ褦Ǥ ( Simpson 29 )
(8) Ǥ˴ŤHTML줿Żǡܼβ⡤ʸ A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Usual English Words (R. Cawdrey, 1604) ǽǤ롥
Simpson, John. The First English Dictionary, 1604: Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2007.
Bately, Janet. "Cawdrey, Robert (b. 1537/8?, d. in or after 1604)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online ed. Ed. Lawrence Goldman. Oxford: OUP. Accessed on 19 Dec. 2010.
[2010-11-24-1], [2010-12-04-1]εǡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) Ѹ˾塤ѱѼ1Ǥ뤳ȤҲ𤷤Simpson (18) ˤС"As far as is known, it [A Table Alphabeticall] is the first dictionary published in book form addressed to the general reader which defines 'usual' English words in English." ȤȤǤ롥ϡSimpson ΤΰѤȤơA Table Alphabeticall ǽαѱѼǤȤȤϲ̣ΤͤƤߤ
ޤ1ˡñФȤ monolingual ǤȤ ( "English words in English" ) פǤ롥ͤƤߤФʬ뤳ȤѼʩѼ˱Ѽʤɤ2켭 ( bilingual dictionary ) νǤΤۤ1켭 ( monolingual dictionary ) νǤᤤŪϡ̤ΤγñΤμñ뤳ȤǤ뤫ȤȤΩɤκۤʤƤʤȤ⡤ñꥹȤηܤϿʤɤˤĤƤΤ碌ȡǤ2켭ȤΤϽǤƤѱѼ Cawdrey ΤΤäΤǤ롥A Table Alphabeticall bilingual dictionary monolingual dictionary ŪʼǤäȤϳΤǤ롥ȤΤϡޤޤƤ븫ФϤ٤ƥƥ濴ȤѸǤꡤ狼䤹ñȤΤμΰտޤäǤ롥ʤߤˡΦ¾θǤϤǤƱ1켭ϤĤǤƤꡤޤǡֱѱѡפȤƺǽΤΤǤäȤŦƤ
2ˡ"'usual' English words" ꤢɼؤȤ "the general reader" ꤷ(1) 1켭ȤƤϺǽΤΤǤäҤ٤켭ǤԤ1켭¸ߤԤȸǤꡤ罰1켭¸ߤʤä16νޤǤ inkhorn terms ( see inkhorn_term ) ޤ̤줬ѤƤȤˤꡤ̸⤹뼭μפƤΥߥǽǤ줿Τ A Table Alphabeticall äΤǤ롥
2顤Cawdrey ˤȤäԤ뤪ܤϤĤ¸ߤƤȤʬ롥㤨С[2010-07-12-1]εǿ줿 Edmund Coote νǤ The English schoole-maister: teaching all his scholers, the order of distinct reading, and true writing our English tongue (1596) 䡤Thomas Thomas Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae (1587) ϡФ˴ؤˤ˻Ȥ줿פʤפˤ Cawdrey ϸФ17--18%ξԤ˵äƤ롨 see Siemens: Lexicographical Method in Cawdrey. ˡƤߤȡA Table Alphabeticall Cawdrey δʥꥸʥȤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ˾ΡֺǽΡפȤƤϡĬή˾ꡤ͡ĤǡΤȤƻĤͿιʤΤ⼭νǤϡCawdrey Rutland ʸߤ Leicestershire ΰˤ¼ԤȤơ͡ˤ狼䤹ⶵɬפƤȤȤ̵طǤϤʤήȿλ֤Ȥ߹äȤˡŪ˸줿ΤǤ롥
Simpson, John. The First English Dictionary, 1604: Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2007.
ѸֻȯδطԵ§Ǥ뤳ȤϤĤȤͭ̾Ǥꡤܥ֥ǤϢ¿εƤ ( see spelling_pronunciation_gap ) ѸΤħϱѸüԤˤȤäƤѸؽԤˤȤäƤĹ餯ʿоݤȤʤäƤꡤä˶Ѹ衤ξ٤¿ֻפƤʤƤޤƤƤֻפϡۤܤ٤ƤԤ˽äƤ롥츫ԻĤ˸뤬ʶʤŪ¤Ǥ롥
1920ˤƤλˤ⤤ĤֻױưäλֻפλߤˤĤƤϵΩؤλؤܤΡֱѸ֤ιͤɽŪ֤װ (25) ȡװƤ褯ʬ롥ñ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
ֻװƤ礭ʬ2ढ롥ɽ§ŰܻؤȡˡԵ§ȤǤ롥ԤηŪʺšԤϤξ줷ΤαӤǤ뤫⤷ʤ˺ʬȡʲΤ褦ˤʤʻΰ (25) ͤˤޤȤˡ
[ 1. ɽ§Ű줹륿 ]
(1A) ¸Υե٥åȤɽ§ŬѤ㡧ꥹ֥åסȡִʰץߥåסåץޥ & 㡼ִά֤ס֥˥塼ڥס
(1B) ¸Υե٥åȤ˿ʸɲä㡧I. ԥåȥޥ֥եΥƥԡסݲز֥ɡեסJ. ԥåȥޥֽƳѥե٥åȡס
(1C) ޤäե٥åȤͰƤ㡧ɡ֥硼ե٥åȡ; see [2009-05-13-1]
[ 2. ˡԵ§륿 ]
(2A) ٤ι⤤ֻѤ㤤Τѹ㡧ֵ§Ѹס
(2B) ä˸Ե§㡧زʬŪơס֥إꥫѸ켭ŵ١ƶ鶵νδά֤ġ
(2C) Τʤ첻㡧åץɡ֥åȥڥס
ϡ19ζѸֻפˤŬѤǤǤ롥
ǿܤǸƤ (1C) (1B) ϤˤŪǤ걿ưȤʤǤ뤬Ū (1A) (2A) ǤۤȤɸ⤵ʤä(2B) ʬव Webster β ( see [2010-08-08-1] ) ϡ㳰ŪˡȤǤäƤֻפΨ㤤ȤȤäդΤȤǤ롥פδǤ뤳ȤïˤǤǤ뤬̤˼줵뤳Ȥֻױưƹͤ뼺ΰǤ롥
塡رѸβɤ̴ꥹ֤ͤױư˰Ȭ?強ޡ١ҡ2009ǯ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 276--77.
