ʣΥѥѤʬϤϡⲿ٤ԤʤäȤ (cf. keyword) ΥѥħŪ˸륭ɤ̤ΰŪʥѥȤˤäŪȴФƤˡǡޤȸʸŪʴ餪⤷̤Ф롥
ϡPolzenhagen and Wolf ͤɤǤơICE (International Corpus of English) 륫롼ѸΥѥ饭ɤȴФĴҲ𤵤ƤΤĤΤǡҲ𤷤ΤλȥѥȤơꥹѸ FLOB ȥꥫѸ FROWN ѤƤ롥
ơĴη̤롼ѸΥɤȤưʲñ췲̤⤫Ӿ夬äƤȤ (161)
community
communal
family
relative
kin / kinship / kinsman / kinspeople
brotherhood
marriage
marry
marital
husband
wife
parent / parental / parenting
maternity / maternal
Birth
child / childhood / childless
Offspring
̣ξȤƶ̹ФСֿ²פȡֶƱΡפȤäȤ롼Ҳθ餫ˤʤäƤȤäƤ褤̱²ǧοؤˤƶͿƤ붽̣̤Ȥ롥ΤλȥݥȤѼʸˤǤ뤳ȡĤޤ̤ŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥϡ˰ռƤɬפ
Polzenhagen, Frank and Hans-Georg Wolf, "World Englishes and Cognitive Linguistics." Chapter 8 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 147--72.
ƻ·äƤдñ˼¹ԤǤ̤ȤƤ⤪⤷ѥλȤȤơФ롥θˤĤƤ[2010-03-10-1]ε#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡפdz⤷[2010-09-27-1]ε#518. Singapore English ΥɤСפǤ⥭ФλҲ𤷤
ϤȶʵȤơ(1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ(2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ FLOB Frown 2ѥѤƼФƤߤξѥˤĤƤ[2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora ѾաפȡˡϤΤϡƱ WordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥
ξѼθɽߤͤ碌줾쥭 (keyness) ι⤤˾500ФꥹȤΥƥȥեȡˡǤϡ줾줫50ΤߤƷǤ褦٤ƾʸǼ
Q. (1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ
A. (1) ʲ̤ꡥ
cent, which, labour, uk, towards, london, per, centre, was, british, programme, behaviour, it, be, colour, britain, defence, favour, royal, there, been, round, bbc, thatcher, sir, mp, charter, nhs, realised, scottish, yesterday, lord, favourite, local, council, recognised, theatre, mr, being, fviii, tory, kinnock, mps, thalidomide, whilst, scotland, churches, should, programmes, parliament
Q. (2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ
A. (2) ʲ̤ꡥ
percent, toward, program, programs, clinton, u, bush, labor, s, defense, president, american, states, center, washington, formula, federal, behavior, color, united, black, state, fiber, says, zen, americans, ó, california, congress, zach, san, o, white, presidential, pex, jell, women, treaty, favorite, said, bill, gray, colors, perot, favor, douglass, hershey, quayle, j, n
ˤϡǤϰ̣ΤΤ⤢롥BrE 1 cent ʤɤϲΤȻפ⤷ʤʬ per cent 2ܤȴФ줿̤Ǥ롥AmE Ǥб percent 1̤Ǥ롥¾ˤֻαƺϤ褯ȿǤƤꡤbehaviour, centre, colour, defence, favour, favourite, labour, programme(s) ϸߤΥꥹȤ˸롥
ѹħŤ MP(s), NHS, Parliament, Royal, Scotland, Toryбƹ Congress, Federal, President, State(s), Washington, White (House) ʤɤϡʤۤɤ롥ξѥΥƥǯǤ1990ǯƬʤȾλˤħŤ Thatcher, Bush, Clinton ޤޤƤ롥
ʸˡȤƤϡBrE which whilst ([2010-09-17-1]ε#508. Dracula ˸ whilstפȡˤ̣
ˤƤ⡤줾ɡˤĤۤɤ BrE 뤤 AmE Ǥ롥դˡѼѥѥ餳Τ褦ˤФ줿ɤɤ줯餤ޤޤƤ뤫ˤäơʤ겿ʤΥƥȤ BrE Ū AmE Ū뤤ϤΩ "World Standard English" ˶ᤤȤȤ¬뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Фˤ֤ˤץϺ³
