ε#4678. ˤݤĹء ([2022-02-16-1]) ǡˤݤĹءפδߤϤ⤦1ĤδǤ֤餮פܤ褦餮ϤˤĤơ (112) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Τ褦ʲݤª뼫ˡΰĤȤơϰ˽иñ٤ʬĴ٤뤳Ȥ롥ñνиˤ餮ΤǤСϰˤñ줬иʤ礬ꡤޤǤñ줬¿и⤢ꡤ٤ʬ礭ʤϤǤ롥
ϸȤƤʬ䤹ʸɽäǰƬˤ硤餮ϸˤäưۤʤ뤬⤷Ȥˡ륭ɤϤФФ餮礭Ȥ桤p. 118ˡϡŪʥɤƱʤɤ˹ʶ̣Ǥ롥
ޤʹָˤʸϤȥʸʸϤȤǤ餮٤ȡ餫Ԥ餮礭ΤȤϿʹָħΰü롥ˡʸϤΥˤäƤ餮ϰۤʤ뤿ˡ桤p. 120ˡ餮ٹ礤ʸŪʻɸȤʤ롥
͡ʲǽˤ֤餮פ˥ƥʤĥäƤϢơ1/f 餮 (1/f) ܡ
ҡظȥե饯 --- ѤνѤˤɬ١ؽDz2021ǯ
#4518. OALD10 ѸΥ졼٥15 ([2021-09-09-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ǯ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English ̾ OALDˤ10ǤǤ줿ȤȤ˿ʲ³뤳μΥե1ͤȤƤϡʸʾϿŪʬˤܤƤޤΤϢ Oxford 3000, Oxford 5000, OPAL ȸƤФѸؽͭѤʸðҲ𤷤OALD10 x--xi ˳ơβ⤬롥
The Oxford 3000TM
20줫ʤ The Oxford English Corpus ˤ٤˴ŤѸؽԤռԤޤ줿ñ3000ĤΰƱѥϡꥹѸȥꥫѸΤߤʤ餺Ѹ夷Ƥ롥2000DZѸƥȤ8θäСƤȤ⤤뤬3000ΰ CEFR (= Common European Framework of Reference) A1 B2 ޤǤοǰƬˤˤʤꥹȤɤǤ롥
The Oxford 5000TM
The Oxford 3000 ι⤤CEFR B2 C1 ޤǤθäޤĥǤñ嵭Ʊ˥Ǥ롥
The Oxford Phrasal Academic LexiconTM
"OPAL" άΤƤ롤ؽѱѸ (English for Academic Purposes) ͭѤʸáؤιֵߥʡݡȡ´ʤɤαѸǰƬԤޤ줿ñǤ롥ΰϡեѥ The Oxford Corpus of Academic English (= OCAE) äեѥ The British Academic Spoken English (= BASE) Ȥ (keyword) ʬϤ˴ŤΤǡؽѱѸνΩñǤ롥饢Ǥ롥
αѸؽϼ¤ŪʳŪˤʤäƤʤȴФѸءѸˤΥǥߥåʸˤƤäپȤΤϴܻǤ뤫顤˳Ѥ
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. 10th ed. Ed. A. S. Hornby. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2020.
ʣΥѥѤʬϤϡⲿ٤ԤʤäȤ (cf. keyword) ΥѥħŪ˸륭ɤ̤ΰŪʥѥȤˤäŪȴФƤˡǡޤȸʸŪʴ餪⤷̤Ф롥
ϡPolzenhagen and Wolf ͤɤǤơICE (International Corpus of English) 륫롼ѸΥѥ饭ɤȴФĴҲ𤵤ƤΤĤΤǡҲ𤷤ΤλȥѥȤơꥹѸ FLOB ȥꥫѸ FROWN ѤƤ롥
ơĴη̤롼ѸΥɤȤưʲñ췲̤⤫Ӿ夬äƤȤ (161)
community
communal
family
relative
kin / kinship / kinsman / kinspeople
brotherhood
marriage
marry
marital
husband
wife
parent / parental / parenting
maternity / maternal
Birth
child / childhood / childless
Offspring
̣ξȤƶ̹ФСֿ²פȡֶƱΡפȤäȤ롼Ҳθ餫ˤʤäƤȤäƤ褤̱²ǧοؤˤƶͿƤ붽̣̤Ȥ롥ΤλȥݥȤѼʸˤǤ뤳ȡĤޤ̤ŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥϡ˰ռƤɬפ
Polzenhagen, Frank and Hans-Georg Wolf, "World Englishes and Cognitive Linguistics." Chapter 8 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 147--72.