[2010-06-02-1]εǸ¿ؿ ( diversity index ) ˤĤƿ줿ϸ̩٤ȸƤ褤̣Ȥˡλؿƻ˶ᤤۤɹ⤯ξˤ˶ᤤۤ㤤ʼƺ, p. 17ˡ¿ؿȥåפΥѥץ˥塼˥˼СѤǤ0.4%ˤʤȤ0.055%ۤɤοͤǤΤ830θ12%ˤҤᤤƤ롥ǡ㤨ХɤŪ̩٤㤯⾯ʤ ( see [2010-01-26-1] )˶̣Ȥˡλ ( see language_death ) οʹΨ礤˹⤤Τ⡤Ϥƻ˶ᤤϰǤ롥̩٤ȸDzǽϢưƤ뤳ȤΤƤꡤ⤤ͤƻФäʬۤƤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥʼƺꡤp. 21ˡ
ƻ˶ᤤۤɸ¿ȾDzǽ⤤ȤΤϡ깭ҲŪؿĤƤ̤۵롥ʪ¿ȾDzǽǤ롥ʪ¿ƻľԡȤơξˤظ̩ۤ٤㤯ʤäƤꡤDzǽ⤽¤ߤ·Ƥ롥Ƥӥѥץ˥塼˥˼ȡ40ʪ5%©ƤȤ졤Ǥٹ礤礭Ȥʼƺ, p. 21ˡ
ޤǸ¿ʪ¿ʬۤפȡҥȤθ줬ַϤΰǤ뤳Ȥǧᤶʤ[2010-01-30-1]Ǹڤ褦 ecolinguistics ȤƾΤƤƤ뤳ȤǼǤȤΤǤ롥Ѹˤδ餳ξͻȤɤʤַϤȤͤƤ븽μҲˤƤϡѸɽϡĤȸƤФȤϰۤʤǤ餦ȤˤʤַϤȤϡαѸưĤޤ꿷ѸˤưϤΰĤˤʤäƤ椯⤷ʤ
οȴϢˤĤƤοͭס
ƺ Ϻ ԡظʸΥ --- 줫λ㸦 ---١ʸʰ2009ǯ
Ѹθ츻¿뤬ΩäΤνޤȤ츻ϰ̤αѸ켭ˤޤ뤳Ȥ¿ä OED Web3 ʤɤܳɼϤΤޤ츻ȤƻȤȤǤΤǡꥹȤ˴ޤѸäε˭٤Ǥ뤳ȤϱѸ츻Ϣθ츻ȤϢȤ٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ̣뤬Ǥϳ䰦ޤĸ˴Ϣ뼭ˤĤƤϡWatkins ΤΤ1ˤȤɤ饤ѤǤ츻䤽¾θ츻ˤĤƤ[2010-08-25-1]ε˵ȡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Brown, Leslie, ed. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
Burchfield, Robert William, ed. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972--86.
Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.
Gove, Philip Babcock (editor-in-chief). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Unabridged. A Merriam-Webster. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1976. 1st ed. 1961.
Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Holthausen, Ferdinand. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der englischen Sprache. 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949. 1st ed. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1917.
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
Murray, James Augustus Henry, Henry Bradley, William Alexander Craigie, and Charles Talbut Onions, eds. The Oxford English Dictionary Being A Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society. 13 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1933.
Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Prepared by William Little, Henry Watson Fowler and Jessie Coulson. Rev. ed. C. T. Onions. 3rd ed. Completely reset with Etymologies revised by George Washington, Salisbury Friedrichsen, and with Revised Addenda. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. 1st ed. 1933.
Onions, Charles Talbut, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. With the assistance of G. W. S. Friedrichsen and R. W. Burchfield. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
Simpson, John Andrew and Edmund S. C. Weiner (prepared). The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 20 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Watkins, Calvert Ward, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Rev. ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
Weekly, Ernest. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. With a New Biographical Memoir of the Author by Montague Weekley. 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1967. 1st ed. London: John Murray, 1921.