ε[2010-09-26-1] ICE ( International Corpus of English ) 餤ĤαѸϰѼ拾ѥݤҲ𤷤Τʤ Singapore English Υѥ ( ICE-SIN ) äƤߤ
[2010-03-10-1]ε WordSmith KeyWords еǽαʸǻ ICE-SIN Ʊͤ˻ƤߤȤɤʤȻפäǺ⡤1990ǯƬΥꥹѸоݤԻ줿Ӳǽ FLOB corpus ( see [2010-06-29-1] ) ȥѥȤBritish English ˾Ȥ餷 Singapore English ħŪʸʡᥭɡˤФƤߤι⤤20ˤĤơWordSmith ˽Ϥ줿ɽǤ褦ʾ100ޤǤΥꥹȤϤΥڡHTMLȡˡ
| n | word | ice-sin.freq. | ice-sin.lst % | flob.freq. | flob.lst % | keyness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | uh | 8,230 | 0.74 | 8 | 19,246.0 | |
| 2 | you | 18,175 | 1.64 | 7,258 | 0.29 | 17,768.5 |
| 3 | uhm | 3,838 | 0.35 | 0 | 9,021.1 | |
| 4 | ya | 3,580 | 0.32 | 10 | 8,283.9 | |
| 5 | i | 15,166 | 1.37 | 12,230 | 0.49 | 7,051.3 |
| 6 | singapore | 3,041 | 0.27 | 64 | 6,570.0 | |
| 7 | word | 3,490 | 0.32 | 482 | 0.02 | 5,621.8 |
| 8 | know | 4,768 | 0.43 | 1,534 | 0.06 | 5,345.5 |
| 9 | okay | 2,296 | 0.21 | 28 | 5,112.0 | |
| 10 | so | 6,759 | 0.61 | 4,452 | 0.18 | 4,113.8 |
| 11 | lah | 1,747 | 0.16 | 2 | 4,074.4 | |
| 12 | it's | 3,585 | 0.32 | 1,186 | 0.05 | 3,949.9 |
| 13 | your | 3,485 | 0.31 | 1,642 | 0.07 | 2,972.2 |
| 14 | oh | 1,952 | 0.18 | 344 | 0.01 | 2,900.2 |
| 15 | think | 2,761 | 0.25 | 1,208 | 0.05 | 2,501.5 |
| 16 | ah | 1,288 | 0.12 | 142 | 2,204.9 | |
| 17 | we | 5,884 | 0.53 | 5,406 | 0.22 | 2,190.7 |
| 18 | is | 15,022 | 1.36 | 20,588 | 0.83 | 2,027.9 |
| 19 | don't | 2,372 | 0.21 | 1,196 | 0.05 | 1,904.9 |
| 20 | what | 4,635 | 0.42 | 4,072 | 0.16 | 1,865.8 |
adverb INFORMAL
used by people in Malaysia and Singapore for making something they are saying sound more friendly and informal
ʸˤϡICE-SIN ľܽäƤᤤʸǤϤΤȡΤ褦ʿƤʸǤȤƤ롥
Anyway, life is getting colder here. Hottest degree - 16 degrees celcius, coldest so far is 8oc. Brr..rr!! I'm wearing 3 to 4 layers now, like I did in England. So heavy one lah! Get back ache, you know!
ۤˤϡSingapore 6̤äƤꡤdollar(s), Chinese, Singaporeans, Malay ʤɤ100äƤ롥
(2) lah ٤ι⤵Ȥط뤬ι⤤졤äѽФȹͤ줬Ωġľɽ魯;̾졤ޤĴ¤餲 ( hedge ) ä¿Ūʵǽĸ췲ȤƤޤȤƤ褤⤷ʤäȤäդȷӤĤ륭ɤ¿Ȥͽۤ줿ȤǤϤ롥դɸ˽䤹ϰѼ֤κʤΤ̤Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓äդϰѼκФ䤹ȤȤΥФdzΤ줿ȤȤ
Τ褦ʥФϡ¾ϰѼˤѤǤ롥ȥѥꥹѸʳưŪ˳ѼħߤȤΤ⤪⤷
ε[2010-03-09-1]˰³ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English Ǽʬޥ˥WordSmith ˤ KeyWords еǽ롥ññꥹȤٽ¤٤ΥꥹȤǤ⤪褽ΥƥȤμɤ뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˵ǽʤɤλ̤ߡᤷˤФơɥꥹȤǤоݥƥȤμ褯ɽ¼Ūʥɤ̤Τǡᤷ䤹
ͤȤƤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ʥѥʤɤȥƥȤȤƻѤñ줴Ȥ˰Ū٤ƳФˡоݥƥdzñˤĤ٤ФоݥƥǤ٤ȥƥǤ٤礭ˤϡоݥƥȤͭΥɤȤߤʤ롥Τ褦ʥɤưŪõФƤΤWordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥ϥꥹѸǽƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤȥƥȤȤƤ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) Ѥʲ50ΥɤǤ롥