ε#3419. Ѹ줳Ȥ虜Υɡ ([2018-09-06-1]) ơѸ줳Ȥ虜ħŤ50ΥɤºݤˤĤޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ虜ƤƣꥹȤ866Τʤ顤5İʾΥɤޤळȤ虜ʽʣˤ33ۤɸĤä *
No man better knows what good is than he who has endured evil.
See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil.
Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; show him how to catch fish and you feed him for a lifetime.
Better the devil you know than the devil you don't know.
A good neighbor is better than a brother far off.
It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.
Half a loaf is better than no bread.
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a horse.
A wise man changes his mind, a fool never.
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
A man may lead (or take) a horse to the water but he cannot make him drink.
A good wife and health is a man's best wealth.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
We may not expect a good whelp from an ill dog.
The good you do for others is good you do yourself.
Poverty is no disgrace, but it is a great inconvenience.
It is the bridle and spur that makes a good horse.
It is better to be stung by a nettle than pricked by a rose.
In a calm sea every man is a pilot.
He that hath a full purse never wanted a friend.
Don't make yourself a mouse, or the cat will eat you.
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.
Adversity makes a man wise.
A picture is worth a thousand words.
A wise man never wants a weapon.
A good wife makes a good husband.
A good wife is a good prize.
A good husband makes a good wife.
A good beginning makes a good ending.
A friend who shares is a friend who cares.
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
A fool at forty is a fool indeed.
ʤۤɡѸ줳Ȥ虜ŵʤΤȤʤĤƤ롥ʡ͡ɤȤ߹碌СŬʤȤ虜ƤޤʤۤɤդˤСʤ̤Ȥ虜ɽ魯ηä俿ȤΤϡ¤줿ΥɤȤ߹碌뤳ȤˤäɽǤۤɤΤΤʤΤ⤷ʤƤڤȸ櫓ǤϤʤषŤΤ
ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ
ǯ6˳ҤǤ줿ƣˮˡˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ٤ҲڡˡƱǸڤ줿Ѹ줳Ȥ虜κ䡤¾δϢꥹȤƤ롥餫ѸΤȤ虜866Фñ˥ʬϤƤߤ *
ŪʻȥѥȤơBritish English 06 (BE06) ꤷΥѥˤĤƤϡ#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ƥ뤬üŪˤ2006ǯʺˤ˽Ǥ줿ꥹѸνƥȤʤ100쵬ϤΥѥǤ롥η̡ٿι⤫ä50ñ褦 *
is, makes, good, man, cannot, a, never, you, love, wise, better, thief, devil, ill, than, fool, horse, no, truth, fortune, sweet, adversity, evil, make, shall, travels, friend, every, don't, beauty, knows, not, money, neighbor, speak, words, will, worth, fair, hath, best, blind, deceives, dog, longest, comes, honor, man's, great, bread
̸ˤϵǽ¿äƤ뤬Ȥ虜ʸΤʷϵ褯Ƥ褦˻פ졤̣cannot, never, you, than, no, shall, every, don't, not, hath ʤɤϡˤ⤳Ȥ虜Ȼ礦ǽǤ롥
餺ƸΥ饤ʥåפ⤪⤷ưǤ make, know, deceive ȤΤˤ̾Ǥ man, thief, devil, fool, horse, truth, fortune, adversity, evil, friend, beauty, money, neighbor, words, dog, honor, bread ʤɡפ鷺ΤƤޤΤФƻǤϡgood, better, best, ill ϤΤȡwise, fair, blind, longest ʤɤˤǼ롥Ӥˤꡤƻ塦ηäȤѸ줳Ȥ虜ܼƤ褦ʥɤ
Τ褦ʸΤ˴ؤ륭ʬϤϡˤƵҴŪǤʤ顤ˤľѤṲ̆Фʤ뤤ϤʾȯˤȤǤ⤷ۤˤ⡤֤ˤʥɡץεȤơ#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡ ([2010-03-10-1])#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1])#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1])#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) ȡ˱Ѹ̻ŪʥʬϤˤĤƤϡѸ쥳ѥ LAEME Ѥ Hotta (2013) ʸ⤢롥
ƣ ˮˡؤȤ虜õ롡ƿͤηäȹͤ١ҡ2018ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Representativeness, Word Frequency, and Keywords in the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 112 (2013): 67--84.