ε[2010-12-16-1]³ǡѸ츻ؤȯŸˤγάˤĤơ18ˡ츻ؤ礭žޤ롥William Jones ιֱ ( see [2010-02-03-1] ) ˤäü郎줿19ӸؤȯŸˤꡤ츻ؤˡŪʤ礭ޤѤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥
Walter W. Skeat ϸŪ츻ؤοΩԤȤƸƤФˤդ路 An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Arranged on an Historical Basis (1879--82) Ǥ˻ޤDz³Ʊˤν̱ǤȤ⤤ A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (1882) Ǥ츻ηسưդäƤʤSkeat ϸ츻ؤ¿ǤƤ롧Principles of English Etymology (1887, 1891--92)A Primer of English Etymology (1892), Notes on English Etymology (1901) ơThe Science of Etymology (1912) Skeat νȤ⤤Ǥ롥Skeat Johnson μ H. Fox Talbot English Etymologies (1847) ʤɤθŤ츻ؼƤʳŪ츻ؤĥΤǤ롥
Ƹ츻ػˤ֤äƤߤȡ17μо衤ȤŪŪɴʼŵŪμȤƸ츻ˤФƤˤʤä18ˤʤäƷŪʸ캬Ʊشؿ椷Ϥ롥19Ӹؤˤäơ캬ƱϲʳŪ̩äηŪɵ椵졤Skeat OED η˷¤
֥ˤСŪʴηŪʸ츻ؤϤǤ˴˶ŤƤꡤθ츻ؤϵɽǤϤʤơʤ̣εѲҤΤǤʤФʤʤȤ츻ؤϡ̣ȤĤΰؤȼФʤϡ̣Ѳν̤˲Ф츻ŵƤ뤳ȤˤʤΤ
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ڤ˱Ѹ켭³ȸϤ17Ƭ顤OED ǤϤ19Ⱦ˻ޤǤˡ츻μɤΤ褦˱Ѹ켭ȿǤƤƸ츻ؤȤʬɤΤ褦ȯŸƤ֥2ϡֶʳذαѸ츻ءס3ϡʸˡؼԤȼԻԡפ˵äƳά
ޤŪǤϤ뤬γѸȷݽѸ˸츻ŪҤäȤ٤ϡ۸ Thomas Blount ˤ Glossographia (1656) Ǥ롥Henry Cockeram The English Dictionarie (1623) ϤȤμϡ츻 Francis Holyoke Ѽ Dictionarium Etymologicum (1639) ˵ĤġȼϰդäƤ롥츻ιͤϡ֤˴ŤΤǤϤʤƤϢ˴Ť̤ϤʤΤǤϤ뤬˸츻ŪηǺܤꥹμԻԤȤƸ츻ػ˾塤פǤ롥
Ʒ֤˴ŤŪʸ츻ѤäƸ츻 Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae (1671) ԻΤ Stephen Skinner Ǥ롥Skinner 1691ǯˤϤβ A New English Dictionary, Shewing the Etymological Derivation of the English Tongue, in Two Parts ǤƤ롥ܻϤޤdzάŪǤꡤΩĤ֤˴Ť츻ƤƤǡ츻ػ˾塤⤬롥ǤϥƥнŤθ츻ѤĤĤꡤޥˤؿʧ롥Ʊˤϡƿ̾ Gazophylacium Anglicanum (1689) 褦ʸ츻ѤäƽǤƤ롥
Τ褦˷֤˴Ť츻ؤ˰äƤä캬ηŪƱ̤ʴؿǸ츻ػ˾פôäƤΤ Nathaniel Bailey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Ǥ롥θ츻1802ǯޤǤ25ǤŤͤۤɽѤ줿Bailey Ϥޤ Dictionarium Britannicaum: Or, A More Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant, etc. Containing not only the Words, and their Explications; but their Etymologies . . . (1730) ԤǤ⤢롥1736ǯ2ǤǤϡޥؼ Thomas Lediard ζϤդƸ츻ŪϤ˭ˤʤäμᡤ1755ǯˤ Joseph Nicol Scott ˤ A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary Ǥ줿
褽Ʊˡ츻ϸɤԲķμǤȤΩ줫顤Benjamin Martin ˤ Linguae Britannica Reformata, Or, A New English Dictionary (1749) 롥ơSamuel Johnson ϡ츻ؤδǧ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) 礤˸츻ߡθ츻Ѥ礭ʱƶͿ뤳ȤȤʤä
Τȡ18˸̩ʷŪƱˡӸؤ֤롥θ츻ؤؤΥѥȤˤĤƤεǡ
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
ε[2010-12-14-1]ǸűѸǡֻ̡פ steorfan ( > PDE starve ) äȤˤ츻õȡƤꡤư켫ΤնɽȤ⤤Ǥ롥ĸθ캬 ( root ) ȤƤ *ster- "stiff" ˤΤܤꡤưȤƤϡֹŤʤפۤɤΰ̣äꤵ롥
äơstarve ΰ̣Ѳ餫ŪնŪؤƤȤȤˤʤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤƤΰ̣ѲϡҤ٤̤ü첽 ( specialisation ) ȤƸڤ롥ȤüʻؤỌ̇̄ꤵƤ椯̣ü첽˨ϡ12 starve of [with] hunger Ȥäɽνи˸ȤǤ롥ˡޤǤ˲ȤϴطʤñˡʢסֵƤ롤˾ƤפȤạ̈ؤȼ岽Ƥ
⤦1Ĥ⤷Τϡ̾ starvation Ǥ롥Ф1778ǯȿˡƵǤ롥starve ȤˡޥϤ̾ -ation ղäƤ ( hybrid ) Ǥꡤ¤-ation Ǥ¾ϤΤθ츻ԾܤΡʤäƤ⤷줫⤷ʤȤƤ flirtation 1718ǯˡbotheration 1797ǯˤ롥
