ǶǤϡƥʬϤΤιⵡǽʥġ뤬ڤǤ褦ˤʤäѸ쥳ѥʬϤץʤɤǤϡѸ˴Ťͤ͡졤䤹롥Τ褦ʥġƸɬפʤȤФʤʰץƥʬϴ CGI ƤߤΤǡ hellog ǤȤȤ֤ƤƥȥܥåʸϤꤲ
ѥ饭ɤȤʬϤ#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡ ([2010-03-10-1])#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1])#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƤϽѸ濴Ū˰ƥȡǡ١ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ꡤɤäƤߤ
EEBO ĿŪ˼ѸΥƥȽ11ʾˤФWordSmith KeyWords еǽѤȥѥȤƤϡ奤ꥹѸɽΤȤ LOB ѥꤷϻȥѥΤۤä絬ϤǤϤʤФʤʤΤEEBO 礭ȤȤǡܤĤ֤äƤϡѸ٤ƻ٤⤤ѸθФȤȤǤ롥μҲħŤäޤϤǤ롥
ɸι⤤ˡ500ޤǤΥꥹȤɤ줿⾮ʸǼ
[ Top 100 ]
amp, note, god, and, that, hath, them, christ, shall, haue, thou, they, thy, so, all, our, not, their, upon, doth, vnto, of, unto, his, king, yet, or, hee, eacute, vs, ye, him, lord, thee, which, bee, doe, saith, men, onely, but, vpon, be, nor, de, c, gods, by, faith, holy, great, church, your, o, as, selfe, wee, owne, ad, con, est, things, then, such, therefore, himselfe, may, y, to, sin, grace, cause, tis, us, mr, ther, kings, thereof, let, spirit, man, al, vp, yea, any, this, ac, s, pro, ing, com, thus, e, against, forth, re, shew, whom, l, wherein
[ -- 200 ]
loue, ly, selves, scripture, self, law, st, those, thing, cor, sinne, being, glory, euery, death, good, sonne, true, neuer, whereof, iohn, againe, psal, pope, religion, ed, hym, soule, hast, lib, ex, heaven, agrave, whiche, pray, neither, downe, acirc, tion, quod, my, sed, fore, soul, nature, euen, dayes, is, p, apostles, euer, till, feare, chap, ver, rom, vnder, ma, qui, vse, according, giue, power, ouer, mans, egrave, lesse, se, doctrine, ne, ment, meanes, themselues, shal, d, sins, viz, prince, did, vertue, wicked, honour, earth, ut, blessed, princes, ter, apostle, th, persons, que, thinke, same, others, lords, ought, pag, truth, none, kingdome
[ -- 300 ]
tho, si, cap, goe, if, beene, flesh, et, christs, make, fathers, concerning, reason, body, mercy, selues, enemies, bishops, farre, v, bishop, ar, hearts, wil, likewise, other, rome, name, obedience, en, wise, cum, speake, finde, nay, iesus, we, conscience, manner, non, heart, sinnes, it, yt, hauing, saints, generall, mat, contrary, worke, wit, sayd, whereby, covenant, wherefore, gen, passe, poore, lorde, publick, word, mens, suffer, na, heare, mee, ei, heb, divers, christians, therein, theyr, minde, shalt, bloud, shewed, certaine, vers, un, son, amongst, ibid, ca, jesus, betwixt, quae, scriptures, say, divine, thine, rest, countrey, besides, di, heauen, cannot, qu, therfore, godly, sent
[ -- 400 ]
m, moses, these, christian, called, n, vn, false, should, paul, also, discourse, meane, without, booke, whence, shee, emperour, souls, place, thereby, yeares, tyme, lawes, peace, what, dis, behold, foure, citie, giuen, israel, anno, liberty, thence, gospel, cast, ograve, aboue, souldiers, tooke, sa, priests, gaue, fol, maketh, places, pardon, te, warre, saviour, wayes, saint, thinges, will, themselves, kinde, suche, bene, love, salvation, yeare, towne, spirituall, esse, fa, duke, majesty, brethren, laws, alwayes, workes, ab, lest, for, wrath, wordes, soules, done, sunt, angels, vel, ry, liue, ted, ty, looke, repentance, dr, beare, prayer, keepe, faire, ii, parts, helpe, iudge, no, churches, r