ѥ饭ɤȤʬϤ#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡ ([2010-03-10-1])#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1])#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƤϽѸ濴Ū˰ƥȡǡ١ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ꡤɤäƤߤ
EEBO ĿŪ˼ѸΥƥȽ11ʾˤФWordSmith KeyWords еǽѤȥѥȤƤϡ奤ꥹѸɽΤȤ LOB ѥꤷϻȥѥΤۤä絬ϤǤϤʤФʤʤΤEEBO 礭ȤȤǡܤĤ֤äƤϡѸ٤ƻ٤⤤ѸθФȤȤǤ롥μҲħŤäޤϤǤ롥
ɸι⤤ˡ500ޤǤΥꥹȤɤ줿⾮ʸǼ
[ Top 100 ]
amp, note, god, and, that, hath, them, christ, shall, haue, thou, they, thy, so, all, our, not, their, upon, doth, vnto, of, unto, his, king, yet, or, hee, eacute, vs, ye, him, lord, thee, which, bee, doe, saith, men, onely, but, vpon, be, nor, de, c, gods, by, faith, holy, great, church, your, o, as, selfe, wee, owne, ad, con, est, things, then, such, therefore, himselfe, may, y, to, sin, grace, cause, tis, us, mr, ther, kings, thereof, let, spirit, man, al, vp, yea, any, this, ac, s, pro, ing, com, thus, e, against, forth, re, shew, whom, l, wherein
[ -- 200 ]
loue, ly, selves, scripture, self, law, st, those, thing, cor, sinne, being, glory, euery, death, good, sonne, true, neuer, whereof, iohn, againe, psal, pope, religion, ed, hym, soule, hast, lib, ex, heaven, agrave, whiche, pray, neither, downe, acirc, tion, quod, my, sed, fore, soul, nature, euen, dayes, is, p, apostles, euer, till, feare, chap, ver, rom, vnder, ma, qui, vse, according, giue, power, ouer, mans, egrave, lesse, se, doctrine, ne, ment, meanes, themselues, shal, d, sins, viz, prince, did, vertue, wicked, honour, earth, ut, blessed, princes, ter, apostle, th, persons, que, thinke, same, others, lords, ought, pag, truth, none, kingdome
[ -- 300 ]
tho, si, cap, goe, if, beene, flesh, et, christs, make, fathers, concerning, reason, body, mercy, selues, enemies, bishops, farre, v, bishop, ar, hearts, wil, likewise, other, rome, name, obedience, en, wise, cum, speake, finde, nay, iesus, we, conscience, manner, non, heart, sinnes, it, yt, hauing, saints, generall, mat, contrary, worke, wit, sayd, whereby, covenant, wherefore, gen, passe, poore, lorde, publick, word, mens, suffer, na, heare, mee, ei, heb, divers, christians, therein, theyr, minde, shalt, bloud, shewed, certaine, vers, un, son, amongst, ibid, ca, jesus, betwixt, quae, scriptures, say, divine, thine, rest, countrey, besides, di, heauen, cannot, qu, therfore, godly, sent
[ -- 400 ]
m, moses, these, christian, called, n, vn, false, should, paul, also, discourse, meane, without, booke, whence, shee, emperour, souls, place, thereby, yeares, tyme, lawes, peace, what, dis, behold, foure, citie, giuen, israel, anno, liberty, thence, gospel, cast, ograve, aboue, souldiers, tooke, sa, priests, gaue, fol, maketh, places, pardon, te, warre, saviour, wayes, saint, thinges, will, themselves, kinde, suche, bene, love, salvation, yeare, towne, spirituall, esse, fa, duke, majesty, brethren, laws, alwayes, workes, ab, lest, for, wrath, wordes, soules, done, sunt, angels, vel, ry, liue, ted, ty, looke, repentance, dr, beare, prayer, keepe, faire, ii, parts, helpe, iudge, no, churches, r