ε[2010-12-13-1] death dead ˤĤˤΤǡư die ˤĤơѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ뤬die ȤưϸűѸˤڤƤʤ̩ˤиűѸκ12Ⱦ deȝen ȤƽƸ뤬¾塤Ѹ줫鸽ФưȤäƤ餫 dēaþ dēad ȸ츻ŪŪʷӤĤꡤ䤽ʾˤθ캬Ǥ餢ư줬űѸΤƤʤȤΤԼ˻פΤǤϤʤ
űѸǡֻ̡פȤ̣Ϥɤưˤäɽ蘆ƤȤȡsteorfan Ǥ롥Ūˤϸ starve ؤȯŸǤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤƤϡθ줬ֻ̡װ̤ΰ̣ɽ路Ƥʸɥĸ sterben ֻ̡פӡˡ
Ƥ˽ȡѸϸűѸѸˤơťΥɸư deyja "die" ѤȤƤ롥Ѹ die ̲ƤȡűѸƤ starve Ͻˡֻ̡פΰ̣ǤϻȤʤʤꡤֵˤפؤỌ̇̄ü첽 ( specialisation; see [2009-09-01-1], [2010-08-13-1] ) 뤳Ȥˤäʤ館뤳Ȥˤʤä
Ѹˤ die νиϡŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦˸롥Υȡˤ椬¿Ǥ줿褦ˡűѸƻ̾Ǥ餫 die ȤäƤʤ顤ư die ΤΤʤΤ̯ǤϤʤֻ̡פ¿θնɽ ( euphemism ) μȤʤŵǤ뤳ȤϳΤ⤷Ū֡ ( linguistic taboo ) ǤΤʤСʤƻ̾ϵ줿ΤޤűѸǥ֡ǤäȤƤ⡤ѸǤϤʤֲءפ줿ΤűѸΤߤʤ餺¾ޥ Gothic ǤưʼѲʤ˼Ƥä褦ťΥɸǤϤʤ¸ƤΤʤѲưΤޤޤǡˡ
ֻ꤬פˡᤤȡ§ŪʤȤ¿ȤȤܸΡֻ̡פֱ̡פȤȤˤʤˤʥʹѳʳѤƤ
ֱѸüԤ̲νʤǤ die 뤳ȤǤʤפȤˤĤƤϡ[2010-04-02-1] Jespersen ΰѤȡ
̾ death ȷƻ dead θҲδط Verner's Law طǤ뤳ȤǶˤʤäΤäVerner's Law ȤС[2009-08-09-1], [2010-08-20-1]ǾҲ𤷤褦 hundred father 㤬ŵȤƸڤ뤬ȶˤΤ褦б빥㤬äȴ
̾ death ϸűѸǤ dēaþ Ȥ֤ä̤ä Gmc *dauþuz, IE *dhóutus ƷƤ롥IE Gmc ˤƤ /dh/ > /d/ /t/ > /þ/ ѲꤵƤꡤ Grimm's Law б ( see [2009-08-08-1], grimms_law )
ƻ dead ϸűѸǤ dēad Ȥ֤ǡ˸ŤƷ Gmc *dauðaz, IE *dhoutós Ǥ -to- ϲʬˡIE Gmc ˤƤλҲѲǡƬҲˤĤƤ death ξƱ褦 Grimm's Law §äƤ뤬2Ҳ /t/ > /ð/ ѲƤ롥Ĥǡ줬űѸޤǤæ /d/ Ȥʤä֥ȤԤʤͭˤϤޤ줿Ķˤ /t/ ϡˡ§ͽۤ /θ/ ˤϤʤ餺줬ͭǤ /ð/ˤϤ줬æ */d/ ȤʤפΤͥˡ§Ǥ뤫顤ޤˤ줬ŬѤ줿ꤵ롥
θˤƤ⡤űѸ2첻ѸǤĹ첻 /ɛː/ ȤʤäѸޤǤ d th û̲ ( cf. bread, breath )
̾ -th ˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-14-1], [2009-05-12-1]ȡ
ѸûˤˤƥեѸβ̤Ƥ礭ܥ֥Ǥ٤Ȥʤ夲Ƥ ( see french ) ФХեѤϤäѤѸǤȿƤ뤭餤롥Τ[2009-08-22-1]εǷǤդǼƤ̤ꡤ15ʹߤϥեѤ쵤Ǥ롥13, 14ĺ٤ƤŪǤꡤḽ˻ޤ䤨֤ʤѸ˸ä뤷Ƥܤͤ롥
Ѹˤˤ䤨֤ʤäζ븻ȤƤϡۤ˥ƥȥꥷ줬뤬3ΤʤǤϥե줬ǤͥΤ褦Ǥ롥ͤ褦ȥ˥ (347) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ˤĴǡ1900--50ǯδ֤˱Ѹä208μѸΤ93 (44.71%) ե˴طƤꡤ1961--75ǯǤ253136 (53.75%) եǤȤʥ֥, p. 132--33ˡ
ѸüѤˤեͥϤ뤳Ȥʤ顤Ѹäʬ褢ޤѤäƤʤȤ⸲Ǥ롥ʬȤϡ²衤ήԡʡݽѡʸءʤɤǡޤȤƤޤСֵ²ŪסŪήԡפȤäȤ
ѸΥեѤħŪʤΤϡեΤޤäƤƤȤȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤȯֻѸ첽Ƥʤե餷餷ݤƤ롥
ŵΥեϡ1685ǯΥʥȤļѻ߸塤եΥץƥȤιήФˤäưޤ줿ΤǤ롥줬եøŪϰ̤Ϳ褦ˤʤꡤѤ줿ϤϤѸ첽ʤʤ롥θͥŪ˼Ҳ˴ؤΤǤ롥㤨Сà propos, ballet, chagrin, chaperon, double-entendre, étiquette, fête, moquette, naïve, intrigue, nom de plume, rendez-vous, rêverie ʤɤǤϡΤޤޤκѤ롥ʥ֥硤p. 132
ʥȤļ ( L'Édit de Nante ) ϡ1598ǯ413˥ե4ʥȤȯۤļǡŪʤ⿷̤θǧļνäˤ30ǯʾ³˰ν䤬Ǥ줿17вζȤȤ˥ʥȤļϷƤä1685ǯ륤14ʥȤļѻߤȡ̤ο̤˴̿뤳Ȥˤʤäλ郎ѸإեݤեѸ줬⤿餵ȤʤäΤǤ롥
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
"in the manner or direction of ---" ۤɤ֤ΰ̣ɽ魯Ѹ -wise ϸűѸͳθŤܼǤ롥űѸ wīse "way, fashion, custom, habit, manner" ̣̾ȤΩƤѸǤñȤѤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ㤨 clockwise, counterclockwise, crosswise, lengthwise, likewise, otherwise, sidewise, slantwise ʤɤθκǽǤȤޤƤ롥
ȤƤ -wise ϡѸˤ̤ä⤫ä櫓ǤϤʤष嵭ξθΤʤ˲Ū˻¸Ф¸ߴǤʤäȤ1930--40ǯ夫 -wise ϥӤΤ褦褷ι⤤ܼؤƤȯäǤ "as regards, concerning, in terms of" ۤɤΰ̣ǡɤ̾ˤǤղä롥ǯܸǤ?ŪˡʤϡˡפȤ餤ĤʸäƤߤ
Things aren't too good businesswise.