[ -- 500 ]
dy, vsed, prophet, outward, ble, ap, spake, sect, armes, notwithstanding, come, h, naturall, maner, crosse, popes, sayth, pa, papists, whatsoever, gospell, iudgement, writ, noble, hoc, par, sacrifice, dye, worship, ons, af, eternal, leaue, ob, euill, am, sacrament, diuers, both, ghost, quam, lye, yee, comming, secondly, how, iustice, sword, daies, father, vi, before, prayers, bodie, whome, councell, nec, though, faithfull, lawe, humane, aut, wel, mi, hir, iii, worthy, isa, easie, ugrave, nowe, lawfull, ere, seene, priest, glorious, serue, commanded, earle, forme, thither, eternall, prophets, turne, iewes, mo, im, halfe, matth, manifest, wilt, are, words, iust, betweene, affections, ocirc, li, ned, creatures
оݤȤΤ EEBO ʿƥȤǤꡤˤ¿䥿ޤޤƤ롥ʤɤ̤ʥƥȽϻܤƤʤΤǡäƤ뤳Ȥդºݡ1̤ amp ϥΰǤꡤ2̤ note ɽ魯ȹͤƤ褤Τǡ̵뤹٤Ǥϥз̤Τޤ뤳Ȥˤ
ǤٸǤϤ뤬Ǥֻۤʤ hath, haue, doth, hee, vs, bee ʤɤ̤뤳ȤǤޤǤϸȤʤäƤ2;ñ̾ thou, thy, thee θʤȤǤ롥
⤷ΤϡߤǤ⸽ǤϤ뤬ۤɸǤϤʤʤäƤǤ롥㤨СꥹȤξ̤˥ꥹȶŪʸ줬¿Ȥ˵Ť200̰˸¤äƤäȽǤ⡤god, christ, gods, faith, holy, church, grace, spirit, loue, scripture, sinne, glory, death, pope, religion, soule, heaven, pray, soul, apostles, vertue, wicked, honour, blessed, apostle ʤɤ롥塼ī奢īȤˡꥹȶϮ³äȤطդˤС夬¯ȤȤǤ⤢롥
ֻȤƤϡ̵ <e> μͳղáæ<u> <v> ڤ <i> <j> κߡshall θʻѡye λ¸ʤɤ (see #373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]); #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])) ޤߤǤϷ줷ǽ¿ (ex. upon, vnto, nor, therefore, thereof, whereof)
COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) Ĥ Mark Davies [2012-01-08-1]ε#986. COCA "WORD AND PHRASE . INFO"פǾҲ𤷤ǽ (Frequency List) ˲äʸꤲCOCA١dzƸ˴ؤŤ֤Ƥ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO, ANALYZE TEXT
Ŭʱʸꤲȡñ줬٥٥ˤäƿʬ줿֤֤롥500ޤǤĶٸġ3,000ޤǤιٸСʲ٤θϲǼۤacademic word ֻȤ֤롥ʸǤΤ줾γ⼨졤θåꥹȤФȤưפƸϥå֥ǡåΥץ뤬 KWIC DZڥɽ롥ޤڥˤ줬롥ʲϡε#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1]) ˰ѤʸꤲǤΥåȡ

ʸȤˤ collocation synonym Ĵ٤ʤȤ¿ΤǡȤǤϱѺʸؽ˰ϤȯʸϤ academic ٤ȽꤹΤˤȤ롥Academic Word List ˴ޤޤäδͭ٤ȤȤǤС[2010-12-30-1]ε#612. Academic Word Listפǵ The AWL Highlighter ġ
ƻ·äƤдñ˼¹ԤǤ̤ȤƤ⤪⤷ѥλȤȤơФ롥θˤĤƤ[2010-03-10-1]ε#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡפdz⤷[2010-09-27-1]ε#518. Singapore English ΥɤСפǤ⥭ФλҲ𤷤
ϤȶʵȤơ(1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ(2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ FLOB Frown 2ѥѤƼФƤߤξѥˤĤƤ[2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora ѾաפȡˡϤΤϡƱ WordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥
ξѼθɽߤͤ碌줾쥭 (keyness) ι⤤˾500ФꥹȤΥƥȥեȡˡǤϡ줾줫50ΤߤƷǤ褦٤ƾʸǼ