[ -- 500 ]
dy, vsed, prophet, outward, ble, ap, spake, sect, armes, notwithstanding, come, h, naturall, maner, crosse, popes, sayth, pa, papists, whatsoever, gospell, iudgement, writ, noble, hoc, par, sacrifice, dye, worship, ons, af, eternal, leaue, ob, euill, am, sacrament, diuers, both, ghost, quam, lye, yee, comming, secondly, how, iustice, sword, daies, father, vi, before, prayers, bodie, whome, councell, nec, though, faithfull, lawe, humane, aut, wel, mi, hir, iii, worthy, isa, easie, ugrave, nowe, lawfull, ere, seene, priest, glorious, serue, commanded, earle, forme, thither, eternall, prophets, turne, iewes, mo, im, halfe, matth, manifest, wilt, are, words, iust, betweene, affections, ocirc, li, ned, creatures
оݤȤΤ EEBO ʿƥȤǤꡤˤ¿䥿ޤޤƤ롥ʤɤ̤ʥƥȽϻܤƤʤΤǡäƤ뤳Ȥդºݡ1̤ amp ϥΰǤꡤ2̤ note ɽ魯ȹͤƤ褤Τǡ̵뤹٤Ǥϥз̤Τޤ뤳Ȥˤ
ǤٸǤϤ뤬Ǥֻۤʤ hath, haue, doth, hee, vs, bee ʤɤ̤뤳ȤǤޤǤϸȤʤäƤ2;ñ̾ thou, thy, thee θʤȤǤ롥
⤷ΤϡߤǤ⸽ǤϤ뤬ۤɸǤϤʤʤäƤǤ롥㤨СꥹȤξ̤˥ꥹȶŪʸ줬¿Ȥ˵Ť200̰˸¤äƤäȽǤ⡤god, christ, gods, faith, holy, church, grace, spirit, loue, scripture, sinne, glory, death, pope, religion, soule, heaven, pray, soul, apostles, vertue, wicked, honour, blessed, apostle ʤɤ롥塼ī奢īȤˡꥹȶϮ³äȤطդˤС夬¯ȤȤǤ⤢롥
ֻȤƤϡ̵ <e> μͳղáæ<u> <v> ڤ <i> <j> κߡshall θʻѡye λ¸ʤɤ (see #373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]); #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])) ޤߤǤϷ줷ǽ¿ (ex. upon, vnto, nor, therefore, thereof, whereof)
ƻ·äƤдñ˼¹ԤǤ̤ȤƤ⤪⤷ѥλȤȤơФ롥θˤĤƤ[2010-03-10-1]ε#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡפdz⤷[2010-09-27-1]ε#518. Singapore English ΥɤСפǤ⥭ФλҲ𤷤
ϤȶʵȤơ(1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ(2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ FLOB Frown 2ѥѤƼФƤߤξѥˤĤƤ[2010-06-29-1]ε#428. The Brown family of corpora ѾաפȡˡϤΤϡƱ WordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥
ξѼθɽߤͤ碌줾쥭 (keyness) ι⤤˾500ФꥹȤΥƥȥեȡˡǤϡ줾줫50ΤߤƷǤ褦٤ƾʸǼ
Q. (1) ꥫѸФƤˤ⥤ꥹѸŪñϲ
A. (1) ʲ̤ꡥ
cent, which, labour, uk, towards, london, per, centre, was, british, programme, behaviour, it, be, colour, britain, defence, favour, royal, there, been, round, bbc, thatcher, sir, mp, charter, nhs, realised, scottish, yesterday, lord, favourite, local, council, recognised, theatre, mr, being, fviii, tory, kinnock, mps, thalidomide, whilst, scotland, churches, should, programmes, parliament
Q. (2) ꥹѸФƤˤ⥢ꥫѸŪñϲ
A. (2) ʲ̤ꡥ