Security-wise they've made a lot of improvements.
Career-wise, this illness couldn't have come at a worse time.
It was a much better day weather-wise.
We were housed student-wise in dormitory rooms.
What shall we do foodwise - do you fancy going out to eat?
Moneywise, of course, I'm much better off than I used to be.
What do we need to take with us clothes-wise?
It was a poor show, talent-wise.
ˡάˤβˤ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Dictionary ΥǤ롥
֥ (113) ˤС -wise ϡֱѸüԤνİռοءפ˴ؤȤ
פε뤳ȤǤȤǡĹָȤߤʤƤޥ -wise ϡ1940ǯ̯ʱ̿и뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Budgetwise, drugwise, healthwise, personalitywise, securitywise Ǥ롥ƸΤθݤˤĤƤϺޤǤʤ⤵ƤʤäϸαѸä͡νİռ˺ǤŤܼ¸ߤƤ뤳ȤȡؤˤϤȯƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
Anglo-Indian θýθŵȤС1886ǯǤνǤ줿 Hobson-Jobson ̾Τ뼭Ǥ롥1619ޤǤΤץ롼Ȥǽ줿 Anglo-Indian ýǡɤνΤߤʤ餺ӥޤͳ褹ϿƤ롥äơ"Indian" ȤϤäƤ⥤ɤ濴ȤʤäƤ뤷ޤ "Anglo" ȤϤäƤ¿θϱѸʳ˥եݥȥؤäƤΤǡϰϤιðۤʸýǤ롥ФϱѸ첽줿 Victoria īֻƤ롥ͳ㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
2ǤΤΤǥ벽ƤꡤǸǽǤ롥̾Ȥʤä Anglo-Indian ñ Hobson-Jobson ˤĤƤϡθФ HOBSON-JOBSON ȡ̾ͳȤطʤˤĤƤۣ¿դϻҶäݤȤͤʤƤ褦ȤȽ줿褦Ǥ롥ƤȤƤβͤ⤯ɾ졤ȥΤĤ OED ˤȿǤ줿
"Anglo-Indian words" λؤϰϤϹFront Matter dzפϤĤ롥
In its original conception it was intended to deal with all that class of words which, not in general pertaining to the technicalities of administration, recur constantly in the daily intercourse of the English in India, either as expressing ideas really not provided for by our mother-tongue, or supposed by the speakers (often quite erroneously) to express something not capable of just denotation by any English term. A certain percentage of such words have been carried to England by the constant reflux to their native shore of Anglo-Indians, who in some degree imbue with their notions and phraseology the circles from which they had gone forth. This effect has been still more promoted by the currency of a vast mass of literature, of all qualities and for all ages, dealing with Indian subjects; as well as by the regular appearance, for many years past, of Indian correspondence in English newspapers, insomuch that a considerable number of the expressions in question have not only become familiar in sound to English ears, but have become naturalised in the English language, and are meeting with ample recognition in the great Dictionary edited by Dr. Murray at Oxford. (xv--xvi)
Yule, Henry and A. C. Burnell, eds. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. 1st ed. 1886. 2nd ed. Ed. William Crooke. London: Murray, 1903. 2nd ed. reprinted as Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary. Ware: Wordsworth, 1996.
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010. 147.