Q. (1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ
A. (1) ʲ̤ꡥ
cent, which, labour, uk, towards, london, per, centre, was, british, programme, behaviour, it, be, colour, britain, defence, favour, royal, there, been, round, bbc, thatcher, sir, mp, charter, nhs, realised, scottish, yesterday, lord, favourite, local, council, recognised, theatre, mr, being, fviii, tory, kinnock, mps, thalidomide, whilst, scotland, churches, should, programmes, parliament
Q. (2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ
A. (2) ʲ̤ꡥ
percent, toward, program, programs, clinton, u, bush, labor, s, defense, president, american, states, center, washington, formula, federal, behavior, color, united, black, state, fiber, says, zen, americans, ó, california, congress, zach, san, o, white, presidential, pex, jell, women, treaty, favorite, said, bill, gray, colors, perot, favor, douglass, hershey, quayle, j, n
ˤϡǤϰ̣ΤΤ⤢롥BrE 1 cent ʤɤϲΤȻפ⤷ʤʬ per cent 2ܤȴФ줿̤Ǥ롥AmE Ǥб percent 1̤Ǥ롥¾ˤֻαƺϤ褯ȿǤƤꡤbehaviour, centre, colour, defence, favour, favourite, labour, programme(s) ϸߤΥꥹȤ˸롥
ѹħŤ MP(s), NHS, Parliament, Royal, Scotland, Toryбƹ Congress, Federal, President, State(s), Washington, White (House) ʤɤϡʤۤɤ롥ξѥΥƥǯǤ1990ǯƬʤȾλˤħŤ Thatcher, Bush, Clinton ޤޤƤ롥
ʸˡȤƤϡBrE which whilst ([2010-09-17-1]ε#508. Dracula ˸ whilstפȡˤ̣
ˤƤ⡤줾ɡˤĤۤɤ BrE 뤤 AmE Ǥ롥դˡѼѥѥ餳Τ褦ˤФ줿ɤɤ줯餤ޤޤƤ뤫ˤäơʤ겿ʤΥƥȤ BrE Ū AmE Ū뤤ϤΩ "World Standard English" ˶ᤤȤȤ¬뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Фˤ֤ˤץϺ³
Ѹ춵伭ؤʬ Academic Word List (AWL) ȤýΤƤ롥1998ǯ Avril Coxhead The Academic Corpus Ȥ350줫ʤȼѥȤ˱Ѹ춵Ѥ˳ȯ570Ȥʹ碌 word family ȸƤФˤʤýǡѤ٤ι⤤줫ʤäƤ롥
⤦ܤ AWL θмΤ褦ˤʤ롥(1) word family ѥ Arts, Commerce, Law, Science Υ֥åȤ٤Ƥˤĺʬ줿28ʬΥ֥åȤβȾ롥(2) word family νи٤ѥΤ100Ķ롥(3) word family ѥγǺ10롥(4) GSL ( General Service List ) (1953) κ2000Ͻ ( see [2010-03-02-1] ) . (5) ͭ̾Ͻ(6) et al, etc, ibid ʤɤκѥƥɽϽ
Ƹ줿ý AWL ǡAWL Headwords ӥɤǤ롥word family ٤ι⤤110 Sublists Ȥƥ롼ʬƤꡤ٤ƹ碌ȥѥΤ9.8%ʤȤ
ǶξѱѱѼϸ¤ AWL νǧƤ褦2006ǯǤ Longman Exams Dictionary ڤˡ2007ǯ Longman Advanced American Dictionary, 2nd ed.2009ǯ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th ed. ʤڼǤ AWL θƤ ( Dohi et al., p. 174 ) Macmillan, Collins COBUILD ϤǤƱͤǤ롥ܲ AWL ɾ Dohi et al. ˤȰʲ̤Ǥ롥
It remains to be seen whether Coxhead's AWL will continue to be used, will be revised or replaced in future advanced learners' dictionaries, because not all scholars concur with her AWL. . . . The AWL could be regarded for the time being as "a quick reference" for academic vocabulary until more research bears fruit . . . . (100)
Ϣ The AWL Highlighter ʤġ뤬ꡤ˱ʸƥȤȡAWL äϥ饤ȤƤ롥䤬ǶѸʸΥȥ1235ǻƤߤ顤Sublist 10 ޤǤΥ٥128줬ϥ饤Ȥ줿Τ10.36%Ǥꡤacademic ٤Ϲʤ!?
Dohi, Kazuo, Tetsuo Osada, Atsuko Shimizu, Yukiyoshi Asada, Rumi Takahashi, and Takashi Kanazashi. "An Analysis of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Fifth Edition." Lexicon 40 (2010): 85--187.