percent, toward, program, programs, clinton, u, bush, labor, s, defense, president, american, states, center, washington, formula, federal, behavior, color, united, black, state, fiber, says, zen, americans, ó, california, congress, zach, san, o, white, presidential, pex, jell, women, treaty, favorite, said, bill, gray, colors, perot, favor, douglass, hershey, quayle, j, n
ˤϡǤϰ̣ΤΤ⤢롥BrE 1 cent ʤɤϲΤȻפ⤷ʤʬ per cent 2ܤȴФ줿̤Ǥ롥AmE Ǥб percent 1̤Ǥ롥¾ˤֻαƺϤ褯ȿǤƤꡤbehaviour, centre, colour, defence, favour, favourite, labour, programme(s) ϸߤΥꥹȤ˸롥
ѹħŤ MP(s), NHS, Parliament, Royal, Scotland, Toryбƹ Congress, Federal, President, State(s), Washington, White (House) ʤɤϡʤۤɤ롥ξѥΥƥǯǤ1990ǯƬʤȾλˤħŤ Thatcher, Bush, Clinton ޤޤƤ롥
ʸˡȤƤϡBrE which whilst ([2010-09-17-1]ε#508. Dracula ˸ whilstפȡˤ̣
ˤƤ⡤줾ɡˤĤۤɤ BrE 뤤 AmE Ǥ롥դˡѼѥѥ餳Τ褦ˤФ줿ɤɤ줯餤ޤޤƤ뤫ˤäơʤ겿ʤΥƥȤ BrE Ū AmE Ū뤤ϤΩ "World Standard English" ˶ᤤȤȤ¬뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Фˤ֤ˤץϺ³
ε[2010-09-26-1] ICE ( International Corpus of English ) 餤ĤαѸϰѼ拾ѥݤҲ𤷤Τʤ Singapore English Υѥ ( ICE-SIN ) äƤߤ
[2010-03-10-1]ε WordSmith KeyWords еǽαʸǻ ICE-SIN Ʊͤ˻ƤߤȤɤʤȻפäǺ⡤1990ǯƬΥꥹѸоݤԻ줿Ӳǽ FLOB corpus ( see [2010-06-29-1] ) ȥѥȤBritish English ˾Ȥ餷 Singapore English ħŪʸʡᥭɡˤФƤߤι⤤20ˤĤơWordSmith ˽Ϥ줿ɽǤ褦ʾ100ޤǤΥꥹȤϤΥڡHTMLȡˡ
| n | word | ice-sin.freq. | ice-sin.lst % | flob.freq. | flob.lst % | keyness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | uh | 8,230 | 0.74 | 8 | 19,246.0 | |
| 2 | you | 18,175 | 1.64 | 7,258 | 0.29 | 17,768.5 |
| 3 | uhm | 3,838 | 0.35 | 0 | 9,021.1 | |
| 4 | ya | 3,580 | 0.32 | 10 | 8,283.9 | |
| 5 | i | 15,166 | 1.37 | 12,230 | 0.49 | 7,051.3 |
| 6 | singapore | 3,041 | 0.27 | 64 | 6,570.0 | |
| 7 | word | 3,490 | 0.32 | 482 | 0.02 | 5,621.8 |
| 8 | know | 4,768 | 0.43 | 1,534 | 0.06 | 5,345.5 |
| 9 | okay | 2,296 | 0.21 | 28 | 5,112.0 | |
| 10 | so | 6,759 | 0.61 | 4,452 | 0.18 | 4,113.8 |
| 11 | lah | 1,747 | 0.16 | 2 | 4,074.4 | |
| 12 | it's | 3,585 | 0.32 | 1,186 | 0.05 | 3,949.9 |
| 13 | your | 3,485 | 0.31 | 1,642 | 0.07 | 2,972.2 |
| 14 | oh | 1,952 | 0.18 | 344 | 0.01 | 2,900.2 |
| 15 | think | 2,761 | 0.25 | 1,208 | 0.05 | 2,501.5 |
| 16 | ah | 1,288 | 0.12 | 142 | 2,204.9 | |
| 17 | we | 5,884 | 0.53 | 5,406 | 0.22 | 2,190.7 |
| 18 | is | 15,022 | 1.36 | 20,588 | 0.83 | 2,027.9 |
| 19 | don't | 2,372 | 0.21 | 1,196 | 0.05 | 1,904.9 |
| 20 | what | 4,635 | 0.42 | 4,072 | 0.16 | 1,865.8 |
adverb INFORMAL
used by people in Malaysia and Singapore for making something they are saying sound more friendly and informal
ʸˤϡICE-SIN ľܽäƤᤤʸǤϤΤȡΤ褦ʿƤʸǤȤƤ롥
Anyway, life is getting colder here. Hottest degree - 16 degrees celcius, coldest so far is 8oc. Brr..rr!! I'm wearing 3 to 4 layers now, like I did in England. So heavy one lah! Get back ache, you know!