plural, english, s, n, old, nouns, norse, dialect, midland, middle, plurals, dialects, texts, language, forms, text, ending, diffusion, v, south, west, nominative, early, stem, the, spread, linguistic, singular, endings, inflectional, contact, accusative, o, system, weak, in, development, sec, change, fem, dative, morphological, languages, saxon, item, formation, period, transfer, germanic, strong
ФƤޤ plural ʣθʤΤǤǤʤкȤΥꥹȤⵡǽλ褯ϤƤ롥
WordSmith ˤϳƥɤΥեǤνиսŪ˥ץåȤ뵡ǽ⤢ꡤ嵭50ˤĤưʲΤ褦ʥץåȤ줿

ɮܿͤʤΤǡʤۤɤȻפ뤳Ȥ¿Ǿ̸ϥƥˤޤ٤ʤ뷹뤬ǤʬۤФäƤΤ⤢롥7̤ norse Old Norse ˤĤƤ7Ϥ˸ǤޤäƤ뤷18 diffusion Lexical Diffusion Ū˰äƤ5Ϥ˽椷Ƥ롥
ʤȯ⤢äѲƤΤ development change ¿ѤƤ뤬ɮˤϤۤɰռξȤʬƤ櫓ǤϤʤäǤФޤ٤ʤʬۤƤʤΤºݤˤ change 5դкߤƤ롥ȤȤϡ̵ռΤ˻ȤʬƤȤȤʤΤ̵ռʤȤǤ⤤٤ΤȯǤƤ⤷
ʸϤΤ褦ʬϤ뤳ȤǡŪʸ̤ͤ줽Ǥ롥פĤ
ʸΤפİ뤳ȤǺʸϲ˳褫ïʸΤ˶ŤܥϤʤѥ饰չλؿˤʤɡ
ʬβʸϤӤʸΤηǯѲѻ
ʸʤɤǥȥ䤬ʣˡɤͤˤƷꤹ
ʬβʸʤɤҤäʬоݤȤֻθơޤϡʥɡˤǤפȸڤ褦ˤʤ
βʸʤɤҤäʬоݤȤ֤ʤθơޤϡʥɡˤǤפȸڤ褦ˤʤʢä
ˤ䤫˴ϢĤʸ A B ߤ˻ȥƥȤȤƤ줾ΥɤФA ħ B ħ٤롥¿ȤȤƤΤǡɤˤäƵդ⤭Ħˤʤǽ롥
[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲƤͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ
| item | LOB: rate (freq) | FLOB: rate (freq) | ||
| -ise | -ize | -ise | -ize | |
| recognise | 59.6% (99) | 40.4% (67) | 71.8% (127) | 28.2% (50) |
| realise | 63.2% (134) | 36.8% (78) | 68.7% (125) | 31.3% (57) |
| organise | 65.6% (42) | 34.4% (22) | 67.2% (43) | 32.8% (21) |
| emphasise | 37.7% (20) | 62.3% (33) | 62.9% (39) | 37.1% (23) |
| criticise | 52.0% (13) | 48.0% (12) | 80.0% (24) | 20.0% (6) |
| characterise | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (4) | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) |
| summarise | 35.3% (6) | 64.7% (11) | 64.7% (11) | 35.3% (6) |
| specialise | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) | 81.8% (27) | 18.2% (6) |
| apologise | 68.8% (11) | 31.3% (5) | 70.6% (12) | 29.4% (5) |
| advertise | 100.0% (41) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (55) | 0.0% (0) |
| authorise | 77.4% (24) | 22.6% (7) | 68.2% (15) | 31.8% (7) |
| minimise | 90.0% (9) | 10.0% (1) | 80.0% (16) | 20.0% (4) |
| surprise | 100.0% (182) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (173) | 0.0% (0) |
| supervise | 100.0% (10) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (9) | 0.0% (0) |
| utilise | 70.0% (7) | 30.0% (3) | 83.3% (5) | 16.7% (1) |
| maximise | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (9) | 50.0% (9) |
| symbolise | 50.0% (3) | 50.0% (3) | 40.0% (4) | 60.0% (6) |
| mobilise | 66.7% (2) | 33.3% (1) | 20.0% (1) | 80.0% (4) |
| stabilise | 58.3% (7) | 41.7% (5) | 33.3% (3) | 66.7% (6) |
| publicise | 81.8% (9) | 18.2% (2) | 84.6% (11) | 15.4% (2) |
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