[2010-07-28-1]εǥꥫѸʬҲ𤷤Ȥ˿줿AmE ˤϤΤ BrE ٤Ʊäȹ⤤ͳ͡ҲŪҲŪװˤ롥ͳˤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥
(1) ͡ιΰưܽˤǤ뤳ȡˤꡤ경ϰѼ郎ˤʤ롥Ҳش֤ mobility Ʊͤ˳餫Ǥꡤ경ҲѼ⸽ˤ
(2) θŪʸŪŪطʤä͡ˤ깽Ǥ뤳ȡ줯餤Ρ֤ĤܡפȤʤȡߥ˥ݤ뤿ΤƱŪˤʤ餶ʤ
(3) ͡δ֤˶̤ιŪƱΰռȡ[2010-01-07-1]εǿ줿褦ˡǤ Hispanic ϤĹʤɤ˴ϢƹθŪ¿夷ƤƤ뤬ŪˤϤ national identity ݤıѸ礭
(4) Ūʸѡ[2009-11-24-1]εϤȤ spelling_pronunciation γƵ spelling pronunciation äϤȤ櫓 AmE ˸Ȥ롥ιϤޤŪǤϤ뤬Ф AmE ħȤΤϻ¤Ǥ롥
4ϸߤ˴ϢƤꡤ¾ˤϢװ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤװ줹ͳФС̱ diverse and mobile Ǥ뤳ȤŪͳʤΤǤϤʤ츫 diversity and mobility linguistic homogeneity ̷⤹뤬줬ߥ˥ƻǤȤ1ˤꡤ̷⤬ä롥षdiverse and mobile 餳ŪݤʤФʤʤȤˤʤ롥
ΤȤϡԥθη֤ǰΤʤȯȤǽͤǤ롥ƿͤθŪطʤ礷ƤСߤߴäʿŪʸФȹפʤ¿ƱȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ褦ǡ¤̷⤷Ƥʤ
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990. 162.
last name surname, family name ʤɤȤƤФ뤬ܸ̾̾Ǥ롥ɤǤϡΥޥ last name λѤϰŪǤʤäʥʤɥ衼åѤ¾ιǤϤ٤äˡɤ last name λѤ¥줿װ͡1ĤˤϱѸ first name μबƤȤ𤬤롥ߤαѸ̾ͤƤ⡤Ʊ first name ǤϿʪθʬĤʤȤ礭Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥
last name λѤ¥ˡŪװȤơ2Ŧ1Ĥ Richard II 1377ǯ»ܤ줿 poll tax ֿƬǡפǤ롥ǶΩƤ뤿ˡޤ13аʾΤ٤Ƥι̱̾ɬפäǤ롥ä1380ǯοƬǤ٤̵طνŤ罰Ǥǡ1381ǯ Wat Tyler ˤ̱ ( the Peasants' Revolt ) ˾塤̾⤤ǤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥ1413ǯ the Statute of Additions Ǥ롥ˤꡤ٤ƤˡŪϡʪ first name Τߤʤ餺ȤȵサϤ碌ƵܤʤФʤʤȤˤʤäȤサϤ̾ΤȤΤϱѸ¿ last name εǤꡤƥɹ̱Ϥߤʤꤷ last name Ĥ˻ä
ˤ̾λѻϡʸˤä礭ۤʤ롥Ǥϵ2852ǯ˲̾Ѿꤵ줿ܤǤϡ̾ϹͻΤøǤꡤʿ̱̾Ȥʤ̾뤳Ȥʤäݿ塤1870ǯˤʤäƤ٤Ƥι̱̾ӤӤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤħǤʼŪȤʪΰտޤɤξƱͤ political/bureaucratic ʤΤäΤǤ롥
ʸˤƤ⤽Ƕ뤯餤ʤ顤̾ΤƤƤ褤⤷ʤʡȤޤǹͤ뤷ޤ last name ˤǤ롥
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990. 196.
ɸδѶ礬롥ʸ̤ˤϡɤ߾夲줿פŪˡ֡ʿƤҶФơ˸Ȥʤȼ뤾ȷٹ𤹤פۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯
δѶεϥꥹ The Riot Act פȯۤ줿1715ǯ̤롥James II ʹߡStuart ī˾ॸ㥳Х ( The Jacobites ) εǯȿ ( the Fifteen Rebellion ) ľꤵ줿ˡǡ12ͰʾνޤԲʽϤäФƤˡɤ߾夲1֤ͱͽͿ졤δ֤˻ʤȽź˽褻줿ˡ1973ǯѻߤƤ뤬ŪɽȤƤ read the Riot Act Ϻ³Ƥ롥ǥȤƤν1819ǯ: "She has just run out to read the riot act in the Nursery."
Υݥ19ΤΤǤϤ뤬ɤΤ褦ʥݥŽդ뤳Ȥǽ˲̿ФͻҤ롥ΥݥϡThe British Library dz Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices θƤʪ1ġ
Ȥ Chaucer "The Physician's Tale" ɤǤơll. 187--88 ǸѸˤ⸫ɽ˽вäʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ
She nys his doghter nat, what so he seye.