ۤˤϡSingapore 6̤äƤꡤdollar(s), Chinese, Singaporeans, Malay ʤɤ100äƤ롥
(2) lah ٤ι⤵Ȥط뤬ι⤤졤äѽФȹͤ줬Ωġľɽ魯;̾졤ޤĴ¤餲 ( hedge ) ä¿Ūʵǽĸ췲ȤƤޤȤƤ褤⤷ʤäȤäդȷӤĤ륭ɤ¿Ȥͽۤ줿ȤǤϤ롥դɸ˽䤹ϰѼ֤κʤΤ̤Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓äդϰѼκФ䤹ȤȤΥФdzΤ줿ȤȤ
Τ褦ʥФϡ¾ϰѼˤѤǤ롥ȥѥꥹѸʳưŪ˳ѼħߤȤΤ⤪⤷
ε[2010-03-09-1]˰³ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English Ǽʬޥ˥WordSmith ˤ KeyWords еǽ롥ññꥹȤٽ¤٤ΥꥹȤǤ⤪褽ΥƥȤμɤ뤳Ȥϲǽ̤˵ǽʤɤλ̤ߡᤷˤФơɥꥹȤǤоݥƥȤμ褯ɽ¼Ūʥɤ̤Τǡᤷ䤹
ͤȤƤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ʥѥʤɤȥƥȤȤƻѤñ줴Ȥ˰Ū٤ƳФˡоݥƥdzñˤĤ٤ФоݥƥǤ٤ȥƥǤ٤礭ˤϡоݥƥȤͭΥɤȤߤʤ롥Τ褦ʥɤưŪõФƤΤWordSmith KeyWords еǽǤ롥ϥꥹѸǽƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤȥƥȤȤƤ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) Ѥʲ50ΥɤǤ롥
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ФƤޤ plural ʣθʤΤǤǤʤкȤΥꥹȤⵡǽλ褯ϤƤ롥
WordSmith ˤϳƥɤΥեǤνиսŪ˥ץåȤ뵡ǽ⤢ꡤ嵭50ˤĤưʲΤ褦ʥץåȤ줿

ɮܿͤʤΤǡʤۤɤȻפ뤳Ȥ¿Ǿ̸ϥƥˤޤ٤ʤ뷹뤬ǤʬۤФäƤΤ⤢롥7̤ norse Old Norse ˤĤƤ7Ϥ˸ǤޤäƤ뤷18 diffusion Lexical Diffusion Ū˰äƤ5Ϥ˽椷Ƥ롥
ʤȯ⤢äѲƤΤ development change ¿ѤƤ뤬ɮˤϤۤɰռξȤʬƤ櫓ǤϤʤäǤФޤ٤ʤʬۤƤʤΤºݤˤ change 5դкߤƤ롥ȤȤϡ̵ռΤ˻ȤʬƤȤȤʤΤ̵ռʤȤǤ⤤٤ΤȯǤƤ⤷
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ˤ䤫˴ϢĤʸ A B ߤ˻ȥƥȤȤƤ줾ΥɤФA ħ B ħ٤롥¿ȤȤƤΤǡɤˤäƵդ⤭Ħˤʤǽ롥
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