ε[2010-09-26-1] ICE ( International Corpus of English ) 餤ĤαѸϰѼ拾ѥݤҲ𤷤Τʤ Singapore English Υѥ ( ICE-SIN ) äƤߤ
[2010-03-10-1]ε WordSmith KeyWords еǽαʸǻ ICE-SIN Ʊͤ˻ƤߤȤɤʤȻפäǺ⡤1990ǯƬΥꥹѸоݤԻ줿Ӳǽ FLOB corpus ( see [2010-06-29-1] ) ȥѥȤBritish English ˾Ȥ餷 Singapore English ħŪʸʡᥭɡˤФƤߤι⤤20ˤĤơWordSmith ˽Ϥ줿ɽǤ褦ʾ100ޤǤΥꥹȤϤΥڡHTMLȡˡ
| n | word | ice-sin.freq. | ice-sin.lst % | flob.freq. | flob.lst % | keyness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | uh | 8,230 | 0.74 | 8 | 19,246.0 | |
| 2 | you | 18,175 | 1.64 | 7,258 | 0.29 | 17,768.5 |
| 3 | uhm | 3,838 | 0.35 | 0 | 9,021.1 | |
| 4 | ya | 3,580 | 0.32 | 10 | 8,283.9 | |
| 5 | i | 15,166 | 1.37 | 12,230 | 0.49 | 7,051.3 |
| 6 | singapore | 3,041 | 0.27 | 64 | 6,570.0 | |
| 7 | word | 3,490 | 0.32 | 482 | 0.02 | 5,621.8 |
| 8 | know | 4,768 | 0.43 | 1,534 | 0.06 | 5,345.5 |
| 9 | okay | 2,296 | 0.21 | 28 | 5,112.0 | |
| 10 | so | 6,759 | 0.61 | 4,452 | 0.18 | 4,113.8 |
| 11 | lah | 1,747 | 0.16 | 2 | 4,074.4 | |
| 12 | it's | 3,585 | 0.32 | 1,186 | 0.05 | 3,949.9 |
| 13 | your | 3,485 | 0.31 | 1,642 | 0.07 | 2,972.2 |
| 14 | oh | 1,952 | 0.18 | 344 | 0.01 | 2,900.2 |
| 15 | think | 2,761 | 0.25 | 1,208 | 0.05 | 2,501.5 |
| 16 | ah | 1,288 | 0.12 | 142 | 2,204.9 | |
| 17 | we | 5,884 | 0.53 | 5,406 | 0.22 | 2,190.7 |
| 18 | is | 15,022 | 1.36 | 20,588 | 0.83 | 2,027.9 |
| 19 | don't | 2,372 | 0.21 | 1,196 | 0.05 | 1,904.9 |
| 20 | what | 4,635 | 0.42 | 4,072 | 0.16 | 1,865.8 |
adverb INFORMAL
used by people in Malaysia and Singapore for making something they are saying sound more friendly and informal
ʸˤϡICE-SIN ľܽäƤᤤʸǤϤΤȡΤ褦ʿƤʸǤȤƤ롥
Anyway, life is getting colder here. Hottest degree - 16 degrees celcius, coldest so far is 8oc. Brr..rr!! I'm wearing 3 to 4 layers now, like I did in England. So heavy one lah! Get back ache, you know!
ۤˤϡSingapore 6̤äƤꡤdollar(s), Chinese, Singaporeans, Malay ʤɤ100äƤ롥
(2) lah ٤ι⤵Ȥط뤬ι⤤졤äѽФȹͤ줬Ωġľɽ魯;̾졤ޤĴ¤餲 ( hedge ) ä¿Ūʵǽĸ췲ȤƤޤȤƤ褤⤷ʤäȤäդȷӤĤ륭ɤ¿Ȥͽۤ줿ȤǤϤ롥դɸ˽䤹ϰѼ֤κʤΤ̤Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓äդϰѼκФ䤹ȤȤΥФdzΤ줿ȤȤ
Τ褦ʥФϡ¾ϰѼˤѤǤ롥ȥѥꥹѸʳưŪ˳ѼħߤȤΤ⤪⤷
ε[2010-03-09-1]˰³ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English Ǽʬޥ˥WordSmith ˤ KeyWords еǽ롥ññꥹȤٽ¤٤ΥꥹȤǤ⤪褽ΥƥȤμɤ뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˵ǽʤɤλ̤ߡᤷˤФơɥꥹȤǤоݥƥȤμ褯ɽ¼Ūʥɤ̤Τǡᤷ䤹
ͤȤƤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ʥѥʤɤȥƥȤȤƻѤñ줴Ȥ˰Ū٤ƳФˡоݥƥdzñˤĤ٤ФоݥƥǤ٤ȥƥǤ٤礭ˤϡоݥƥȤͭΥɤȤߤʤ롥Τ褦ʥɤưŪõФƤΤWordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥ϥꥹѸǽƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤȥƥȤȤƤ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) Ѥʲ50ΥɤǤ롥
plural, english, s, n, old, nouns, norse, dialect, midland, middle, plurals, dialects, texts, language, forms, text, ending, diffusion, v, south, west, nominative, early, stem, the, spread, linguistic, singular, endings, inflectional, contact, accusative, o, system, weak, in, development, sec, change, fem, dative, morphological, languages, saxon, item, formation, period, transfer, germanic, strong
ФƤޤ plural ʣθʤΤǤǤʤкȤΥꥹȤⵡǽλ褯ϤƤ롥
WordSmith ˤϳƥɤΥեǤνиսŪ˥ץåȤ뵡ǽ⤢ꡤ嵭50ˤĤưʲΤ褦ʥץåȤ줿

ɮܿͤʤΤǡʤۤɤȻפ뤳Ȥ¿Ǿ̸ϥƥˤޤ٤ʤ뷹뤬ǤʬۤФäƤΤ⤢롥7̤ norse Old Norse ˤĤƤ7Ϥ˸ǤޤäƤ뤷18 diffusion Lexical Diffusion Ū˰äƤ5Ϥ˽椷Ƥ롥
ʤȯ⤢äѲƤΤ development change ¿ѤƤ뤬ɮˤϤۤɰռξȤʬƤ櫓ǤϤʤäǤФޤ٤ʤʬۤƤʤΤºݤˤ change 5դкߤƤ롥ȤȤϡ̵ռΤ˻ȤʬƤȤȤʤΤ̵ռʤȤǤ⤤٤ΤȯǤƤ⤷
ʸϤΤ褦ʬϤ뤳ȤǡŪʸ̤ͤ줽Ǥ롥פĤ
ʸΤפİ뤳ȤǺʸϲ˳褫ïʸΤ˶ŤܥϤʤѥ饰չλؿˤʤɡ
ʬβʸϤӤʸΤηǯѲѻ
ʸʤɤǥȥ䤬ʣˡɤͤˤƷꤹ
ʬβʸʤɤҤäʬоݤȤֻθơޤϡʥɡˤǤפȸڤ褦ˤʤ
βʸʤɤҤäʬоݤȤ֤ʤθơޤϡʥɡˤǤפȸڤ褦ˤʤʢä
ˤ䤫˴ϢĤʸ A B ߤ˻ȥƥȤȤƤ줾ΥɤФA ħ B ħ٤롥¿ȤȤƤΤǡɤˤäƵդ⤭Ħˤʤǽ롥
ʬǽʸϤʬϤ뤳Ȥʬޥ˥ȤѨۤʤ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English αʸˤơʬαѺʸηʤкˤĴ٤ƤߤѤġϡѥѤ˳ȯ줿 WordSmith Version 3 Ǥ롥
ޤȤơ긵ˤ۹Ƥ LaTeX ե뤫ɽ Bibliography ʤɤȤʸޤޤ褦ʿƥȤ롥 WordSmith ˤơʸΤ˴ؤͤФƤߤ
| Tokens | 58,535 |
| Types | 4,805 |
| Type/Token Ratio | 8.21 |
| Standardised Type/Token | 37.81 |
| Ave. Word Length | 4.88 |
| Sentences | 1,745 |
| Sent.length | 22.49 |
| sd. Sent. Length | 12.36 |
| Paragraphs | 865 |
| Para. length | 67.67 |
| sd. Para. length | 48.26 |
| 1-letter words | 3,239 |
| 2-letter words | 9,619 |
| 3-letter words | 10,771 |
| 4-letter words | 7,996 |
| 5-letter words | 5,657 |
| 6-letter words | 4,938 |
| 7-letter words | 5,220 |
| 8-letter words | 3,747 |
| 9-letter words | 2,594 |
| 10-letter words | 2,043 |
| 11-letter words | 1,224 |
| 12-letter words | 857 |
| 13-letter words | 304 |
| 14(+)-letter words | 203 |
the, of, in, to, and, a, is, plural, as, english, that, s, for, old, was, n, it, be, from, i, this, are, with, by, on, middle, language, but, or, nouns, not, early, dialect, norse, west, midland, were, forms, text, south, texts, more, have, we, system, than, which, an, may, v
ʬϵǽƸȤƤ plural, english, middle, nouns, early, forms ȽФƤƤ줿ȤȤΤϡȥñ줬̤˽ФƤƤʤȥȥդäȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤʤdevelopment 56̡nominal 189̤ä
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