Wherfore to yow, my lord the juge, I preye,
Ƚ Apius ˾褻줿Įΰ Claudius Virginius 餽̼ Virginia å뤿ˡǤǤä夲ʤƤսǤ롥Virginius ȸȡVirginia ̼ۤǤϤʤפȤԤǤ롥what so he seye ϸѸǤ whatsoever he may say ɽ魯Ǥ롥ʸʤΤǡChaucer Ǥ seye ³ˡγѷ ( subjunctive form ) ѤƤ롥
ǸѸ what(so)ever ˤĤƤڤȤʸˡǤϤʤʣط̾ ( compound relative pronoun ) ȸƤ֤ΤȤ䤬äβɤط̾ʤΤȤǤ롥̤Τ褤ѸϤʤΤȤͤäƤϡޤʸˡΡִط ( relative ) ʬफϤʤФʤʤ켫Τ͡ʵ뤬ϡظʸˡŵ "relative" ˼ʬ˽ʣط̾פȤƾΤͤƤߤ
ǤŵŪʴطȤ۵Τ who, which, that; whose; when, where դط̾ ( relative pronoun ) ˹ʤСwho, which դ꤬ץȥפȤȤˤʤδط̾Ի ( antecedent ) ꡤԻޤΤ̾ȤƵǽ ( ex. a gentleman who speaks the truth, a grammatical problem which we cannot solve easily ) ĤޤꡤŵŪʴط̾ϡԻŪ¸ߡפȡΤ̾ȤƵǽפ2ȤƤȹͤ롥
ظʸˡŵ٤ʬȤ¤ꡤ2ϴط̾ɬǤϤʤ̤˴طˤϡԻŪ˼ΤȼʤΤȤ롥Ԥñط ( simple relative ) Ԥʣط ( compound relative ) ȸƤʬƤ롥ʣطԻŪ˼ʤǡطԻǤ٤Τǡwhat what(so)ever ɽȤʤ롥դ٤ϡǷŪʣȤʤäƤ what(so)ever ΤȤ what ʤɤФơʣ״طȸƤ֤櫓ǤϤʤΤ褦˷Ūʣؤơʣ״طȸƤ֥⤢ꡤΤȤȤʤäƤ롥
ط̾äʤȡʣط̾ΤʤǤԻ⤿ʤ what Υפϼͳط̾ ( free relative pronoun ) ؼоݤΤȤ˻Ѥ what(so)ever Υפط̾ ( indefinite relative pronoun ) Ȥʬव롥˸Ԥϡ̾ȤƵǽŵŪˡȡȤƵǽŪˡʬ롥ˤäƤ褦䤯 what(so)ever he may say ˤɤĤ what(so)ever ϡΤˤС֡ʣط̾ξƳˡפȤȤˤʤ
ˤҤ٤Ȥꡤˡ what(so)ever ϡԻŪ˼ʤΤ̾ȤƵǽƤʤŵŪʴط̾οϱ֤äƤ롥ΰ̣ʣط̾ȤƾΤŬڤǤʤȤոˤȾʬƱդ롥 what(so)ever ŵŪʴط̾ȴϢդμŪˡȤʬह뤳ȼΤϡʤʤΤǤϤʤŬڤѸƤˤϹطʬ˼ͤùޤʤФʤ餺ܵǤϰʤ礭ˤĤʤ붽̣
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ؤθμȤȾäƤơѸˤμȤǰƤ˸ѸؤȶŤƤޤDZѸ줬ФƤθѲ֤äƤߤСѲȤϤɤǤ⤤ĤǤⵯΤȤȤͽ¬ǤȻפ䡤¿γ鼡Τ褦ʼ䤬Ф롥ߤѸѲƤΤ줫ѲΤμطʤˤϡѸ줬ǤȤƸꤷʤ뤤ϾʤȤꤷĤĤˤΤǤϤʤȤ뤫뤤ϸѲŪʻǤ뤫Τ褦ªƤȤȤΤ⤷ʤ
Τ˥ƥä̼ѤȤ첻ܤȤˤƤȡѲϷŪʤΤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ夫鿶֤äƤߤ絬Ϥ˻פ뤳θѲ⡤ΤʤǸѤƤüԤˤȤäƤŷѲΤ褦˼ΤȤǤ롥ʾˡռŪ˸ѻƤ뾯μʳϡѲäƤ뤳Ȥ鵤Ťʤ¿θѲϿ͡ΰռˤΤܤʤ餤̩˻ϤޤꡤäȿʤΤǤꡤǯ塤ƤߤѤäʤȵŤ٤ΤΤǤ롥
δФ̣臘ˤϡܸǵäƤѲʤ뤤ѲȹͤΡˤ˵Τ褤Ȼפޤˤܸɽ˼äƼȤߤȤѲδФ褯ʬäȤȿ¿äΤǡ˷Ǻܤ롥
īƥӤŷͽƤŷФֺΥåݥȡפǸ夫鱫ߤΤޤꤿäƲȤФޤ礦ȡΥåݥȤν줿եåפǤƸäΤȤŷФϡ֤ꤿߤפȯƤꡤեåפˤ֤ꤿߥפȽƤ֤ꤿפäƤʤȤ˰´Ƥ˰ͤùߤ졤²ˤ⤽ͤùߤγǧä100ͶγνޤȤǤ⥢ȤΤä顤Τ˿櫓ǤϤʤ֤ꤿߤפ̾ȯȤ̾Ū¿֤ꤿߤפä
֤פΤ褦ʸ줬ʣȤˡ֤ꤿߤפ븽ݤܸؤǤϢȤΤƤ롥Ϣε§ϴˤ꼰ǤŪȤƤ뤬ʣξǤβŪʸˡỤ̄Ūʴطˤꤪ褽ηϻŦƤ롥ξˤϢ֤껱ס礤פФĤ⻱פ뤬줾ȤƤϢ̵ͭɤƤʤ֤ꤿߤפȯüԤʤʤ¸ߤȤȤϡޤꤿפϢˤĤƤɤϤƤȤȤ⤷ʤ֤ꤿߤפϤФƤ椯ǽǤ⤷ȺϸѲκǽȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
⤷ѲβǽȸƤǤ褤ΤǤСѲȤϤۤɤ˾¾ΤʤΤǤ롥˻پ㤬ʤɤդưռƤʤ¤ꤽ⤽ïⵤŤʤΤ̤Ǥ롥⤷ǯ˳֤ꤿߤפȯ褦ˤʤäƤС֤äơΤȤѲϤƤΤʤȻפȤ
פѸ㳰ǤϤʤ¾ʤïδؿ椫ʤʾѲμ郎˼Ƥ롥Ѹ줬1500ǯȤĹΤ˷ФƤѲϡ֤äƤߤФ˴ؿͤ뵬ϤѲ˸롥֤ꤿߤפΤ褦ʿФѤäơ컳Ȥʤ롥
[2010-11-24-1]εǡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ˿줿ѱѼ1ȤơѸˤǤ̾⤤ǾҲ𤷤ɽ1613ǯǤ3ǤΤΤǡǤǤϤʤ1604ǯνǤǸߤˤޤĤäƤΤ1ʤ ( Bodleian Library, shelfmark Arch. A f. 141 (2) ) ˵ŤʽʪȤʤäƤ뤬νǤ3ǤɽˤϽפʺۤ롥ǤΥȥڡξȾʬʲž褦ֻžԡˡ
A Table Alphabeticall, conteyning and teaching the true vvriting, and vnderstanding of hard vsuall English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine, or French. &c.
With the interpretation thereof by plaine English words, gathered for the benefit & helpe of Ladies, Gentlewomen, or any other vnskilfull persons.
ֻǼȤꡤ"words" ֻ <wordes> <words> δ֤ɤƤ롥λ餹ȡȤϸΰ̣ȤȤֻεϤ⼨ΤǤȤ뤬Cawdrey λˤϤϤʤäϤǤ롥Ѹ衤ֻɸϽ˳ΩƤäȤϤ17ȾФޤǤϤΤ褦ɤϤޤΩäƤΰ̣ǡֳΩפȤΤϤ1٤18ȾФΤȤǤ롥3ǤɽǤξȤ <words> 줵ƤΤ⤷ʽˡѸֻɸಽδĬή뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
Ϣ뵭Ȥ[2010-03-30-1], [2010-02-18-1]⻲ȡ
Simpson, John. The First English Dictionary, 1604: Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2007.
ܸΡعפ夫ѤƤ뤬θ츻ԾܤȤƤ롥衤͡⤬ƤƤ
(1) ιפ
(2) sack coat Ǥäꤷ
(3) ֻ̱פɽ魯 civil clothes civil ʽäȤͭϤȤƤ
(4) ɥˤ»λΩ¿ϩ Savile Row
(5) åȥɤӡϤλ Cheviot
(6) Ѹ vest ؿסnew waistcoat ֿؿפʤɤȡءפѤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
(4) Savile Row ⤽οΤۤɤʬʤΤˤ̤ˤ18³Ϸޤ¿ǥĤΩƤ뤳Ȥ»ΤΥơȤ롥Τ1ǤΩƤƤߤʤʪΥ̴ˡ

ƽܸ츻缭ŵ١شۡ2005ǯ
ε[2010-12-01-1]ǡSwift A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) ˿줿ʢå Google Books ʸǽˡʸįƤơ̾ʸѤ¾ˤ˵ŤΤϡʸ long <s> λѤ<f> λ˻Ƥ뤬¦ˤޤǤϤߤƤʤlong <s> ϸƬ˻Ȥ줿ΤФơ̾ <s> ϸ˻Ȥ줿ܤˤɤߤˤǤ18νޤǡǤ1850ǯޤǻȤƤ顤ۤΤäǤϤʤ (Walker 7)
ʤƱʸʤΤʣλäΤȤ֤פʤǤʤʸȾʸ֥åΤɮΡ<a> <g> νθĿͺʤɤͤȡʸˤ variation ĤΤǤ롥ĤƤϡۤȤɥ˸ǽä <þ> "thorn" <ð> "eth" 2ʸä<r> ɽ魯ˤ⸽ <r> ȿ <2> ˶ᤤΤΤä<u> <v> [2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]εǸ褦ˡΤʬΤ17ʹߤǤ롥ǰȤƤ1ĤʸʣλбƤϡ1Ĥβ ( phoneme ) ʣΰ۲ ( allophone ) бƤӤ롥鲻 ( phonology ) ʿԤ ( graphemics ) Ȥʬͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϡǤбΤ ( grapheme ) ȸƤӡ۲бΤ֤ ( allograph ) ȸƤ֡ѸǤС long <s> ϡ <s> ζŪʸǤ֤1ĤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 262
ɥĸǤʸƬͭ̾Τߤʤ餺̤̾ʸǻϤ뽬롥Ѹ˴ƤȥɥĸʸѤ뤵졤ɥĸ˴ƤȱѸξʸѤˤʤäƤ롥ɤΤ褦ʾʸ뤤ϾʸѤ뤫ȤϹ̣ punctuation ˴ؤȤäƤ褤̾ʸ ( capitalisation ) 1718ˤϱѸǤԤʤƤǽ˴Τ16ʸˡ John Hart Ǥ롥Walker (21) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The use of a capital letter at the beginning of important nouns, as recommended by John Hart in 1569, increased during the seventeenth century, but gradually decreased during the eighteenth century, though Murray's Grammar was still using this in describing the 'Colon' and 'Semicolon' in 1834.
16?18˱ѸǤδȯãطʤˤϡΦθǤƱͤδäǡ18˽˿षƤäΤϡʸѤδ˰ΤʤȤʸˡȤäǤȤȤΤϡδ٤Ƥ̾ʸˤΤǤϤʤֽפʡװ̾ʸˤȤ롼ʴäǤ롥18Ρλ ( the Age of Reason ) ʸˡȤˤϼ줬äΤ
ʸѤκ1700ǯäλɽΤ Gulliver's Travels ԤˤơѸ륢ǥߡΩʤ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ ( see [2009-09-08-1], [2009-09-15-1] ) Swift ʸϤǤ̾ʸδ˼Ƥ롥㤨СSwift ͭ̾ʥǥߡΩò A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾Ϥ٤ʸǽƤ롥
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 67
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